1.\" $OpenBSD: mandoc_char.7,v 1.33 2018/03/15 18:09:00 schwarze Exp $ 2.\" 3.\" Copyright (c) 2003 Jason McIntyre <jmc@openbsd.org> 4.\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010, 2011 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv> 5.\" Copyright (c) 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017 Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org> 6.\" 7.\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any 8.\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above 9.\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies. 10.\" 11.\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES 12.\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF 13.\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR 14.\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES 15.\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN 16.\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF 17.\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. 18.\" 19.Dd $Mdocdate: March 15 2018 $ 20.Dt MANDOC_CHAR 7 21.Os 22.Sh NAME 23.Nm mandoc_char 24.Nd mandoc special characters 25.Sh DESCRIPTION 26This page documents the 27.Xr roff 7 28escape sequences accepted by 29.Xr mandoc 1 30to represent special characters in 31.Xr mdoc 7 32and 33.Xr man 7 34documents. 35.Pp 36The rendering depends on the 37.Xr mandoc 1 38output mode; it can be inspected by calling 39.Xr man 1 40on the 41.Nm 42manual page with different 43.Fl T 44arguments. 45In ASCII output, the rendering of some characters may be hard 46to interpret for the reader. 47Many are rendered as descriptive strings like 48.Qq <integral> , 49.Qq <degree> , 50or 51.Qq <Gamma> , 52which may look ugly, and many are replaced by similar ASCII characters. 53In particular, accented characters are usually shown without the accent. 54For that reason, try to avoid using any of the special characters 55documented here except those discussed in the 56.Sx DESCRIPTION , 57unless they are essential for explaining the subject matter at hand, 58for example when documenting complicated mathematical functions. 59.Pp 60In particular, in English manual pages, do not use special-character 61escape sequences to represent national language characters in author 62names; instead, provide ASCII transcriptions of the names. 63.Ss Dashes and Hyphens 64In typography there are different types of dashes of various width: 65the hyphen (-), 66the minus sign (\(mi), 67the en-dash (\(en), 68and the em-dash (\(em). 69.Pp 70Hyphens are used for adjectives; 71to separate the two parts of a compound word; 72or to separate a word across two successive lines of text. 73The hyphen does not need to be escaped: 74.Bd -unfilled -offset indent 75blue-eyed 76lorry-driver 77.Ed 78.Pp 79If a word on a text input line contains a hyphen, a formatter may decide 80to insert an output line break after the hyphen if that helps filling 81the current output line, but the whole word would overflow the line. 82If it is important that the word is not broken across lines in this 83way, a zero-width space 84.Pq Sq \e& 85can be inserted before or after the hyphen. 86While 87.Xr mandoc 1 88never breaks the output line after hyphens adjacent to a zero-width 89space, after any of the other dash- or hyphen-like characters 90represented by escape sequences, or after hyphens inside words in 91macro arguments, other software may not respect these rules and may 92break the line even in such cases. 93.Pp 94Some 95.Xr roff 7 96implementations contains dictionaries allowing to break the line 97at syllable boundaries even inside words that contain no hyphens. 98Such automatic hyphenation is not supported by 99.Xr mandoc 1 , 100which only breaks the line at whitespace, and inside words only 101after existing hyphens. 102.Pp 103The mathematical minus sign is used for negative numbers or subtraction. 104It should be written as 105.Sq \e(mi : 106.Bd -unfilled -offset indent 107a = 3 \e(mi 1; 108b = \e(mi2; 109.Ed 110.Pp 111The en-dash is used to separate the two elements of a range, 112or can be used the same way as an em-dash. 113It should be written as 114.Sq \e(en : 115.Bd -unfilled -offset indent 116pp. 95\e(en97. 117Go away \e(en or else! 118.Ed 119.Pp 120The em-dash can be used to show an interruption 121or can be used the same way as colons, semi-colons, or parentheses. 122It should be written as 123.Sq \e(em : 124.Bd -unfilled -offset indent 125Three things \e(em apples, oranges, and bananas. 126This is not that \e(em rather, this is that. 127.Ed 128.Pp 129Note: 130hyphens, minus signs, and en-dashes look identical under normal ASCII output. 131Other formats, such as PostScript, render them correctly, 132with differing widths. 133.Ss Spaces 134To separate words in normal text, for indenting and alignment 135in literal context, and when none of the following special cases apply, 136just use the normal space character 137.Pq Sq \ . 138.Pp 139When filling text, output lines may be broken between words, i.e. at space 140characters. 141To prevent a line break between two particular words, 142use the unpaddable non-breaking space escape sequence 143.Pq Sq \e\ \& 144instead of the normal space character. 145For example, the input string 146.Dq number\e\ 1 147will be kept together as 148.Dq number\ 1 149on the same output line. 150.Pp 151On request and macro lines, the normal space character serves as an 152argument delimiter. 153To include whitespace into arguments, quoting is usually the best choice; 154see the MACRO SYNTAX section in 155.Xr roff 7 . 156In some cases, using the non-breaking space escape sequence 157.Pq Sq \e\ \& 158may be preferable. 159.Pp 160To escape macro names and to protect whitespace at the end 161of input lines, the zero-width space 162.Pq Sq \e& 163is often useful. 164For example, in 165.Xr mdoc 7 , 166a normal space character can be displayed in single quotes in either 167of the following ways: 168.Pp 169.Dl .Sq \(dq \(dq 170.Dl .Sq \e \e& 171.Ss Quotes 172On request and macro lines, the double-quote character 173.Pq Sq \(dq 174is handled specially to allow quoting. 175One way to prevent this special handling is by using the 176.Sq \e(dq 177escape sequence. 178.Pp 179Note that on text lines, literal double-quote characters can be used 180verbatim. 181All other quote-like characters can be used verbatim as well, 182even on request and macro lines. 183.Ss Accents 184In output modes supporting such special output characters, for example 185.Fl T Cm pdf , 186and sometimes less consistently in 187.Fl T Cm utf8 , 188some 189.Xr roff 7 190formatters convert the following ASCII input characters to the 191following Unicode special output characters: 192.Bl -column x(ga U+2018 -offset indent 193.It \(ga Ta U+2018 Ta left single quotation mark 194.It \(aq Ta U+2019 Ta right single quotation mark 195.It \(ti Ta U+02DC Ta small tilde 196.It \(ha Ta U+02C6 Ta modifier letter circumflex 197.El 198.Pp 199In prose, this automatic substitution is often desirable; 200but when these characters have to be displayed as plain ASCII 201characters, for example in source code samples, they require 202escaping to render as follows: 203.Bl -column x(ga U+2018 -offset indent 204.It \e(ga Ta U+0060 Ta grave accent 205.It \e(aq Ta U+0027 Ta apostrophe 206.It \e(ti Ta U+007E Ta tilde 207.It \e(ha Ta U+005E Ta circumflex accent 208.El 209.Ss Periods 210The period 211.Pq Sq \&. 212is handled specially at the beginning of an input line, 213where it introduces a 214.Xr roff 7 215request or a macro, and when appearing alone as a macro argument in 216.Xr mdoc 7 . 217In such situations, prepend a zero-width space 218.Pq Sq \e&. 219to make it behave like normal text. 220.Pp 221Do not use the 222.Sq \e. 223escape sequence. 224It does not prevent special handling of the period. 225.Ss Backslashes 226To include a literal backslash 227.Pq Sq \e 228into the output, use the 229.Pq Sq \ee 230escape sequence. 231.Pp 232Note that doubling it 233.Pq Sq \e\e 234is not the right way to output a backslash. 235Because 236.Xr mandoc 1 237does not implement full 238.Xr roff 7 239functionality, it may work with 240.Xr mandoc 1 , 241but it may have weird effects on complete 242.Xr roff 7 243implementations. 244.Sh SPECIAL CHARACTERS 245Special characters are encoded as 246.Sq \eX 247.Pq for a one-character escape , 248.Sq \e(XX 249.Pq two-character , 250and 251.Sq \e[N] 252.Pq N-character . 253For details, see the 254.Em Special Characters 255subsection of the 256.Xr roff 7 257manual. 258.Pp 259Spacing: 260.Bl -column "Input" "Description" -offset indent -compact 261.It Em Input Ta Em Description 262.It Sq \e\ \& Ta unpaddable non-breaking space 263.It \e\(ti Ta paddable non-breaking space 264.It \e0 Ta unpaddable, breaking digit-width space 265.It \e| Ta one-sixth \e(em narrow space, zero width in nroff mode 266.It \e^ Ta one-twelfth \e(em half-narrow space, zero width in nroff 267.It \e& Ta zero-width space 268.It \e% Ta zero-width space allowing hyphenation 269.El 270.Pp 271Lines: 272.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 273.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 274.It \e(ba Ta \(ba Ta bar 275.It \e(br Ta \(br Ta box rule 276.It \e(ul Ta \(ul Ta underscore 277.It \e(ru Ta \(ru Ta underscore (width 0.5m) 278.It \e(rn Ta \(rn Ta overline 279.It \e(bb Ta \(bb Ta broken bar 280.It \e(sl Ta \(sl Ta forward slash 281.It \e(rs Ta \(rs Ta backward slash 282.El 283.Pp 284Text markers: 285.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 286.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 287.It \e(ci Ta \(ci Ta circle 288.It \e(bu Ta \(bu Ta bullet 289.It \e(dd Ta \(dd Ta double dagger 290.It \e(dg Ta \(dg Ta dagger 291.It \e(lz Ta \(lz Ta lozenge 292.It \e(sq Ta \(sq Ta white square 293.It \e(ps Ta \(ps Ta paragraph 294.It \e(sc Ta \(sc Ta section 295.It \e(lh Ta \(lh Ta left hand 296.It \e(rh Ta \(rh Ta right hand 297.It \e(at Ta \(at Ta at 298.It \e(sh Ta \(sh Ta hash (pound) 299.It \e(CR Ta \(CR Ta carriage return 300.It \e(OK Ta \(OK Ta check mark 301.It \e(CL Ta \(CL Ta club suit 302.It \e(SP Ta \(SP Ta spade suit 303.It \e(HE Ta \(HE Ta heart suit 304.It \e(DI Ta \(DI Ta diamond suit 305.El 306.Pp 307Legal symbols: 308.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 309.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 310.It \e(co Ta \(co Ta copyright 311.It \e(rg Ta \(rg Ta registered 312.It \e(tm Ta \(tm Ta trademarked 313.El 314.Pp 315Punctuation: 316.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 317.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 318.It \e(em Ta \(em Ta em-dash 319.It \e(en Ta \(en Ta en-dash 320.It \e(hy Ta \(hy Ta hyphen 321.It \ee Ta \e Ta back-slash 322.It \e. Ta \. Ta period 323.It \e(r! Ta \(r! Ta upside-down exclamation 324.It \e(r? Ta \(r? Ta upside-down question 325.El 326.Pp 327Quotes: 328.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 329.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 330.It \e(Bq Ta \(Bq Ta right low double-quote 331.It \e(bq Ta \(bq Ta right low single-quote 332.It \e(lq Ta \(lq Ta left double-quote 333.It \e(rq Ta \(rq Ta right double-quote 334.It \e(oq Ta \(oq Ta left single-quote 335.It \e(cq Ta \(cq Ta right single-quote 336.It \e(aq Ta \(aq Ta apostrophe quote (text) 337.It \e(dq Ta \(dq Ta double quote (text) 338.It \e(Fo Ta \(Fo Ta left guillemet 339.It \e(Fc Ta \(Fc Ta right guillemet 340.It \e(fo Ta \(fo Ta left single guillemet 341.It \e(fc Ta \(fc Ta right single guillemet 342.El 343.Pp 344Brackets: 345.Bl -column "xxbracketrightbtx" Rendered Description -offset indent -compact 346.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 347.It \e(lB Ta \(lB Ta left bracket 348.It \e(rB Ta \(rB Ta right bracket 349.It \e(lC Ta \(lC Ta left brace 350.It \e(rC Ta \(rC Ta right brace 351.It \e(la Ta \(la Ta left angle 352.It \e(ra Ta \(ra Ta right angle 353.It \e(bv Ta \(bv Ta brace extension 354.It \e[braceex] Ta \[braceex] Ta brace extension 355.It \e[bracketlefttp] Ta \[bracketlefttp] Ta top-left hooked bracket 356.It \e[bracketleftbt] Ta \[bracketleftbt] Ta bottom-left hooked bracket 357.It \e[bracketleftex] Ta \[bracketleftex] Ta left hooked bracket extension 358.It \e[bracketrighttp] Ta \[bracketrighttp] Ta top-right hooked bracket 359.It \e[bracketrightbt] Ta \[bracketrightbt] Ta bottom-right hooked bracket 360.It \e[bracketrightex] Ta \[bracketrightex] Ta right hooked bracket extension 361.It \e(lt Ta \(lt Ta top-left hooked brace 362.It \e[bracelefttp] Ta \[bracelefttp] Ta top-left hooked brace 363.It \e(lk Ta \(lk Ta mid-left hooked brace 364.It \e[braceleftmid] Ta \[braceleftmid] Ta mid-left hooked brace 365.It \e(lb Ta \(lb Ta bottom-left hooked brace 366.It \e[braceleftbt] Ta \[braceleftbt] Ta bottom-left hooked brace 367.It \e[braceleftex] Ta \[braceleftex] Ta left hooked brace extension 368.It \e(rt Ta \(rt Ta top-left hooked brace 369.It \e[bracerighttp] Ta \[bracerighttp] Ta top-right hooked brace 370.It \e(rk Ta \(rk Ta mid-right hooked brace 371.It \e[bracerightmid] Ta \[bracerightmid] Ta mid-right hooked brace 372.It \e(rb Ta \(rb Ta bottom-right hooked brace 373.It \e[bracerightbt] Ta \[bracerightbt] Ta bottom-right hooked brace 374.It \e[bracerightex] Ta \[bracerightex] Ta right hooked brace extension 375.It \e[parenlefttp] Ta \[parenlefttp] Ta top-left hooked parenthesis 376.It \e[parenleftbt] Ta \[parenleftbt] Ta bottom-left hooked parenthesis 377.It \e[parenleftex] Ta \[parenleftex] Ta left hooked parenthesis extension 378.It \e[parenrighttp] Ta \[parenrighttp] Ta top-right hooked parenthesis 379.It \e[parenrightbt] Ta \[parenrightbt] Ta bottom-right hooked parenthesis 380.It \e[parenrightex] Ta \[parenrightex] Ta right hooked parenthesis extension 381.El 382.Pp 383Arrows: 384.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 385.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 386.It \e(<- Ta \(<- Ta left arrow 387.It \e(-> Ta \(-> Ta right arrow 388.It \e(<> Ta \(<> Ta left-right arrow 389.It \e(da Ta \(da Ta down arrow 390.It \e(ua Ta \(ua Ta up arrow 391.It \e(va Ta \(va Ta up-down arrow 392.It \e(lA Ta \(lA Ta left double-arrow 393.It \e(rA Ta \(rA Ta right double-arrow 394.It \e(hA Ta \(hA Ta left-right double-arrow 395.It \e(uA Ta \(uA Ta up double-arrow 396.It \e(dA Ta \(dA Ta down double-arrow 397.It \e(vA Ta \(vA Ta up-down double-arrow 398.It \e(an Ta \(an Ta horizontal arrow extension 399.El 400.Pp 401Logical: 402.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 403.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 404.It \e(AN Ta \(AN Ta logical and 405.It \e(OR Ta \(OR Ta logical or 406.It \e(no Ta \(no Ta logical not 407.It \e[tno] Ta \[tno] Ta logical not (text) 408.It \e(te Ta \(te Ta existential quantifier 409.It \e(fa Ta \(fa Ta universal quantifier 410.It \e(st Ta \(st Ta such that 411.It \e(tf Ta \(tf Ta therefore 412.It \e(3d Ta \(3d Ta therefore 413.It \e(or Ta \(or Ta bitwise or 414.El 415.Pp 416Mathematical: 417.Bl -column "xxcoproductxx" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 418.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 419.It \e(pl Ta \(pl Ta plus 420.It \e(mi Ta \(mi Ta minus 421.It \e- Ta \- Ta minus (text) 422.It \e(-+ Ta \(-+ Ta minus-plus 423.It \e(+- Ta \(+- Ta plus-minus 424.It \e[t+-] Ta \[t+-] Ta plus-minus (text) 425.It \e(pc Ta \(pc Ta center-dot 426.It \e(mu Ta \(mu Ta multiply 427.It \e[tmu] Ta \[tmu] Ta multiply (text) 428.It \e(c* Ta \(c* Ta circle-multiply 429.It \e(c+ Ta \(c+ Ta circle-plus 430.It \e(di Ta \(di Ta divide 431.It \e[tdi] Ta \[tdi] Ta divide (text) 432.It \e(f/ Ta \(f/ Ta fraction 433.It \e(** Ta \(** Ta asterisk 434.It \e(<= Ta \(<= Ta less-than-equal 435.It \e(>= Ta \(>= Ta greater-than-equal 436.It \e(<< Ta \(<< Ta much less 437.It \e(>> Ta \(>> Ta much greater 438.It \e(eq Ta \(eq Ta equal 439.It \e(!= Ta \(!= Ta not equal 440.It \e(== Ta \(== Ta equivalent 441.It \e(ne Ta \(ne Ta not equivalent 442.It \e(ap Ta \(ap Ta tilde operator 443.It \e(|= Ta \(|= Ta asymptotically equal 444.It \e(=\(ti Ta \(=~ Ta approximately equal 445.It \e(\(ti\(ti Ta \(~~ Ta almost equal 446.It \e(\(ti= Ta \(~= Ta almost equal 447.It \e(pt Ta \(pt Ta proportionate 448.It \e(es Ta \(es Ta empty set 449.It \e(mo Ta \(mo Ta element 450.It \e(nm Ta \(nm Ta not element 451.It \e(sb Ta \(sb Ta proper subset 452.It \e(nb Ta \(nb Ta not subset 453.It \e(sp Ta \(sp Ta proper superset 454.It \e(nc Ta \(nc Ta not superset 455.It \e(ib Ta \(ib Ta reflexive subset 456.It \e(ip Ta \(ip Ta reflexive superset 457.It \e(ca Ta \(ca Ta intersection 458.It \e(cu Ta \(cu Ta union 459.It \e(/_ Ta \(/_ Ta angle 460.It \e(pp Ta \(pp Ta perpendicular 461.It \e(is Ta \(is Ta integral 462.It \e[integral] Ta \[integral] Ta integral 463.It \e[sum] Ta \[sum] Ta summation 464.It \e[product] Ta \[product] Ta product 465.It \e[coproduct] Ta \[coproduct] Ta coproduct 466.It \e(gr Ta \(gr Ta gradient 467.It \e(sr Ta \(sr Ta square root 468.It \e[sqrt] Ta \[sqrt] Ta square root 469.It \e(lc Ta \(lc Ta left-ceiling 470.It \e(rc Ta \(rc Ta right-ceiling 471.It \e(lf Ta \(lf Ta left-floor 472.It \e(rf Ta \(rf Ta right-floor 473.It \e(if Ta \(if Ta infinity 474.It \e(Ah Ta \(Ah Ta aleph 475.It \e(Im Ta \(Im Ta imaginary 476.It \e(Re Ta \(Re Ta real 477.It \e(wp Ta \(wp Ta Weierstrass p 478.It \e(pd Ta \(pd Ta partial differential 479.It \e(-h Ta \(-h Ta Planck constant over 2\(*p 480.It \e[hbar] Ta \[hbar] Ta Planck constant over 2\(*p 481.It \e(12 Ta \(12 Ta one-half 482.It \e(14 Ta \(14 Ta one-fourth 483.It \e(34 Ta \(34 Ta three-fourths 484.It \e(18 Ta \(18 Ta one-eighth 485.It \e(38 Ta \(38 Ta three-eighths 486.It \e(58 Ta \(58 Ta five-eighths 487.It \e(78 Ta \(78 Ta seven-eighths 488.It \e(S1 Ta \(S1 Ta superscript 1 489.It \e(S2 Ta \(S2 Ta superscript 2 490.It \e(S3 Ta \(S3 Ta superscript 3 491.El 492.Pp 493Ligatures: 494.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 495.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 496.It \e(ff Ta \(ff Ta ff ligature 497.It \e(fi Ta \(fi Ta fi ligature 498.It \e(fl Ta \(fl Ta fl ligature 499.It \e(Fi Ta \(Fi Ta ffi ligature 500.It \e(Fl Ta \(Fl Ta ffl ligature 501.It \e(AE Ta \(AE Ta AE 502.It \e(ae Ta \(ae Ta ae 503.It \e(OE Ta \(OE Ta OE 504.It \e(oe Ta \(oe Ta oe 505.It \e(ss Ta \(ss Ta German eszett 506.It \e(IJ Ta \(IJ Ta IJ ligature 507.It \e(ij Ta \(ij Ta ij ligature 508.El 509.Pp 510Accents: 511.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 512.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 513.It \e(a" Ta \(a" Ta Hungarian umlaut 514.It \e(a- Ta \(a- Ta macron 515.It \e(a. Ta \(a. Ta dotted 516.It \e(a^ Ta \(a^ Ta circumflex 517.It \e(aa Ta \(aa Ta acute 518.It \e\(aq Ta \' Ta acute 519.It \e(ga Ta \(ga Ta grave 520.It \e\(ga Ta \` Ta grave 521.It \e(ab Ta \(ab Ta breve 522.It \e(ac Ta \(ac Ta cedilla 523.It \e(ad Ta \(ad Ta dieresis 524.It \e(ah Ta \(ah Ta caron 525.It \e(ao Ta \(ao Ta ring 526.It \e(a\(ti Ta \(a~ Ta tilde 527.It \e(ho Ta \(ho Ta ogonek 528.It \e(ha Ta \(ha Ta hat (text) 529.It \e(ti Ta \(ti Ta tilde (text) 530.El 531.Pp 532Accented letters: 533.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 534.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 535.It \e(\(aqA Ta \('A Ta acute A 536.It \e(\(aqE Ta \('E Ta acute E 537.It \e(\(aqI Ta \('I Ta acute I 538.It \e(\(aqO Ta \('O Ta acute O 539.It \e(\(aqU Ta \('U Ta acute U 540.It \e(\(aqa Ta \('a Ta acute a 541.It \e(\(aqe Ta \('e Ta acute e 542.It \e(\(aqi Ta \('i Ta acute i 543.It \e(\(aqo Ta \('o Ta acute o 544.It \e(\(aqu Ta \('u Ta acute u 545.It \e(\(gaA Ta \(`A Ta grave A 546.It \e(\(gaE Ta \(`E Ta grave E 547.It \e(\(gaI Ta \(`I Ta grave I 548.It \e(\(gaO Ta \(`O Ta grave O 549.It \e(\(gaU Ta \(`U Ta grave U 550.It \e(\(gaa Ta \(`a Ta grave a 551.It \e(\(gae Ta \(`e Ta grave e 552.It \e(\(gai Ta \(`i Ta grave i 553.It \e(\(gao Ta \(`i Ta grave o 554.It \e(\(gau Ta \(`u Ta grave u 555.It \e(\(tiA Ta \(~A Ta tilde A 556.It \e(\(tiN Ta \(~N Ta tilde N 557.It \e(\(tiO Ta \(~O Ta tilde O 558.It \e(\(tia Ta \(~a Ta tilde a 559.It \e(\(tin Ta \(~n Ta tilde n 560.It \e(\(tio Ta \(~o Ta tilde o 561.It \e(:A Ta \(:A Ta dieresis A 562.It \e(:E Ta \(:E Ta dieresis E 563.It \e(:I Ta \(:I Ta dieresis I 564.It \e(:O Ta \(:O Ta dieresis O 565.It \e(:U Ta \(:U Ta dieresis U 566.It \e(:a Ta \(:a Ta dieresis a 567.It \e(:e Ta \(:e Ta dieresis e 568.It \e(:i Ta \(:i Ta dieresis i 569.It \e(:o Ta \(:o Ta dieresis o 570.It \e(:u Ta \(:u Ta dieresis u 571.It \e(:y Ta \(:y Ta dieresis y 572.It \e(^A Ta \(^A Ta circumflex A 573.It \e(^E Ta \(^E Ta circumflex E 574.It \e(^I Ta \(^I Ta circumflex I 575.It \e(^O Ta \(^O Ta circumflex O 576.It \e(^U Ta \(^U Ta circumflex U 577.It \e(^a Ta \(^a Ta circumflex a 578.It \e(^e Ta \(^e Ta circumflex e 579.It \e(^i Ta \(^i Ta circumflex i 580.It \e(^o Ta \(^o Ta circumflex o 581.It \e(^u Ta \(^u Ta circumflex u 582.It \e(,C Ta \(,C Ta cedilla C 583.It \e(,c Ta \(,c Ta cedilla c 584.It \e(/L Ta \(/L Ta stroke L 585.It \e(/l Ta \(/l Ta stroke l 586.It \e(/O Ta \(/O Ta stroke O 587.It \e(/o Ta \(/o Ta stroke o 588.It \e(oA Ta \(oA Ta ring A 589.It \e(oa Ta \(oa Ta ring a 590.El 591.Pp 592Special letters: 593.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 594.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 595.It \e(-D Ta \(-D Ta Eth 596.It \e(Sd Ta \(Sd Ta eth 597.It \e(TP Ta \(TP Ta Thorn 598.It \e(Tp Ta \(Tp Ta thorn 599.It \e(.i Ta \(.i Ta dotless i 600.It \e(.j Ta \(.j Ta dotless j 601.El 602.Pp 603Currency: 604.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 605.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 606.It \e(Do Ta \(Do Ta dollar 607.It \e(ct Ta \(ct Ta cent 608.It \e(Eu Ta \(Eu Ta Euro symbol 609.It \e(eu Ta \(eu Ta Euro symbol 610.It \e(Ye Ta \(Ye Ta yen 611.It \e(Po Ta \(Po Ta pound 612.It \e(Cs Ta \(Cs Ta Scandinavian 613.It \e(Fn Ta \(Fn Ta florin 614.El 615.Pp 616Units: 617.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 618.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 619.It \e(de Ta \(de Ta degree 620.It \e(%0 Ta \(%0 Ta per-thousand 621.It \e(fm Ta \(fm Ta minute 622.It \e(sd Ta \(sd Ta second 623.It \e(mc Ta \(mc Ta micro 624.It \e(Of Ta \(Of Ta Spanish female ordinal 625.It \e(Om Ta \(Om Ta Spanish masculine ordinal 626.El 627.Pp 628Greek letters: 629.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 630.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 631.It \e(*A Ta \(*A Ta Alpha 632.It \e(*B Ta \(*B Ta Beta 633.It \e(*G Ta \(*G Ta Gamma 634.It \e(*D Ta \(*D Ta Delta 635.It \e(*E Ta \(*E Ta Epsilon 636.It \e(*Z Ta \(*Z Ta Zeta 637.It \e(*Y Ta \(*Y Ta Eta 638.It \e(*H Ta \(*H Ta Theta 639.It \e(*I Ta \(*I Ta Iota 640.It \e(*K Ta \(*K Ta Kappa 641.It \e(*L Ta \(*L Ta Lambda 642.It \e(*M Ta \(*M Ta Mu 643.It \e(*N Ta \(*N Ta Nu 644.It \e(*C Ta \(*C Ta Xi 645.It \e(*O Ta \(*O Ta Omicron 646.It \e(*P Ta \(*P Ta Pi 647.It \e(*R Ta \(*R Ta Rho 648.It \e(*S Ta \(*S Ta Sigma 649.It \e(*T Ta \(*T Ta Tau 650.It \e(*U Ta \(*U Ta Upsilon 651.It \e(*F Ta \(*F Ta Phi 652.It \e(*X Ta \(*X Ta Chi 653.It \e(*Q Ta \(*Q Ta Psi 654.It \e(*W Ta \(*W Ta Omega 655.It \e(*a Ta \(*a Ta alpha 656.It \e(*b Ta \(*b Ta beta 657.It \e(*g Ta \(*g Ta gamma 658.It \e(*d Ta \(*d Ta delta 659.It \e(*e Ta \(*e Ta epsilon 660.It \e(*z Ta \(*z Ta zeta 661.It \e(*y Ta \(*y Ta eta 662.It \e(*h Ta \(*h Ta theta 663.It \e(*i Ta \(*i Ta iota 664.It \e(*k Ta \(*k Ta kappa 665.It \e(*l Ta \(*l Ta lambda 666.It \e(*m Ta \(*m Ta mu 667.It \e(*n Ta \(*n Ta nu 668.It \e(*c Ta \(*c Ta xi 669.It \e(*o Ta \(*o Ta omicron 670.It \e(*p Ta \(*p Ta pi 671.It \e(*r Ta \(*r Ta rho 672.It \e(*s Ta \(*s Ta sigma 673.It \e(*t Ta \(*t Ta tau 674.It \e(*u Ta \(*u Ta upsilon 675.It \e(*f Ta \(*f Ta phi 676.It \e(*x Ta \(*x Ta chi 677.It \e(*q Ta \(*q Ta psi 678.It \e(*w Ta \(*w Ta omega 679.It \e(+h Ta \(+h Ta theta variant 680.It \e(+f Ta \(+f Ta phi variant 681.It \e(+p Ta \(+p Ta pi variant 682.It \e(+e Ta \(+e Ta epsilon variant 683.It \e(ts Ta \(ts Ta sigma terminal 684.El 685.Sh PREDEFINED STRINGS 686Predefined strings are inherited from the macro packages of historical 687troff implementations. 688They are 689.Em not recommended 690for use, as they differ across implementations. 691Manuals using these predefined strings are almost certainly not 692portable. 693.Pp 694Their syntax is similar to special characters, using 695.Sq \e*X 696.Pq for a one-character escape , 697.Sq \e*(XX 698.Pq two-character , 699and 700.Sq \e*[N] 701.Pq N-character . 702For details, see the 703.Em Predefined Strings 704subsection of the 705.Xr roff 7 706manual. 707.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent 708.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 709.It \e*(Ba Ta \*(Ba Ta vertical bar 710.It \e*(Ne Ta \*(Ne Ta not equal 711.It \e*(Ge Ta \*(Ge Ta greater-than-equal 712.It \e*(Le Ta \*(Le Ta less-than-equal 713.It \e*(Gt Ta \*(Gt Ta greater-than 714.It \e*(Lt Ta \*(Lt Ta less-than 715.It \e*(Pm Ta \*(Pm Ta plus-minus 716.It \e*(If Ta \*(If Ta infinity 717.It \e*(Pi Ta \*(Pi Ta pi 718.It \e*(Na Ta \*(Na Ta NaN 719.It \e*(Am Ta \*(Am Ta ampersand 720.It \e*R Ta \*R Ta restricted mark 721.It \e*(Tm Ta \*(Tm Ta trade mark 722.It \e*q Ta \*q Ta double-quote 723.It \e*(Rq Ta \*(Rq Ta right-double-quote 724.It \e*(Lq Ta \*(Lq Ta left-double-quote 725.It \e*(lp Ta \*(lp Ta right-parenthesis 726.It \e*(rp Ta \*(rp Ta left-parenthesis 727.It \e*(lq Ta \*(lq Ta left double-quote 728.It \e*(rq Ta \*(rq Ta right double-quote 729.It \e*(ua Ta \*(ua Ta up arrow 730.It \e*(va Ta \*(va Ta up-down arrow 731.It \e*(<= Ta \*(<= Ta less-than-equal 732.It \e*(>= Ta \*(>= Ta greater-than-equal 733.It \e*(aa Ta \*(aa Ta acute 734.It \e*(ga Ta \*(ga Ta grave 735.It \e*(Px Ta \*(Px Ta POSIX standard name 736.It \e*(Ai Ta \*(Ai Ta ANSI standard name 737.El 738.Sh UNICODE CHARACTERS 739The escape sequences 740.Pp 741.Dl \e[uXXXX] and \eC\(aquXXXX\(aq 742.Pp 743are interpreted as Unicode codepoints. 744The codepoint must be in the range above U+0080 and less than U+10FFFF. 745For compatibility, the hexadecimal digits 746.Sq A 747to 748.Sq F 749must be given as uppercase characters, 750and points must be zero-padded to four characters; if 751greater than four characters, no zero padding is allowed. 752Unicode surrogates are not allowed. 753.Sh NUMBERED CHARACTERS 754For backward compatibility with existing manuals, 755.Xr mandoc 1 756also supports the 757.Pp 758.Dl \eN\(aq Ns Ar number Ns \(aq 759.Pp 760escape sequence, inserting the character 761.Ar number 762from the current character set into the output. 763Of course, this is inherently non-portable and is already marked 764as deprecated in the Heirloom roff manual. 765For example, do not use \eN\(aq34\(aq, use \e(dq, or even the plain 766.Sq \(dq 767character where possible. 768.Sh COMPATIBILITY 769This section documents compatibility between mandoc and other 770troff implementations, at this time limited to GNU troff 771.Pq Qq groff . 772.Pp 773.Bl -dash -compact 774.It 775The \eN\(aq\(aq escape sequence is limited to printable characters; in 776groff, it accepts arbitrary character numbers. 777.It 778In 779.Fl T Ns Cm ascii , 780the 781\e(ss, \e(nm, \e(nb, \e(nc, \e(ib, \e(ip, \e(pp, \e[sum], \e[product], 782\e[coproduct], \e(gr, \e(-h, and \e(a. special characters render 783differently between mandoc and groff. 784.It 785In 786.Fl T Ns Cm html , 787the \e(\(ti=, \e(nb, and \e(nc special characters render differently 788between mandoc and groff. 789.It 790The 791.Fl T Ns Cm ps 792and 793.Fl T Ns Cm pdf 794modes format like 795.Fl T Ns Cm ascii 796instead of rendering glyphs as in groff. 797.It 798The \e[radicalex], \e[sqrtex], and \e(ru special characters have been omitted 799from mandoc either because they are poorly documented or they have no 800known representation. 801.El 802.Sh SEE ALSO 803.Xr mandoc 1 , 804.Xr man 7 , 805.Xr mdoc 7 , 806.Xr roff 7 807.Sh AUTHORS 808The 809.Nm 810manual page was written by 811.An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq Mt kristaps@bsd.lv . 812.Sh CAVEATS 813The predefined string 814.Sq \e*(Ba 815mimics the behaviour of the 816.Sq \&| 817character in 818.Xr mdoc 7 ; 819thus, if you wish to render a vertical bar with no side effects, use 820the 821.Sq \e(ba 822escape. 823