1.\" $OpenBSD: mandoc_char.7,v 1.32 2017/06/14 20:56:42 schwarze Exp $ 2.\" 3.\" Copyright (c) 2003 Jason McIntyre <jmc@openbsd.org> 4.\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010, 2011 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv> 5.\" Copyright (c) 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017 Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org> 6.\" 7.\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any 8.\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above 9.\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies. 10.\" 11.\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES 12.\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF 13.\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR 14.\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES 15.\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN 16.\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF 17.\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. 18.\" 19.Dd $Mdocdate: June 14 2017 $ 20.Dt MANDOC_CHAR 7 21.Os 22.Sh NAME 23.Nm mandoc_char 24.Nd mandoc special characters 25.Sh DESCRIPTION 26This page documents the 27.Xr roff 7 28escape sequences accepted by 29.Xr mandoc 1 30to represent special characters in 31.Xr mdoc 7 32and 33.Xr man 7 34documents. 35.Pp 36The rendering depends on the 37.Xr mandoc 1 38output mode; in ASCII output, most characters are completely 39unintelligible. 40For that reason, using any of the special characters documented here, 41except those discussed in the 42.Sx DESCRIPTION , 43is strongly discouraged; they are supported merely for backwards 44compatibility with existing documents. 45.Pp 46In particular, in English manual pages, do not use special-character 47escape sequences to represent national language characters in author 48names; instead, provide ASCII transcriptions of the names. 49.Ss Dashes and Hyphens 50In typography there are different types of dashes of various width: 51the hyphen (-), 52the minus sign (\(mi), 53the en-dash (\(en), 54and the em-dash (\(em). 55.Pp 56Hyphens are used for adjectives; 57to separate the two parts of a compound word; 58or to separate a word across two successive lines of text. 59The hyphen does not need to be escaped: 60.Bd -unfilled -offset indent 61blue-eyed 62lorry-driver 63.Ed 64.Pp 65If a word on a text input line contains a hyphen, a formatter may decide 66to insert an output line break after the hyphen if that helps filling 67the current output line, but the whole word would overflow the line. 68If it is important that the word is not broken across lines in this 69way, a zero-width space 70.Pq Sq \e& 71can be inserted before or after the hyphen. 72While 73.Xr mandoc 1 74never breaks the output line after hyphens adjacent to a zero-width 75space, after any of the other dash- or hyphen-like characters 76represented by escape sequences, or after hyphens inside words in 77macro arguments, other software may not respect these rules and may 78break the line even in such cases. 79.Pp 80Some 81.Xr roff 7 82implementations contains dictionaries allowing to break the line 83at syllable boundaries even inside words that contain no hyphens. 84Such automatic hyphenation is not supported by 85.Xr mandoc 1 , 86which only breaks the line at whitespace, and inside words only 87after existing hyphens. 88.Pp 89The mathematical minus sign is used for negative numbers or subtraction. 90It should be written as 91.Sq \e(mi : 92.Bd -unfilled -offset indent 93a = 3 \e(mi 1; 94b = \e(mi2; 95.Ed 96.Pp 97The en-dash is used to separate the two elements of a range, 98or can be used the same way as an em-dash. 99It should be written as 100.Sq \e(en : 101.Bd -unfilled -offset indent 102pp. 95\e(en97. 103Go away \e(en or else! 104.Ed 105.Pp 106The em-dash can be used to show an interruption 107or can be used the same way as colons, semi-colons, or parentheses. 108It should be written as 109.Sq \e(em : 110.Bd -unfilled -offset indent 111Three things \e(em apples, oranges, and bananas. 112This is not that \e(em rather, this is that. 113.Ed 114.Pp 115Note: 116hyphens, minus signs, and en-dashes look identical under normal ASCII output. 117Other formats, such as PostScript, render them correctly, 118with differing widths. 119.Ss Spaces 120To separate words in normal text, for indenting and alignment 121in literal context, and when none of the following special cases apply, 122just use the normal space character 123.Pq Sq \ . 124.Pp 125When filling text, output lines may be broken between words, i.e. at space 126characters. 127To prevent a line break between two particular words, 128use the unpaddable non-breaking space escape sequence 129.Pq Sq \e\ \& 130instead of the normal space character. 131For example, the input string 132.Dq number\e\ 1 133will be kept together as 134.Dq number\ 1 135on the same output line. 136.Pp 137On request and macro lines, the normal space character serves as an 138argument delimiter. 139To include whitespace into arguments, quoting is usually the best choice; 140see the MACRO SYNTAX section in 141.Xr roff 7 . 142In some cases, using the non-breaking space escape sequence 143.Pq Sq \e\ \& 144may be preferable. 145.Pp 146To escape macro names and to protect whitespace at the end 147of input lines, the zero-width space 148.Pq Sq \e& 149is often useful. 150For example, in 151.Xr mdoc 7 , 152a normal space character can be displayed in single quotes in either 153of the following ways: 154.Pp 155.Dl .Sq \(dq \(dq 156.Dl .Sq \e \e& 157.Ss Quotes 158On request and macro lines, the double-quote character 159.Pq Sq \(dq 160is handled specially to allow quoting. 161One way to prevent this special handling is by using the 162.Sq \e(dq 163escape sequence. 164.Pp 165Note that on text lines, literal double-quote characters can be used 166verbatim. 167All other quote-like characters can be used verbatim as well, 168even on request and macro lines. 169.Ss Accents 170In output modes supporting such special output characters, for example 171.Fl T Cm pdf , 172and sometimes less consistently in 173.Fl T Cm utf8 , 174some 175.Xr roff 7 176formatters convert the following ASCII input characters to the 177following Unicode special output characters: 178.Bl -column x(ga U+2018 -offset indent 179.It \(ga Ta U+2018 Ta left single quotation mark 180.It \(aq Ta U+2019 Ta right single quotation mark 181.It \(ti Ta U+02DC Ta small tilde 182.It \(ha Ta U+02C6 Ta modifier letter circumflex 183.El 184.Pp 185In prose, this automatic substitution is often desirable; 186but when these characters have to be displayed as plain ASCII 187characters, for example in source code samples, they require 188escaping to render as follows: 189.Bl -column x(ga U+2018 -offset indent 190.It \e(ga Ta U+0060 Ta grave accent 191.It \e(aq Ta U+0027 Ta apostrophe 192.It \e(ti Ta U+007E Ta tilde 193.It \e(ha Ta U+005E Ta circumflex accent 194.El 195.Ss Periods 196The period 197.Pq Sq \&. 198is handled specially at the beginning of an input line, 199where it introduces a 200.Xr roff 7 201request or a macro, and when appearing alone as a macro argument in 202.Xr mdoc 7 . 203In such situations, prepend a zero-width space 204.Pq Sq \e&. 205to make it behave like normal text. 206.Pp 207Do not use the 208.Sq \e. 209escape sequence. 210It does not prevent special handling of the period. 211.Ss Backslashes 212To include a literal backslash 213.Pq Sq \e 214into the output, use the 215.Pq Sq \ee 216escape sequence. 217.Pp 218Note that doubling it 219.Pq Sq \e\e 220is not the right way to output a backslash. 221Because 222.Xr mandoc 1 223does not implement full 224.Xr roff 7 225functionality, it may work with 226.Xr mandoc 1 , 227but it may have weird effects on complete 228.Xr roff 7 229implementations. 230.Sh SPECIAL CHARACTERS 231Special characters are encoded as 232.Sq \eX 233.Pq for a one-character escape , 234.Sq \e(XX 235.Pq two-character , 236and 237.Sq \e[N] 238.Pq N-character . 239For details, see the 240.Em Special Characters 241subsection of the 242.Xr roff 7 243manual. 244.Pp 245Spacing: 246.Bl -column "Input" "Description" -offset indent -compact 247.It Em Input Ta Em Description 248.It Sq \e\ \& Ta unpaddable non-breaking space 249.It \e\(ti Ta paddable non-breaking space 250.It \e0 Ta unpaddable, breaking digit-width space 251.It \e| Ta one-sixth \e(em narrow space, zero width in nroff mode 252.It \e^ Ta one-twelfth \e(em half-narrow space, zero width in nroff 253.It \e& Ta zero-width space 254.It \e% Ta zero-width space allowing hyphenation 255.El 256.Pp 257Lines: 258.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 259.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 260.It \e(ba Ta \(ba Ta bar 261.It \e(br Ta \(br Ta box rule 262.It \e(ul Ta \(ul Ta underscore 263.It \e(ru Ta \(ru Ta underscore (width 0.5m) 264.It \e(rn Ta \(rn Ta overline 265.It \e(bb Ta \(bb Ta broken bar 266.It \e(sl Ta \(sl Ta forward slash 267.It \e(rs Ta \(rs Ta backward slash 268.El 269.Pp 270Text markers: 271.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 272.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 273.It \e(ci Ta \(ci Ta circle 274.It \e(bu Ta \(bu Ta bullet 275.It \e(dd Ta \(dd Ta double dagger 276.It \e(dg Ta \(dg Ta dagger 277.It \e(lz Ta \(lz Ta lozenge 278.It \e(sq Ta \(sq Ta white square 279.It \e(ps Ta \(ps Ta paragraph 280.It \e(sc Ta \(sc Ta section 281.It \e(lh Ta \(lh Ta left hand 282.It \e(rh Ta \(rh Ta right hand 283.It \e(at Ta \(at Ta at 284.It \e(sh Ta \(sh Ta hash (pound) 285.It \e(CR Ta \(CR Ta carriage return 286.It \e(OK Ta \(OK Ta check mark 287.It \e(CL Ta \(CL Ta club suit 288.It \e(SP Ta \(SP Ta spade suit 289.It \e(HE Ta \(HE Ta heart suit 290.It \e(DI Ta \(DI Ta diamond suit 291.El 292.Pp 293Legal symbols: 294.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 295.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 296.It \e(co Ta \(co Ta copyright 297.It \e(rg Ta \(rg Ta registered 298.It \e(tm Ta \(tm Ta trademarked 299.El 300.Pp 301Punctuation: 302.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 303.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 304.It \e(em Ta \(em Ta em-dash 305.It \e(en Ta \(en Ta en-dash 306.It \e(hy Ta \(hy Ta hyphen 307.It \ee Ta \e Ta back-slash 308.It \e. Ta \. Ta period 309.It \e(r! Ta \(r! Ta upside-down exclamation 310.It \e(r? Ta \(r? Ta upside-down question 311.El 312.Pp 313Quotes: 314.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 315.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 316.It \e(Bq Ta \(Bq Ta right low double-quote 317.It \e(bq Ta \(bq Ta right low single-quote 318.It \e(lq Ta \(lq Ta left double-quote 319.It \e(rq Ta \(rq Ta right double-quote 320.It \e(oq Ta \(oq Ta left single-quote 321.It \e(cq Ta \(cq Ta right single-quote 322.It \e(aq Ta \(aq Ta apostrophe quote (text) 323.It \e(dq Ta \(dq Ta double quote (text) 324.It \e(Fo Ta \(Fo Ta left guillemet 325.It \e(Fc Ta \(Fc Ta right guillemet 326.It \e(fo Ta \(fo Ta left single guillemet 327.It \e(fc Ta \(fc Ta right single guillemet 328.El 329.Pp 330Brackets: 331.Bl -column "xxbracketrightbtx" Rendered Description -offset indent -compact 332.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 333.It \e(lB Ta \(lB Ta left bracket 334.It \e(rB Ta \(rB Ta right bracket 335.It \e(lC Ta \(lC Ta left brace 336.It \e(rC Ta \(rC Ta right brace 337.It \e(la Ta \(la Ta left angle 338.It \e(ra Ta \(ra Ta right angle 339.It \e(bv Ta \(bv Ta brace extension 340.It \e[braceex] Ta \[braceex] Ta brace extension 341.It \e[bracketlefttp] Ta \[bracketlefttp] Ta top-left hooked bracket 342.It \e[bracketleftbt] Ta \[bracketleftbt] Ta bottom-left hooked bracket 343.It \e[bracketleftex] Ta \[bracketleftex] Ta left hooked bracket extension 344.It \e[bracketrighttp] Ta \[bracketrighttp] Ta top-right hooked bracket 345.It \e[bracketrightbt] Ta \[bracketrightbt] Ta bottom-right hooked bracket 346.It \e[bracketrightex] Ta \[bracketrightex] Ta right hooked bracket extension 347.It \e(lt Ta \(lt Ta top-left hooked brace 348.It \e[bracelefttp] Ta \[bracelefttp] Ta top-left hooked brace 349.It \e(lk Ta \(lk Ta mid-left hooked brace 350.It \e[braceleftmid] Ta \[braceleftmid] Ta mid-left hooked brace 351.It \e(lb Ta \(lb Ta bottom-left hooked brace 352.It \e[braceleftbt] Ta \[braceleftbt] Ta bottom-left hooked brace 353.It \e[braceleftex] Ta \[braceleftex] Ta left hooked brace extension 354.It \e(rt Ta \(rt Ta top-left hooked brace 355.It \e[bracerighttp] Ta \[bracerighttp] Ta top-right hooked brace 356.It \e(rk Ta \(rk Ta mid-right hooked brace 357.It \e[bracerightmid] Ta \[bracerightmid] Ta mid-right hooked brace 358.It \e(rb Ta \(rb Ta bottom-right hooked brace 359.It \e[bracerightbt] Ta \[bracerightbt] Ta bottom-right hooked brace 360.It \e[bracerightex] Ta \[bracerightex] Ta right hooked brace extension 361.It \e[parenlefttp] Ta \[parenlefttp] Ta top-left hooked parenthesis 362.It \e[parenleftbt] Ta \[parenleftbt] Ta bottom-left hooked parenthesis 363.It \e[parenleftex] Ta \[parenleftex] Ta left hooked parenthesis extension 364.It \e[parenrighttp] Ta \[parenrighttp] Ta top-right hooked parenthesis 365.It \e[parenrightbt] Ta \[parenrightbt] Ta bottom-right hooked parenthesis 366.It \e[parenrightex] Ta \[parenrightex] Ta right hooked parenthesis extension 367.El 368.Pp 369Arrows: 370.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 371.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 372.It \e(<- Ta \(<- Ta left arrow 373.It \e(-> Ta \(-> Ta right arrow 374.It \e(<> Ta \(<> Ta left-right arrow 375.It \e(da Ta \(da Ta down arrow 376.It \e(ua Ta \(ua Ta up arrow 377.It \e(va Ta \(va Ta up-down arrow 378.It \e(lA Ta \(lA Ta left double-arrow 379.It \e(rA Ta \(rA Ta right double-arrow 380.It \e(hA Ta \(hA Ta left-right double-arrow 381.It \e(uA Ta \(uA Ta up double-arrow 382.It \e(dA Ta \(dA Ta down double-arrow 383.It \e(vA Ta \(vA Ta up-down double-arrow 384.It \e(an Ta \(an Ta horizontal arrow extension 385.El 386.Pp 387Logical: 388.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 389.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 390.It \e(AN Ta \(AN Ta logical and 391.It \e(OR Ta \(OR Ta logical or 392.It \e(no Ta \(no Ta logical not 393.It \e[tno] Ta \[tno] Ta logical not (text) 394.It \e(te Ta \(te Ta existential quantifier 395.It \e(fa Ta \(fa Ta universal quantifier 396.It \e(st Ta \(st Ta such that 397.It \e(tf Ta \(tf Ta therefore 398.It \e(3d Ta \(3d Ta therefore 399.It \e(or Ta \(or Ta bitwise or 400.El 401.Pp 402Mathematical: 403.Bl -column "xxcoproductxx" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 404.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 405.It \e(pl Ta \(pl Ta plus 406.It \e(mi Ta \(mi Ta minus 407.It \e- Ta \- Ta minus (text) 408.It \e(-+ Ta \(-+ Ta minus-plus 409.It \e(+- Ta \(+- Ta plus-minus 410.It \e[t+-] Ta \[t+-] Ta plus-minus (text) 411.It \e(pc Ta \(pc Ta center-dot 412.It \e(mu Ta \(mu Ta multiply 413.It \e[tmu] Ta \[tmu] Ta multiply (text) 414.It \e(c* Ta \(c* Ta circle-multiply 415.It \e(c+ Ta \(c+ Ta circle-plus 416.It \e(di Ta \(di Ta divide 417.It \e[tdi] Ta \[tdi] Ta divide (text) 418.It \e(f/ Ta \(f/ Ta fraction 419.It \e(** Ta \(** Ta asterisk 420.It \e(<= Ta \(<= Ta less-than-equal 421.It \e(>= Ta \(>= Ta greater-than-equal 422.It \e(<< Ta \(<< Ta much less 423.It \e(>> Ta \(>> Ta much greater 424.It \e(eq Ta \(eq Ta equal 425.It \e(!= Ta \(!= Ta not equal 426.It \e(== Ta \(== Ta equivalent 427.It \e(ne Ta \(ne Ta not equivalent 428.It \e(ap Ta \(ap Ta tilde operator 429.It \e(|= Ta \(|= Ta asymptotically equal 430.It \e(=\(ti Ta \(=~ Ta approximately equal 431.It \e(\(ti\(ti Ta \(~~ Ta almost equal 432.It \e(\(ti= Ta \(~= Ta almost equal 433.It \e(pt Ta \(pt Ta proportionate 434.It \e(es Ta \(es Ta empty set 435.It \e(mo Ta \(mo Ta element 436.It \e(nm Ta \(nm Ta not element 437.It \e(sb Ta \(sb Ta proper subset 438.It \e(nb Ta \(nb Ta not subset 439.It \e(sp Ta \(sp Ta proper superset 440.It \e(nc Ta \(nc Ta not superset 441.It \e(ib Ta \(ib Ta reflexive subset 442.It \e(ip Ta \(ip Ta reflexive superset 443.It \e(ca Ta \(ca Ta intersection 444.It \e(cu Ta \(cu Ta union 445.It \e(/_ Ta \(/_ Ta angle 446.It \e(pp Ta \(pp Ta perpendicular 447.It \e(is Ta \(is Ta integral 448.It \e[integral] Ta \[integral] Ta integral 449.It \e[sum] Ta \[sum] Ta summation 450.It \e[product] Ta \[product] Ta product 451.It \e[coproduct] Ta \[coproduct] Ta coproduct 452.It \e(gr Ta \(gr Ta gradient 453.It \e(sr Ta \(sr Ta square root 454.It \e[sqrt] Ta \[sqrt] Ta square root 455.It \e(lc Ta \(lc Ta left-ceiling 456.It \e(rc Ta \(rc Ta right-ceiling 457.It \e(lf Ta \(lf Ta left-floor 458.It \e(rf Ta \(rf Ta right-floor 459.It \e(if Ta \(if Ta infinity 460.It \e(Ah Ta \(Ah Ta aleph 461.It \e(Im Ta \(Im Ta imaginary 462.It \e(Re Ta \(Re Ta real 463.It \e(wp Ta \(wp Ta Weierstrass p 464.It \e(pd Ta \(pd Ta partial differential 465.It \e(-h Ta \(-h Ta Planck constant over 2\(*p 466.It \e[hbar] Ta \[hbar] Ta Planck constant over 2\(*p 467.It \e(12 Ta \(12 Ta one-half 468.It \e(14 Ta \(14 Ta one-fourth 469.It \e(34 Ta \(34 Ta three-fourths 470.It \e(18 Ta \(18 Ta one-eighth 471.It \e(38 Ta \(38 Ta three-eighths 472.It \e(58 Ta \(58 Ta five-eighths 473.It \e(78 Ta \(78 Ta seven-eighths 474.It \e(S1 Ta \(S1 Ta superscript 1 475.It \e(S2 Ta \(S2 Ta superscript 2 476.It \e(S3 Ta \(S3 Ta superscript 3 477.El 478.Pp 479Ligatures: 480.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 481.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 482.It \e(ff Ta \(ff Ta ff ligature 483.It \e(fi Ta \(fi Ta fi ligature 484.It \e(fl Ta \(fl Ta fl ligature 485.It \e(Fi Ta \(Fi Ta ffi ligature 486.It \e(Fl Ta \(Fl Ta ffl ligature 487.It \e(AE Ta \(AE Ta AE 488.It \e(ae Ta \(ae Ta ae 489.It \e(OE Ta \(OE Ta OE 490.It \e(oe Ta \(oe Ta oe 491.It \e(ss Ta \(ss Ta German eszett 492.It \e(IJ Ta \(IJ Ta IJ ligature 493.It \e(ij Ta \(ij Ta ij ligature 494.El 495.Pp 496Accents: 497.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 498.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 499.It \e(a" Ta \(a" Ta Hungarian umlaut 500.It \e(a- Ta \(a- Ta macron 501.It \e(a. Ta \(a. Ta dotted 502.It \e(a^ Ta \(a^ Ta circumflex 503.It \e(aa Ta \(aa Ta acute 504.It \e\(aq Ta \' Ta acute 505.It \e(ga Ta \(ga Ta grave 506.It \e\(ga Ta \` Ta grave 507.It \e(ab Ta \(ab Ta breve 508.It \e(ac Ta \(ac Ta cedilla 509.It \e(ad Ta \(ad Ta dieresis 510.It \e(ah Ta \(ah Ta caron 511.It \e(ao Ta \(ao Ta ring 512.It \e(a\(ti Ta \(a~ Ta tilde 513.It \e(ho Ta \(ho Ta ogonek 514.It \e(ha Ta \(ha Ta hat (text) 515.It \e(ti Ta \(ti Ta tilde (text) 516.El 517.Pp 518Accented letters: 519.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 520.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 521.It \e(\(aqA Ta \('A Ta acute A 522.It \e(\(aqE Ta \('E Ta acute E 523.It \e(\(aqI Ta \('I Ta acute I 524.It \e(\(aqO Ta \('O Ta acute O 525.It \e(\(aqU Ta \('U Ta acute U 526.It \e(\(aqa Ta \('a Ta acute a 527.It \e(\(aqe Ta \('e Ta acute e 528.It \e(\(aqi Ta \('i Ta acute i 529.It \e(\(aqo Ta \('o Ta acute o 530.It \e(\(aqu Ta \('u Ta acute u 531.It \e(\(gaA Ta \(`A Ta grave A 532.It \e(\(gaE Ta \(`E Ta grave E 533.It \e(\(gaI Ta \(`I Ta grave I 534.It \e(\(gaO Ta \(`O Ta grave O 535.It \e(\(gaU Ta \(`U Ta grave U 536.It \e(\(gaa Ta \(`a Ta grave a 537.It \e(\(gae Ta \(`e Ta grave e 538.It \e(\(gai Ta \(`i Ta grave i 539.It \e(\(gao Ta \(`i Ta grave o 540.It \e(\(gau Ta \(`u Ta grave u 541.It \e(\(tiA Ta \(~A Ta tilde A 542.It \e(\(tiN Ta \(~N Ta tilde N 543.It \e(\(tiO Ta \(~O Ta tilde O 544.It \e(\(tia Ta \(~a Ta tilde a 545.It \e(\(tin Ta \(~n Ta tilde n 546.It \e(\(tio Ta \(~o Ta tilde o 547.It \e(:A Ta \(:A Ta dieresis A 548.It \e(:E Ta \(:E Ta dieresis E 549.It \e(:I Ta \(:I Ta dieresis I 550.It \e(:O Ta \(:O Ta dieresis O 551.It \e(:U Ta \(:U Ta dieresis U 552.It \e(:a Ta \(:a Ta dieresis a 553.It \e(:e Ta \(:e Ta dieresis e 554.It \e(:i Ta \(:i Ta dieresis i 555.It \e(:o Ta \(:o Ta dieresis o 556.It \e(:u Ta \(:u Ta dieresis u 557.It \e(:y Ta \(:y Ta dieresis y 558.It \e(^A Ta \(^A Ta circumflex A 559.It \e(^E Ta \(^E Ta circumflex E 560.It \e(^I Ta \(^I Ta circumflex I 561.It \e(^O Ta \(^O Ta circumflex O 562.It \e(^U Ta \(^U Ta circumflex U 563.It \e(^a Ta \(^a Ta circumflex a 564.It \e(^e Ta \(^e Ta circumflex e 565.It \e(^i Ta \(^i Ta circumflex i 566.It \e(^o Ta \(^o Ta circumflex o 567.It \e(^u Ta \(^u Ta circumflex u 568.It \e(,C Ta \(,C Ta cedilla C 569.It \e(,c Ta \(,c Ta cedilla c 570.It \e(/L Ta \(/L Ta stroke L 571.It \e(/l Ta \(/l Ta stroke l 572.It \e(/O Ta \(/O Ta stroke O 573.It \e(/o Ta \(/o Ta stroke o 574.It \e(oA Ta \(oA Ta ring A 575.It \e(oa Ta \(oa Ta ring a 576.El 577.Pp 578Special letters: 579.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 580.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 581.It \e(-D Ta \(-D Ta Eth 582.It \e(Sd Ta \(Sd Ta eth 583.It \e(TP Ta \(TP Ta Thorn 584.It \e(Tp Ta \(Tp Ta thorn 585.It \e(.i Ta \(.i Ta dotless i 586.It \e(.j Ta \(.j Ta dotless j 587.El 588.Pp 589Currency: 590.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 591.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 592.It \e(Do Ta \(Do Ta dollar 593.It \e(ct Ta \(ct Ta cent 594.It \e(Eu Ta \(Eu Ta Euro symbol 595.It \e(eu Ta \(eu Ta Euro symbol 596.It \e(Ye Ta \(Ye Ta yen 597.It \e(Po Ta \(Po Ta pound 598.It \e(Cs Ta \(Cs Ta Scandinavian 599.It \e(Fn Ta \(Fn Ta florin 600.El 601.Pp 602Units: 603.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 604.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 605.It \e(de Ta \(de Ta degree 606.It \e(%0 Ta \(%0 Ta per-thousand 607.It \e(fm Ta \(fm Ta minute 608.It \e(sd Ta \(sd Ta second 609.It \e(mc Ta \(mc Ta micro 610.It \e(Of Ta \(Of Ta Spanish female ordinal 611.It \e(Om Ta \(Om Ta Spanish masculine ordinal 612.El 613.Pp 614Greek letters: 615.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 616.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 617.It \e(*A Ta \(*A Ta Alpha 618.It \e(*B Ta \(*B Ta Beta 619.It \e(*G Ta \(*G Ta Gamma 620.It \e(*D Ta \(*D Ta Delta 621.It \e(*E Ta \(*E Ta Epsilon 622.It \e(*Z Ta \(*Z Ta Zeta 623.It \e(*Y Ta \(*Y Ta Eta 624.It \e(*H Ta \(*H Ta Theta 625.It \e(*I Ta \(*I Ta Iota 626.It \e(*K Ta \(*K Ta Kappa 627.It \e(*L Ta \(*L Ta Lambda 628.It \e(*M Ta \(*M Ta Mu 629.It \e(*N Ta \(*N Ta Nu 630.It \e(*C Ta \(*C Ta Xi 631.It \e(*O Ta \(*O Ta Omicron 632.It \e(*P Ta \(*P Ta Pi 633.It \e(*R Ta \(*R Ta Rho 634.It \e(*S Ta \(*S Ta Sigma 635.It \e(*T Ta \(*T Ta Tau 636.It \e(*U Ta \(*U Ta Upsilon 637.It \e(*F Ta \(*F Ta Phi 638.It \e(*X Ta \(*X Ta Chi 639.It \e(*Q Ta \(*Q Ta Psi 640.It \e(*W Ta \(*W Ta Omega 641.It \e(*a Ta \(*a Ta alpha 642.It \e(*b Ta \(*b Ta beta 643.It \e(*g Ta \(*g Ta gamma 644.It \e(*d Ta \(*d Ta delta 645.It \e(*e Ta \(*e Ta epsilon 646.It \e(*z Ta \(*z Ta zeta 647.It \e(*y Ta \(*y Ta eta 648.It \e(*h Ta \(*h Ta theta 649.It \e(*i Ta \(*i Ta iota 650.It \e(*k Ta \(*k Ta kappa 651.It \e(*l Ta \(*l Ta lambda 652.It \e(*m Ta \(*m Ta mu 653.It \e(*n Ta \(*n Ta nu 654.It \e(*c Ta \(*c Ta xi 655.It \e(*o Ta \(*o Ta omicron 656.It \e(*p Ta \(*p Ta pi 657.It \e(*r Ta \(*r Ta rho 658.It \e(*s Ta \(*s Ta sigma 659.It \e(*t Ta \(*t Ta tau 660.It \e(*u Ta \(*u Ta upsilon 661.It \e(*f Ta \(*f Ta phi 662.It \e(*x Ta \(*x Ta chi 663.It \e(*q Ta \(*q Ta psi 664.It \e(*w Ta \(*w Ta omega 665.It \e(+h Ta \(+h Ta theta variant 666.It \e(+f Ta \(+f Ta phi variant 667.It \e(+p Ta \(+p Ta pi variant 668.It \e(+e Ta \(+e Ta epsilon variant 669.It \e(ts Ta \(ts Ta sigma terminal 670.El 671.Sh PREDEFINED STRINGS 672Predefined strings are inherited from the macro packages of historical 673troff implementations. 674They are 675.Em not recommended 676for use, as they differ across implementations. 677Manuals using these predefined strings are almost certainly not 678portable. 679.Pp 680Their syntax is similar to special characters, using 681.Sq \e*X 682.Pq for a one-character escape , 683.Sq \e*(XX 684.Pq two-character , 685and 686.Sq \e*[N] 687.Pq N-character . 688For details, see the 689.Em Predefined Strings 690subsection of the 691.Xr roff 7 692manual. 693.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent 694.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 695.It \e*(Ba Ta \*(Ba Ta vertical bar 696.It \e*(Ne Ta \*(Ne Ta not equal 697.It \e*(Ge Ta \*(Ge Ta greater-than-equal 698.It \e*(Le Ta \*(Le Ta less-than-equal 699.It \e*(Gt Ta \*(Gt Ta greater-than 700.It \e*(Lt Ta \*(Lt Ta less-than 701.It \e*(Pm Ta \*(Pm Ta plus-minus 702.It \e*(If Ta \*(If Ta infinity 703.It \e*(Pi Ta \*(Pi Ta pi 704.It \e*(Na Ta \*(Na Ta NaN 705.It \e*(Am Ta \*(Am Ta ampersand 706.It \e*R Ta \*R Ta restricted mark 707.It \e*(Tm Ta \*(Tm Ta trade mark 708.It \e*q Ta \*q Ta double-quote 709.It \e*(Rq Ta \*(Rq Ta right-double-quote 710.It \e*(Lq Ta \*(Lq Ta left-double-quote 711.It \e*(lp Ta \*(lp Ta right-parenthesis 712.It \e*(rp Ta \*(rp Ta left-parenthesis 713.It \e*(lq Ta \*(lq Ta left double-quote 714.It \e*(rq Ta \*(rq Ta right double-quote 715.It \e*(ua Ta \*(ua Ta up arrow 716.It \e*(va Ta \*(va Ta up-down arrow 717.It \e*(<= Ta \*(<= Ta less-than-equal 718.It \e*(>= Ta \*(>= Ta greater-than-equal 719.It \e*(aa Ta \*(aa Ta acute 720.It \e*(ga Ta \*(ga Ta grave 721.It \e*(Px Ta \*(Px Ta POSIX standard name 722.It \e*(Ai Ta \*(Ai Ta ANSI standard name 723.El 724.Sh UNICODE CHARACTERS 725The escape sequences 726.Pp 727.Dl \e[uXXXX] and \eC\(aquXXXX\(aq 728.Pp 729are interpreted as Unicode codepoints. 730The codepoint must be in the range above U+0080 and less than U+10FFFF. 731For compatibility, the hexadecimal digits 732.Sq A 733to 734.Sq F 735must be given as uppercase characters, 736and points must be zero-padded to four characters; if 737greater than four characters, no zero padding is allowed. 738Unicode surrogates are not allowed. 739.Sh NUMBERED CHARACTERS 740For backward compatibility with existing manuals, 741.Xr mandoc 1 742also supports the 743.Pp 744.Dl \eN\(aq Ns Ar number Ns \(aq 745.Pp 746escape sequence, inserting the character 747.Ar number 748from the current character set into the output. 749Of course, this is inherently non-portable and is already marked 750as deprecated in the Heirloom roff manual. 751For example, do not use \eN\(aq34\(aq, use \e(dq, or even the plain 752.Sq \(dq 753character where possible. 754.Sh COMPATIBILITY 755This section documents compatibility between mandoc and other 756troff implementations, at this time limited to GNU troff 757.Pq Qq groff . 758.Pp 759.Bl -dash -compact 760.It 761The \eN\(aq\(aq escape sequence is limited to printable characters; in 762groff, it accepts arbitrary character numbers. 763.It 764In 765.Fl T Ns Cm ascii , 766the 767\e(ss, \e(nm, \e(nb, \e(nc, \e(ib, \e(ip, \e(pp, \e[sum], \e[product], 768\e[coproduct], \e(gr, \e(-h, and \e(a. special characters render 769differently between mandoc and groff. 770.It 771In 772.Fl T Ns Cm html , 773the \e(\(ti=, \e(nb, and \e(nc special characters render differently 774between mandoc and groff. 775.It 776The 777.Fl T Ns Cm ps 778and 779.Fl T Ns Cm pdf 780modes format like 781.Fl T Ns Cm ascii 782instead of rendering glyphs as in groff. 783.It 784The \e[radicalex], \e[sqrtex], and \e(ru special characters have been omitted 785from mandoc either because they are poorly documented or they have no 786known representation. 787.El 788.Sh SEE ALSO 789.Xr mandoc 1 , 790.Xr man 7 , 791.Xr mdoc 7 , 792.Xr roff 7 793.Sh AUTHORS 794The 795.Nm 796manual page was written by 797.An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq Mt kristaps@bsd.lv . 798.Sh CAVEATS 799The predefined string 800.Sq \e*(Ba 801mimics the behaviour of the 802.Sq \&| 803character in 804.Xr mdoc 7 ; 805thus, if you wish to render a vertical bar with no side effects, use 806the 807.Sq \e(ba 808escape. 809