1.\" $OpenBSD: mandoc_char.7,v 1.30 2017/05/17 23:39:15 schwarze Exp $ 2.\" 3.\" Copyright (c) 2003 Jason McIntyre <jmc@openbsd.org> 4.\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010, 2011 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv> 5.\" Copyright (c) 2011, 2013, 2015 Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org> 6.\" 7.\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any 8.\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above 9.\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies. 10.\" 11.\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES 12.\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF 13.\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR 14.\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES 15.\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN 16.\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF 17.\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. 18.\" 19.Dd $Mdocdate: May 17 2017 $ 20.Dt MANDOC_CHAR 7 21.Os 22.Sh NAME 23.Nm mandoc_char 24.Nd mandoc special characters 25.Sh DESCRIPTION 26This page documents the 27.Xr roff 7 28escape sequences accepted by 29.Xr mandoc 1 30to represent special characters in 31.Xr mdoc 7 32and 33.Xr man 7 34documents. 35.Pp 36The rendering depends on the 37.Xr mandoc 1 38output mode; in ASCII output, most characters are completely 39unintelligible. 40For that reason, using any of the special characters documented here, 41except those discussed in the 42.Sx DESCRIPTION , 43is strongly discouraged; they are supported merely for backwards 44compatibility with existing documents. 45.Pp 46In particular, in English manual pages, do not use special-character 47escape sequences to represent national language characters in author 48names; instead, provide ASCII transcriptions of the names. 49.Ss Dashes and Hyphens 50In typography there are different types of dashes of various width: 51the hyphen (-), 52the minus sign (\(mi), 53the en-dash (\(en), 54and the em-dash (\(em). 55.Pp 56Hyphens are used for adjectives; 57to separate the two parts of a compound word; 58or to separate a word across two successive lines of text. 59The hyphen does not need to be escaped: 60.Bd -unfilled -offset indent 61blue-eyed 62lorry-driver 63.Ed 64.Pp 65If a word on a text input line contains a hyphen, a formatter may decide 66to insert an output line break after the hyphen if that helps filling 67the current output line, but the whole word would overflow the line. 68If it is important that the word is not broken across lines in this 69way, a zero-width space 70.Pq Sq \e& 71can be inserted before or after the hyphen. 72While 73.Xr mandoc 1 74never breaks the output line after hyphens adjacent to a zero-width 75space, after any of the other dash- or hyphen-like characters 76represented by escape sequences, or after hyphens inside words in 77macro arguments, other software may not respect these rules and may 78break the line even in such cases. 79.Pp 80Some 81.Xr roff 7 82implementations contains dictionaries allowing to break the line 83at syllable boundaries even inside words that contain no hyphens. 84Such automatic hyphenation is not supported by 85.Xr mandoc 1 , 86which only breaks the line at whitespace, and inside words only 87after existing hyphens. 88.Pp 89The mathematical minus sign is used for negative numbers or subtraction. 90It should be written as 91.Sq \e(mi : 92.Bd -unfilled -offset indent 93a = 3 \e(mi 1; 94b = \e(mi2; 95.Ed 96.Pp 97The en-dash is used to separate the two elements of a range, 98or can be used the same way as an em-dash. 99It should be written as 100.Sq \e(en : 101.Bd -unfilled -offset indent 102pp. 95\e(en97. 103Go away \e(en or else! 104.Ed 105.Pp 106The em-dash can be used to show an interruption 107or can be used the same way as colons, semi-colons, or parentheses. 108It should be written as 109.Sq \e(em : 110.Bd -unfilled -offset indent 111Three things \e(em apples, oranges, and bananas. 112This is not that \e(em rather, this is that. 113.Ed 114.Pp 115Note: 116hyphens, minus signs, and en-dashes look identical under normal ASCII output. 117Other formats, such as PostScript, render them correctly, 118with differing widths. 119.Ss Spaces 120To separate words in normal text, for indenting and alignment 121in literal context, and when none of the following special cases apply, 122just use the normal space character 123.Pq Sq \ . 124.Pp 125When filling text, output lines may be broken between words, i.e. at space 126characters. 127To prevent a line break between two particular words, 128use the unpaddable non-breaking space escape sequence 129.Pq Sq \e\ \& 130instead of the normal space character. 131For example, the input string 132.Dq number\e\ 1 133will be kept together as 134.Dq number\ 1 135on the same output line. 136.Pp 137On request and macro lines, the normal space character serves as an 138argument delimiter. 139To include whitespace into arguments, quoting is usually the best choice; 140see the MACRO SYNTAX section in 141.Xr roff 7 . 142In some cases, using the non-breaking space escape sequence 143.Pq Sq \e\ \& 144may be preferable. 145.Pp 146To escape macro names and to protect whitespace at the end 147of input lines, the zero-width space 148.Pq Sq \e& 149is often useful. 150For example, in 151.Xr mdoc 7 , 152a normal space character can be displayed in single quotes in either 153of the following ways: 154.Pp 155.Dl .Sq \(dq \(dq 156.Dl .Sq \e \e& 157.Ss Quotes 158On request and macro lines, the double-quote character 159.Pq Sq \(dq 160is handled specially to allow quoting. 161One way to prevent this special handling is by using the 162.Sq \e(dq 163escape sequence. 164.Pp 165Note that on text lines, literal double-quote characters can be used 166verbatim. 167All other quote-like characters can be used verbatim as well, 168even on request and macro lines. 169.Ss Accents 170In output modes supporting such special output characters, for example 171.Fl T Cm pdf , 172and sometimes less consistently in 173.Fl T Cm utf8 , 174some 175.Xr roff 7 176formatters convert the following ASCII input characters to the 177following Unicode special output characters: 178.Bl -column x(ga U+2018 -offset indent 179.It \(ga Ta U+2018 Ta left single quotation mark 180.It \(aq Ta U+2019 Ta right single quotation mark 181.It \(ti Ta U+02DC Ta small tilde 182.It \(ha Ta U+02C6 Ta modifier letter circumflex 183.El 184.Pp 185In prose, this automatic substitution is often desirable; 186but when these characters have to be displayed as plain ASCII 187characters, for example in source code samples, they require 188escaping to render as follows: 189.Bl -column x(ga U+2018 -offset indent 190.It \e(ga Ta U+0060 Ta grave accent 191.It \e(aq Ta U+0027 Ta apostrophe 192.It \e(ti Ta U+007E Ta tilde 193.It \e(ha Ta U+005E Ta circumflex accent 194.El 195.Ss Periods 196The period 197.Pq Sq \&. 198is handled specially at the beginning of an input line, 199where it introduces a 200.Xr roff 7 201request or a macro, and when appearing alone as a macro argument in 202.Xr mdoc 7 . 203In such situations, prepend a zero-width space 204.Pq Sq \e&. 205to make it behave like normal text. 206.Pp 207Do not use the 208.Sq \e. 209escape sequence. 210It does not prevent special handling of the period. 211.Ss Backslashes 212To include a literal backslash 213.Pq Sq \e 214into the output, use the 215.Pq Sq \ee 216escape sequence. 217.Pp 218Note that doubling it 219.Pq Sq \e\e 220is not the right way to output a backslash. 221Because 222.Xr mandoc 1 223does not implement full 224.Xr roff 7 225functionality, it may work with 226.Xr mandoc 1 , 227but it may have weird effects on complete 228.Xr roff 7 229implementations. 230.Sh SPECIAL CHARACTERS 231Special characters are encoded as 232.Sq \eX 233.Pq for a one-character escape , 234.Sq \e(XX 235.Pq two-character , 236and 237.Sq \e[N] 238.Pq N-character . 239For details, see the 240.Em Special Characters 241subsection of the 242.Xr roff 7 243manual. 244.Pp 245Spacing: 246.Bl -column "Input" "Description" -offset indent -compact 247.It Em Input Ta Em Description 248.It Sq \e\ \& Ta unpaddable non-breaking space 249.It \e\(ti Ta paddable non-breaking space 250.It \e0 Ta unpaddable, breaking digit-width space 251.It \e| Ta one-sixth \e(em narrow space, zero width in nroff mode 252.It \e^ Ta one-twelfth \e(em half-narrow space, zero width in nroff 253.It \e& Ta zero-width space 254.It \e% Ta zero-width space allowing hyphenation 255.El 256.Pp 257Lines: 258.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 259.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 260.It \e(ba Ta \(ba Ta bar 261.It \e(br Ta \(br Ta box rule 262.It \e(ul Ta \(ul Ta underscore 263.It \e(rn Ta \(rn Ta overline 264.It \e(bb Ta \(bb Ta broken bar 265.It \e(sl Ta \(sl Ta forward slash 266.It \e(rs Ta \(rs Ta backward slash 267.El 268.Pp 269Text markers: 270.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 271.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 272.It \e(ci Ta \(ci Ta circle 273.It \e(bu Ta \(bu Ta bullet 274.It \e(dd Ta \(dd Ta double dagger 275.It \e(dg Ta \(dg Ta dagger 276.It \e(lz Ta \(lz Ta lozenge 277.It \e(sq Ta \(sq Ta white square 278.It \e(ps Ta \(ps Ta paragraph 279.It \e(sc Ta \(sc Ta section 280.It \e(lh Ta \(lh Ta left hand 281.It \e(rh Ta \(rh Ta right hand 282.It \e(at Ta \(at Ta at 283.It \e(sh Ta \(sh Ta hash (pound) 284.It \e(CR Ta \(CR Ta carriage return 285.It \e(OK Ta \(OK Ta check mark 286.El 287.Pp 288Legal symbols: 289.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 290.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 291.It \e(co Ta \(co Ta copyright 292.It \e(rg Ta \(rg Ta registered 293.It \e(tm Ta \(tm Ta trademarked 294.El 295.Pp 296Punctuation: 297.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 298.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 299.It \e(em Ta \(em Ta em-dash 300.It \e(en Ta \(en Ta en-dash 301.It \e(hy Ta \(hy Ta hyphen 302.It \ee Ta \e Ta back-slash 303.It \e. Ta \. Ta period 304.It \e(r! Ta \(r! Ta upside-down exclamation 305.It \e(r? Ta \(r? Ta upside-down question 306.El 307.Pp 308Quotes: 309.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 310.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 311.It \e(Bq Ta \(Bq Ta right low double-quote 312.It \e(bq Ta \(bq Ta right low single-quote 313.It \e(lq Ta \(lq Ta left double-quote 314.It \e(rq Ta \(rq Ta right double-quote 315.It \e(oq Ta \(oq Ta left single-quote 316.It \e(cq Ta \(cq Ta right single-quote 317.It \e(aq Ta \(aq Ta apostrophe quote (text) 318.It \e(dq Ta \(dq Ta double quote (text) 319.It \e(Fo Ta \(Fo Ta left guillemet 320.It \e(Fc Ta \(Fc Ta right guillemet 321.It \e(fo Ta \(fo Ta left single guillemet 322.It \e(fc Ta \(fc Ta right single guillemet 323.El 324.Pp 325Brackets: 326.Bl -column "xxbracketrightbtx" Rendered Description -offset indent -compact 327.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 328.It \e(lB Ta \(lB Ta left bracket 329.It \e(rB Ta \(rB Ta right bracket 330.It \e(lC Ta \(lC Ta left brace 331.It \e(rC Ta \(rC Ta right brace 332.It \e(la Ta \(la Ta left angle 333.It \e(ra Ta \(ra Ta right angle 334.It \e(bv Ta \(bv Ta brace extension 335.It \e[braceex] Ta \[braceex] Ta brace extension 336.It \e[bracketlefttp] Ta \[bracketlefttp] Ta top-left hooked bracket 337.It \e[bracketleftbt] Ta \[bracketleftbt] Ta bottom-left hooked bracket 338.It \e[bracketleftex] Ta \[bracketleftex] Ta left hooked bracket extension 339.It \e[bracketrighttp] Ta \[bracketrighttp] Ta top-right hooked bracket 340.It \e[bracketrightbt] Ta \[bracketrightbt] Ta bottom-right hooked bracket 341.It \e[bracketrightex] Ta \[bracketrightex] Ta right hooked bracket extension 342.It \e(lt Ta \(lt Ta top-left hooked brace 343.It \e[bracelefttp] Ta \[bracelefttp] Ta top-left hooked brace 344.It \e(lk Ta \(lk Ta mid-left hooked brace 345.It \e[braceleftmid] Ta \[braceleftmid] Ta mid-left hooked brace 346.It \e(lb Ta \(lb Ta bottom-left hooked brace 347.It \e[braceleftbt] Ta \[braceleftbt] Ta bottom-left hooked brace 348.It \e[braceleftex] Ta \[braceleftex] Ta left hooked brace extension 349.It \e(rt Ta \(rt Ta top-left hooked brace 350.It \e[bracerighttp] Ta \[bracerighttp] Ta top-right hooked brace 351.It \e(rk Ta \(rk Ta mid-right hooked brace 352.It \e[bracerightmid] Ta \[bracerightmid] Ta mid-right hooked brace 353.It \e(rb Ta \(rb Ta bottom-right hooked brace 354.It \e[bracerightbt] Ta \[bracerightbt] Ta bottom-right hooked brace 355.It \e[bracerightex] Ta \[bracerightex] Ta right hooked brace extension 356.It \e[parenlefttp] Ta \[parenlefttp] Ta top-left hooked parenthesis 357.It \e[parenleftbt] Ta \[parenleftbt] Ta bottom-left hooked parenthesis 358.It \e[parenleftex] Ta \[parenleftex] Ta left hooked parenthesis extension 359.It \e[parenrighttp] Ta \[parenrighttp] Ta top-right hooked parenthesis 360.It \e[parenrightbt] Ta \[parenrightbt] Ta bottom-right hooked parenthesis 361.It \e[parenrightex] Ta \[parenrightex] Ta right hooked parenthesis extension 362.El 363.Pp 364Arrows: 365.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 366.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 367.It \e(<- Ta \(<- Ta left arrow 368.It \e(-> Ta \(-> Ta right arrow 369.It \e(<> Ta \(<> Ta left-right arrow 370.It \e(da Ta \(da Ta down arrow 371.It \e(ua Ta \(ua Ta up arrow 372.It \e(va Ta \(va Ta up-down arrow 373.It \e(lA Ta \(lA Ta left double-arrow 374.It \e(rA Ta \(rA Ta right double-arrow 375.It \e(hA Ta \(hA Ta left-right double-arrow 376.It \e(uA Ta \(uA Ta up double-arrow 377.It \e(dA Ta \(dA Ta down double-arrow 378.It \e(vA Ta \(vA Ta up-down double-arrow 379.El 380.Pp 381Logical: 382.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 383.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 384.It \e(AN Ta \(AN Ta logical and 385.It \e(OR Ta \(OR Ta logical or 386.It \e(no Ta \(no Ta logical not 387.It \e[tno] Ta \[tno] Ta logical not (text) 388.It \e(te Ta \(te Ta existential quantifier 389.It \e(fa Ta \(fa Ta universal quantifier 390.It \e(st Ta \(st Ta such that 391.It \e(tf Ta \(tf Ta therefore 392.It \e(3d Ta \(3d Ta therefore 393.It \e(or Ta \(or Ta bitwise or 394.El 395.Pp 396Mathematical: 397.Bl -column "xxcoproductxx" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 398.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 399.It \e(pl Ta \(pl Ta plus 400.It \e(mi Ta \(mi Ta minus 401.It \e- Ta \- Ta minus (text) 402.It \e(-+ Ta \(-+ Ta minus-plus 403.It \e(+- Ta \(+- Ta plus-minus 404.It \e[t+-] Ta \[t+-] Ta plus-minus (text) 405.It \e(pc Ta \(pc Ta center-dot 406.It \e(mu Ta \(mu Ta multiply 407.It \e[tmu] Ta \[tmu] Ta multiply (text) 408.It \e(c* Ta \(c* Ta circle-multiply 409.It \e(c+ Ta \(c+ Ta circle-plus 410.It \e(di Ta \(di Ta divide 411.It \e[tdi] Ta \[tdi] Ta divide (text) 412.It \e(f/ Ta \(f/ Ta fraction 413.It \e(** Ta \(** Ta asterisk 414.It \e(<= Ta \(<= Ta less-than-equal 415.It \e(>= Ta \(>= Ta greater-than-equal 416.It \e(<< Ta \(<< Ta much less 417.It \e(>> Ta \(>> Ta much greater 418.It \e(eq Ta \(eq Ta equal 419.It \e(!= Ta \(!= Ta not equal 420.It \e(== Ta \(== Ta equivalent 421.It \e(ne Ta \(ne Ta not equivalent 422.It \e(ap Ta \(ap Ta tilde operator 423.It \e(|= Ta \(|= Ta asymptotically equal 424.It \e(=\(ti Ta \(=~ Ta approximately equal 425.It \e(\(ti\(ti Ta \(~~ Ta almost equal 426.It \e(\(ti= Ta \(~= Ta almost equal 427.It \e(pt Ta \(pt Ta proportionate 428.It \e(es Ta \(es Ta empty set 429.It \e(mo Ta \(mo Ta element 430.It \e(nm Ta \(nm Ta not element 431.It \e(sb Ta \(sb Ta proper subset 432.It \e(nb Ta \(nb Ta not subset 433.It \e(sp Ta \(sp Ta proper superset 434.It \e(nc Ta \(nc Ta not superset 435.It \e(ib Ta \(ib Ta reflexive subset 436.It \e(ip Ta \(ip Ta reflexive superset 437.It \e(ca Ta \(ca Ta intersection 438.It \e(cu Ta \(cu Ta union 439.It \e(/_ Ta \(/_ Ta angle 440.It \e(pp Ta \(pp Ta perpendicular 441.It \e(is Ta \(is Ta integral 442.It \e[integral] Ta \[integral] Ta integral 443.It \e[sum] Ta \[sum] Ta summation 444.It \e[product] Ta \[product] Ta product 445.It \e[coproduct] Ta \[coproduct] Ta coproduct 446.It \e(gr Ta \(gr Ta gradient 447.It \e(sr Ta \(sr Ta square root 448.It \e[sqrt] Ta \[sqrt] Ta square root 449.It \e(lc Ta \(lc Ta left-ceiling 450.It \e(rc Ta \(rc Ta right-ceiling 451.It \e(lf Ta \(lf Ta left-floor 452.It \e(rf Ta \(rf Ta right-floor 453.It \e(if Ta \(if Ta infinity 454.It \e(Ah Ta \(Ah Ta aleph 455.It \e(Im Ta \(Im Ta imaginary 456.It \e(Re Ta \(Re Ta real 457.It \e(pd Ta \(pd Ta partial differential 458.It \e(-h Ta \(-h Ta Planck constant over 2\(*p 459.It \e[12] Ta \[12] Ta one-half 460.It \e[14] Ta \[14] Ta one-fourth 461.It \e[34] Ta \[34] Ta three-fourths 462.El 463.Pp 464Ligatures: 465.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 466.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 467.It \e(ff Ta \(ff Ta ff ligature 468.It \e(fi Ta \(fi Ta fi ligature 469.It \e(fl Ta \(fl Ta fl ligature 470.It \e(Fi Ta \(Fi Ta ffi ligature 471.It \e(Fl Ta \(Fl Ta ffl ligature 472.It \e(AE Ta \(AE Ta AE 473.It \e(ae Ta \(ae Ta ae 474.It \e(OE Ta \(OE Ta OE 475.It \e(oe Ta \(oe Ta oe 476.It \e(ss Ta \(ss Ta German eszett 477.It \e(IJ Ta \(IJ Ta IJ ligature 478.It \e(ij Ta \(ij Ta ij ligature 479.El 480.Pp 481Accents: 482.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 483.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 484.It \e(a" Ta \(a" Ta Hungarian umlaut 485.It \e(a- Ta \(a- Ta macron 486.It \e(a. Ta \(a. Ta dotted 487.It \e(a^ Ta \(a^ Ta circumflex 488.It \e(aa Ta \(aa Ta acute 489.It \e\(aq Ta \' Ta acute 490.It \e(ga Ta \(ga Ta grave 491.It \e\(ga Ta \` Ta grave 492.It \e(ab Ta \(ab Ta breve 493.It \e(ac Ta \(ac Ta cedilla 494.It \e(ad Ta \(ad Ta dieresis 495.It \e(ah Ta \(ah Ta caron 496.It \e(ao Ta \(ao Ta ring 497.It \e(a\(ti Ta \(a~ Ta tilde 498.It \e(ho Ta \(ho Ta ogonek 499.It \e(ha Ta \(ha Ta hat (text) 500.It \e(ti Ta \(ti Ta tilde (text) 501.El 502.Pp 503Accented letters: 504.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 505.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 506.It \e(\(aqA Ta \('A Ta acute A 507.It \e(\(aqE Ta \('E Ta acute E 508.It \e(\(aqI Ta \('I Ta acute I 509.It \e(\(aqO Ta \('O Ta acute O 510.It \e(\(aqU Ta \('U Ta acute U 511.It \e(\(aqa Ta \('a Ta acute a 512.It \e(\(aqe Ta \('e Ta acute e 513.It \e(\(aqi Ta \('i Ta acute i 514.It \e(\(aqo Ta \('o Ta acute o 515.It \e(\(aqu Ta \('u Ta acute u 516.It \e(\(gaA Ta \(`A Ta grave A 517.It \e(\(gaE Ta \(`E Ta grave E 518.It \e(\(gaI Ta \(`I Ta grave I 519.It \e(\(gaO Ta \(`O Ta grave O 520.It \e(\(gaU Ta \(`U Ta grave U 521.It \e(\(gaa Ta \(`a Ta grave a 522.It \e(\(gae Ta \(`e Ta grave e 523.It \e(\(gai Ta \(`i Ta grave i 524.It \e(\(gao Ta \(`i Ta grave o 525.It \e(\(gau Ta \(`u Ta grave u 526.It \e(\(tiA Ta \(~A Ta tilde A 527.It \e(\(tiN Ta \(~N Ta tilde N 528.It \e(\(tiO Ta \(~O Ta tilde O 529.It \e(\(tia Ta \(~a Ta tilde a 530.It \e(\(tin Ta \(~n Ta tilde n 531.It \e(\(tio Ta \(~o Ta tilde o 532.It \e(:A Ta \(:A Ta dieresis A 533.It \e(:E Ta \(:E Ta dieresis E 534.It \e(:I Ta \(:I Ta dieresis I 535.It \e(:O Ta \(:O Ta dieresis O 536.It \e(:U Ta \(:U Ta dieresis U 537.It \e(:a Ta \(:a Ta dieresis a 538.It \e(:e Ta \(:e Ta dieresis e 539.It \e(:i Ta \(:i Ta dieresis i 540.It \e(:o Ta \(:o Ta dieresis o 541.It \e(:u Ta \(:u Ta dieresis u 542.It \e(:y Ta \(:y Ta dieresis y 543.It \e(^A Ta \(^A Ta circumflex A 544.It \e(^E Ta \(^E Ta circumflex E 545.It \e(^I Ta \(^I Ta circumflex I 546.It \e(^O Ta \(^O Ta circumflex O 547.It \e(^U Ta \(^U Ta circumflex U 548.It \e(^a Ta \(^a Ta circumflex a 549.It \e(^e Ta \(^e Ta circumflex e 550.It \e(^i Ta \(^i Ta circumflex i 551.It \e(^o Ta \(^o Ta circumflex o 552.It \e(^u Ta \(^u Ta circumflex u 553.It \e(,C Ta \(,C Ta cedilla C 554.It \e(,c Ta \(,c Ta cedilla c 555.It \e(/L Ta \(/L Ta stroke L 556.It \e(/l Ta \(/l Ta stroke l 557.It \e(/O Ta \(/O Ta stroke O 558.It \e(/o Ta \(/o Ta stroke o 559.It \e(oA Ta \(oA Ta ring A 560.It \e(oa Ta \(oa Ta ring a 561.El 562.Pp 563Special letters: 564.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 565.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 566.It \e(-D Ta \(-D Ta Eth 567.It \e(Sd Ta \(Sd Ta eth 568.It \e(TP Ta \(TP Ta Thorn 569.It \e(Tp Ta \(Tp Ta thorn 570.It \e(.i Ta \(.i Ta dotless i 571.It \e(.j Ta \(.j Ta dotless j 572.El 573.Pp 574Currency: 575.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 576.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 577.It \e(Do Ta \(Do Ta dollar 578.It \e(ct Ta \(ct Ta cent 579.It \e(Eu Ta \(Eu Ta Euro symbol 580.It \e(eu Ta \(eu Ta Euro symbol 581.It \e(Ye Ta \(Ye Ta yen 582.It \e(Po Ta \(Po Ta pound 583.It \e(Cs Ta \(Cs Ta Scandinavian 584.It \e(Fn Ta \(Fn Ta florin 585.El 586.Pp 587Units: 588.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 589.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 590.It \e(de Ta \(de Ta degree 591.It \e(%0 Ta \(%0 Ta per-thousand 592.It \e(fm Ta \(fm Ta minute 593.It \e(sd Ta \(sd Ta second 594.It \e(mc Ta \(mc Ta micro 595.El 596.Pp 597Greek letters: 598.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 599.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 600.It \e(*A Ta \(*A Ta Alpha 601.It \e(*B Ta \(*B Ta Beta 602.It \e(*G Ta \(*G Ta Gamma 603.It \e(*D Ta \(*D Ta Delta 604.It \e(*E Ta \(*E Ta Epsilon 605.It \e(*Z Ta \(*Z Ta Zeta 606.It \e(*Y Ta \(*Y Ta Eta 607.It \e(*H Ta \(*H Ta Theta 608.It \e(*I Ta \(*I Ta Iota 609.It \e(*K Ta \(*K Ta Kappa 610.It \e(*L Ta \(*L Ta Lambda 611.It \e(*M Ta \(*M Ta Mu 612.It \e(*N Ta \(*N Ta Nu 613.It \e(*C Ta \(*C Ta Xi 614.It \e(*O Ta \(*O Ta Omicron 615.It \e(*P Ta \(*P Ta Pi 616.It \e(*R Ta \(*R Ta Rho 617.It \e(*S Ta \(*S Ta Sigma 618.It \e(*T Ta \(*T Ta Tau 619.It \e(*U Ta \(*U Ta Upsilon 620.It \e(*F Ta \(*F Ta Phi 621.It \e(*X Ta \(*X Ta Chi 622.It \e(*Q Ta \(*Q Ta Psi 623.It \e(*W Ta \(*W Ta Omega 624.It \e(*a Ta \(*a Ta alpha 625.It \e(*b Ta \(*b Ta beta 626.It \e(*g Ta \(*g Ta gamma 627.It \e(*d Ta \(*d Ta delta 628.It \e(*e Ta \(*e Ta epsilon 629.It \e(*z Ta \(*z Ta zeta 630.It \e(*y Ta \(*y Ta eta 631.It \e(*h Ta \(*h Ta theta 632.It \e(*i Ta \(*i Ta iota 633.It \e(*k Ta \(*k Ta kappa 634.It \e(*l Ta \(*l Ta lambda 635.It \e(*m Ta \(*m Ta mu 636.It \e(*n Ta \(*n Ta nu 637.It \e(*c Ta \(*c Ta xi 638.It \e(*o Ta \(*o Ta omicron 639.It \e(*p Ta \(*p Ta pi 640.It \e(*r Ta \(*r Ta rho 641.It \e(*s Ta \(*s Ta sigma 642.It \e(*t Ta \(*t Ta tau 643.It \e(*u Ta \(*u Ta upsilon 644.It \e(*f Ta \(*f Ta phi 645.It \e(*x Ta \(*x Ta chi 646.It \e(*q Ta \(*q Ta psi 647.It \e(*w Ta \(*w Ta omega 648.It \e(+h Ta \(+h Ta theta variant 649.It \e(+f Ta \(+f Ta phi variant 650.It \e(+p Ta \(+p Ta pi variant 651.It \e(+e Ta \(+e Ta epsilon variant 652.It \e(ts Ta \(ts Ta sigma terminal 653.El 654.Sh PREDEFINED STRINGS 655Predefined strings are inherited from the macro packages of historical 656troff implementations. 657They are 658.Em not recommended 659for use, as they differ across implementations. 660Manuals using these predefined strings are almost certainly not 661portable. 662.Pp 663Their syntax is similar to special characters, using 664.Sq \e*X 665.Pq for a one-character escape , 666.Sq \e*(XX 667.Pq two-character , 668and 669.Sq \e*[N] 670.Pq N-character . 671For details, see the 672.Em Predefined Strings 673subsection of the 674.Xr roff 7 675manual. 676.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent 677.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 678.It \e*(Ba Ta \*(Ba Ta vertical bar 679.It \e*(Ne Ta \*(Ne Ta not equal 680.It \e*(Ge Ta \*(Ge Ta greater-than-equal 681.It \e*(Le Ta \*(Le Ta less-than-equal 682.It \e*(Gt Ta \*(Gt Ta greater-than 683.It \e*(Lt Ta \*(Lt Ta less-than 684.It \e*(Pm Ta \*(Pm Ta plus-minus 685.It \e*(If Ta \*(If Ta infinity 686.It \e*(Pi Ta \*(Pi Ta pi 687.It \e*(Na Ta \*(Na Ta NaN 688.It \e*(Am Ta \*(Am Ta ampersand 689.It \e*R Ta \*R Ta restricted mark 690.It \e*(Tm Ta \*(Tm Ta trade mark 691.It \e*q Ta \*q Ta double-quote 692.It \e*(Rq Ta \*(Rq Ta right-double-quote 693.It \e*(Lq Ta \*(Lq Ta left-double-quote 694.It \e*(lp Ta \*(lp Ta right-parenthesis 695.It \e*(rp Ta \*(rp Ta left-parenthesis 696.It \e*(lq Ta \*(lq Ta left double-quote 697.It \e*(rq Ta \*(rq Ta right double-quote 698.It \e*(ua Ta \*(ua Ta up arrow 699.It \e*(va Ta \*(va Ta up-down arrow 700.It \e*(<= Ta \*(<= Ta less-than-equal 701.It \e*(>= Ta \*(>= Ta greater-than-equal 702.It \e*(aa Ta \*(aa Ta acute 703.It \e*(ga Ta \*(ga Ta grave 704.It \e*(Px Ta \*(Px Ta POSIX standard name 705.It \e*(Ai Ta \*(Ai Ta ANSI standard name 706.El 707.Sh UNICODE CHARACTERS 708The escape sequences 709.Pp 710.Dl \e[uXXXX] and \eC\(aquXXXX\(aq 711.Pp 712are interpreted as Unicode codepoints. 713The codepoint must be in the range above U+0080 and less than U+10FFFF. 714For compatibility, the hexadecimal digits 715.Sq A 716to 717.Sq F 718must be given as uppercase characters, 719and points must be zero-padded to four characters; if 720greater than four characters, no zero padding is allowed. 721Unicode surrogates are not allowed. 722.Sh NUMBERED CHARACTERS 723For backward compatibility with existing manuals, 724.Xr mandoc 1 725also supports the 726.Pp 727.Dl \eN\(aq Ns Ar number Ns \(aq 728.Pp 729escape sequence, inserting the character 730.Ar number 731from the current character set into the output. 732Of course, this is inherently non-portable and is already marked 733as deprecated in the Heirloom roff manual. 734For example, do not use \eN\(aq34\(aq, use \e(dq, or even the plain 735.Sq \(dq 736character where possible. 737.Sh COMPATIBILITY 738This section documents compatibility between mandoc and other 739troff implementations, at this time limited to GNU troff 740.Pq Qq groff . 741.Pp 742.Bl -dash -compact 743.It 744The \eN\(aq\(aq escape sequence is limited to printable characters; in 745groff, it accepts arbitrary character numbers. 746.It 747In 748.Fl T Ns Cm ascii , 749the 750\e(ss, \e(nm, \e(nb, \e(nc, \e(ib, \e(ip, \e(pp, \e[sum], \e[product], 751\e[coproduct], \e(gr, \e(-h, and \e(a. special characters render 752differently between mandoc and groff. 753.It 754In 755.Fl T Ns Cm html , 756the \e(\(ti=, \e(nb, and \e(nc special characters render differently 757between mandoc and groff. 758.It 759The 760.Fl T Ns Cm ps 761and 762.Fl T Ns Cm pdf 763modes format like 764.Fl T Ns Cm ascii 765instead of rendering glyphs as in groff. 766.It 767The \e[radicalex], \e[sqrtex], and \e(ru special characters have been omitted 768from mandoc either because they are poorly documented or they have no 769known representation. 770.El 771.Sh SEE ALSO 772.Xr mandoc 1 , 773.Xr man 7 , 774.Xr mdoc 7 , 775.Xr roff 7 776.Sh AUTHORS 777The 778.Nm 779manual page was written by 780.An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq Mt kristaps@bsd.lv . 781.Sh CAVEATS 782The predefined string 783.Sq \e*(Ba 784mimics the behaviour of the 785.Sq \&| 786character in 787.Xr mdoc 7 ; 788thus, if you wish to render a vertical bar with no side effects, use 789the 790.Sq \e(ba 791escape. 792