xref: /openbsd-src/usr.bin/ssh/misc.c (revision f763167468dba5339ed4b14b7ecaca2a397ab0f6)
1 /* $OpenBSD: misc.c,v 1.113 2017/08/18 05:48:04 djm Exp $ */
2 /*
3  * Copyright (c) 2000 Markus Friedl.  All rights reserved.
4  * Copyright (c) 2005,2006 Damien Miller.  All rights reserved.
5  *
6  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
7  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
8  * are met:
9  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
10  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
11  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
12  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
13  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
14  *
15  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
16  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
17  * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
18  * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
19  * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
20  * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
21  * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
22  * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
23  * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
24  * THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
25  */
26 
27 #include <sys/types.h>
28 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
29 #include <sys/socket.h>
30 #include <sys/stat.h>
31 #include <sys/time.h>
32 #include <sys/wait.h>
33 #include <sys/un.h>
34 
35 #include <net/if.h>
36 #include <netinet/in.h>
37 #include <netinet/ip.h>
38 #include <netinet/tcp.h>
39 
40 #include <ctype.h>
41 #include <errno.h>
42 #include <fcntl.h>
43 #include <netdb.h>
44 #include <paths.h>
45 #include <pwd.h>
46 #include <libgen.h>
47 #include <limits.h>
48 #include <signal.h>
49 #include <stdarg.h>
50 #include <stdio.h>
51 #include <stdlib.h>
52 #include <string.h>
53 #include <unistd.h>
54 
55 #include "xmalloc.h"
56 #include "misc.h"
57 #include "log.h"
58 #include "ssh.h"
59 #include "sshbuf.h"
60 #include "ssherr.h"
61 #include "uidswap.h"
62 
63 /* remove newline at end of string */
64 char *
65 chop(char *s)
66 {
67 	char *t = s;
68 	while (*t) {
69 		if (*t == '\n' || *t == '\r') {
70 			*t = '\0';
71 			return s;
72 		}
73 		t++;
74 	}
75 	return s;
76 
77 }
78 
79 /* set/unset filedescriptor to non-blocking */
80 int
81 set_nonblock(int fd)
82 {
83 	int val;
84 
85 	val = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL);
86 	if (val < 0) {
87 		error("fcntl(%d, F_GETFL): %s", fd, strerror(errno));
88 		return (-1);
89 	}
90 	if (val & O_NONBLOCK) {
91 		debug3("fd %d is O_NONBLOCK", fd);
92 		return (0);
93 	}
94 	debug2("fd %d setting O_NONBLOCK", fd);
95 	val |= O_NONBLOCK;
96 	if (fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, val) == -1) {
97 		debug("fcntl(%d, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK): %s", fd,
98 		    strerror(errno));
99 		return (-1);
100 	}
101 	return (0);
102 }
103 
104 int
105 unset_nonblock(int fd)
106 {
107 	int val;
108 
109 	val = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL);
110 	if (val < 0) {
111 		error("fcntl(%d, F_GETFL): %s", fd, strerror(errno));
112 		return (-1);
113 	}
114 	if (!(val & O_NONBLOCK)) {
115 		debug3("fd %d is not O_NONBLOCK", fd);
116 		return (0);
117 	}
118 	debug("fd %d clearing O_NONBLOCK", fd);
119 	val &= ~O_NONBLOCK;
120 	if (fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, val) == -1) {
121 		debug("fcntl(%d, F_SETFL, ~O_NONBLOCK): %s",
122 		    fd, strerror(errno));
123 		return (-1);
124 	}
125 	return (0);
126 }
127 
128 const char *
129 ssh_gai_strerror(int gaierr)
130 {
131 	if (gaierr == EAI_SYSTEM && errno != 0)
132 		return strerror(errno);
133 	return gai_strerror(gaierr);
134 }
135 
136 /* disable nagle on socket */
137 void
138 set_nodelay(int fd)
139 {
140 	int opt;
141 	socklen_t optlen;
142 
143 	optlen = sizeof opt;
144 	if (getsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, &opt, &optlen) == -1) {
145 		debug("getsockopt TCP_NODELAY: %.100s", strerror(errno));
146 		return;
147 	}
148 	if (opt == 1) {
149 		debug2("fd %d is TCP_NODELAY", fd);
150 		return;
151 	}
152 	opt = 1;
153 	debug2("fd %d setting TCP_NODELAY", fd);
154 	if (setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, &opt, sizeof opt) == -1)
155 		error("setsockopt TCP_NODELAY: %.100s", strerror(errno));
156 }
157 
158 /* Characters considered whitespace in strsep calls. */
159 #define WHITESPACE " \t\r\n"
160 #define QUOTE	"\""
161 
162 /* return next token in configuration line */
163 char *
164 strdelim(char **s)
165 {
166 	char *old;
167 	int wspace = 0;
168 
169 	if (*s == NULL)
170 		return NULL;
171 
172 	old = *s;
173 
174 	*s = strpbrk(*s, WHITESPACE QUOTE "=");
175 	if (*s == NULL)
176 		return (old);
177 
178 	if (*s[0] == '\"') {
179 		memmove(*s, *s + 1, strlen(*s)); /* move nul too */
180 		/* Find matching quote */
181 		if ((*s = strpbrk(*s, QUOTE)) == NULL) {
182 			return (NULL);		/* no matching quote */
183 		} else {
184 			*s[0] = '\0';
185 			*s += strspn(*s + 1, WHITESPACE) + 1;
186 			return (old);
187 		}
188 	}
189 
190 	/* Allow only one '=' to be skipped */
191 	if (*s[0] == '=')
192 		wspace = 1;
193 	*s[0] = '\0';
194 
195 	/* Skip any extra whitespace after first token */
196 	*s += strspn(*s + 1, WHITESPACE) + 1;
197 	if (*s[0] == '=' && !wspace)
198 		*s += strspn(*s + 1, WHITESPACE) + 1;
199 
200 	return (old);
201 }
202 
203 struct passwd *
204 pwcopy(struct passwd *pw)
205 {
206 	struct passwd *copy = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*copy));
207 
208 	copy->pw_name = xstrdup(pw->pw_name);
209 	copy->pw_passwd = xstrdup(pw->pw_passwd);
210 	copy->pw_gecos = xstrdup(pw->pw_gecos);
211 	copy->pw_uid = pw->pw_uid;
212 	copy->pw_gid = pw->pw_gid;
213 	copy->pw_expire = pw->pw_expire;
214 	copy->pw_change = pw->pw_change;
215 	copy->pw_class = xstrdup(pw->pw_class);
216 	copy->pw_dir = xstrdup(pw->pw_dir);
217 	copy->pw_shell = xstrdup(pw->pw_shell);
218 	return copy;
219 }
220 
221 /*
222  * Convert ASCII string to TCP/IP port number.
223  * Port must be >=0 and <=65535.
224  * Return -1 if invalid.
225  */
226 int
227 a2port(const char *s)
228 {
229 	long long port;
230 	const char *errstr;
231 
232 	port = strtonum(s, 0, 65535, &errstr);
233 	if (errstr != NULL)
234 		return -1;
235 	return (int)port;
236 }
237 
238 int
239 a2tun(const char *s, int *remote)
240 {
241 	const char *errstr = NULL;
242 	char *sp, *ep;
243 	int tun;
244 
245 	if (remote != NULL) {
246 		*remote = SSH_TUNID_ANY;
247 		sp = xstrdup(s);
248 		if ((ep = strchr(sp, ':')) == NULL) {
249 			free(sp);
250 			return (a2tun(s, NULL));
251 		}
252 		ep[0] = '\0'; ep++;
253 		*remote = a2tun(ep, NULL);
254 		tun = a2tun(sp, NULL);
255 		free(sp);
256 		return (*remote == SSH_TUNID_ERR ? *remote : tun);
257 	}
258 
259 	if (strcasecmp(s, "any") == 0)
260 		return (SSH_TUNID_ANY);
261 
262 	tun = strtonum(s, 0, SSH_TUNID_MAX, &errstr);
263 	if (errstr != NULL)
264 		return (SSH_TUNID_ERR);
265 
266 	return (tun);
267 }
268 
269 #define SECONDS		1
270 #define MINUTES		(SECONDS * 60)
271 #define HOURS		(MINUTES * 60)
272 #define DAYS		(HOURS * 24)
273 #define WEEKS		(DAYS * 7)
274 
275 /*
276  * Convert a time string into seconds; format is
277  * a sequence of:
278  *      time[qualifier]
279  *
280  * Valid time qualifiers are:
281  *      <none>  seconds
282  *      s|S     seconds
283  *      m|M     minutes
284  *      h|H     hours
285  *      d|D     days
286  *      w|W     weeks
287  *
288  * Examples:
289  *      90m     90 minutes
290  *      1h30m   90 minutes
291  *      2d      2 days
292  *      1w      1 week
293  *
294  * Return -1 if time string is invalid.
295  */
296 long
297 convtime(const char *s)
298 {
299 	long total, secs, multiplier = 1;
300 	const char *p;
301 	char *endp;
302 
303 	errno = 0;
304 	total = 0;
305 	p = s;
306 
307 	if (p == NULL || *p == '\0')
308 		return -1;
309 
310 	while (*p) {
311 		secs = strtol(p, &endp, 10);
312 		if (p == endp ||
313 		    (errno == ERANGE && (secs == LONG_MIN || secs == LONG_MAX)) ||
314 		    secs < 0)
315 			return -1;
316 
317 		switch (*endp++) {
318 		case '\0':
319 			endp--;
320 			break;
321 		case 's':
322 		case 'S':
323 			break;
324 		case 'm':
325 		case 'M':
326 			multiplier = MINUTES;
327 			break;
328 		case 'h':
329 		case 'H':
330 			multiplier = HOURS;
331 			break;
332 		case 'd':
333 		case 'D':
334 			multiplier = DAYS;
335 			break;
336 		case 'w':
337 		case 'W':
338 			multiplier = WEEKS;
339 			break;
340 		default:
341 			return -1;
342 		}
343 		if (secs >= LONG_MAX / multiplier)
344 			return -1;
345 		secs *= multiplier;
346 		if  (total >= LONG_MAX - secs)
347 			return -1;
348 		total += secs;
349 		if (total < 0)
350 			return -1;
351 		p = endp;
352 	}
353 
354 	return total;
355 }
356 
357 /*
358  * Returns a standardized host+port identifier string.
359  * Caller must free returned string.
360  */
361 char *
362 put_host_port(const char *host, u_short port)
363 {
364 	char *hoststr;
365 
366 	if (port == 0 || port == SSH_DEFAULT_PORT)
367 		return(xstrdup(host));
368 	if (asprintf(&hoststr, "[%s]:%d", host, (int)port) < 0)
369 		fatal("put_host_port: asprintf: %s", strerror(errno));
370 	debug3("put_host_port: %s", hoststr);
371 	return hoststr;
372 }
373 
374 /*
375  * Search for next delimiter between hostnames/addresses and ports.
376  * Argument may be modified (for termination).
377  * Returns *cp if parsing succeeds.
378  * *cp is set to the start of the next delimiter, if one was found.
379  * If this is the last field, *cp is set to NULL.
380  */
381 char *
382 hpdelim(char **cp)
383 {
384 	char *s, *old;
385 
386 	if (cp == NULL || *cp == NULL)
387 		return NULL;
388 
389 	old = s = *cp;
390 	if (*s == '[') {
391 		if ((s = strchr(s, ']')) == NULL)
392 			return NULL;
393 		else
394 			s++;
395 	} else if ((s = strpbrk(s, ":/")) == NULL)
396 		s = *cp + strlen(*cp); /* skip to end (see first case below) */
397 
398 	switch (*s) {
399 	case '\0':
400 		*cp = NULL;	/* no more fields*/
401 		break;
402 
403 	case ':':
404 	case '/':
405 		*s = '\0';	/* terminate */
406 		*cp = s + 1;
407 		break;
408 
409 	default:
410 		return NULL;
411 	}
412 
413 	return old;
414 }
415 
416 char *
417 cleanhostname(char *host)
418 {
419 	if (*host == '[' && host[strlen(host) - 1] == ']') {
420 		host[strlen(host) - 1] = '\0';
421 		return (host + 1);
422 	} else
423 		return host;
424 }
425 
426 char *
427 colon(char *cp)
428 {
429 	int flag = 0;
430 
431 	if (*cp == ':')		/* Leading colon is part of file name. */
432 		return NULL;
433 	if (*cp == '[')
434 		flag = 1;
435 
436 	for (; *cp; ++cp) {
437 		if (*cp == '@' && *(cp+1) == '[')
438 			flag = 1;
439 		if (*cp == ']' && *(cp+1) == ':' && flag)
440 			return (cp+1);
441 		if (*cp == ':' && !flag)
442 			return (cp);
443 		if (*cp == '/')
444 			return NULL;
445 	}
446 	return NULL;
447 }
448 
449 /*
450  * Parse a [user@]host[:port] string.
451  * Caller must free returned user and host.
452  * Any of the pointer return arguments may be NULL (useful for syntax checking).
453  * If user was not specified then *userp will be set to NULL.
454  * If port was not specified then *portp will be -1.
455  * Returns 0 on success, -1 on failure.
456  */
457 int
458 parse_user_host_port(const char *s, char **userp, char **hostp, int *portp)
459 {
460 	char *sdup, *cp, *tmp;
461 	char *user = NULL, *host = NULL;
462 	int port = -1, ret = -1;
463 
464 	if (userp != NULL)
465 		*userp = NULL;
466 	if (hostp != NULL)
467 		*hostp = NULL;
468 	if (portp != NULL)
469 		*portp = -1;
470 
471 	if ((sdup = tmp = strdup(s)) == NULL)
472 		return -1;
473 	/* Extract optional username */
474 	if ((cp = strchr(tmp, '@')) != NULL) {
475 		*cp = '\0';
476 		if (*tmp == '\0')
477 			goto out;
478 		if ((user = strdup(tmp)) == NULL)
479 			goto out;
480 		tmp = cp + 1;
481 	}
482 	/* Extract mandatory hostname */
483 	if ((cp = hpdelim(&tmp)) == NULL || *cp == '\0')
484 		goto out;
485 	host = xstrdup(cleanhostname(cp));
486 	/* Convert and verify optional port */
487 	if (tmp != NULL && *tmp != '\0') {
488 		if ((port = a2port(tmp)) <= 0)
489 			goto out;
490 	}
491 	/* Success */
492 	if (userp != NULL) {
493 		*userp = user;
494 		user = NULL;
495 	}
496 	if (hostp != NULL) {
497 		*hostp = host;
498 		host = NULL;
499 	}
500 	if (portp != NULL)
501 		*portp = port;
502 	ret = 0;
503  out:
504 	free(sdup);
505 	free(user);
506 	free(host);
507 	return ret;
508 }
509 
510 /* function to assist building execv() arguments */
511 void
512 addargs(arglist *args, char *fmt, ...)
513 {
514 	va_list ap;
515 	char *cp;
516 	u_int nalloc;
517 	int r;
518 
519 	va_start(ap, fmt);
520 	r = vasprintf(&cp, fmt, ap);
521 	va_end(ap);
522 	if (r == -1)
523 		fatal("addargs: argument too long");
524 
525 	nalloc = args->nalloc;
526 	if (args->list == NULL) {
527 		nalloc = 32;
528 		args->num = 0;
529 	} else if (args->num+2 >= nalloc)
530 		nalloc *= 2;
531 
532 	args->list = xrecallocarray(args->list, args->nalloc, nalloc, sizeof(char *));
533 	args->nalloc = nalloc;
534 	args->list[args->num++] = cp;
535 	args->list[args->num] = NULL;
536 }
537 
538 void
539 replacearg(arglist *args, u_int which, char *fmt, ...)
540 {
541 	va_list ap;
542 	char *cp;
543 	int r;
544 
545 	va_start(ap, fmt);
546 	r = vasprintf(&cp, fmt, ap);
547 	va_end(ap);
548 	if (r == -1)
549 		fatal("replacearg: argument too long");
550 
551 	if (which >= args->num)
552 		fatal("replacearg: tried to replace invalid arg %d >= %d",
553 		    which, args->num);
554 	free(args->list[which]);
555 	args->list[which] = cp;
556 }
557 
558 void
559 freeargs(arglist *args)
560 {
561 	u_int i;
562 
563 	if (args->list != NULL) {
564 		for (i = 0; i < args->num; i++)
565 			free(args->list[i]);
566 		free(args->list);
567 		args->nalloc = args->num = 0;
568 		args->list = NULL;
569 	}
570 }
571 
572 /*
573  * Expands tildes in the file name.  Returns data allocated by xmalloc.
574  * Warning: this calls getpw*.
575  */
576 char *
577 tilde_expand_filename(const char *filename, uid_t uid)
578 {
579 	const char *path, *sep;
580 	char user[128], *ret;
581 	struct passwd *pw;
582 	u_int len, slash;
583 
584 	if (*filename != '~')
585 		return (xstrdup(filename));
586 	filename++;
587 
588 	path = strchr(filename, '/');
589 	if (path != NULL && path > filename) {		/* ~user/path */
590 		slash = path - filename;
591 		if (slash > sizeof(user) - 1)
592 			fatal("tilde_expand_filename: ~username too long");
593 		memcpy(user, filename, slash);
594 		user[slash] = '\0';
595 		if ((pw = getpwnam(user)) == NULL)
596 			fatal("tilde_expand_filename: No such user %s", user);
597 	} else if ((pw = getpwuid(uid)) == NULL)	/* ~/path */
598 		fatal("tilde_expand_filename: No such uid %ld", (long)uid);
599 
600 	/* Make sure directory has a trailing '/' */
601 	len = strlen(pw->pw_dir);
602 	if (len == 0 || pw->pw_dir[len - 1] != '/')
603 		sep = "/";
604 	else
605 		sep = "";
606 
607 	/* Skip leading '/' from specified path */
608 	if (path != NULL)
609 		filename = path + 1;
610 
611 	if (xasprintf(&ret, "%s%s%s", pw->pw_dir, sep, filename) >= PATH_MAX)
612 		fatal("tilde_expand_filename: Path too long");
613 
614 	return (ret);
615 }
616 
617 /*
618  * Expand a string with a set of %[char] escapes. A number of escapes may be
619  * specified as (char *escape_chars, char *replacement) pairs. The list must
620  * be terminated by a NULL escape_char. Returns replaced string in memory
621  * allocated by xmalloc.
622  */
623 char *
624 percent_expand(const char *string, ...)
625 {
626 #define EXPAND_MAX_KEYS	16
627 	u_int num_keys, i, j;
628 	struct {
629 		const char *key;
630 		const char *repl;
631 	} keys[EXPAND_MAX_KEYS];
632 	char buf[4096];
633 	va_list ap;
634 
635 	/* Gather keys */
636 	va_start(ap, string);
637 	for (num_keys = 0; num_keys < EXPAND_MAX_KEYS; num_keys++) {
638 		keys[num_keys].key = va_arg(ap, char *);
639 		if (keys[num_keys].key == NULL)
640 			break;
641 		keys[num_keys].repl = va_arg(ap, char *);
642 		if (keys[num_keys].repl == NULL)
643 			fatal("%s: NULL replacement", __func__);
644 	}
645 	if (num_keys == EXPAND_MAX_KEYS && va_arg(ap, char *) != NULL)
646 		fatal("%s: too many keys", __func__);
647 	va_end(ap);
648 
649 	/* Expand string */
650 	*buf = '\0';
651 	for (i = 0; *string != '\0'; string++) {
652 		if (*string != '%') {
653  append:
654 			buf[i++] = *string;
655 			if (i >= sizeof(buf))
656 				fatal("%s: string too long", __func__);
657 			buf[i] = '\0';
658 			continue;
659 		}
660 		string++;
661 		/* %% case */
662 		if (*string == '%')
663 			goto append;
664 		if (*string == '\0')
665 			fatal("%s: invalid format", __func__);
666 		for (j = 0; j < num_keys; j++) {
667 			if (strchr(keys[j].key, *string) != NULL) {
668 				i = strlcat(buf, keys[j].repl, sizeof(buf));
669 				if (i >= sizeof(buf))
670 					fatal("%s: string too long", __func__);
671 				break;
672 			}
673 		}
674 		if (j >= num_keys)
675 			fatal("%s: unknown key %%%c", __func__, *string);
676 	}
677 	return (xstrdup(buf));
678 #undef EXPAND_MAX_KEYS
679 }
680 
681 /*
682  * Read an entire line from a public key file into a static buffer, discarding
683  * lines that exceed the buffer size.  Returns 0 on success, -1 on failure.
684  */
685 int
686 read_keyfile_line(FILE *f, const char *filename, char *buf, size_t bufsz,
687    u_long *lineno)
688 {
689 	while (fgets(buf, bufsz, f) != NULL) {
690 		if (buf[0] == '\0')
691 			continue;
692 		(*lineno)++;
693 		if (buf[strlen(buf) - 1] == '\n' || feof(f)) {
694 			return 0;
695 		} else {
696 			debug("%s: %s line %lu exceeds size limit", __func__,
697 			    filename, *lineno);
698 			/* discard remainder of line */
699 			while (fgetc(f) != '\n' && !feof(f))
700 				;	/* nothing */
701 		}
702 	}
703 	return -1;
704 }
705 
706 int
707 tun_open(int tun, int mode)
708 {
709 	struct ifreq ifr;
710 	char name[100];
711 	int fd = -1, sock;
712 	const char *tunbase = "tun";
713 
714 	if (mode == SSH_TUNMODE_ETHERNET)
715 		tunbase = "tap";
716 
717 	/* Open the tunnel device */
718 	if (tun <= SSH_TUNID_MAX) {
719 		snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "/dev/%s%d", tunbase, tun);
720 		fd = open(name, O_RDWR);
721 	} else if (tun == SSH_TUNID_ANY) {
722 		for (tun = 100; tun >= 0; tun--) {
723 			snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "/dev/%s%d",
724 			    tunbase, tun);
725 			if ((fd = open(name, O_RDWR)) >= 0)
726 				break;
727 		}
728 	} else {
729 		debug("%s: invalid tunnel %u", __func__, tun);
730 		return -1;
731 	}
732 
733 	if (fd < 0) {
734 		debug("%s: %s open: %s", __func__, name, strerror(errno));
735 		return -1;
736 	}
737 
738 	debug("%s: %s mode %d fd %d", __func__, name, mode, fd);
739 
740 	/* Bring interface up if it is not already */
741 	snprintf(ifr.ifr_name, sizeof(ifr.ifr_name), "%s%d", tunbase, tun);
742 	if ((sock = socket(PF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) == -1)
743 		goto failed;
744 
745 	if (ioctl(sock, SIOCGIFFLAGS, &ifr) == -1) {
746 		debug("%s: get interface %s flags: %s", __func__,
747 		    ifr.ifr_name, strerror(errno));
748 		goto failed;
749 	}
750 
751 	if (!(ifr.ifr_flags & IFF_UP)) {
752 		ifr.ifr_flags |= IFF_UP;
753 		if (ioctl(sock, SIOCSIFFLAGS, &ifr) == -1) {
754 			debug("%s: activate interface %s: %s", __func__,
755 			    ifr.ifr_name, strerror(errno));
756 			goto failed;
757 		}
758 	}
759 
760 	close(sock);
761 	return fd;
762 
763  failed:
764 	if (fd >= 0)
765 		close(fd);
766 	if (sock >= 0)
767 		close(sock);
768 	return -1;
769 }
770 
771 void
772 sanitise_stdfd(void)
773 {
774 	int nullfd, dupfd;
775 
776 	if ((nullfd = dupfd = open(_PATH_DEVNULL, O_RDWR)) == -1) {
777 		fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't open /dev/null: %s\n",
778 		    strerror(errno));
779 		exit(1);
780 	}
781 	while (++dupfd <= STDERR_FILENO) {
782 		/* Only populate closed fds. */
783 		if (fcntl(dupfd, F_GETFL) == -1 && errno == EBADF) {
784 			if (dup2(nullfd, dupfd) == -1) {
785 				fprintf(stderr, "dup2: %s\n", strerror(errno));
786 				exit(1);
787 			}
788 		}
789 	}
790 	if (nullfd > STDERR_FILENO)
791 		close(nullfd);
792 }
793 
794 char *
795 tohex(const void *vp, size_t l)
796 {
797 	const u_char *p = (const u_char *)vp;
798 	char b[3], *r;
799 	size_t i, hl;
800 
801 	if (l > 65536)
802 		return xstrdup("tohex: length > 65536");
803 
804 	hl = l * 2 + 1;
805 	r = xcalloc(1, hl);
806 	for (i = 0; i < l; i++) {
807 		snprintf(b, sizeof(b), "%02x", p[i]);
808 		strlcat(r, b, hl);
809 	}
810 	return (r);
811 }
812 
813 u_int64_t
814 get_u64(const void *vp)
815 {
816 	const u_char *p = (const u_char *)vp;
817 	u_int64_t v;
818 
819 	v  = (u_int64_t)p[0] << 56;
820 	v |= (u_int64_t)p[1] << 48;
821 	v |= (u_int64_t)p[2] << 40;
822 	v |= (u_int64_t)p[3] << 32;
823 	v |= (u_int64_t)p[4] << 24;
824 	v |= (u_int64_t)p[5] << 16;
825 	v |= (u_int64_t)p[6] << 8;
826 	v |= (u_int64_t)p[7];
827 
828 	return (v);
829 }
830 
831 u_int32_t
832 get_u32(const void *vp)
833 {
834 	const u_char *p = (const u_char *)vp;
835 	u_int32_t v;
836 
837 	v  = (u_int32_t)p[0] << 24;
838 	v |= (u_int32_t)p[1] << 16;
839 	v |= (u_int32_t)p[2] << 8;
840 	v |= (u_int32_t)p[3];
841 
842 	return (v);
843 }
844 
845 u_int32_t
846 get_u32_le(const void *vp)
847 {
848 	const u_char *p = (const u_char *)vp;
849 	u_int32_t v;
850 
851 	v  = (u_int32_t)p[0];
852 	v |= (u_int32_t)p[1] << 8;
853 	v |= (u_int32_t)p[2] << 16;
854 	v |= (u_int32_t)p[3] << 24;
855 
856 	return (v);
857 }
858 
859 u_int16_t
860 get_u16(const void *vp)
861 {
862 	const u_char *p = (const u_char *)vp;
863 	u_int16_t v;
864 
865 	v  = (u_int16_t)p[0] << 8;
866 	v |= (u_int16_t)p[1];
867 
868 	return (v);
869 }
870 
871 void
872 put_u64(void *vp, u_int64_t v)
873 {
874 	u_char *p = (u_char *)vp;
875 
876 	p[0] = (u_char)(v >> 56) & 0xff;
877 	p[1] = (u_char)(v >> 48) & 0xff;
878 	p[2] = (u_char)(v >> 40) & 0xff;
879 	p[3] = (u_char)(v >> 32) & 0xff;
880 	p[4] = (u_char)(v >> 24) & 0xff;
881 	p[5] = (u_char)(v >> 16) & 0xff;
882 	p[6] = (u_char)(v >> 8) & 0xff;
883 	p[7] = (u_char)v & 0xff;
884 }
885 
886 void
887 put_u32(void *vp, u_int32_t v)
888 {
889 	u_char *p = (u_char *)vp;
890 
891 	p[0] = (u_char)(v >> 24) & 0xff;
892 	p[1] = (u_char)(v >> 16) & 0xff;
893 	p[2] = (u_char)(v >> 8) & 0xff;
894 	p[3] = (u_char)v & 0xff;
895 }
896 
897 void
898 put_u32_le(void *vp, u_int32_t v)
899 {
900 	u_char *p = (u_char *)vp;
901 
902 	p[0] = (u_char)v & 0xff;
903 	p[1] = (u_char)(v >> 8) & 0xff;
904 	p[2] = (u_char)(v >> 16) & 0xff;
905 	p[3] = (u_char)(v >> 24) & 0xff;
906 }
907 
908 void
909 put_u16(void *vp, u_int16_t v)
910 {
911 	u_char *p = (u_char *)vp;
912 
913 	p[0] = (u_char)(v >> 8) & 0xff;
914 	p[1] = (u_char)v & 0xff;
915 }
916 
917 void
918 ms_subtract_diff(struct timeval *start, int *ms)
919 {
920 	struct timeval diff, finish;
921 
922 	gettimeofday(&finish, NULL);
923 	timersub(&finish, start, &diff);
924 	*ms -= (diff.tv_sec * 1000) + (diff.tv_usec / 1000);
925 }
926 
927 void
928 ms_to_timeval(struct timeval *tv, int ms)
929 {
930 	if (ms < 0)
931 		ms = 0;
932 	tv->tv_sec = ms / 1000;
933 	tv->tv_usec = (ms % 1000) * 1000;
934 }
935 
936 time_t
937 monotime(void)
938 {
939 	struct timespec ts;
940 
941 	if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts) != 0)
942 		fatal("clock_gettime: %s", strerror(errno));
943 
944 	return (ts.tv_sec);
945 }
946 
947 double
948 monotime_double(void)
949 {
950 	struct timespec ts;
951 
952 	if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts) != 0)
953 		fatal("clock_gettime: %s", strerror(errno));
954 
955 	return (ts.tv_sec + (double)ts.tv_nsec / 1000000000);
956 }
957 
958 void
959 bandwidth_limit_init(struct bwlimit *bw, u_int64_t kbps, size_t buflen)
960 {
961 	bw->buflen = buflen;
962 	bw->rate = kbps;
963 	bw->thresh = bw->rate;
964 	bw->lamt = 0;
965 	timerclear(&bw->bwstart);
966 	timerclear(&bw->bwend);
967 }
968 
969 /* Callback from read/write loop to insert bandwidth-limiting delays */
970 void
971 bandwidth_limit(struct bwlimit *bw, size_t read_len)
972 {
973 	u_int64_t waitlen;
974 	struct timespec ts, rm;
975 
976 	if (!timerisset(&bw->bwstart)) {
977 		gettimeofday(&bw->bwstart, NULL);
978 		return;
979 	}
980 
981 	bw->lamt += read_len;
982 	if (bw->lamt < bw->thresh)
983 		return;
984 
985 	gettimeofday(&bw->bwend, NULL);
986 	timersub(&bw->bwend, &bw->bwstart, &bw->bwend);
987 	if (!timerisset(&bw->bwend))
988 		return;
989 
990 	bw->lamt *= 8;
991 	waitlen = (double)1000000L * bw->lamt / bw->rate;
992 
993 	bw->bwstart.tv_sec = waitlen / 1000000L;
994 	bw->bwstart.tv_usec = waitlen % 1000000L;
995 
996 	if (timercmp(&bw->bwstart, &bw->bwend, >)) {
997 		timersub(&bw->bwstart, &bw->bwend, &bw->bwend);
998 
999 		/* Adjust the wait time */
1000 		if (bw->bwend.tv_sec) {
1001 			bw->thresh /= 2;
1002 			if (bw->thresh < bw->buflen / 4)
1003 				bw->thresh = bw->buflen / 4;
1004 		} else if (bw->bwend.tv_usec < 10000) {
1005 			bw->thresh *= 2;
1006 			if (bw->thresh > bw->buflen * 8)
1007 				bw->thresh = bw->buflen * 8;
1008 		}
1009 
1010 		TIMEVAL_TO_TIMESPEC(&bw->bwend, &ts);
1011 		while (nanosleep(&ts, &rm) == -1) {
1012 			if (errno != EINTR)
1013 				break;
1014 			ts = rm;
1015 		}
1016 	}
1017 
1018 	bw->lamt = 0;
1019 	gettimeofday(&bw->bwstart, NULL);
1020 }
1021 
1022 /* Make a template filename for mk[sd]temp() */
1023 void
1024 mktemp_proto(char *s, size_t len)
1025 {
1026 	const char *tmpdir;
1027 	int r;
1028 
1029 	if ((tmpdir = getenv("TMPDIR")) != NULL) {
1030 		r = snprintf(s, len, "%s/ssh-XXXXXXXXXXXX", tmpdir);
1031 		if (r > 0 && (size_t)r < len)
1032 			return;
1033 	}
1034 	r = snprintf(s, len, "/tmp/ssh-XXXXXXXXXXXX");
1035 	if (r < 0 || (size_t)r >= len)
1036 		fatal("%s: template string too short", __func__);
1037 }
1038 
1039 static const struct {
1040 	const char *name;
1041 	int value;
1042 } ipqos[] = {
1043 	{ "none", INT_MAX },		/* can't use 0 here; that's CS0 */
1044 	{ "af11", IPTOS_DSCP_AF11 },
1045 	{ "af12", IPTOS_DSCP_AF12 },
1046 	{ "af13", IPTOS_DSCP_AF13 },
1047 	{ "af21", IPTOS_DSCP_AF21 },
1048 	{ "af22", IPTOS_DSCP_AF22 },
1049 	{ "af23", IPTOS_DSCP_AF23 },
1050 	{ "af31", IPTOS_DSCP_AF31 },
1051 	{ "af32", IPTOS_DSCP_AF32 },
1052 	{ "af33", IPTOS_DSCP_AF33 },
1053 	{ "af41", IPTOS_DSCP_AF41 },
1054 	{ "af42", IPTOS_DSCP_AF42 },
1055 	{ "af43", IPTOS_DSCP_AF43 },
1056 	{ "cs0", IPTOS_DSCP_CS0 },
1057 	{ "cs1", IPTOS_DSCP_CS1 },
1058 	{ "cs2", IPTOS_DSCP_CS2 },
1059 	{ "cs3", IPTOS_DSCP_CS3 },
1060 	{ "cs4", IPTOS_DSCP_CS4 },
1061 	{ "cs5", IPTOS_DSCP_CS5 },
1062 	{ "cs6", IPTOS_DSCP_CS6 },
1063 	{ "cs7", IPTOS_DSCP_CS7 },
1064 	{ "ef", IPTOS_DSCP_EF },
1065 	{ "lowdelay", IPTOS_LOWDELAY },
1066 	{ "throughput", IPTOS_THROUGHPUT },
1067 	{ "reliability", IPTOS_RELIABILITY },
1068 	{ NULL, -1 }
1069 };
1070 
1071 int
1072 parse_ipqos(const char *cp)
1073 {
1074 	u_int i;
1075 	char *ep;
1076 	long val;
1077 
1078 	if (cp == NULL)
1079 		return -1;
1080 	for (i = 0; ipqos[i].name != NULL; i++) {
1081 		if (strcasecmp(cp, ipqos[i].name) == 0)
1082 			return ipqos[i].value;
1083 	}
1084 	/* Try parsing as an integer */
1085 	val = strtol(cp, &ep, 0);
1086 	if (*cp == '\0' || *ep != '\0' || val < 0 || val > 255)
1087 		return -1;
1088 	return val;
1089 }
1090 
1091 const char *
1092 iptos2str(int iptos)
1093 {
1094 	int i;
1095 	static char iptos_str[sizeof "0xff"];
1096 
1097 	for (i = 0; ipqos[i].name != NULL; i++) {
1098 		if (ipqos[i].value == iptos)
1099 			return ipqos[i].name;
1100 	}
1101 	snprintf(iptos_str, sizeof iptos_str, "0x%02x", iptos);
1102 	return iptos_str;
1103 }
1104 
1105 void
1106 lowercase(char *s)
1107 {
1108 	for (; *s; s++)
1109 		*s = tolower((u_char)*s);
1110 }
1111 
1112 int
1113 unix_listener(const char *path, int backlog, int unlink_first)
1114 {
1115 	struct sockaddr_un sunaddr;
1116 	int saved_errno, sock;
1117 
1118 	memset(&sunaddr, 0, sizeof(sunaddr));
1119 	sunaddr.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
1120 	if (strlcpy(sunaddr.sun_path, path, sizeof(sunaddr.sun_path)) >= sizeof(sunaddr.sun_path)) {
1121 		error("%s: \"%s\" too long for Unix domain socket", __func__,
1122 		    path);
1123 		errno = ENAMETOOLONG;
1124 		return -1;
1125 	}
1126 
1127 	sock = socket(PF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
1128 	if (sock < 0) {
1129 		saved_errno = errno;
1130 		error("socket: %.100s", strerror(errno));
1131 		errno = saved_errno;
1132 		return -1;
1133 	}
1134 	if (unlink_first == 1) {
1135 		if (unlink(path) != 0 && errno != ENOENT)
1136 			error("unlink(%s): %.100s", path, strerror(errno));
1137 	}
1138 	if (bind(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&sunaddr, sizeof(sunaddr)) < 0) {
1139 		saved_errno = errno;
1140 		error("bind: %.100s", strerror(errno));
1141 		close(sock);
1142 		error("%s: cannot bind to path: %s", __func__, path);
1143 		errno = saved_errno;
1144 		return -1;
1145 	}
1146 	if (listen(sock, backlog) < 0) {
1147 		saved_errno = errno;
1148 		error("listen: %.100s", strerror(errno));
1149 		close(sock);
1150 		unlink(path);
1151 		error("%s: cannot listen on path: %s", __func__, path);
1152 		errno = saved_errno;
1153 		return -1;
1154 	}
1155 	return sock;
1156 }
1157 
1158 /*
1159  * Compares two strings that maybe be NULL. Returns non-zero if strings
1160  * are both NULL or are identical, returns zero otherwise.
1161  */
1162 static int
1163 strcmp_maybe_null(const char *a, const char *b)
1164 {
1165 	if ((a == NULL && b != NULL) || (a != NULL && b == NULL))
1166 		return 0;
1167 	if (a != NULL && strcmp(a, b) != 0)
1168 		return 0;
1169 	return 1;
1170 }
1171 
1172 /*
1173  * Compare two forwards, returning non-zero if they are identical or
1174  * zero otherwise.
1175  */
1176 int
1177 forward_equals(const struct Forward *a, const struct Forward *b)
1178 {
1179 	if (strcmp_maybe_null(a->listen_host, b->listen_host) == 0)
1180 		return 0;
1181 	if (a->listen_port != b->listen_port)
1182 		return 0;
1183 	if (strcmp_maybe_null(a->listen_path, b->listen_path) == 0)
1184 		return 0;
1185 	if (strcmp_maybe_null(a->connect_host, b->connect_host) == 0)
1186 		return 0;
1187 	if (a->connect_port != b->connect_port)
1188 		return 0;
1189 	if (strcmp_maybe_null(a->connect_path, b->connect_path) == 0)
1190 		return 0;
1191 	/* allocated_port and handle are not checked */
1192 	return 1;
1193 }
1194 
1195 /* returns 1 if bind to specified port by specified user is permitted */
1196 int
1197 bind_permitted(int port, uid_t uid)
1198 {
1199 	if (port < IPPORT_RESERVED && uid != 0)
1200 		return 0;
1201 	return 1;
1202 }
1203 
1204 /* returns 1 if process is already daemonized, 0 otherwise */
1205 int
1206 daemonized(void)
1207 {
1208 	int fd;
1209 
1210 	if ((fd = open(_PATH_TTY, O_RDONLY | O_NOCTTY)) >= 0) {
1211 		close(fd);
1212 		return 0;	/* have controlling terminal */
1213 	}
1214 	if (getppid() != 1)
1215 		return 0;	/* parent is not init */
1216 	if (getsid(0) != getpid())
1217 		return 0;	/* not session leader */
1218 	debug3("already daemonized");
1219 	return 1;
1220 }
1221 
1222 
1223 /*
1224  * Splits 's' into an argument vector. Handles quoted string and basic
1225  * escape characters (\\, \", \'). Caller must free the argument vector
1226  * and its members.
1227  */
1228 int
1229 argv_split(const char *s, int *argcp, char ***argvp)
1230 {
1231 	int r = SSH_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR;
1232 	int argc = 0, quote, i, j;
1233 	char *arg, **argv = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*argv));
1234 
1235 	*argvp = NULL;
1236 	*argcp = 0;
1237 
1238 	for (i = 0; s[i] != '\0'; i++) {
1239 		/* Skip leading whitespace */
1240 		if (s[i] == ' ' || s[i] == '\t')
1241 			continue;
1242 
1243 		/* Start of a token */
1244 		quote = 0;
1245 		if (s[i] == '\\' &&
1246 		    (s[i + 1] == '\'' || s[i + 1] == '\"' || s[i + 1] == '\\'))
1247 			i++;
1248 		else if (s[i] == '\'' || s[i] == '"')
1249 			quote = s[i++];
1250 
1251 		argv = xreallocarray(argv, (argc + 2), sizeof(*argv));
1252 		arg = argv[argc++] = xcalloc(1, strlen(s + i) + 1);
1253 		argv[argc] = NULL;
1254 
1255 		/* Copy the token in, removing escapes */
1256 		for (j = 0; s[i] != '\0'; i++) {
1257 			if (s[i] == '\\') {
1258 				if (s[i + 1] == '\'' ||
1259 				    s[i + 1] == '\"' ||
1260 				    s[i + 1] == '\\') {
1261 					i++; /* Skip '\' */
1262 					arg[j++] = s[i];
1263 				} else {
1264 					/* Unrecognised escape */
1265 					arg[j++] = s[i];
1266 				}
1267 			} else if (quote == 0 && (s[i] == ' ' || s[i] == '\t'))
1268 				break; /* done */
1269 			else if (quote != 0 && s[i] == quote)
1270 				break; /* done */
1271 			else
1272 				arg[j++] = s[i];
1273 		}
1274 		if (s[i] == '\0') {
1275 			if (quote != 0) {
1276 				/* Ran out of string looking for close quote */
1277 				r = SSH_ERR_INVALID_FORMAT;
1278 				goto out;
1279 			}
1280 			break;
1281 		}
1282 	}
1283 	/* Success */
1284 	*argcp = argc;
1285 	*argvp = argv;
1286 	argc = 0;
1287 	argv = NULL;
1288 	r = 0;
1289  out:
1290 	if (argc != 0 && argv != NULL) {
1291 		for (i = 0; i < argc; i++)
1292 			free(argv[i]);
1293 		free(argv);
1294 	}
1295 	return r;
1296 }
1297 
1298 /*
1299  * Reassemble an argument vector into a string, quoting and escaping as
1300  * necessary. Caller must free returned string.
1301  */
1302 char *
1303 argv_assemble(int argc, char **argv)
1304 {
1305 	int i, j, ws, r;
1306 	char c, *ret;
1307 	struct sshbuf *buf, *arg;
1308 
1309 	if ((buf = sshbuf_new()) == NULL || (arg = sshbuf_new()) == NULL)
1310 		fatal("%s: sshbuf_new failed", __func__);
1311 
1312 	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
1313 		ws = 0;
1314 		sshbuf_reset(arg);
1315 		for (j = 0; argv[i][j] != '\0'; j++) {
1316 			r = 0;
1317 			c = argv[i][j];
1318 			switch (c) {
1319 			case ' ':
1320 			case '\t':
1321 				ws = 1;
1322 				r = sshbuf_put_u8(arg, c);
1323 				break;
1324 			case '\\':
1325 			case '\'':
1326 			case '"':
1327 				if ((r = sshbuf_put_u8(arg, '\\')) != 0)
1328 					break;
1329 				/* FALLTHROUGH */
1330 			default:
1331 				r = sshbuf_put_u8(arg, c);
1332 				break;
1333 			}
1334 			if (r != 0)
1335 				fatal("%s: sshbuf_put_u8: %s",
1336 				    __func__, ssh_err(r));
1337 		}
1338 		if ((i != 0 && (r = sshbuf_put_u8(buf, ' ')) != 0) ||
1339 		    (ws != 0 && (r = sshbuf_put_u8(buf, '"')) != 0) ||
1340 		    (r = sshbuf_putb(buf, arg)) != 0 ||
1341 		    (ws != 0 && (r = sshbuf_put_u8(buf, '"')) != 0))
1342 			fatal("%s: buffer error: %s", __func__, ssh_err(r));
1343 	}
1344 	if ((ret = malloc(sshbuf_len(buf) + 1)) == NULL)
1345 		fatal("%s: malloc failed", __func__);
1346 	memcpy(ret, sshbuf_ptr(buf), sshbuf_len(buf));
1347 	ret[sshbuf_len(buf)] = '\0';
1348 	sshbuf_free(buf);
1349 	sshbuf_free(arg);
1350 	return ret;
1351 }
1352 
1353 /*
1354  * Runs command in a subprocess wuth a minimal environment.
1355  * Returns pid on success, 0 on failure.
1356  * The child stdout and stderr maybe captured, left attached or sent to
1357  * /dev/null depending on the contents of flags.
1358  * "tag" is prepended to log messages.
1359  * NB. "command" is only used for logging; the actual command executed is
1360  * av[0].
1361  */
1362 pid_t
1363 subprocess(const char *tag, struct passwd *pw, const char *command,
1364     int ac, char **av, FILE **child, u_int flags)
1365 {
1366 	FILE *f = NULL;
1367 	struct stat st;
1368 	int fd, devnull, p[2], i;
1369 	pid_t pid;
1370 	char *cp, errmsg[512];
1371 	u_int envsize;
1372 	char **child_env;
1373 
1374 	if (child != NULL)
1375 		*child = NULL;
1376 
1377 	debug3("%s: %s command \"%s\" running as %s (flags 0x%x)", __func__,
1378 	    tag, command, pw->pw_name, flags);
1379 
1380 	/* Check consistency */
1381 	if ((flags & SSH_SUBPROCESS_STDOUT_DISCARD) != 0 &&
1382 	    (flags & SSH_SUBPROCESS_STDOUT_CAPTURE) != 0) {
1383 		error("%s: inconsistent flags", __func__);
1384 		return 0;
1385 	}
1386 	if (((flags & SSH_SUBPROCESS_STDOUT_CAPTURE) == 0) != (child == NULL)) {
1387 		error("%s: inconsistent flags/output", __func__);
1388 		return 0;
1389 	}
1390 
1391 	/*
1392 	 * If executing an explicit binary, then verify the it exists
1393 	 * and appears safe-ish to execute
1394 	 */
1395 	if (*av[0] != '/') {
1396 		error("%s path is not absolute", tag);
1397 		return 0;
1398 	}
1399 	temporarily_use_uid(pw);
1400 	if (stat(av[0], &st) < 0) {
1401 		error("Could not stat %s \"%s\": %s", tag,
1402 		    av[0], strerror(errno));
1403 		restore_uid();
1404 		return 0;
1405 	}
1406 	if (safe_path(av[0], &st, NULL, 0, errmsg, sizeof(errmsg)) != 0) {
1407 		error("Unsafe %s \"%s\": %s", tag, av[0], errmsg);
1408 		restore_uid();
1409 		return 0;
1410 	}
1411 	/* Prepare to keep the child's stdout if requested */
1412 	if (pipe(p) != 0) {
1413 		error("%s: pipe: %s", tag, strerror(errno));
1414 		restore_uid();
1415 		return 0;
1416 	}
1417 	restore_uid();
1418 
1419 	switch ((pid = fork())) {
1420 	case -1: /* error */
1421 		error("%s: fork: %s", tag, strerror(errno));
1422 		close(p[0]);
1423 		close(p[1]);
1424 		return 0;
1425 	case 0: /* child */
1426 		/* Prepare a minimal environment for the child. */
1427 		envsize = 5;
1428 		child_env = xcalloc(sizeof(*child_env), envsize);
1429 		child_set_env(&child_env, &envsize, "PATH", _PATH_STDPATH);
1430 		child_set_env(&child_env, &envsize, "USER", pw->pw_name);
1431 		child_set_env(&child_env, &envsize, "LOGNAME", pw->pw_name);
1432 		child_set_env(&child_env, &envsize, "HOME", pw->pw_dir);
1433 		if ((cp = getenv("LANG")) != NULL)
1434 			child_set_env(&child_env, &envsize, "LANG", cp);
1435 
1436 		for (i = 0; i < NSIG; i++)
1437 			signal(i, SIG_DFL);
1438 
1439 		if ((devnull = open(_PATH_DEVNULL, O_RDWR)) == -1) {
1440 			error("%s: open %s: %s", tag, _PATH_DEVNULL,
1441 			    strerror(errno));
1442 			_exit(1);
1443 		}
1444 		if (dup2(devnull, STDIN_FILENO) == -1) {
1445 			error("%s: dup2: %s", tag, strerror(errno));
1446 			_exit(1);
1447 		}
1448 
1449 		/* Set up stdout as requested; leave stderr in place for now. */
1450 		fd = -1;
1451 		if ((flags & SSH_SUBPROCESS_STDOUT_CAPTURE) != 0)
1452 			fd = p[1];
1453 		else if ((flags & SSH_SUBPROCESS_STDOUT_DISCARD) != 0)
1454 			fd = devnull;
1455 		if (fd != -1 && dup2(fd, STDOUT_FILENO) == -1) {
1456 			error("%s: dup2: %s", tag, strerror(errno));
1457 			_exit(1);
1458 		}
1459 		closefrom(STDERR_FILENO + 1);
1460 
1461 		/* Don't use permanently_set_uid() here to avoid fatal() */
1462 		if (setresgid(pw->pw_gid, pw->pw_gid, pw->pw_gid) != 0) {
1463 			error("%s: setresgid %u: %s", tag, (u_int)pw->pw_gid,
1464 			    strerror(errno));
1465 			_exit(1);
1466 		}
1467 		if (setresuid(pw->pw_uid, pw->pw_uid, pw->pw_uid) != 0) {
1468 			error("%s: setresuid %u: %s", tag, (u_int)pw->pw_uid,
1469 			    strerror(errno));
1470 			_exit(1);
1471 		}
1472 		/* stdin is pointed to /dev/null at this point */
1473 		if ((flags & SSH_SUBPROCESS_STDOUT_DISCARD) != 0 &&
1474 		    dup2(STDIN_FILENO, STDERR_FILENO) == -1) {
1475 			error("%s: dup2: %s", tag, strerror(errno));
1476 			_exit(1);
1477 		}
1478 
1479 		execve(av[0], av, child_env);
1480 		error("%s exec \"%s\": %s", tag, command, strerror(errno));
1481 		_exit(127);
1482 	default: /* parent */
1483 		break;
1484 	}
1485 
1486 	close(p[1]);
1487 	if ((flags & SSH_SUBPROCESS_STDOUT_CAPTURE) == 0)
1488 		close(p[0]);
1489 	else if ((f = fdopen(p[0], "r")) == NULL) {
1490 		error("%s: fdopen: %s", tag, strerror(errno));
1491 		close(p[0]);
1492 		/* Don't leave zombie child */
1493 		kill(pid, SIGTERM);
1494 		while (waitpid(pid, NULL, 0) == -1 && errno == EINTR)
1495 			;
1496 		return 0;
1497 	}
1498 	/* Success */
1499 	debug3("%s: %s pid %ld", __func__, tag, (long)pid);
1500 	if (child != NULL)
1501 		*child = f;
1502 	return pid;
1503 }
1504 
1505 /* Returns 0 if pid exited cleanly, non-zero otherwise */
1506 int
1507 exited_cleanly(pid_t pid, const char *tag, const char *cmd, int quiet)
1508 {
1509 	int status;
1510 
1511 	while (waitpid(pid, &status, 0) == -1) {
1512 		if (errno != EINTR) {
1513 			error("%s: waitpid: %s", tag, strerror(errno));
1514 			return -1;
1515 		}
1516 	}
1517 	if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) {
1518 		error("%s %s exited on signal %d", tag, cmd, WTERMSIG(status));
1519 		return -1;
1520 	} else if (WEXITSTATUS(status) != 0) {
1521 		do_log2(quiet ? SYSLOG_LEVEL_DEBUG1 : SYSLOG_LEVEL_INFO,
1522 		    "%s %s failed, status %d", tag, cmd, WEXITSTATUS(status));
1523 		return -1;
1524 	}
1525 	return 0;
1526 }
1527 
1528 /*
1529  * Check a given path for security. This is defined as all components
1530  * of the path to the file must be owned by either the owner of
1531  * of the file or root and no directories must be group or world writable.
1532  *
1533  * XXX Should any specific check be done for sym links ?
1534  *
1535  * Takes a file name, its stat information (preferably from fstat() to
1536  * avoid races), the uid of the expected owner, their home directory and an
1537  * error buffer plus max size as arguments.
1538  *
1539  * Returns 0 on success and -1 on failure
1540  */
1541 int
1542 safe_path(const char *name, struct stat *stp, const char *pw_dir,
1543     uid_t uid, char *err, size_t errlen)
1544 {
1545 	char buf[PATH_MAX], homedir[PATH_MAX];
1546 	char *cp;
1547 	int comparehome = 0;
1548 	struct stat st;
1549 
1550 	if (realpath(name, buf) == NULL) {
1551 		snprintf(err, errlen, "realpath %s failed: %s", name,
1552 		    strerror(errno));
1553 		return -1;
1554 	}
1555 	if (pw_dir != NULL && realpath(pw_dir, homedir) != NULL)
1556 		comparehome = 1;
1557 
1558 	if (!S_ISREG(stp->st_mode)) {
1559 		snprintf(err, errlen, "%s is not a regular file", buf);
1560 		return -1;
1561 	}
1562 	if ((stp->st_uid != 0 && stp->st_uid != uid) ||
1563 	    (stp->st_mode & 022) != 0) {
1564 		snprintf(err, errlen, "bad ownership or modes for file %s",
1565 		    buf);
1566 		return -1;
1567 	}
1568 
1569 	/* for each component of the canonical path, walking upwards */
1570 	for (;;) {
1571 		if ((cp = dirname(buf)) == NULL) {
1572 			snprintf(err, errlen, "dirname() failed");
1573 			return -1;
1574 		}
1575 		strlcpy(buf, cp, sizeof(buf));
1576 
1577 		if (stat(buf, &st) < 0 ||
1578 		    (st.st_uid != 0 && st.st_uid != uid) ||
1579 		    (st.st_mode & 022) != 0) {
1580 			snprintf(err, errlen,
1581 			    "bad ownership or modes for directory %s", buf);
1582 			return -1;
1583 		}
1584 
1585 		/* If are past the homedir then we can stop */
1586 		if (comparehome && strcmp(homedir, buf) == 0)
1587 			break;
1588 
1589 		/*
1590 		 * dirname should always complete with a "/" path,
1591 		 * but we can be paranoid and check for "." too
1592 		 */
1593 		if ((strcmp("/", buf) == 0) || (strcmp(".", buf) == 0))
1594 			break;
1595 	}
1596 	return 0;
1597 }
1598 
1599 /*
1600  * Version of safe_path() that accepts an open file descriptor to
1601  * avoid races.
1602  *
1603  * Returns 0 on success and -1 on failure
1604  */
1605 int
1606 safe_path_fd(int fd, const char *file, struct passwd *pw,
1607     char *err, size_t errlen)
1608 {
1609 	struct stat st;
1610 
1611 	/* check the open file to avoid races */
1612 	if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0) {
1613 		snprintf(err, errlen, "cannot stat file %s: %s",
1614 		    file, strerror(errno));
1615 		return -1;
1616 	}
1617 	return safe_path(file, &st, pw->pw_dir, pw->pw_uid, err, errlen);
1618 }
1619 
1620 /*
1621  * Sets the value of the given variable in the environment.  If the variable
1622  * already exists, its value is overridden.
1623  */
1624 void
1625 child_set_env(char ***envp, u_int *envsizep, const char *name,
1626 	const char *value)
1627 {
1628 	char **env;
1629 	u_int envsize;
1630 	u_int i, namelen;
1631 
1632 	if (strchr(name, '=') != NULL) {
1633 		error("Invalid environment variable \"%.100s\"", name);
1634 		return;
1635 	}
1636 
1637 	/*
1638 	 * Find the slot where the value should be stored.  If the variable
1639 	 * already exists, we reuse the slot; otherwise we append a new slot
1640 	 * at the end of the array, expanding if necessary.
1641 	 */
1642 	env = *envp;
1643 	namelen = strlen(name);
1644 	for (i = 0; env[i]; i++)
1645 		if (strncmp(env[i], name, namelen) == 0 && env[i][namelen] == '=')
1646 			break;
1647 	if (env[i]) {
1648 		/* Reuse the slot. */
1649 		free(env[i]);
1650 	} else {
1651 		/* New variable.  Expand if necessary. */
1652 		envsize = *envsizep;
1653 		if (i >= envsize - 1) {
1654 			if (envsize >= 1000)
1655 				fatal("child_set_env: too many env vars");
1656 			envsize += 50;
1657 			env = (*envp) = xreallocarray(env, envsize, sizeof(char *));
1658 			*envsizep = envsize;
1659 		}
1660 		/* Need to set the NULL pointer at end of array beyond the new slot. */
1661 		env[i + 1] = NULL;
1662 	}
1663 
1664 	/* Allocate space and format the variable in the appropriate slot. */
1665 	env[i] = xmalloc(strlen(name) + 1 + strlen(value) + 1);
1666 	snprintf(env[i], strlen(name) + 1 + strlen(value) + 1, "%s=%s", name, value);
1667 }
1668 
1669