1.\" $OpenBSD: mandoc_char.7,v 1.28 2017/02/05 21:39:54 schwarze Exp $ 2.\" 3.\" Copyright (c) 2003 Jason McIntyre <jmc@openbsd.org> 4.\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010, 2011 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv> 5.\" Copyright (c) 2011, 2013, 2015 Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org> 6.\" 7.\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any 8.\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above 9.\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies. 10.\" 11.\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES 12.\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF 13.\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR 14.\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES 15.\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN 16.\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF 17.\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. 18.\" 19.Dd $Mdocdate: February 5 2017 $ 20.Dt MANDOC_CHAR 7 21.Os 22.Sh NAME 23.Nm mandoc_char 24.Nd mandoc special characters 25.Sh DESCRIPTION 26This page documents the 27.Xr roff 7 28escape sequences accepted by 29.Xr mandoc 1 30to represent special characters in 31.Xr mdoc 7 32and 33.Xr man 7 34documents. 35.Pp 36The rendering depends on the 37.Xr mandoc 1 38output mode; in ASCII output, most characters are completely 39unintelligible. 40For that reason, using any of the special characters documented here, 41except those discussed in the 42.Sx DESCRIPTION , 43is strongly discouraged; they are supported merely for backwards 44compatibility with existing documents. 45.Pp 46In particular, in English manual pages, do not use special-character 47escape sequences to represent national language characters in author 48names; instead, provide ASCII transcriptions of the names. 49.Ss Dashes and Hyphens 50In typography there are different types of dashes of various width: 51the hyphen (-), 52the minus sign (\(mi), 53the en-dash (\(en), 54and the em-dash (\(em). 55.Pp 56Hyphens are used for adjectives; 57to separate the two parts of a compound word; 58or to separate a word across two successive lines of text. 59The hyphen does not need to be escaped: 60.Bd -unfilled -offset indent 61blue-eyed 62lorry-driver 63.Ed 64.Pp 65If a word on a text input line contains a hyphen, a formatter may decide 66to insert an output line break after the hyphen if that helps filling 67the current output line, but the whole word would overflow the line. 68If it is important that the word is not broken across lines in this 69way, a zero-width space 70.Pq Sq \e& 71can be inserted before or after the hyphen. 72While 73.Xr mandoc 1 74never breaks the output line after hyphens adjacent to a zero-width 75space, after any of the other dash- or hyphen-like characters 76represented by escape sequences, or after hyphens inside words in 77macro arguments, other software may not respect these rules and may 78break the line even in such cases. 79.Pp 80Some 81.Xr roff 7 82implementations contains dictionaries allowing to break the line 83at syllable boundaries even inside words that contain no hyphens. 84Such automatic hyphenation is not supported by 85.Xr mandoc 1 , 86which only breaks the line at whitespace, and inside words only 87after existing hyphens. 88.Pp 89The mathematical minus sign is used for negative numbers or subtraction. 90It should be written as 91.Sq \e(mi : 92.Bd -unfilled -offset indent 93a = 3 \e(mi 1; 94b = \e(mi2; 95.Ed 96.Pp 97The en-dash is used to separate the two elements of a range, 98or can be used the same way as an em-dash. 99It should be written as 100.Sq \e(en : 101.Bd -unfilled -offset indent 102pp. 95\e(en97. 103Go away \e(en or else! 104.Ed 105.Pp 106The em-dash can be used to show an interruption 107or can be used the same way as colons, semi-colons, or parentheses. 108It should be written as 109.Sq \e(em : 110.Bd -unfilled -offset indent 111Three things \e(em apples, oranges, and bananas. 112This is not that \e(em rather, this is that. 113.Ed 114.Pp 115Note: 116hyphens, minus signs, and en-dashes look identical under normal ASCII output. 117Other formats, such as PostScript, render them correctly, 118with differing widths. 119.Ss Spaces 120To separate words in normal text, for indenting and alignment 121in literal context, and when none of the following special cases apply, 122just use the normal space character 123.Pq Sq \ . 124.Pp 125When filling text, output lines may be broken between words, i.e. at space 126characters. 127To prevent a line break between two particular words, 128use the unpaddable non-breaking space escape sequence 129.Pq Sq \e\ \& 130instead of the normal space character. 131For example, the input string 132.Dq number\e\ 1 133will be kept together as 134.Dq number\ 1 135on the same output line. 136.Pp 137On request and macro lines, the normal space character serves as an 138argument delimiter. 139To include whitespace into arguments, quoting is usually the best choice; 140see the MACRO SYNTAX section in 141.Xr roff 7 . 142In some cases, using the non-breaking space escape sequence 143.Pq Sq \e\ \& 144may be preferable. 145.Pp 146To escape macro names and to protect whitespace at the end 147of input lines, the zero-width space 148.Pq Sq \e& 149is often useful. 150For example, in 151.Xr mdoc 7 , 152a normal space character can be displayed in single quotes in either 153of the following ways: 154.Pp 155.Dl .Sq \(dq \(dq 156.Dl .Sq \e \e& 157.Ss Quotes 158On request and macro lines, the double-quote character 159.Pq Sq \(dq 160is handled specially to allow quoting. 161One way to prevent this special handling is by using the 162.Sq \e(dq 163escape sequence. 164.Pp 165Note that on text lines, literal double-quote characters can be used 166verbatim. 167All other quote-like characters can be used verbatim as well, 168even on request and macro lines. 169.Ss Accents 170In output modes supporting such special output characters, for example 171.Fl T Cm pdf , 172some 173.Xr roff 7 174formatters convert the following ASCII input characters to the 175following Unicode special output characters: 176.Bl -column x(ga U+2018 -offset indent 177.It \(ga Ta U+2018 Ta left single quotation mark 178.It \(aq Ta U+2019 Ta right single quotation mark 179.It \(ti Ta U+02DC Ta small tilde 180.El 181.Pp 182In prose, this automatic substitution is often desirable; 183but when these characters have to be displayed as plain ASCII 184characters, for example in source code samples, they require 185escaping to render as follows: 186.Bl -column x(ga U+2018 -offset indent 187.It \e(ga Ta U+0060 Ta grave accent 188.It \e(aq Ta U+0027 Ta apostrophe 189.It \e(ti Ta U+007E Ta tilde 190.El 191.Ss Periods 192The period 193.Pq Sq \&. 194is handled specially at the beginning of an input line, 195where it introduces a 196.Xr roff 7 197request or a macro, and when appearing alone as a macro argument in 198.Xr mdoc 7 . 199In such situations, prepend a zero-width space 200.Pq Sq \e&. 201to make it behave like normal text. 202.Pp 203Do not use the 204.Sq \e. 205escape sequence. 206It does not prevent special handling of the period. 207.Ss Backslashes 208To include a literal backslash 209.Pq Sq \e 210into the output, use the 211.Pq Sq \ee 212escape sequence. 213.Pp 214Note that doubling it 215.Pq Sq \e\e 216is not the right way to output a backslash. 217Because 218.Xr mandoc 1 219does not implement full 220.Xr roff 7 221functionality, it may work with 222.Xr mandoc 1 , 223but it may have weird effects on complete 224.Xr roff 7 225implementations. 226.Sh SPECIAL CHARACTERS 227Special characters are encoded as 228.Sq \eX 229.Pq for a one-character escape , 230.Sq \e(XX 231.Pq two-character , 232and 233.Sq \e[N] 234.Pq N-character . 235For details, see the 236.Em Special Characters 237subsection of the 238.Xr roff 7 239manual. 240.Pp 241Spacing: 242.Bl -column "Input" "Description" -offset indent -compact 243.It Em Input Ta Em Description 244.It Sq \e\ \& Ta unpaddable non-breaking space 245.It \e\(ti Ta paddable non-breaking space 246.It \e0 Ta unpaddable, breaking digit-width space 247.It \e| Ta one-sixth \e(em narrow space, zero width in nroff mode 248.It \e^ Ta one-twelfth \e(em half-narrow space, zero width in nroff 249.It \e& Ta zero-width space 250.It \e% Ta zero-width space allowing hyphenation 251.El 252.Pp 253Lines: 254.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 255.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 256.It \e(ba Ta \(ba Ta bar 257.It \e(br Ta \(br Ta box rule 258.It \e(ul Ta \(ul Ta underscore 259.It \e(rn Ta \(rn Ta overline 260.It \e(bb Ta \(bb Ta broken bar 261.It \e(sl Ta \(sl Ta forward slash 262.It \e(rs Ta \(rs Ta backward slash 263.El 264.Pp 265Text markers: 266.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 267.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 268.It \e(ci Ta \(ci Ta circle 269.It \e(bu Ta \(bu Ta bullet 270.It \e(dd Ta \(dd Ta double dagger 271.It \e(dg Ta \(dg Ta dagger 272.It \e(lz Ta \(lz Ta lozenge 273.It \e(sq Ta \(sq Ta white square 274.It \e(ps Ta \(ps Ta paragraph 275.It \e(sc Ta \(sc Ta section 276.It \e(lh Ta \(lh Ta left hand 277.It \e(rh Ta \(rh Ta right hand 278.It \e(at Ta \(at Ta at 279.It \e(sh Ta \(sh Ta hash (pound) 280.It \e(CR Ta \(CR Ta carriage return 281.It \e(OK Ta \(OK Ta check mark 282.El 283.Pp 284Legal symbols: 285.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 286.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 287.It \e(co Ta \(co Ta copyright 288.It \e(rg Ta \(rg Ta registered 289.It \e(tm Ta \(tm Ta trademarked 290.El 291.Pp 292Punctuation: 293.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 294.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 295.It \e(em Ta \(em Ta em-dash 296.It \e(en Ta \(en Ta en-dash 297.It \e(hy Ta \(hy Ta hyphen 298.It \ee Ta \e Ta back-slash 299.It \e. Ta \. Ta period 300.It \e(r! Ta \(r! Ta upside-down exclamation 301.It \e(r? Ta \(r? Ta upside-down question 302.El 303.Pp 304Quotes: 305.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 306.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 307.It \e(Bq Ta \(Bq Ta right low double-quote 308.It \e(bq Ta \(bq Ta right low single-quote 309.It \e(lq Ta \(lq Ta left double-quote 310.It \e(rq Ta \(rq Ta right double-quote 311.It \e(oq Ta \(oq Ta left single-quote 312.It \e(cq Ta \(cq Ta right single-quote 313.It \e(aq Ta \(aq Ta apostrophe quote (text) 314.It \e(dq Ta \(dq Ta double quote (text) 315.It \e(Fo Ta \(Fo Ta left guillemet 316.It \e(Fc Ta \(Fc Ta right guillemet 317.It \e(fo Ta \(fo Ta left single guillemet 318.It \e(fc Ta \(fc Ta right single guillemet 319.El 320.Pp 321Brackets: 322.Bl -column "xxbracketrightbtx" Rendered Description -offset indent -compact 323.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 324.It \e(lB Ta \(lB Ta left bracket 325.It \e(rB Ta \(rB Ta right bracket 326.It \e(lC Ta \(lC Ta left brace 327.It \e(rC Ta \(rC Ta right brace 328.It \e(la Ta \(la Ta left angle 329.It \e(ra Ta \(ra Ta right angle 330.It \e(bv Ta \(bv Ta brace extension 331.It \e[braceex] Ta \[braceex] Ta brace extension 332.It \e[bracketlefttp] Ta \[bracketlefttp] Ta top-left hooked bracket 333.It \e[bracketleftbt] Ta \[bracketleftbt] Ta bottom-left hooked bracket 334.It \e[bracketleftex] Ta \[bracketleftex] Ta left hooked bracket extension 335.It \e[bracketrighttp] Ta \[bracketrighttp] Ta top-right hooked bracket 336.It \e[bracketrightbt] Ta \[bracketrightbt] Ta bottom-right hooked bracket 337.It \e[bracketrightex] Ta \[bracketrightex] Ta right hooked bracket extension 338.It \e(lt Ta \(lt Ta top-left hooked brace 339.It \e[bracelefttp] Ta \[bracelefttp] Ta top-left hooked brace 340.It \e(lk Ta \(lk Ta mid-left hooked brace 341.It \e[braceleftmid] Ta \[braceleftmid] Ta mid-left hooked brace 342.It \e(lb Ta \(lb Ta bottom-left hooked brace 343.It \e[braceleftbt] Ta \[braceleftbt] Ta bottom-left hooked brace 344.It \e[braceleftex] Ta \[braceleftex] Ta left hooked brace extension 345.It \e(rt Ta \(rt Ta top-left hooked brace 346.It \e[bracerighttp] Ta \[bracerighttp] Ta top-right hooked brace 347.It \e(rk Ta \(rk Ta mid-right hooked brace 348.It \e[bracerightmid] Ta \[bracerightmid] Ta mid-right hooked brace 349.It \e(rb Ta \(rb Ta bottom-right hooked brace 350.It \e[bracerightbt] Ta \[bracerightbt] Ta bottom-right hooked brace 351.It \e[bracerightex] Ta \[bracerightex] Ta right hooked brace extension 352.It \e[parenlefttp] Ta \[parenlefttp] Ta top-left hooked parenthesis 353.It \e[parenleftbt] Ta \[parenleftbt] Ta bottom-left hooked parenthesis 354.It \e[parenleftex] Ta \[parenleftex] Ta left hooked parenthesis extension 355.It \e[parenrighttp] Ta \[parenrighttp] Ta top-right hooked parenthesis 356.It \e[parenrightbt] Ta \[parenrightbt] Ta bottom-right hooked parenthesis 357.It \e[parenrightex] Ta \[parenrightex] Ta right hooked parenthesis extension 358.El 359.Pp 360Arrows: 361.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 362.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 363.It \e(<- Ta \(<- Ta left arrow 364.It \e(-> Ta \(-> Ta right arrow 365.It \e(<> Ta \(<> Ta left-right arrow 366.It \e(da Ta \(da Ta down arrow 367.It \e(ua Ta \(ua Ta up arrow 368.It \e(va Ta \(va Ta up-down arrow 369.It \e(lA Ta \(lA Ta left double-arrow 370.It \e(rA Ta \(rA Ta right double-arrow 371.It \e(hA Ta \(hA Ta left-right double-arrow 372.It \e(uA Ta \(uA Ta up double-arrow 373.It \e(dA Ta \(dA Ta down double-arrow 374.It \e(vA Ta \(vA Ta up-down double-arrow 375.El 376.Pp 377Logical: 378.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 379.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 380.It \e(AN Ta \(AN Ta logical and 381.It \e(OR Ta \(OR Ta logical or 382.It \e(no Ta \(no Ta logical not 383.It \e[tno] Ta \[tno] Ta logical not (text) 384.It \e(te Ta \(te Ta existential quantifier 385.It \e(fa Ta \(fa Ta universal quantifier 386.It \e(st Ta \(st Ta such that 387.It \e(tf Ta \(tf Ta therefore 388.It \e(3d Ta \(3d Ta therefore 389.It \e(or Ta \(or Ta bitwise or 390.El 391.Pp 392Mathematical: 393.Bl -column "xxcoproductxx" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 394.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 395.It \e(pl Ta \(pl Ta plus 396.It \e(mi Ta \(mi Ta minus 397.It \e- Ta \- Ta minus (text) 398.It \e(-+ Ta \(-+ Ta minus-plus 399.It \e(+- Ta \(+- Ta plus-minus 400.It \e[t+-] Ta \[t+-] Ta plus-minus (text) 401.It \e(pc Ta \(pc Ta center-dot 402.It \e(mu Ta \(mu Ta multiply 403.It \e[tmu] Ta \[tmu] Ta multiply (text) 404.It \e(c* Ta \(c* Ta circle-multiply 405.It \e(c+ Ta \(c+ Ta circle-plus 406.It \e(di Ta \(di Ta divide 407.It \e[tdi] Ta \[tdi] Ta divide (text) 408.It \e(f/ Ta \(f/ Ta fraction 409.It \e(** Ta \(** Ta asterisk 410.It \e(<= Ta \(<= Ta less-than-equal 411.It \e(>= Ta \(>= Ta greater-than-equal 412.It \e(<< Ta \(<< Ta much less 413.It \e(>> Ta \(>> Ta much greater 414.It \e(eq Ta \(eq Ta equal 415.It \e(!= Ta \(!= Ta not equal 416.It \e(== Ta \(== Ta equivalent 417.It \e(ne Ta \(ne Ta not equivalent 418.It \e(ap Ta \(ap Ta tilde operator 419.It \e(|= Ta \(|= Ta asymptotically equal 420.It \e(=\(ti Ta \(=~ Ta approximately equal 421.It \e(\(ti\(ti Ta \(~~ Ta almost equal 422.It \e(\(ti= Ta \(~= Ta almost equal 423.It \e(pt Ta \(pt Ta proportionate 424.It \e(es Ta \(es Ta empty set 425.It \e(mo Ta \(mo Ta element 426.It \e(nm Ta \(nm Ta not element 427.It \e(sb Ta \(sb Ta proper subset 428.It \e(nb Ta \(nb Ta not subset 429.It \e(sp Ta \(sp Ta proper superset 430.It \e(nc Ta \(nc Ta not superset 431.It \e(ib Ta \(ib Ta reflexive subset 432.It \e(ip Ta \(ip Ta reflexive superset 433.It \e(ca Ta \(ca Ta intersection 434.It \e(cu Ta \(cu Ta union 435.It \e(/_ Ta \(/_ Ta angle 436.It \e(pp Ta \(pp Ta perpendicular 437.It \e(is Ta \(is Ta integral 438.It \e[integral] Ta \[integral] Ta integral 439.It \e[sum] Ta \[sum] Ta summation 440.It \e[product] Ta \[product] Ta product 441.It \e[coproduct] Ta \[coproduct] Ta coproduct 442.It \e(gr Ta \(gr Ta gradient 443.It \e(sr Ta \(sr Ta square root 444.It \e[sqrt] Ta \[sqrt] Ta square root 445.It \e(lc Ta \(lc Ta left-ceiling 446.It \e(rc Ta \(rc Ta right-ceiling 447.It \e(lf Ta \(lf Ta left-floor 448.It \e(rf Ta \(rf Ta right-floor 449.It \e(if Ta \(if Ta infinity 450.It \e(Ah Ta \(Ah Ta aleph 451.It \e(Im Ta \(Im Ta imaginary 452.It \e(Re Ta \(Re Ta real 453.It \e(pd Ta \(pd Ta partial differential 454.It \e(-h Ta \(-h Ta Planck constant over 2\(*p 455.It \e[12] Ta \[12] Ta one-half 456.It \e[14] Ta \[14] Ta one-fourth 457.It \e[34] Ta \[34] Ta three-fourths 458.El 459.Pp 460Ligatures: 461.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 462.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 463.It \e(ff Ta \(ff Ta ff ligature 464.It \e(fi Ta \(fi Ta fi ligature 465.It \e(fl Ta \(fl Ta fl ligature 466.It \e(Fi Ta \(Fi Ta ffi ligature 467.It \e(Fl Ta \(Fl Ta ffl ligature 468.It \e(AE Ta \(AE Ta AE 469.It \e(ae Ta \(ae Ta ae 470.It \e(OE Ta \(OE Ta OE 471.It \e(oe Ta \(oe Ta oe 472.It \e(ss Ta \(ss Ta German eszett 473.It \e(IJ Ta \(IJ Ta IJ ligature 474.It \e(ij Ta \(ij Ta ij ligature 475.El 476.Pp 477Accents: 478.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 479.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 480.It \e(a" Ta \(a" Ta Hungarian umlaut 481.It \e(a- Ta \(a- Ta macron 482.It \e(a. Ta \(a. Ta dotted 483.It \e(a^ Ta \(a^ Ta circumflex 484.It \e(aa Ta \(aa Ta acute 485.It \e\(aq Ta \' Ta acute 486.It \e(ga Ta \(ga Ta grave 487.It \e\(ga Ta \` Ta grave 488.It \e(ab Ta \(ab Ta breve 489.It \e(ac Ta \(ac Ta cedilla 490.It \e(ad Ta \(ad Ta dieresis 491.It \e(ah Ta \(ah Ta caron 492.It \e(ao Ta \(ao Ta ring 493.It \e(a\(ti Ta \(a~ Ta tilde 494.It \e(ho Ta \(ho Ta ogonek 495.It \e(ha Ta \(ha Ta hat (text) 496.It \e(ti Ta \(ti Ta tilde (text) 497.El 498.Pp 499Accented letters: 500.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 501.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 502.It \e(\(aqA Ta \('A Ta acute A 503.It \e(\(aqE Ta \('E Ta acute E 504.It \e(\(aqI Ta \('I Ta acute I 505.It \e(\(aqO Ta \('O Ta acute O 506.It \e(\(aqU Ta \('U Ta acute U 507.It \e(\(aqa Ta \('a Ta acute a 508.It \e(\(aqe Ta \('e Ta acute e 509.It \e(\(aqi Ta \('i Ta acute i 510.It \e(\(aqo Ta \('o Ta acute o 511.It \e(\(aqu Ta \('u Ta acute u 512.It \e(\(gaA Ta \(`A Ta grave A 513.It \e(\(gaE Ta \(`E Ta grave E 514.It \e(\(gaI Ta \(`I Ta grave I 515.It \e(\(gaO Ta \(`O Ta grave O 516.It \e(\(gaU Ta \(`U Ta grave U 517.It \e(\(gaa Ta \(`a Ta grave a 518.It \e(\(gae Ta \(`e Ta grave e 519.It \e(\(gai Ta \(`i Ta grave i 520.It \e(\(gao Ta \(`i Ta grave o 521.It \e(\(gau Ta \(`u Ta grave u 522.It \e(\(tiA Ta \(~A Ta tilde A 523.It \e(\(tiN Ta \(~N Ta tilde N 524.It \e(\(tiO Ta \(~O Ta tilde O 525.It \e(\(tia Ta \(~a Ta tilde a 526.It \e(\(tin Ta \(~n Ta tilde n 527.It \e(\(tio Ta \(~o Ta tilde o 528.It \e(:A Ta \(:A Ta dieresis A 529.It \e(:E Ta \(:E Ta dieresis E 530.It \e(:I Ta \(:I Ta dieresis I 531.It \e(:O Ta \(:O Ta dieresis O 532.It \e(:U Ta \(:U Ta dieresis U 533.It \e(:a Ta \(:a Ta dieresis a 534.It \e(:e Ta \(:e Ta dieresis e 535.It \e(:i Ta \(:i Ta dieresis i 536.It \e(:o Ta \(:o Ta dieresis o 537.It \e(:u Ta \(:u Ta dieresis u 538.It \e(:y Ta \(:y Ta dieresis y 539.It \e(^A Ta \(^A Ta circumflex A 540.It \e(^E Ta \(^E Ta circumflex E 541.It \e(^I Ta \(^I Ta circumflex I 542.It \e(^O Ta \(^O Ta circumflex O 543.It \e(^U Ta \(^U Ta circumflex U 544.It \e(^a Ta \(^a Ta circumflex a 545.It \e(^e Ta \(^e Ta circumflex e 546.It \e(^i Ta \(^i Ta circumflex i 547.It \e(^o Ta \(^o Ta circumflex o 548.It \e(^u Ta \(^u Ta circumflex u 549.It \e(,C Ta \(,C Ta cedilla C 550.It \e(,c Ta \(,c Ta cedilla c 551.It \e(/L Ta \(/L Ta stroke L 552.It \e(/l Ta \(/l Ta stroke l 553.It \e(/O Ta \(/O Ta stroke O 554.It \e(/o Ta \(/o Ta stroke o 555.It \e(oA Ta \(oA Ta ring A 556.It \e(oa Ta \(oa Ta ring a 557.El 558.Pp 559Special letters: 560.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 561.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 562.It \e(-D Ta \(-D Ta Eth 563.It \e(Sd Ta \(Sd Ta eth 564.It \e(TP Ta \(TP Ta Thorn 565.It \e(Tp Ta \(Tp Ta thorn 566.It \e(.i Ta \(.i Ta dotless i 567.It \e(.j Ta \(.j Ta dotless j 568.El 569.Pp 570Currency: 571.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 572.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 573.It \e(Do Ta \(Do Ta dollar 574.It \e(ct Ta \(ct Ta cent 575.It \e(Eu Ta \(Eu Ta Euro symbol 576.It \e(eu Ta \(eu Ta Euro symbol 577.It \e(Ye Ta \(Ye Ta yen 578.It \e(Po Ta \(Po Ta pound 579.It \e(Cs Ta \(Cs Ta Scandinavian 580.It \e(Fn Ta \(Fn Ta florin 581.El 582.Pp 583Units: 584.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 585.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 586.It \e(de Ta \(de Ta degree 587.It \e(%0 Ta \(%0 Ta per-thousand 588.It \e(fm Ta \(fm Ta minute 589.It \e(sd Ta \(sd Ta second 590.It \e(mc Ta \(mc Ta micro 591.El 592.Pp 593Greek letters: 594.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 595.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 596.It \e(*A Ta \(*A Ta Alpha 597.It \e(*B Ta \(*B Ta Beta 598.It \e(*G Ta \(*G Ta Gamma 599.It \e(*D Ta \(*D Ta Delta 600.It \e(*E Ta \(*E Ta Epsilon 601.It \e(*Z Ta \(*Z Ta Zeta 602.It \e(*Y Ta \(*Y Ta Eta 603.It \e(*H Ta \(*H Ta Theta 604.It \e(*I Ta \(*I Ta Iota 605.It \e(*K Ta \(*K Ta Kappa 606.It \e(*L Ta \(*L Ta Lambda 607.It \e(*M Ta \(*M Ta Mu 608.It \e(*N Ta \(*N Ta Nu 609.It \e(*C Ta \(*C Ta Xi 610.It \e(*O Ta \(*O Ta Omicron 611.It \e(*P Ta \(*P Ta Pi 612.It \e(*R Ta \(*R Ta Rho 613.It \e(*S Ta \(*S Ta Sigma 614.It \e(*T Ta \(*T Ta Tau 615.It \e(*U Ta \(*U Ta Upsilon 616.It \e(*F Ta \(*F Ta Phi 617.It \e(*X Ta \(*X Ta Chi 618.It \e(*Q Ta \(*Q Ta Psi 619.It \e(*W Ta \(*W Ta Omega 620.It \e(*a Ta \(*a Ta alpha 621.It \e(*b Ta \(*b Ta beta 622.It \e(*g Ta \(*g Ta gamma 623.It \e(*d Ta \(*d Ta delta 624.It \e(*e Ta \(*e Ta epsilon 625.It \e(*z Ta \(*z Ta zeta 626.It \e(*y Ta \(*y Ta eta 627.It \e(*h Ta \(*h Ta theta 628.It \e(*i Ta \(*i Ta iota 629.It \e(*k Ta \(*k Ta kappa 630.It \e(*l Ta \(*l Ta lambda 631.It \e(*m Ta \(*m Ta mu 632.It \e(*n Ta \(*n Ta nu 633.It \e(*c Ta \(*c Ta xi 634.It \e(*o Ta \(*o Ta omicron 635.It \e(*p Ta \(*p Ta pi 636.It \e(*r Ta \(*r Ta rho 637.It \e(*s Ta \(*s Ta sigma 638.It \e(*t Ta \(*t Ta tau 639.It \e(*u Ta \(*u Ta upsilon 640.It \e(*f Ta \(*f Ta phi 641.It \e(*x Ta \(*x Ta chi 642.It \e(*q Ta \(*q Ta psi 643.It \e(*w Ta \(*w Ta omega 644.It \e(+h Ta \(+h Ta theta variant 645.It \e(+f Ta \(+f Ta phi variant 646.It \e(+p Ta \(+p Ta pi variant 647.It \e(+e Ta \(+e Ta epsilon variant 648.It \e(ts Ta \(ts Ta sigma terminal 649.El 650.Sh PREDEFINED STRINGS 651Predefined strings are inherited from the macro packages of historical 652troff implementations. 653They are 654.Em not recommended 655for use, as they differ across implementations. 656Manuals using these predefined strings are almost certainly not 657portable. 658.Pp 659Their syntax is similar to special characters, using 660.Sq \e*X 661.Pq for a one-character escape , 662.Sq \e*(XX 663.Pq two-character , 664and 665.Sq \e*[N] 666.Pq N-character . 667For details, see the 668.Em Predefined Strings 669subsection of the 670.Xr roff 7 671manual. 672.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent 673.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 674.It \e*(Ba Ta \*(Ba Ta vertical bar 675.It \e*(Ne Ta \*(Ne Ta not equal 676.It \e*(Ge Ta \*(Ge Ta greater-than-equal 677.It \e*(Le Ta \*(Le Ta less-than-equal 678.It \e*(Gt Ta \*(Gt Ta greater-than 679.It \e*(Lt Ta \*(Lt Ta less-than 680.It \e*(Pm Ta \*(Pm Ta plus-minus 681.It \e*(If Ta \*(If Ta infinity 682.It \e*(Pi Ta \*(Pi Ta pi 683.It \e*(Na Ta \*(Na Ta NaN 684.It \e*(Am Ta \*(Am Ta ampersand 685.It \e*R Ta \*R Ta restricted mark 686.It \e*(Tm Ta \*(Tm Ta trade mark 687.It \e*q Ta \*q Ta double-quote 688.It \e*(Rq Ta \*(Rq Ta right-double-quote 689.It \e*(Lq Ta \*(Lq Ta left-double-quote 690.It \e*(lp Ta \*(lp Ta right-parenthesis 691.It \e*(rp Ta \*(rp Ta left-parenthesis 692.It \e*(lq Ta \*(lq Ta left double-quote 693.It \e*(rq Ta \*(rq Ta right double-quote 694.It \e*(ua Ta \*(ua Ta up arrow 695.It \e*(va Ta \*(va Ta up-down arrow 696.It \e*(<= Ta \*(<= Ta less-than-equal 697.It \e*(>= Ta \*(>= Ta greater-than-equal 698.It \e*(aa Ta \*(aa Ta acute 699.It \e*(ga Ta \*(ga Ta grave 700.It \e*(Px Ta \*(Px Ta POSIX standard name 701.It \e*(Ai Ta \*(Ai Ta ANSI standard name 702.El 703.Sh UNICODE CHARACTERS 704The escape sequences 705.Pp 706.Dl \e[uXXXX] and \eC\(aquXXXX\(aq 707.Pp 708are interpreted as Unicode codepoints. 709The codepoint must be in the range above U+0080 and less than U+10FFFF. 710For compatibility, the hexadecimal digits 711.Sq A 712to 713.Sq F 714must be given as uppercase characters, 715and points must be zero-padded to four characters; if 716greater than four characters, no zero padding is allowed. 717Unicode surrogates are not allowed. 718.Sh NUMBERED CHARACTERS 719For backward compatibility with existing manuals, 720.Xr mandoc 1 721also supports the 722.Pp 723.Dl \eN\(aq Ns Ar number Ns \(aq 724.Pp 725escape sequence, inserting the character 726.Ar number 727from the current character set into the output. 728Of course, this is inherently non-portable and is already marked 729as deprecated in the Heirloom roff manual. 730For example, do not use \eN\(aq34\(aq, use \e(dq, or even the plain 731.Sq \(dq 732character where possible. 733.Sh COMPATIBILITY 734This section documents compatibility between mandoc and other 735troff implementations, at this time limited to GNU troff 736.Pq Qq groff . 737.Pp 738.Bl -dash -compact 739.It 740The \eN\(aq\(aq escape sequence is limited to printable characters; in 741groff, it accepts arbitrary character numbers. 742.It 743In 744.Fl T Ns Cm ascii , 745the 746\e(ss, \e(nm, \e(nb, \e(nc, \e(ib, \e(ip, \e(pp, \e[sum], \e[product], 747\e[coproduct], \e(gr, \e(-h, and \e(a. special characters render 748differently between mandoc and groff. 749.It 750In 751.Fl T Ns Cm html 752and 753.Fl T Ns Cm xhtml , 754the \e(\(ti=, \e(nb, and \e(nc special characters render differently 755between mandoc and groff. 756.It 757The 758.Fl T Ns Cm ps 759and 760.Fl T Ns Cm pdf 761modes format like 762.Fl T Ns Cm ascii 763instead of rendering glyphs as in groff. 764.It 765The \e[radicalex], \e[sqrtex], and \e(ru special characters have been omitted 766from mandoc either because they are poorly documented or they have no 767known representation. 768.El 769.Sh SEE ALSO 770.Xr mandoc 1 , 771.Xr man 7 , 772.Xr mdoc 7 , 773.Xr roff 7 774.Sh AUTHORS 775The 776.Nm 777manual page was written by 778.An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq Mt kristaps@bsd.lv . 779.Sh CAVEATS 780The predefined string 781.Sq \e*(Ba 782mimics the behaviour of the 783.Sq \&| 784character in 785.Xr mdoc 7 ; 786thus, if you wish to render a vertical bar with no side effects, use 787the 788.Sq \e(ba 789escape. 790