cmd/cdfs/mmc.c

/*
 * multi-media commands
 *
 * as of mmc-6, mode page 0x2a (capabilities & mechanical status) is legacy
 * and read-only, last defined in mmc-3.  mode page 5 (write parameters)
 * applies only to cd-r(w) and dvd-r(w); *-rom, dvd+* and bd-* are right out.
 */
#include <u.h>
#include <libc.h>
#include <disk.h>
#include "../scuzz/scsireq.h"
#include "dat.h"
#include "fns.h"

enum
{
	Pagesz		= 255,

	Pagwrparams	= 5,	/* (cd|dvd)-r(w) device write parameters */
	Pagcache	= 8,
	Pagcapmechsts	= 0x2a,

	Invistrack	= 0xff,	/* the invisible & incomplete track */
};

static Dev mmcdev;

typedef struct Mmcaux Mmcaux;
struct Mmcaux {
	/* drive characteristics */
	uchar	page05[Pagesz];		/* write parameters */
	int	page05ok;
	int	pagecmdsz;

	/* disc characteristics */
	ulong	mmcnwa;
	int	nropen;
	int	nwopen;
	vlong	ntotby;
	long	ntotbk;
};

/* these will be printed as user ids, so no spaces please */
static char *dvdtype[] = {
	"dvd-rom",
	"dvd-ram",
	"dvd-r",
	"dvd-rw",
	"hd-dvd-rom",
	"hd-dvd-ram",
	"hd-dvd-r",
	"type-7-unknown",
	"type-8-unknown",
	"dvd+rw",
	"dvd+r",
	"type-11-unknown",
	"type-12-unknown",
	"dvd+rw-dl",
	"dvd+r-dl",
	"type-15-unknown",
};

static ulong
bige(void *p)
{
	uchar *a;

	a = p;
	return (a[0]<<24)|(a[1]<<16)|(a[2]<<8)|(a[3]<<0);
}

static ushort
biges(void *p)
{
	uchar *a;

	a = p;
	return (a[0]<<8) | a[1];
}

ulong
getnwa(Drive *drive)
{
	Mmcaux *aux;

	aux = drive->aux;
	return aux->mmcnwa;
}

static void
hexdump(void *v, int n)
{
	int i;
	uchar *p;

	p = v;
	for(i=0; i<n; i++){
		print("%.2ux ", p[i]);
		if((i%8) == 7)
			print("\n");
	}
	if(i%8)
		print("\n");
}

static void
initcdb(uchar *cdb, int len, int cmd)
{
	memset(cdb, 0, len);
	cdb[0] = cmd;
}

//static uchar *
//newcdb(int len, int cmd)
//{
//	uchar *cdb;
//
//	cdb = emalloc(len);
//	cdb[0] = cmd;
//	return cdb;
//}

/*
 * SCSI CDBs (cmd arrays) are 6, 10, 12, 16 or 32 bytes long.
 * The mode sense/select commands implicitly refer to
 * a mode parameter list, which consists of an 8-byte
 * mode parameter header, followed by zero or more block
 * descriptors and zero or more mode pages (MMC-2 §5.5.2).
 * We'll ignore mode sub-pages.
 * Integers are stored big-endian.
 *
 * The format of the mode parameter (10) header is:
 *	ushort	mode_data_length;		// of following bytes
 *	uchar	medium_type;
 *	uchar	device_specific;
 *	uchar	reserved[2];
 *	ushort	block_descriptor_length;	// zero
 *
 * The format of the mode parameter (6) header is:
 *	uchar	mode_data_length;		// of following bytes
 *	uchar	medium_type;
 *	uchar	device_specific;
 *	uchar	block_descriptor_length;	// zero
 *
 * The format of the mode pages is:
 *	uchar	page_code_and_PS;
 *	uchar	page_len;			// of following bytes
 *	uchar	parameter[page_len];
 *
 * see SPC-3 §4.3.4.6 for allocation length and §7.4 for mode parameter lists.
 */

enum {
	Mode10parmhdrlen= 8,
	Mode6parmhdrlen	= 4,
	Modepaghdrlen	= 2,
};

static int
mmcgetpage10(Drive *drive, int page, void *v)
{
	uchar cmd[10], resp[512];
	int n, r;

	memset(cmd, 0, sizeof(cmd));
	cmd[0] = ScmdMsense10;
	cmd[2] = page;
	cmd[8] = 255;			/* allocation length: buffer size */

//	print("get: sending cmd\n");
//	hexdump(cmd, 10);

	n = scsi(drive, cmd, sizeof(cmd), resp, sizeof(resp), Sread);
	if(n < Mode10parmhdrlen)
		return -1;

	r = (resp[6]<<8) | resp[7];	/* block descriptor length */
	n -= Mode10parmhdrlen + r;

	if(n < 0)
		return -1;
	if(n > Pagesz)
		n = Pagesz;

	memmove(v, &resp[Mode10parmhdrlen + r], n);

//	print("get: got cmd\n");
//	hexdump(cmd, 10);
//	print("page\n");
//	hexdump(v, n);

	return n;
}

static int
mmcgetpage6(Drive *drive, int page, void *v)
{
	uchar cmd[6], resp[512];
	int n;

	memset(cmd, 0, sizeof(cmd));
	cmd[0] = ScmdMsense6;
	cmd[2] = page;
	cmd[4] = 255;			/* allocation length */

	n = scsi(drive, cmd, sizeof(cmd), resp, sizeof(resp), Sread);
	if(n < Mode6parmhdrlen)
		return -1;

	n -= Mode6parmhdrlen + resp[3];
	if(n < 0)
		return -1;
	if(n > Pagesz)
		n = Pagesz;

	memmove(v, &resp[Mode6parmhdrlen + resp[3]], n);
	return n;
}

static int
mmcsetpage10(Drive *drive, int page, void *v)
{
	uchar cmd[10], *p, *pagedata;
	int len, n;

	/* allocate parameter list, copy in mode page, fill in header */
	pagedata = v;
	assert(pagedata[0] == page);
	len = Mode10parmhdrlen + Modepaghdrlen + pagedata[1];
	p = emalloc(len);
	memmove(p + Mode10parmhdrlen, pagedata, pagedata[1]);
	/* parameter list header */
	p[0] = 0;
	p[1] = len - 2;

	/* set up CDB */
	memset(cmd, 0, sizeof(cmd));
	cmd[0] = ScmdMselect10;
	cmd[1] = 0x10;			/* format not vendor-specific */
	cmd[8] = len;

//	print("set: sending cmd\n");
//	hexdump(cmd, 10);
//	print("parameter list header\n");
//	hexdump(p, Mode10parmhdrlen);
//	print("page\n");
//	hexdump(p + Mode10parmhdrlen, len - Mode10parmhdrlen);

	n = scsi(drive, cmd, sizeof(cmd), p, len, Swrite);

//	print("set: got cmd\n");
//	hexdump(cmd, 10);

	free(p);
	if(n < len)
		return -1;
	return 0;
}

static int
mmcsetpage6(Drive *drive, int page, void *v)
{
	uchar cmd[6], *p, *pagedata;
	int len, n;

	if (vflag)
		print("mmcsetpage6 called!\n");
	pagedata = v;
	assert(pagedata[0] == page);
	len = Mode6parmhdrlen + Modepaghdrlen + pagedata[1];
	p = emalloc(len);
	memmove(p + Mode6parmhdrlen, pagedata, pagedata[1]);

	memset(cmd, 0, sizeof(cmd));
	cmd[0] = ScmdMselect6;
	cmd[1] = 0x10;			/* format not vendor-specific */
	cmd[4] = len;

	n = scsi(drive, cmd, sizeof(cmd), p, len, Swrite);
	free(p);
	if(n < len)
		return -1;
	return 0;
}

static int
mmcgetpage(Drive *drive, int page, void *v)
{
	Mmcaux *aux;

	aux = drive->aux;
	switch(aux->pagecmdsz) {
	case 10:
		return mmcgetpage10(drive, page, v);
	case 6:
		return mmcgetpage6(drive, page, v);
	default:
		assert(0);
	}
	return -1;
}

static int
mmcsetpage(Drive *drive, int page, void *v)
{
	Mmcaux *aux;

	aux = drive->aux;
	switch(aux->pagecmdsz) {
	case 10:
		return mmcsetpage10(drive, page, v);
	case 6:
		return mmcsetpage6(drive, page, v);
	default:
		assert(0);
	}
	return -1;
}

int
mmcstatus(Drive *drive)
{
	uchar cmd[12];

	initcdb(cmd, sizeof cmd, ScmdCDstatus);		/* mechanism status */
	return scsi(drive, cmd, sizeof(cmd), nil, 0, Sread);
}

void
mmcgetspeed(Drive *drive)
{
	int n, maxread, curread, maxwrite, curwrite;
	uchar buf[Pagesz];

	memset(buf, 0, 22);
	n = mmcgetpage(drive, Pagcapmechsts, buf);	/* legacy page */
	if (n < 22) {
		if (vflag)
			fprint(2, "no Pagcapmechsts mode page!\n");
		return;
	}
	maxread =   (buf[8]<<8)|buf[9];
	curread =  (buf[14]<<8)|buf[15];
	maxwrite = (buf[18]<<8)|buf[19];
	curwrite = (buf[20]<<8)|buf[21];

	if(maxread && maxread < 170 || curread && curread < 170)
		return;			/* bogus data */

	drive->readspeed = curread;
	drive->writespeed = curwrite;
	drive->maxreadspeed = maxread;
	drive->maxwritespeed = maxwrite;
}

static int
getdevtype(Drive *drive)
{
	int n;
	uchar cmd[6], resp[Pagesz];

	initcdb(cmd, sizeof cmd, ScmdInq);
	cmd[3] = sizeof resp >> 8;
	cmd[4] = sizeof resp;
	n = scsi(drive, cmd, sizeof(cmd), resp, sizeof resp, Sread);
	if (n < 8)
		return -1;
	return resp[0] & 037;
}

static int
start(Drive *drive, int code)
{
	uchar cmd[6];

	initcdb(cmd, sizeof cmd, ScmdStart);
	cmd[4] = code;
	return scsi(drive, cmd, sizeof(cmd), cmd, 0, Snone);
}

Drive*
mmcprobe(Scsi *scsi)
{
	Mmcaux *aux;
	Drive *drive;
	uchar buf[Pagesz];
	int cap, n;

	if (vflag)
		print("mmcprobe: inquiry: %s\n", scsi->inquire);
	drive = emalloc(sizeof(Drive));
	drive->Scsi = *scsi;
	drive->Dev = mmcdev;
	aux = emalloc(sizeof(Mmcaux));
	drive->aux = aux;
	scsiready(drive);
	drive->type = getdevtype(drive);
	if (drive->type != TypeCD) {
		werrstr("not an mmc device");
		free(aux);
		free(drive);
		return nil;
	}

	/*
	 * drive is an mmc device; learn what we can about it
	 * (as opposed to the disc in it).
	 */

	start(drive, 1);
	/* attempt to read CD capabilities page, but it's now legacy */
	if(mmcgetpage10(drive, Pagcapmechsts, buf) >= 0)
		aux->pagecmdsz = 10;
	else if(mmcgetpage6(drive, Pagcapmechsts, buf) >= 0)
		aux->pagecmdsz = 6;
	else {
		if (vflag)
			fprint(2, "no Pagcapmechsts mode page!\n");
		werrstr("can't read mode page %d!", Pagcapmechsts);
		free(aux);
		free(drive);
		return nil;
	}

	cap = 0;
	if(buf[Capwrite] & (Capcdr|Capcdrw|Capdvdr|Capdvdram) ||
	    buf[Capmisc] & Caprw)
		cap |= Cwrite;
	if(buf[Capmisc] & Capcdda)	/* CD-DA commands supported? */
		cap |= Ccdda;		/* not used anywhere else */

//	print("read %d max %d\n", biges(buf+14), biges(buf+8));
//	print("write %d max %d\n", biges(buf+20), biges(buf+18));

	/* cache optional page 05 (write parameter page) */
	if(/* (cap & Cwrite) && */
	    mmcgetpage(drive, Pagwrparams, aux->page05) >= 0) {
		aux->page05ok = 1;
		cap |= Cwrite;
		if (vflag)
			fprint(2, "mmcprobe: got page 5, assuming drive can write\n");
	} else {
		if (vflag)
			fprint(2, "no Pagwrparams mode page!\n");
		cap &= ~Cwrite;
	}
	drive->cap = cap;

	mmcgetspeed(drive);

	/*
	 * we can't actually control caching much.
	 * see SBC-2 §6.3.3 but also MMC-6 §7.6.
	 */
	n = mmcgetpage(drive, Pagcache, buf);
	if (n >= 3) {
		/* n == 255; buf[1] == 10 (10 bytes after buf[1]) */
		buf[0] &= 077;		/* clear reserved bits, MMC-6 §7.2.3 */
		assert(buf[0] == Pagcache);
		assert(buf[1] >= 10);
		buf[2] = Ccwce;
		if (mmcsetpage(drive, Pagcache, buf) < 0)
			if (vflag)
				print("mmcprobe: cache control NOT set\n");
	}
	return drive;
}

static char *tracktype[] = {	/* indices are track modes (Tm*) */
	"audio cdda",
	"2 audio channels",
	"2",
	"3",
	"data, recorded uninterrupted",
	"data, recorded interrupted",
};

/* t is a track number on disc, i is an index into drive->track[] for result */
static int
mmctrackinfo(Drive *drive, int t, int i)
{
	int n, type, bs;
	ulong beg, size;
	uchar tmode;
	uchar cmd[10], resp[255];
	Mmcaux *aux;

	aux = drive->aux;
	memset(cmd, 0, sizeof(cmd));
	cmd[0] = ScmdRtrackinfo;
	cmd[1] = 1;			/* address below is logical track # */
	cmd[2] = t>>24;
	cmd[3] = t>>16;
	cmd[4] = t>>8;
	cmd[5] = t;
	cmd[7] = sizeof(resp)>>8;
	cmd[8] = sizeof(resp);
	n = scsi(drive, cmd, sizeof(cmd), resp, sizeof(resp), Sread);
	if(n < 28) {
		if(vflag)
			print("trackinfo %d fails n=%d: %r\n", t, n);
		return -1;
	}

	beg = bige(&resp[8]);
	size = bige(&resp[24]);

	tmode = resp[5] & 0x0D;
//	dmode = resp[6] & 0x0F;

	if(vflag)
		print("track %d type %d (%s)", t, tmode,
			(tmode < nelem(tracktype)? tracktype[tmode]: "**GOK**"));
	type = TypeNone;
	bs = BScdda;
	switch(tmode){
	case Tmcdda:
		type = TypeAudio;
		bs = BScdda;
		break;
	case Tm2audio:	/* 2 audio channels, with pre-emphasis 50/15 μs */
		if(vflag)
			print("audio channels with preemphasis on track %d "
				"(u%.3d)\n", t, i);
		type = TypeNone;
		break;
	case Tmunintr:		/* data track, recorded uninterrupted */
	case Tmintr:		/* data track, recorded interrupted */
		/* treat Tmintr (5) as cdrom; it's probably dvd or bd */
		type = TypeData;
		bs = BScdrom;
		break;
	default:
		if(vflag)
			print("unknown track type %d\n", tmode);
		break;
	}

	drive->track[i].mtime = drive->changetime;
	drive->track[i].beg = beg;
	drive->track[i].end = beg+size;
	drive->track[i].type = type;
	drive->track[i].bs = bs;
	drive->track[i].size = (vlong)(size-2) * bs;	/* -2: skip lead out */

	if(resp[6] & (1<<6)) {			/* blank? */
		drive->track[i].type = TypeBlank;
		drive->writeok = 1;
	}

	if(vflag)
		print(" start %lud end %lud", beg, beg + size - 1);
	/* resp[6] & (1<<7) of zero: invisible track */
	/* t == getinvistrack(): invisible track */
	if(t == Invistrack || resp[7] & 1) {	/* invis or nwa valid? */
		aux->mmcnwa = bige(&resp[12]);
		if ((long)aux->mmcnwa < 0)	/* implausible? */
			aux->mmcnwa = 0;
		if (vflag)
			print(" nwa %lud", aux->mmcnwa);
	}
	if (vflag)
		print("\n");
	return 0;
}

/* this may fail for blank media */
static int
mmcreadtoc(Drive *drive, int type, int track, void *data, int nbytes)
{
	uchar cmd[10];

	memset(cmd, 0, sizeof(cmd));
	cmd[0] = ScmdRTOC;
	cmd[1] = type;				/* msf bit & reserved */
	cmd[2] = Tocfmttoc;
	cmd[6] = track;				/* track/session */
	cmd[7] = nbytes>>8;
	cmd[8] = nbytes;

	return scsi(drive, cmd, sizeof(cmd), data, nbytes, Sread);
}

static int
mmcreaddiscinfo(Drive *drive, void *data, int nbytes)
{
	uchar cmd[10];
	int n;

	memset(cmd, 0, sizeof(cmd));
	cmd[0] = ScmdRdiscinfo;
	cmd[7] = nbytes>>8;
	cmd[8] = nbytes;
	n = scsi(drive, cmd, sizeof(cmd), data, nbytes, Sread);
	if(n < 24) {
		if(n >= 0)
			werrstr("rdiscinfo returns %d", n);
		return -1;
	}

	return n;
}

static Msf
rdmsf(uchar *p)
{
	Msf msf;

	msf.m = p[0];
	msf.s = p[1];
	msf.f = p[2];
	return msf;
}

static int
getdiscinfo(Drive *drive, uchar resp[], int resplen)
{
	int n;

	n = mmcreaddiscinfo(drive, resp, resplen);
	if(n < 3) {
		if (vflag)
			fprint(2, "read disc info failed\n");
		return n;
	}
	if (vflag)
		fprint(2, "read disc info succeeded\n");
	assert((resp[2] & 0340) == 0);			/* data type 0 */
	drive->erasable = ((resp[2] & 0x10) != 0);	/* -RW? */
	drive->erasableset = 1;
	return n;
}

static int
getdvdstruct(Drive *drive)
{
	int n, cat;
	uchar cmd[12], resp[Pagesz];

	initcdb(cmd, sizeof cmd, ScmdReadDVD); /* actually, read disc structure */
	cmd[1] = 0;			/* media type: dvd */
	cmd[7] = 0;			/* format code: physical format */
	cmd[8] = sizeof resp >> 8;	/* allocation length */
	cmd[9] = sizeof resp;
	n = scsi(drive, cmd, sizeof(cmd), resp, sizeof resp, Sread);
	if (n < 7)
		return -1;

//	print("dvd structure:\n");
//	hexdump(resp, n);

	/* resp[0..1] is resp length */
	cat = (resp[4] & 0xf0) >> 4;	/* disk category, MMC-6 §6.22.3.2.1 */
	if (vflag)
		fprint(2, "dvd type is %s\n", dvdtype[cat]);
	drive->dvdtype = dvdtype[cat];
	/* write parameters mode page may suffice to compute writeok for dvd */
	drive->erasable = drive->recordable = 0;
	/*
	 * the layer-type field is a *bit array*,
	 * though an enumeration of types would make more sense,
	 * since the types are exclusive, not orthogonal.
	 */
	if (resp[6] & (1<<2))			/* rewritable? */
		drive->erasable = 1;
	else if (resp[6] & (1<<1))		/* recordable once? */
		drive->recordable = 1;
	else {					/* factory-pressed disk */
		drive->blank = 0;
		drive->blankset = 1;
	}
	drive->erasableset = drive->recordableset = 1;
	drive->mmctype = (cat >= 8? Mmcdvdplus: Mmcdvdminus);
	return 0;
}

static int
getbdstruct(Drive *drive)
{
	int n;
	uchar cmd[12], resp[4100];

	initcdb(cmd, sizeof cmd, ScmdReadDVD); /* actually, read disc structure */
	cmd[1] = 1;			/* media type: bd */
	cmd[7] = 0;			/* format code: disc info */
	cmd[8] = sizeof resp >> 8;	/* allocation length */
	cmd[9] = sizeof resp;
	n = scsi(drive, cmd, sizeof(cmd), resp, sizeof resp, Sread);
	/*
	 * resp[0..1] is resp length.
	 * resp[4+8..4+8+2] is bd type (disc type identifier):
	 * BDO|BDW|BDR, MMC-6 §6.22.3.3.1.  The above command should
	 * fail on DVD drives, but some seem to ignore media type
	 * and return successfully, so verify that it's a BD drive.
	 */
	if (n < 4+8+3 || resp[4+8] != 'B' || resp[4+8+1] != 'D')
		return -1;
	if (vflag)
		fprint(2, "read disc structure (bd) succeeded\n");
	drive->erasable = drive->recordable = 0;
	switch (resp[4+8+2]) {
	case 'O':
		drive->blank = 0;
		drive->blankset = 1;
		break;
	case 'R':				/* Recordable */
		drive->recordable = 1;
		break;
	case 'W':				/* reWritable */
		drive->erasable = 1;
		break;
	default:
		fprint(2, "%s: unknown bd type BD%c\n", argv0, resp[4+8+2]);
		return -1;
	}
	drive->erasableset = drive->recordableset = 1;
	drive->mmctype = Mmcbd;
	return 0;
}

/*
 * infer endings from the beginnings of other tracks.
 */
static void
mmcinfertracks(Drive *drive, int first, int last)
{
	int i;
	uchar resp[1024];
	ulong tot;
	Track *t;

	if (vflag)
		fprint(2, "inferring tracks\n");
	for(i = first; i <= last; i++) {
		memset(resp, 0, sizeof(resp));
		if(mmcreadtoc(drive, 0, i, resp, sizeof(resp)) < 0)
			break;
		t = &drive->track[i-first];
		t->mtime = drive->changetime;
		t->type = TypeData;
		t->bs = BScdrom;
		t->beg = bige(resp+8);
		if(!(resp[5] & 4)) {
			t->type = TypeAudio;
			t->bs = BScdda;
		}
	}

	if((long)drive->track[0].beg < 0)  /* i've seen negative track 0's */
		drive->track[0].beg = 0;

	tot = 0;
	memset(resp, 0, sizeof(resp));
	/* 0xAA is lead-out */
	if(mmcreadtoc(drive, 0, 0xAA, resp, sizeof(resp)) < 0)
		print("bad\n");
	if(resp[6])
		tot = bige(resp+8);

	for(i=last; i>=first; i--) {
		t = &drive->track[i-first];
		t->end = tot;
		tot = t->beg;
		if(t->end <= t->beg)
			t->beg = t->end = 0;
		/* -2: skip lead out */
		t->size = (t->end - t->beg - 2) * (vlong)t->bs;
	}
}

/* this gets called a lot from main.c's 9P routines */
static int
mmcgettoc(Drive *drive)
{
	int i, n, first, last;
	uchar resp[1024];
	Mmcaux *aux;

	/*
	 * if someone has swapped the cd,
	 * mmcreadtoc will get ``medium changed'' and the
	 * scsi routines will set nchange and changetime in the
	 * scsi device.
	 */
	mmcreadtoc(drive, 0, 0, resp, sizeof(resp));
	if(drive->Scsi.changetime == 0) {	/* no media present */
		drive->mmctype = Mmcnone;
		drive->ntrack = 0;
		return 0;
	}
	/*
	 * if the disc doesn't appear to be have been changed, and there
	 * is a disc in this drive, there's nothing to do (the common case).
	 */
	if(drive->nchange == drive->Scsi.nchange && drive->changetime != 0)
		return 0;

	/*
	 * the disc in the drive may have just been changed,
	 * so rescan it and relearn all about it.
	 */

	drive->ntrack = 0;
	drive->nameok = 0;
	drive->nchange = drive->Scsi.nchange;
	drive->changetime = drive->Scsi.changetime;
	drive->writeok = drive->erasable = drive->recordable = drive->blank = 0;
	drive->erasableset = drive->recordableset = drive->blankset = 0;
	aux = drive->aux;
	aux->mmcnwa = 0;
	aux->nropen = aux->nwopen = 0;
	aux->ntotby = aux->ntotbk = 0;

	for(i=0; i<nelem(drive->track); i++){
		memset(&drive->track[i].mbeg, 0, sizeof(Msf));
		memset(&drive->track[i].mend, 0, sizeof(Msf));
	}

	/*
	 * TODO: set read ahead, MMC-6 §6.37, seems to control caching.
	 */

	/*
	 * find number of tracks
	 */
	if((n = mmcreadtoc(drive, Msfbit, 0, resp, sizeof(resp))) < 4) {
		/*
		 * on a blank disc in a cd-rw, use readdiscinfo
		 * to find the track info.
		 */
		if(getdiscinfo(drive, resp, sizeof(resp)) < 7)
			return -1;
		assert((resp[2] & 0340) == 0);	/* data type 0 */
		if(resp[4] != 1)
			print("multi-session disc %d\n", resp[4]);
		first = resp[3];
		last = resp[6];
		if(vflag)
			print("blank disc %d %d\n", first, last);
		/* the assumption of blankness may be unwarranted */
		drive->writeok = drive->blank = drive->blankset = 1;
	} else {
		first = resp[2];
		last = resp[3];

		if(n >= 4+8*(last-first+2)) {
			/* resp[4 + i*8 + 2] is track # */
			/* <=: track[last-first+1] = end */
			for(i=0; i<=last-first+1; i++)
				drive->track[i].mbeg = rdmsf(resp+4+i*8+5);
			for(i=0; i<last-first+1; i++)
				drive->track[i].mend = drive->track[i+1].mbeg;
		}
	}

	drive->mmctype = Mmcnone;
	drive->dvdtype = nil;
	getdvdstruct(drive);
	getbdstruct(drive);
	if (drive->mmctype == Mmcnone)
		drive->mmctype = Mmccd;		/* by default */
	if (drive->recordable || drive->erasable)
		drive->writeok = 1;

	if (vflag) {
		fprint(2, "writeok %d", drive->writeok);
		/* drive->blank is never used and hard to figure out */
//		if (drive->blankset)
//			fprint(2, " blank %d", drive->blank);
		if (drive->recordableset)
			fprint(2, " recordable %d", drive->recordable);
		if (drive->erasableset)
			fprint(2, " erasable %d", drive->erasable);
		fprint(2, "\n");
		print("first %d last %d\n", first, last);
	}

	if(first == 0 && last == 0)
		first = 1;

	if(first <= 0 || first >= Maxtrack) {
		werrstr("first table %d not in range", first);
		return -1;
	}
	if(last <= 0 || last >= Maxtrack) {
		werrstr("last table %d not in range", last);
		return -1;
	}

	if(drive->cap & Cwrite)			/* CDR drives are easy */
		for(i = first; i <= last; i++)
			mmctrackinfo(drive, i, i - first);
	else
		/*
		 * otherwise we need to infer endings from the
		 * beginnings of other tracks.
		 */
		mmcinfertracks(drive, first, last);

	drive->firsttrack = first;
	drive->ntrack = last+1-first;
	return 0;
}

static void
settrkmode(uchar *p, int mode)
{
	p[Wptrkmode] &= ~0xf;
	p[Wptrkmode] |= mode;
}

/*
 * this uses page 5, which is optional.
 */
static int
mmcsetbs(Drive *drive, int bs)
{
	uchar *p;
	Mmcaux *aux;

	aux = drive->aux;
	if (!aux->page05ok)
		return 0;			/* harmless; assume 2k */

	p = aux->page05;
	/*
	 * establish defaults.
	 */
	p[0] &= 077;			/* clear reserved bits, MMC-6 §7.2.3 */
	p[Wpwrtype] = Bufe | Wttrackonce;
//	if(testonlyflag)
//		p[Wpwrtype] |= 0x10;	/* test-write */
	/* assume dvd values as defaults */
	settrkmode(p, Tmintr);
	p[Wptrkmode] |= Msnext;
	p[Wpdatblktype] = Db2kdata;
	p[Wpsessfmt] = Sfdata;

	switch(drive->mmctype) {
	case Mmcdvdplus:
	case Mmcbd:
		break;
	case Mmcdvdminus:
		/* dvd-r can only do disc-at-once or incremental */
		p[Wpwrtype] = Bufe | Wtsessonce;
		break;
	case Mmccd:
		settrkmode(p, Tmunintr); /* data track, uninterrupted */
		switch(bs){
		case BScdda:
			/* 2 audio channels without pre-emphasis */
			settrkmode(p, Tmcdda);	/* TODO: should be Tm2audio? */
			p[Wpdatblktype] = Dbraw;
			break;
		case BScdrom:
			break;
		case BScdxa:
			p[Wpdatblktype] = Db2336;
			p[Wpsessfmt] = Sfcdxa;
			break;
		default:
			fprint(2, "%s: unknown CD type; bs %d\n", argv0, bs);
			assert(0);
		}
		break;
	default:
		fprint(2, "%s: unknown disc sub-type %d\n",
			argv0, drive->mmctype);
		break;
	}
	if(mmcsetpage(drive, Pagwrparams, p) < 0) {
		if (vflag)
			fprint(2, "mmcsetbs: could NOT set write parameters page\n");
		return -1;
	}
	return 0;
}

/* off is a block number */
static long
mmcread(Buf *buf, void *v, long nblock, ulong off)
{
	int bs;
	long n, nn;
	uchar cmd[12];
	Drive *drive;
	Otrack *o;

	o = buf->otrack;
	drive = o->drive;
	bs = o->track->bs;
	off += o->track->beg;

	if(nblock >= (1<<10)) {
		werrstr("mmcread too big");
		if(vflag)
			fprint(2, "mmcread too big\n");
		return -1;
	}

	/* truncate nblock modulo size of track */
	if(off > o->track->end - 2) {
		werrstr("read past end of track");
		if(vflag)
			fprint(2, "end of track (%ld->%ld off %ld)",
				o->track->beg, o->track->end - 2, off);
		return -1;
	}
	if(off == o->track->end - 2)
		return 0;

	if(off+nblock > o->track->end - 2)
		nblock = o->track->end - 2 - off;

	/*
	 * `read cd' only works for CDs; for everybody else,
	 * we'll try plain `read (12)'.  only use read cd if it's
	 * a cd drive with a cd in it and we're not reading data
	 * (e.g., reading audio).
	 */
	memset(cmd, 0, sizeof(cmd));
	if (drive->type == TypeCD && drive->mmctype == Mmccd && bs != BScdrom) {
		cmd[0] = ScmdReadcd;
		cmd[2] = off>>24;
		cmd[3] = off>>16;
		cmd[4] = off>>8;
		cmd[5] = off>>0;
		cmd[6] = nblock>>16;
		cmd[7] = nblock>>8;
		cmd[8] = nblock>>0;
		cmd[9] = 0x10;
		switch(bs){
		case BScdda:
			cmd[1] = 0x04;
			break;
		case BScdrom:
			cmd[1] = 0x08;
			break;
		case BScdxa:
			cmd[1] = 0x0C;
			break;
		default:
			werrstr("unknown bs %d", bs);
			return -1;
		}
	} else {			/* e.g., TypeDA */
		cmd[0] = ScmdRead12;
		cmd[2] = off>>24;
		cmd[3] = off>>16;
		cmd[4] = off>>8;
		cmd[5] = off>>0;
		cmd[6] = nblock>>24;
		cmd[7] = nblock>>16;
		cmd[8] = nblock>>8;
		cmd[9] = nblock;
		// cmd[10] = 0x80;	/* streaming */
	}
	n = nblock*bs;
	nn = scsi(drive, cmd, sizeof(cmd), v, n, Sread);
	if(nn != n) {
		if(nn != -1)
			werrstr("short read %ld/%ld", nn, n);
		if(vflag)
			print("read off %lud nblock %ld bs %d failed\n",
				off, nblock, bs);
		return -1;
	}

	return nblock;
}

static Otrack*
mmcopenrd(Drive *drive, int trackno)
{
	Otrack *o;
	Mmcaux *aux;

	if(trackno < 0 || trackno >= drive->ntrack) {
		werrstr("track number out of range");
		return nil;
	}

	aux = drive->aux;
	if(aux->nwopen) {
		werrstr("disk in use for writing");
		return nil;
	}

	o = emalloc(sizeof(Otrack));
	o->drive = drive;
	o->track = &drive->track[trackno];
	o->nchange = drive->nchange;
	o->omode = OREAD;
	o->buf = bopen(mmcread, OREAD, o->track->bs, BDNblock);
	o->buf->otrack = o;

	aux->nropen++;

	return o;
}

static int
format(Drive *drive)
{
	ulong nblks, blksize;
	uchar *fmtdesc;
	uchar cmd[6], parms[4+8];

	if (drive->recordable && drive->mmctype != Mmcbd) {
		werrstr("don't format write-once cd or dvd media");
		return -1;
	}
	initcdb(cmd, sizeof cmd, ScmdFormat);	/* format unit */
	cmd[1] = 0x10 | 1;		/* format data, mmc format code */

	memset(parms, 0, sizeof parms);
	/* format list header */
	parms[1] = 2;			/* immediate return; don't wait */
	parms[3] = 8;			/* format descriptor length */

	fmtdesc = parms + 4;
	fmtdesc[4] = 0;			/* full format */

	nblks = 0;
	blksize = BScdrom;
	switch (drive->mmctype) {
	case Mmccd:
		nblks = 0;
		break;
	case Mmcdvdplus:
		/* format type 0 is optional but equiv to format type 0x26 */
		fmtdesc[4] = 0x26 << 2;
		nblks = ~0ul;
		blksize = 0;
		break;
	}

	PUTBELONG(fmtdesc, nblks);
	PUTBE24(fmtdesc + 5, blksize);

//	print("format parameters:\n");
//	hexdump(parms, sizeof parms);

	if(vflag)
		print("%lld ns: format\n", nsec());
	return scsi(drive, cmd, sizeof(cmd), parms, sizeof parms, Swrite);
}

static long
mmcxwrite(Otrack *o, void *v, long nblk)
{
	uchar cmd[10];
	Mmcaux *aux;

	assert(o->omode == OWRITE);
	aux = o->drive->aux;
	if (aux->mmcnwa == 0 && scsiready(o->drive) < 0) {
		werrstr("device not ready to write");
		return -1;
	}
	aux->ntotby += nblk*o->track->bs;
	aux->ntotbk += nblk;

	memset(cmd, 0, sizeof(cmd));
	cmd[0] = ScmdExtwrite;		/* write (10) */
	cmd[2] = aux->mmcnwa>>24;
	cmd[3] = aux->mmcnwa>>16;
	cmd[4] = aux->mmcnwa>>8;
	cmd[5] = aux->mmcnwa;
	cmd[7] = nblk>>8;
	cmd[8] = nblk>>0;
	if(vflag)
		print("%lld ns: write %ld at 0x%lux\n",
			nsec(), nblk, aux->mmcnwa);
	aux->mmcnwa += nblk;
	return scsi(o->drive, cmd, sizeof(cmd), v, nblk*o->track->bs, Swrite);
}

static long
mmcwrite(Buf *buf, void *v, long nblk, ulong)
{
	return mmcxwrite(buf->otrack, v, nblk);
}

enum {
	Eccblk	= 128,		/* sectors per ecc block */
	Rsvslop	= 0,
};

static int
reserve(Drive *drive, int track)
{
	ulong sz;
	uchar cmd[10];

	initcdb(cmd, sizeof cmd, ScmdReserve);
	track -= drive->firsttrack;		/* switch to zero-origin */
	if (track >= 0 && track < drive->ntrack)
		/* .end is next sector past sz */
		sz = drive->track[track].end - drive->track[track].beg - Rsvslop;
	else {
		sz = Eccblk;
		fprint(2, "%s: reserve: track #%d out of range 0-%d\n",
			argv0, track, drive->ntrack);
	}
	sz -= sz % Eccblk;		/* round down to ecc-block multiple */
	if ((long)sz < 0) {
		fprint(2, "%s: reserve: bogus size %lud\n", argv0, sz);
		return -1;
	}
	cmd[1] = 0;			/* no ASRV: allocate by size not lba */
	PUTBELONG(cmd + 2 + 3, sz);
	if (vflag)
		fprint(2, "reserving %ld sectors\n", sz);
	return scsi(drive, cmd, sizeof cmd, cmd, 0, Snone);
}

static int
getinvistrack(Drive *drive)
{
	int n;
	uchar cmd[10], resp[Pagesz];

	initcdb(cmd, sizeof(cmd), ScmdRtrackinfo);
	cmd[1] = 1<<2 | 1;	/* open; address below is logical track # */
	PUTBELONG(cmd + 2, 1);		/* find first open track */
	cmd[7] = sizeof(resp)>>8;
	cmd[8] = sizeof(resp);
	n = scsi(drive, cmd, sizeof(cmd), resp, sizeof(resp), Sread);
	if(n < 4) {
		if(vflag)
			print("trackinfo for invis track fails n=%d: %r\n", n);
		return -1;
	}

	if(vflag)
		print("getinvistrack: track #%d session #%d\n",
			resp[2], resp[3]);
	return resp[2];
}

static Otrack*
mmccreate(Drive *drive, int type)
{
	int bs, invis;
	Mmcaux *aux;
	Track *t;
	Otrack *o;

	aux = drive->aux;

	if(aux->nropen || aux->nwopen) {
		werrstr("drive in use");
		return nil;
	}

	switch(type){
	case TypeAudio:
		bs = BScdda;
		break;
	case TypeData:
		bs = BScdrom;
		break;
	default:
		werrstr("bad type %d", type);
		return nil;
	}

	invis = getinvistrack(drive);
	if (invis < 0)
		invis = Invistrack;

	/* comment out the returns for now; it should be no big deal - geoff */
	if(mmctrackinfo(drive, invis, Maxtrack)) {
		if (vflag)
			fprint(2, "mmccreate: mmctrackinfo for invis track %d"
				" failed: %r\n", invis);
		werrstr("disc not writable");
//		return nil;
	}
	if(mmcsetbs(drive, bs) < 0) {
		werrstr("cannot set bs mode");
//		return nil;
	}
	if(mmctrackinfo(drive, invis, Maxtrack)) {
		if (vflag)
			fprint(2, "mmccreate: mmctrackinfo for invis track %d"
				" (2) failed: %r\n", invis);
		werrstr("disc not writable 2");
//		return nil;
	}

	/* special hack for dvd-r: reserve the invisible track */
	if (drive->mmctype == Mmcdvdminus && drive->writeok &&
	    drive->recordable && reserve(drive, invis) < 0) {
		if (vflag)
			fprint(2, "mmcreate: reserving track %d for dvd-r "
				"failed: %r\n", invis);
		return nil;
	}

	aux->ntotby = 0;
	aux->ntotbk = 0;

	t = &drive->track[drive->ntrack++];
	t->size = 0;
	t->bs = bs;
	t->beg = aux->mmcnwa;
	t->end = 0;
	t->type = type;
	drive->nameok = 0;

	o = emalloc(sizeof(Otrack));
	o->drive = drive;
	o->nchange = drive->nchange;
	o->omode = OWRITE;
	o->track = t;
	o->buf = bopen(mmcwrite, OWRITE, bs, BDNblock);
	o->buf->otrack = o;

	aux->nwopen++;

	if(vflag)
		print("mmcinit: nwa = 0x%luX\n", aux->mmcnwa);
	return o;
}

/*
 * issue some form of close track, close session or finalize disc command.
 * see The Matrix, table 252 in MMC-6 §6.3.2.3.
 */
static int
mmcxclose(Drive *drive, int clf, int trackno)
{
	uchar cmd[10];

	memset(cmd, 0, sizeof(cmd));
	cmd[0] = ScmdClosetracksess;
	/* cmd[1] & 1 is the immediate bit */
	cmd[2] = clf;				/* close function */
	if(clf == Closetrack)
		cmd[5] = trackno;
	return scsi(drive, cmd, sizeof(cmd), cmd, 0, Snone);
}

/* flush drive cache, close current track */
void
mmcsynccache(Drive *drive)
{
	int invis;
	uchar cmd[10];
	Mmcaux *aux;

	initcdb(cmd, sizeof cmd, ScmdSynccache);
	/*
	 * this will take a long time to burn the remainder of a dvd-r
	 * with a reserved track covering the whole disc.
	 */
	if (vflag) {
		fprint(2, "syncing cache");
		if (drive->mmctype == Mmcdvdminus && drive->writeok &&
		    drive->recordable)
			fprint(2, "; dvd-r burning rest of track reservation, "
				"will be slow");
		fprint(2, "\n");
	}
	scsi(drive, cmd, sizeof(cmd), cmd, 0, Snone);
	if(vflag) {
		aux = drive->aux;
		print("mmcsynccache: bytes = %lld blocks = %ld, mmcnwa 0x%luX\n",
			aux->ntotby, aux->ntotbk, aux->mmcnwa);
	}

	invis = getinvistrack(drive);
	if (invis < 0)
		invis = Invistrack;
	/*
	 * rsc: seems not to work on some drives.
	 * so ignore return code & don't issue on dvd+rw.
	 */
	if(drive->mmctype != Mmcdvdplus || !drive->erasable) {
		if (vflag)
			fprint(2, "closing invisible track %d (not dvd+rw)...\n",
				invis);
 		mmcxclose(drive, Closetrack, invis);
		if (vflag)
			fprint(2, "... done.\n");
	}
}

/*
 * close the open track `o'.
 */
static void
mmcclose(Otrack *o)
{
	Mmcaux *aux;
	static uchar zero[2*BSmax];

	aux = o->drive->aux;
	if(o->omode == OREAD)
		aux->nropen--;
	else if(o->omode == OWRITE) {
		aux->nwopen--;
		mmcxwrite(o, zero, 2);	/* write lead out */
		mmcsynccache(o->drive);
		o->drive->nchange = -1;	/* force reread toc */
	}
	free(o);
}

static int
setonesess(Drive *drive)
{
	uchar *p;
	Mmcaux *aux;

	/* page 5 is legacy and now read-only; see MMC-6 §7.5.4.1 */
	aux = drive->aux;
	p = aux->page05;
	p[Wptrkmode] &= ~Msbits;
	p[Wptrkmode] |= Msnonext;
	return mmcsetpage(drive, Pagwrparams, p);
}

/*
 * close the current session, then finalize the disc.
 */
static int
mmcfixate(Drive *drive)
{
	int r;

	if((drive->cap & Cwrite) == 0) {
		werrstr("not a writer");
		return -1;
	}
	drive->nchange = -1;		/* force reread toc */

	setonesess(drive);

	/* skip explicit close session on bd-r */
	if (drive->mmctype != Mmcbd || drive->erasable) {
		if (vflag)
			fprint(2, "closing session and maybe finalizing...\n");
		r = mmcxclose(drive, Closesessfinal, 0);
		if (vflag)
			fprint(2, "... done.\n");
		if (r < 0)
			return r;
	}
	/*
	 * Closesessfinal only closes & doesn't finalize on dvd+r and bd-r.
	 * Closedvdrbdfinal closes & finalizes dvd+r and bd-r.
	 */
	if ((drive->mmctype == Mmcdvdplus || drive->mmctype == Mmcbd) &&
	    !drive->erasable) {
		if (vflag)
			fprint(2, "finalizing dvd+r or bd-r... "
				"(won't print `done').\n");
		return mmcxclose(drive, Closedvdrbdfinal, 0);
	}
	return 0;
}

static int
mmcblank(Drive *drive, int quick)
{
	uchar cmd[12];

	drive->nchange = -1;		/* force reread toc */

	memset(cmd, 0, sizeof(cmd));
	cmd[0] = ScmdBlank;		/* blank cd-rw media */
	/* immediate bit is 0x10 */
	/* cmd[1] = 0 means blank the whole disc; = 1 just the header */
	cmd[1] = quick ? 0x01 : 0x00;

	return scsi(drive, cmd, sizeof(cmd), cmd, 0, Snone);
}

static char*
e(int status)
{
	if(status < 0)
		return geterrstr();
	return nil;
}

static char*
mmcctl(Drive *drive, int argc, char **argv)
{
	char *cmd;

	if(argc < 1)
		return nil;
	cmd = argv[0];
	if(strcmp(cmd, "format") == 0)
		return e(format(drive));
	if(strcmp(cmd, "blank") == 0)
		return e(mmcblank(drive, 0));
	if(strcmp(cmd, "quickblank") == 0)
		return e(mmcblank(drive, 1));
	if(strcmp(cmd, "eject") == 0)
		return e(start(drive, 2));
	if(strcmp(cmd, "ingest") == 0)
		return e(start(drive, 3));
	return "bad arg";
}

static char*
mmcsetspeed(Drive *drive, int r, int w)
{
	char *rv;
	uchar cmd[12];

	memset(cmd, 0, sizeof(cmd));
	cmd[0] = ScmdSetcdspeed;
	cmd[2] = r>>8;
	cmd[3] = r;
	cmd[4] = w>>8;
	cmd[5] = w;
	rv = e(scsi(drive, cmd, sizeof(cmd), nil, 0, Snone));
	mmcgetspeed(drive);
	return rv;
}

static Dev mmcdev = {
	mmcopenrd,
	mmccreate,
	bufread,
	bufwrite,
	mmcclose,
	mmcgettoc,
	mmcfixate,
	mmcctl,
	mmcsetspeed,
};