1.\" $OpenBSD: hier.7,v 1.170 2022/10/23 08:00:29 jmc Exp $ 2.\" $NetBSD: hier.7,v 1.7 1994/11/30 19:07:10 jtc Exp $ 3.\" 4.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 5.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 6.\" 7.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 8.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 9.\" are met: 10.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 11.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 12.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 13.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 14.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 15.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 16.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 17.\" without specific prior written permission. 18.\" 19.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 20.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 21.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 22.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 23.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 24.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 25.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 26.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 27.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 28.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 29.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 30.\" 31.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 32.\" 33.Dd $Mdocdate: October 23 2022 $ 34.Dt HIER 7 35.Os 36.Sh NAME 37.Nm hier 38.Nd layout of filesystems 39.Sh DESCRIPTION 40A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 41.Bl -tag -width "/altroot/" 42.It / 43Root directory. 44.It /altroot/ 45Alternate (backup) location for the root 46.Pq Sq / 47filesystem 48(see 49.Xr daily 8 ) . 50.It /bin/ 51User utilities fundamental to both single and multi-user environments. 52These programs are statically compiled and therefore do not depend on any 53system libraries to run. 54.It /bsd 55Pure kernel executable 56(the operating system loaded into memory at boot-time). 57.It /bsd.mp 58Pure kernel executable 59for multiprocessor machines. 60.It /bsd.rd 61Installation kernel. 62The built-in RAM disk contains utilities which can be run 63without an external file system, so this kernel is useful 64for limited system maintenance too. 65.It /bsd.sp 66Pure kernel executable 67for single processor machines. 68.It /dev/ 69Block and character device files. 70.Pp 71.Bl -tag -width MAKEDEV -compact 72.It MAKEDEV 73Script for creating device files (see 74.Xr MAKEDEV 8 ) . 75.It fd/ 76File descriptor files (see 77.Xr fd 4 ) . 78.El 79.It /etc/ 80System configuration files and scripts. 81.Pp 82.Bl -tag -width "raddb/servers/" -compact 83.It localtime 84Local time zone information (see 85.Xr ctime 3 ) . 86.It X11/ 87Configuration files for the X11 window system. 88.It acme/ 89Private keys for 90.Xr acme-client 1 . 91.It amd/ 92Contains map files for 93.Xr amd 8 . 94.It authpf/ 95Configuration files for the authenticating gateway user shell (see 96.Xr authpf 8 ) . 97.It examples/ 98Example configuration files for base system daemons. 99.It firmware/ 100Firmware files for various devices. 101.It fonts/ 102Configuration files for X11 window system fonts. 103.It hotplug/ 104Scripts for the hotplug daemon, 105.Xr hotplugd 8 . 106.It iked/ 107Configuration files for 108.Xr iked 8 . 109.It isakmpd/ 110Configuration files for 111.Xr isakmpd 8 . 112.It ldap/ 113Certificates and schema definition files for 114.Xr ldapd 8 . 115.It login.conf.d/ 116Additional login attributes for 117.Xr login.conf 5 . 118.It mail/ 119System mail configuration files. 120.It mtree/ 121.Xr mtree 8 122configuration files. 123.It npppd/ 124.Xr npppd 8 125configuration files. 126.It ppp/ 127.Xr pppd 8 128configuration files. 129.It raddb/servers/ 130List of radius servers and their associated shared secrets for 131.Xr login_radius 8 . 132.It rc.d/ 133.Xr packages 7 134start/stop scripts and subroutines for 135.Xr rc 8 . 136.It rpki/ 137TAL and configuration files for 138.Xr rpki-client 8 . 139.It signify/ 140Key files used by 141.Xr signify 1 . 142.It skel/ 143Example 144.Sq .\& 145(dot) files for new accounts. 146.It skey/ 147One-time password user database for 148.Xr skey 1 . 149.It ssh/ 150Configuration files for 151.Xr ssh 1 152and 153.Xr sshd 8 . 154.It ssl/ 155OpenSSL configuration files (see 156.Xr openssl 1 ) . 157.El 158.It /home/ 159Default location for user home directories. 160.Pp 161.Bl -tag -width _sysupgrade/ -compact 162.It _sysupgrade/ 163Download location for 164.Xr sysupgrade 8 . 165.El 166.It /mnt/ 167Empty directory commonly used by 168system administrators as a temporary mount point. 169.It /root/ 170Default home directory for the superuser. 171.It /sbin/ 172System programs and administration utilities 173fundamental to both single and multi-user environments. 174Most of these programs are statically compiled and therefore do not 175depend on any system libraries to run. 176.It /tmp/ 177Temporary files that are 178.Em not 179preserved between system reboots. 180Periodically cleaned by 181.Xr daily 8 . 182.It /usr/ 183Contains the majority of user utilities and applications. 184.Pp 185.Bl -tag -width "xenocara/" -compact 186.It X11R6/ 187Files required for the X11 window system. 188.Pp 189.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact 190.It bin/ 191X11 binaries. 192.It include/ 193X11-specific C include files. 194.It lib/ 195X11 archive libraries. 196.Pp 197.Bl -tag -width "pkgconfig/" -compact 198.It X11/ 199Default configuration files for X11 and companion applications. 200.It modules/ 201Various libraries and drivers for the X11 window system. 202.It pkgconfig/ 203Package metadata for 204.Xr pkg-config 1 . 205.It xorg/ 206Data files used by the X server. 207.El 208.Pp 209.It man/ 210X11 manual pages. 211.It share/ 212Architecture independent data files. 213.El 214.Pp 215.It bin/ 216Common utilities, programming tools, and applications. 217.It games/ 218Useful and semi-frivolous programs. 219.It include/ 220Standard C include files. 221.Pp 222.Bl -tag -width "libmilter/" -compact 223.It arpa/ 224C include files for Internet service protocols. 225.It c++/ 226Include files for the Clang C++ compiler. 227.It cbor/ 228C include files for the Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) 229library. 230.It crypto/ 231C include files for the cryptographic libraries. 232.It ddb/ 233C include files for the kernel debugger (see 234.Xr ddb 4 ) . 235.It dev/ 236Device-specific C include files. 237.It fido/ 238C include files for the U2F/FIDO2 communication library. 239.It g++/ 240Include files for the GNU C++ compiler. 241.It isofs/ 242C include files for the ISO standard file systems (currently only cd9660). 243.It llvm/ 244C++ include files for LLVM. 245.It llvm-c/ 246C include files for LLVM. 247.It machine/ 248Machine specific C include files. 249.It miscfs/ 250C include files for miscellaneous file systems. 251.It msdosfs/ 252C include files for MS-DOS file system. 253.It net/ 254Miscellaneous network C include files. 255.It net80211/ 256C include files for 802.11 wireless networking. 257.It netinet/ 258C include files for Internet standard protocols (see 259.Xr inet 4 ) . 260.It netinet6/ 261C include files for Internet protocol version 6 (see 262.Xr inet6 4 ) . 263.It netmpls/ 264C include files for the MPLS protocol. 265.It nfs/ 266C include files for NFS (Network File System). 267.It ntfs/ 268C include files for NTFS file system. 269.It openssl/ 270C include files for the OpenSSL library (see 271.Xr ssl 8 ) . 272.It protocols/ 273C include files for Berkeley service protocols. 274.It readline/ 275C include files for the 276.Xr readline 3 277library. 278.It rpc/ 279C include files for remote procedure calling (see 280.Xr rpc 5 ) . 281.It rpcsvc/ 282C include files for rpcsvc. 283.It scsi/ 284SCSI-specific C include files. 285.It sys/ 286System C include files (kernel data structures). 287.It ufs/ 288C include files for UFS (the U-word File System). 289.It uvm/ 290C include files for the virtual memory interface. 291.El 292.Pp 293.It lib/ 294System libraries. 295See 296.Xr intro 3 297for a description of library types. 298.It libdata/ 299Miscellaneous utility data files. 300.Pp 301.Bl -tag -width "ldscripts/" -compact 302.It cvs/ 303Placeholder for user contributed 304.Xr cvs 1 305code/scripts. 306.It ldscripts/ 307ELF linker scripts. 308.It perl5/ 309Data files for 310.Xr perl 1 . 311.El 312.Pp 313.It libexec/ 314System daemons and utilities (executed by other programs). 315.Pp 316.Bl -tag -width "cvs/contrib/" -compact 317.It auth/ 318Login scripts used to authenticate users (for 319.Bx 320Authentication). 321.It cvs/contrib/ 322User contributed 323.Xr cvs 1 324scripts. 325.It lpr/ 326Contains the lpf filter for 327.Xr lpd 8 . 328.It radiusd/ 329Authentication modules for 330.Xr radiusd 8 . 331.It snmpd/ 332SNMP subagents. 333.El 334.Pp 335.It local/ 336Local executables, libraries, etc. 337.It mdec/ 338Boot-related executables. 339.It obj/ 340Architecture specific target tree produced by building the 341.Pa /usr/src 342tree. 343.It ports/ 344The 345.Ox 346ports collection (see 347.Xr ports 7 ) . 348.It sbin/ 349System daemons and utilities (executed by users). 350.It share/ 351Architecture independent data files. 352.Pp 353.Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact 354.It calendar/ 355Variety of pre-fab calendar files (see 356.Xr calendar 1 ) . 357.It dict/ 358Word lists (see 359.Xr look 1 360and 361.Xr spell 1 ) . 362.Pp 363.Bl -tag -width propernames -compact 364.It american 365Spellings preferred in American usage. 366.It british 367Spellings preferred in British usage. 368.It propernames 369List of proper names. 370.It stop 371Forms that would otherwise be derivable by 372.Xr spell 1 373from words in the other files in 374.Pa /usr/share/dict , 375but should not be accepted. 376.It web2 377Words from Webster's 2nd International. 378.It web2a 379Additional words from Webster's. 380.It words 381Common words. 382.It papers/ 383Reference databases. 384.It special/ 385Custom word lists. 386.El 387.Pp 388.It doc/ 389Miscellaneous documentation. 390.It games/ 391ASCII text files used by various games. 392.It info/ 393Texinfo source files. 394.It locale/ 395Locales for multi-language support. 396.It man/ 397Manual pages. 398.Pp 399.Bl -tag -width man3p/ -compact 400.It man1/ 401General commands (tools and utilities). 402.It man2/ 403System calls and error numbers. 404.It man3/ 405Libraries. 406.It man3p/ 407.Xr perl 1 408programmers' reference guide. 409.It man4/ 410Special files and hardware support. 411.It man5/ 412File formats. 413.It man6/ 414Games. 415.It man7/ 416Miscellaneous. 417.It man8/ 418System maintenance and operation commands. 419.It man9/ 420Kernel internals. 421.El 422.Pp 423.It misc/ 424Miscellaneous system-wide ASCII text files. 425.Pp 426.Bl -tag -width pcvtfonts/ -compact 427.It termcap 428Terminal characteristics database (see 429.Xr termcap 5 ) . 430.It pcvtfonts/ 431Additional console fonts. 432.El 433.Pp 434.It mk/ 435Templates for 436.Xr make 1 . 437.It relink/ 438Link kit for boot-time kernel and library relinking. 439.It snmp/ 440Data files for 441.Xr snmpd 8 . 442.Pp 443.Bl -tag -width mibs/ -compact 444.It mibs/ 445Management Information Base (MIB) definitions. 446.El 447.Pp 448.It tabset/ 449Tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 450the termcap file (see 451.Xr termcap 5 ) . 452.It terminfo/ 453Compiled terminal characteristic files (see 454.Xr terminfo 5 ) . 455.It texinfo/ 456Templates for 457.Xr texinfo 5 . 458.It zoneinfo/ 459Time zone configuration information (see 460.Xr tzfile 5 ) . 461.El 462.Pp 463.It src/ 464.Bx 465and/or local source files. 466.Pp 467.Bl -tag -width "usr.sbin/" -compact 468.It bin/ 469Source for files in 470.Pa /bin . 471.It distrib/ 472Source for making distribution sets. 473.It etc/ 474Source for files in 475.Pa /etc . 476.It games/ 477Source for files in 478.Pa /usr/games . 479.It gnu/ 480Source for files under GPL or other restrictive licenses. 481.It include/ 482Source for files in 483.Pa /usr/include . 484.It lib/ 485Source for files in 486.Pa /usr/lib . 487.It libexec/ 488Source for files in 489.Pa /usr/libexec . 490.It regress/ 491Regress framework. 492.It sbin/ 493Source for files in 494.Pa /sbin . 495.It share/ 496Source for files in 497.Pa /usr/share . 498.It sys/ 499Kernel source files. 500.It usr.bin/ 501Source for files in 502.Pa /usr/bin . 503.It usr.sbin/ 504Source for files in 505.Pa /usr/sbin . 506.El 507.Pp 508.It xenocara/ 509Source for the X11 window system. 510.Pp 511.It xobj/ 512Architecture specific target tree produced by building the 513.Pa /usr/xenocara 514tree. 515.El 516.It /var/ 517Multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files. 518.Pp 519.Bl -tag -width "sysmerge/" -compact 520.It account/ 521System accounting files. 522.Pp 523.Bl -tag -width acct -compact 524.It acct 525Execution accounting file (see 526.Xr acct 5 ) . 527.El 528.Pp 529.It agentx/ 530Master socket for AgentX-based backends, 531managed by 532.Xr snmpd 8 . 533.It audit/ 534Audit logs. 535.It authpf/ 536PID file for 537.Xr authpf 8 . 538.It backups/ 539Miscellaneous backup files. 540.It cache/ 541Data cached for programs. 542.It crash/ 543Crash dumps written by 544.Xr savecore 8 . 545.It cron/ 546Spools and configuration files for 547.Xr cron 8 548and 549.Xr at 1 . 550.Pp 551.Bl -tag -width atjobs/ -compact 552.It atjobs/ 553.Xr at 1 554jobs. 555.It tabs/ 556Individual 557.Xr crontab 1 558files. 559.El 560.Pp 561.It db/ 562Miscellaneous, automatically generated system-specific database files. 563.It empty/ 564Generic 565.Xr chroot 2 566directory. 567.It games/ 568Miscellaneous game status and log files. 569.It log/ 570Miscellaneous system log files. 571.Pp 572.Bl -tag -width rdist/ -compact 573.It wtmp 574Login/logout log (see 575.Xr wtmp 5 ) . 576.It rdist/ 577Log files for 578.Xr rdist 1 . 579.El 580.Pp 581.It mail/ 582User mailbox files. 583.It nsd/ 584Database and zone files for 585.Xr nsd 8 . 586.It quotas/ 587Filesystem quota information files. 588.It run/ 589System information files describing various info about the 590system since it was booted. 591.Pp 592.Bl -tag -width rc.d/ -compact 593.It rc.d/ 594Details of currently running daemons; 595used by 596.Xr rc.d 8 . 597.It utmp 598Database of current users (see 599.Xr utmp 5 ) . 600.El 601.Pp 602.It spool/ 603Miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories. 604.Pp 605.Bl -tag -width "output/" -compact 606.It ftp/ 607Commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory. 608.It lock/ 609Lock files for utilities such as 610.Xr pppd 8 . 611.It output/ 612Line printer spooling directories. 613.It smtpd/ 614Mail spool for 615.Xr smtpd 8 . 616.El 617.Pp 618.It sysmerge/ 619Checksum files and reference sets 620for 621.Xr sysmerge 8 . 622.It syspatch/ 623Rollback tarballs and patch files for 624.Xr syspatch 8 . 625.It tmp -> ../tmp 626A symbolic link to the system 627.Pa /tmp 628directory. 629To protect other users of 630.Pa /var 631from overfill conditions, this is no longer a space you can trust to 632retain storage over a reboot. 633Periodically cleaned by 634.Xr daily 8 . 635.It unbound/ 636Configuration files for 637.Xr unbound 8 . 638.It www/ 639Configuration files for 640.Xr httpd 8 . 641.It yp/ 642Files for the 643.Xr yp 8 644subsystem. 645.El 646.El 647.Sh SEE ALSO 648.Xr apropos 1 , 649.Xr find 1 , 650.Xr locate 1 , 651.Xr whatis 1 , 652.Xr whereis 1 , 653.Xr which 1 654.Sh HISTORY 655A 656.Nm 657manual page appeared in 658.At v7 . 659