[libc++][modules] Consolidate leaf modules into their own top-level modules (#107147)

Some modules are leaf modules in the sense that they are not used by any
other part of the headers. These leaf

[libc++][modules] Consolidate leaf modules into their own top-level modules (#107147)

Some modules are leaf modules in the sense that they are not used by any
other part of the headers. These leaf modules are easy to consolidate
since there is no risk to create a cycle. As a result of regrouping
these modules, several missing includes were found and fixed in this
patch.

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[libc++][test] Fix MSVC warnings with `static_cast`s (#74962)

Found while running libc++'s tests with MSVC's STL.

*
`libcxx/test/std/algorithms/alg.modifying.operations/alg.unique/ranges_unique_

[libc++][test] Fix MSVC warnings with `static_cast`s (#74962)

Found while running libc++'s tests with MSVC's STL.

*
`libcxx/test/std/algorithms/alg.modifying.operations/alg.unique/ranges_unique_copy.pass.cpp`
+ Fix MSVC "warning C4389: '`==`': signed/unsigned mismatch".
+ This was x86-specific for me. The LHS is `int` and the RHS is
`size_t`. We know the `array`'s size, so `static_cast<int>` is certainly
safe, and this matches the following `numberOfProj` comparisons.
*
`libcxx/test/std/containers/sequences/insert_range_sequence_containers.h`
+ Fix MSVC "warning C4267: 'argument': conversion from '`size_t`' to
'`const int`', possible loss of data".
+ `test_case.index` is `size_t`:
https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/b85f1f9b182234ba366d78ae2174a149e44d08c1/libcxx/test/std/containers/insert_range_helpers.h#L65-L68
+ But the container's `difference_type` is `int`:
https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/b85f1f9b182234ba366d78ae2174a149e44d08c1/libcxx/test/support/test_allocator.h#L65-L76
+ I introduced an alias `D` to make the long line more readable.
*
`libcxx/test/std/containers/unord/unord.map/eq.different_hash.pass.cpp`
*
`libcxx/test/std/containers/unord/unord.multimap/eq.different_hash.pass.cpp`
*
`libcxx/test/std/containers/unord/unord.multiset/eq.different_hash.pass.cpp`
*
`libcxx/test/std/containers/unord/unord.set/eq.different_hash.pass.cpp`
+ Fix MSVC "warning C6297: Arithmetic overflow. Results might not be an
expected value."
+ This warning is almost annoying enough to outright disable, but we use
similar `static_cast`s to deal with sign/truncation warnings elsewhere,
because there's some value in ensuring that product code is clean with
respect to these warnings. If there were many more occurrences, then
disabling the warning would be appropriate.
+ Cleanup: Change 2 inconsistently unqualified occurrences of `size_t`
to `std::size_t`.
*
`libcxx/test/std/containers/views/mdspan/layout_stride/index_operator.pass.cpp`
+ Fix MSVC "warning C4244: 'initializing': conversion from '`__int64`'
to '`size_t`', possible loss of data".
+ This was x86-specific for me. The `args` are indeed `int64_t`, and
we're storing the result in `size_t`, so we should cast.
* `libcxx/test/std/ranges/range.utility/range.utility.conv/container.h`
+ Fix MSVC "warning C4244: 'initializing': conversion from '`ptrdiff_t`'
to '`int`', possible loss of data".
+ Fix MSVC "warning C4267: 'initializing': conversion from '`size_t`' to
'`int`', possible loss of data".
+ We're initializing `int size_`, so we should explicitly cast from
pointer subtraction and `std::ranges::size`.
*
`libcxx/test/std/utilities/memory/util.smartptr/util.smartptr.shared/util.smartptr.shared.create/allocate_shared_for_overwrite.pass.cpp`
*
`libcxx/test/std/utilities/memory/util.smartptr/util.smartptr.shared/util.smartptr.shared.create/make_shared_for_overwrite.pass.cpp`
*
`libcxx/test/std/utilities/smartptr/unique.ptr/unique.ptr.create/make_unique_for_overwrite.default_init.pass.cpp`
+ Fix MSVC "warning C4309: 'initializing': truncation of constant
value".
+ MSVC emits this warning because `0xDE` is outside the range of `char`
(signed by default in our implementation).
* `libcxx/test/support/concat_macros.h`
+ Fix MSVC "warning C4244: 'argument': conversion from '`char16_t`' to
'`const char`', possible loss of data".
+ Fix MSVC "warning C4244: 'argument': conversion from '`unsigned int`'
to '`const char`', possible loss of data".
+ This code was very recently introduced by @mordante in #73395.

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[libc++][test] Change forbidden `extents<char>` to `extents<signed char>` (#73535)

Found while running libc++'s test suite with MSVC's STL.

[mdspan.extents.overview]/1.1 mandates that IndexType i

[libc++][test] Change forbidden `extents<char>` to `extents<signed char>` (#73535)

Found while running libc++'s test suite with MSVC's STL.

[mdspan.extents.overview]/1.1 mandates that IndexType is a signed or
unsigned integer type, which excludes char.

MSVC's STL enforces the Mandates here, so this PR changes the relevant
occurrences of `char to `signed char`. To make this work, we also need
to add an `operator signed char()` to the test helper type `IntType` so
it remains unambiguously convertible, and then we can remove `operator
char()`.

libc++ should also enforce the Mandates, but this PR doesn't attempt to make
such a change.

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[libc++] mdspan - implement layout_stride (#69650)

This implements layout_stride for C++23 and with that completes the
implementation of the C++23 mdspan header. The feature test macro is
added, a

[libc++] mdspan - implement layout_stride (#69650)

This implements layout_stride for C++23 and with that completes the
implementation of the C++23 mdspan header. The feature test macro is
added, and the status pages updated.

Co-authored-by: Damien L-G <dalg24@gmail.com>

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D157171

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