1.\" $OpenBSD: hier.7,v 1.161 2018/08/15 19:40:30 fcambus Exp $ 2.\" $NetBSD: hier.7,v 1.7 1994/11/30 19:07:10 jtc Exp $ 3.\" 4.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 5.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 6.\" 7.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 8.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 9.\" are met: 10.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 11.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 12.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 13.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 14.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 15.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 16.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 17.\" without specific prior written permission. 18.\" 19.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 20.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 21.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 22.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 23.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 24.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 25.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 26.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 27.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 28.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 29.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 30.\" 31.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 32.\" 33.Dd $Mdocdate: August 15 2018 $ 34.Dt HIER 7 35.Os 36.Sh NAME 37.Nm hier 38.Nd layout of filesystems 39.Sh DESCRIPTION 40A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 41.Bl -tag -width "/altroot/" 42.It / 43Root directory. 44.It /altroot/ 45Alternate (backup) location for the root 46.Pq Sq / 47filesystem 48(see 49.Xr daily 8 ) . 50.It /bin/ 51User utilities fundamental to both single and multi-user environments. 52These programs are statically compiled and therefore do not depend on any 53system libraries to run. 54.It /bsd 55Pure kernel executable 56(the operating system loaded into memory at boot-time). 57.It /bsd.mp 58Pure kernel executable 59for multiprocessor machines. 60.It /bsd.rd 61Installation kernel. 62The built-in RAM disk contains utilities which can be run 63without an external file system, so this kernel is useful 64for limited system maintenance too. 65.It /bsd.sp 66Pure kernel executable 67for single processor machines. 68.It /dev/ 69Block and character device files. 70.Pp 71.Bl -tag -width MAKEDEV -compact 72.It MAKEDEV 73Script for creating device files (see 74.Xr MAKEDEV 8 ) . 75.It fd/ 76File descriptor files (see 77.Xr fd 4 ) . 78.El 79.It /etc/ 80System configuration files and scripts. 81.Pp 82.Bl -tag -width "raddb/servers/" -compact 83.It localtime 84Local time zone information (see 85.Xr ctime 3 ) . 86.It X11/ 87Configuration files for the X11 window system. 88.It acme/ 89Private keys for 90.Xr acme-client 1 . 91.It amd/ 92Contains map files for 93.Xr amd 8 . 94.It authpf/ 95Configuration files for the authenticating gateway user shell (see 96.Xr authpf 8 ) . 97.It examples/ 98Example configuration files for base system daemons. 99.It firmware/ 100Firmware files for various devices. 101.It fonts/ 102Configuration files for X11 window system fonts. 103.It hotplug/ 104Scripts for the hotplug daemon, 105.Xr hotplugd 8 . 106.It iked/ 107Configuration files for 108.Xr iked 8 . 109.It isakmpd/ 110Configuration files for 111.Xr isakmpd 8 . 112.It ldap/ 113Certificates and schema definition files for 114.Xr ldapd 8 . 115.It mail/ 116System mail configuration files. 117.It mtree/ 118.Xr mtree 8 119configuration files. 120.It npppd/ 121.Xr npppd 8 122configuration files. 123.It ppp/ 124.Xr pppd 8 125configuration files. 126.It raddb/servers/ 127List of radius servers and their associated shared secrets for 128.Xr login_radius 8 . 129.It rc.d/ 130.Xr packages 7 131start/stop scripts and subroutines for 132.Xr rc 8 . 133.It signify/ 134Key files used by 135.Xr signify 1 . 136.It skel/ 137Example 138.Sq .\& 139(dot) files for new accounts. 140.It skey/ 141One-time password user database for 142.Xr skey 1 . 143.It ssh/ 144Configuration files for 145.Xr ssh 1 146and 147.Xr sshd 8 . 148.It ssl/ 149OpenSSL configuration files (see 150.Xr openssl 1 ) . 151.El 152.It /home/ 153Default location for user home directories. 154.It /mnt/ 155Empty directory commonly used by 156system administrators as a temporary mount point. 157.It /root/ 158Default home directory for the superuser. 159.It /sbin/ 160System programs and administration utilities 161fundamental to both single and multi-user environments. 162These programs are statically compiled and therefore do not depend on any 163system libraries to run. 164.It /tmp/ 165Temporary files that are 166.Em not 167preserved between system reboots. 168Periodically cleaned by 169.Xr daily 8 . 170.It /usr/ 171Contains the majority of user utilities and applications. 172.Pp 173.Bl -tag -width "xenocara/" -compact 174.It X11R6/ 175Files required for the X11 window system. 176.Pp 177.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact 178.It bin/ 179X11 binaries. 180.It include/ 181X11-specific C include files. 182.It lib/ 183X11 archive libraries. 184.Pp 185.Bl -tag -width "pkgconfig/" -compact 186.It X11/ 187Default configuration files for X11 and companion applications. 188.It modules/ 189Various libraries and drivers for the X11 window system. 190.It pkgconfig/ 191Package metadata for 192.Xr pkg-config 1 . 193.It xorg/ 194Data files used by the X server. 195.El 196.Pp 197.It man/ 198X11 manual pages. 199.It share/ 200Architecture independent data files. 201.El 202.Pp 203.It bin/ 204Common utilities, programming tools, and applications. 205.It games/ 206Useful and semi-frivolous programs. 207.It include/ 208Standard C include files. 209.Pp 210.Bl -tag -width "libmilter/" -compact 211.It arpa/ 212C include files for Internet service protocols. 213.It c++/ 214Include files for the Clang C++ compiler. 215.It crypto/ 216C include files for the cryptographic libraries. 217.It ddb/ 218C include files for the kernel debugger (see 219.Xr ddb 4 ) . 220.It dev/ 221Device-specific C include files. 222.It g++/ 223Include files for the GNU C++ compiler. 224.It isofs/ 225C include files for the ISO standard file systems (currently only cd9660). 226.It machine/ 227Machine specific C include files. 228.It miscfs/ 229C include files for miscellaneous file systems. 230.It msdosfs/ 231C include files for MS-DOS file system. 232.It net/ 233Miscellaneous network C include files. 234.It net80211/ 235C include files for 802.11 wireless networking. 236.It netinet/ 237C include files for Internet standard protocols (see 238.Xr inet 4 ) . 239.It netinet6/ 240C include files for Internet protocol version 6 (see 241.Xr inet6 4 ) . 242.It netmpls/ 243C include files for the MPLS protocol. 244.It nfs/ 245C include files for NFS (Network File System). 246.It ntfs/ 247C include files for NTFS file system. 248.It objc/ 249C include files for GNU Objective-C. 250.It openssl/ 251C include files for the OpenSSL library (see 252.Xr ssl 8 ) . 253.It protocols/ 254C include files for Berkeley service protocols. 255.It readline/ 256C include files for the 257.Xr readline 3 258library. 259.It rpc/ 260C include files for remote procedure calling (see 261.Xr rpc 5 ) . 262.It rpcsvc/ 263C include files for rpcsvc. 264.It scsi/ 265SCSI-specific C include files. 266.It sys/ 267System C include files (kernel data structures). 268.It ufs/ 269C include files for UFS (the U-word File System). 270.It uvm/ 271C include files for the virtual memory interface. 272.El 273.Pp 274.It lib/ 275System libraries. 276See 277.Xr intro 3 278for a description of library types. 279.It libdata/ 280Miscellaneous utility data files. 281.Pp 282.Bl -tag -width "ldscripts/" -compact 283.It cvs/ 284Placeholder for user contributed 285.Xr cvs 1 286code/scripts. 287.It ldscripts/ 288ELF linker scripts. 289.It perl5/ 290Data files for 291.Xr perl 1 . 292.El 293.Pp 294.It libexec/ 295System daemons and utilities (executed by other programs). 296.Pp 297.Bl -tag -width "cvs/contrib/" -compact 298.It auth/ 299Login scripts used to authenticate users (for 300.Bx 301Authentication). 302.It cvs/contrib/ 303User contributed 304.Xr cvs 1 305scripts. 306.It lpr/ 307Contains the lpf filter for 308.Xr lpd 8 . 309.It radiusd/ 310Authentication modules for 311.Xr radiusd 8 . 312.El 313.Pp 314.It local/ 315Local executables, libraries, etc. 316.It mdec/ 317Boot-related executables. 318.It obj/ 319Architecture specific target tree produced by building the 320.Pa /usr/src 321tree. 322.It ports/ 323The 324.Ox 325ports collection (see 326.Xr ports 7 ) . 327.It sbin/ 328System daemons and utilities (executed by users). 329.It share/ 330Architecture independent data files. 331.Pp 332.Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact 333.It calendar/ 334Variety of pre-fab calendar files (see 335.Xr calendar 1 ) . 336.It dict/ 337Word lists (see 338.Xr look 1 339and 340.Xr spell 1 ) . 341.Pp 342.Bl -tag -width propernames -compact 343.It american 344Spellings preferred in American usage. 345.It british 346Spellings preferred in British usage. 347.It eign 348List of common words. 349.It propernames 350List of proper names. 351.It stop 352Forms that would otherwise be derivable by 353.Xr spell 1 354from words in the other files in 355.Pa /usr/share/dict , 356but should not be accepted. 357.It web2 358Words from Webster's 2nd International. 359.It web2a 360Additional words from Webster's. 361.It words 362Common words. 363.It papers/ 364Reference databases. 365.It special/ 366Custom word lists. 367.El 368.Pp 369.It doc/ 370Miscellaneous documentation. 371.It games/ 372ASCII text files used by various games. 373.It info/ 374Texinfo source files. 375.It locale/ 376Locales for multi-language support. 377.It man/ 378Manual pages. 379.Pp 380.Bl -tag -width man3p/ -compact 381.It man1/ 382General commands (tools and utilities). 383.It man2/ 384System calls and error numbers. 385.It man3/ 386Libraries. 387.It man3p/ 388.Xr perl 1 389programmers' reference guide. 390.It man4/ 391Special files and hardware support. 392.It man5/ 393File formats. 394.It man6/ 395Games. 396.It man7/ 397Miscellaneous. 398.It man8/ 399System maintenance and operation commands. 400.It man9/ 401Kernel internals. 402.El 403.Pp 404.It misc/ 405Miscellaneous system-wide ASCII text files. 406.Pp 407.Bl -tag -width pcvtfonts/ -compact 408.It termcap 409Terminal characteristics database (see 410.Xr termcap 5 ) . 411.It pcvtfonts/ 412Additional console fonts. 413.El 414.Pp 415.It mk/ 416Templates for 417.Xr make 1 . 418.It relink/ 419Link kit for boot-time kernel and library relinking. 420.It snmp/ 421Data files for 422.Xr snmpd 8 . 423.Pp 424.Bl -tag -width mibs/ -compact 425.It mibs/ 426Management Information Base (MIB) definitions. 427.El 428.Pp 429.It tabset/ 430Tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 431the termcap file (see 432.Xr termcap 5 ) . 433.It terminfo/ 434Compiled terminal characteristic files (see 435.Xr terminfo 5 ) . 436.It texinfo/ 437Templates for 438.Xr texinfo 5 . 439.It zoneinfo/ 440Time zone configuration information (see 441.Xr tzfile 5 ) . 442.El 443.Pp 444.It src/ 445.Bx 446and/or local source files. 447.Pp 448.Bl -tag -width "usr.sbin/" -compact 449.It bin/ 450Source for files in 451.Pa /bin . 452.It distrib/ 453Source for making distribution sets. 454.It etc/ 455Source for files in 456.Pa /etc . 457.It games/ 458Source for files in 459.Pa /usr/games . 460.It gnu/ 461Source for files under GPL or other restrictive licenses. 462.It include/ 463Source for files in 464.Pa /usr/include . 465.It lib/ 466Source for files in 467.Pa /usr/lib . 468.It libexec/ 469Source for files in 470.Pa /usr/libexec . 471.It regress/ 472Regress framework. 473.It sbin/ 474Source for files in 475.Pa /sbin . 476.It share/ 477Source for files in 478.Pa /usr/share . 479.It sys/ 480Kernel source files. 481.It usr.bin/ 482Source for files in 483.Pa /usr/bin . 484.It usr.sbin/ 485Source for files in 486.Pa /usr/sbin . 487.El 488.Pp 489.It xenocara/ 490Source for the X11 window system. 491.Pp 492.It xobj/ 493Architecture specific target tree produced by building the 494.Pa /usr/xenocara 495tree. 496.El 497.It /var/ 498Multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files. 499.Pp 500.Bl -tag -width "sysmerge/" -compact 501.It account/ 502System accounting files. 503.Pp 504.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 505.It acct 506Execution accounting file (see 507.Xr acct 5 ) . 508.El 509.Pp 510.It audit/ 511Audit logs. 512.It authpf/ 513PID file for 514.Xr authpf 8 . 515.It backups/ 516Miscellaneous backup files. 517.It cache/ 518Data cached for programs. 519.It crash/ 520Crash dumps written by 521.Xr savecore 8 . 522.It cron/ 523Spools and configuration files for 524.Xr cron 8 525and 526.Xr at 1 . 527.Pp 528.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 529.It atjobs/ 530.Xr at 1 531jobs. 532.It tabs/ 533Individual 534.Xr crontab 1 535files. 536.El 537.Pp 538.It db/ 539Miscellaneous, automatically generated system-specific database files. 540.It empty/ 541Generic 542.Xr chroot 2 543directory. 544.It games/ 545Miscellaneous game status and log files. 546.It log/ 547Miscellaneous system log files. 548.Pp 549.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 550.It wtmp 551Login/logout log (see 552.Xr wtmp 5 ) . 553.It rdist/ 554Log files for 555.Xr rdist 1 . 556.El 557.Pp 558.It mail/ 559User mailbox files. 560.It nsd/ 561Database and zone files for 562.Xr nsd 8 . 563.It quotas/ 564Filesystem quota information files. 565.It run/ 566System information files describing various info about the 567system since it was booted. 568.Pp 569.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 570.It rc.d/ 571Details of currently running daemons; 572used by 573.Xr rc.d 8 . 574.It utmp 575Database of current users (see 576.Xr utmp 5 ) . 577.El 578.Pp 579.It spool/ 580Miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories. 581.Pp 582.Bl -tag -width "output/" -compact 583.It ftp/ 584Commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory. 585.It lock/ 586Lock files for utilities such as 587.Xr pppd 8 . 588.It output/ 589Line printer spooling directories. 590.It smtpd/ 591Mail spool for 592.Xr smtpd 8 . 593.El 594.Pp 595.It sysmerge/ 596Checksum files and reference sets 597for 598.Xr sysmerge 8 . 599.It syspatch/ 600Rollback tarballs and patch files for 601.Xr syspatch 8 . 602.It tmp -> ../tmp 603A symbolic link to the system 604.Pa /tmp 605directory. 606To protect other users of 607.Pa /var 608from overfill conditions, this is no longer a space you can trust to 609retain storage over a reboot. 610Periodically cleaned by 611.Xr daily 8 . 612.It unbound/ 613Configuration files for 614.Xr unbound 8 . 615.It www/ 616Configuration files for 617.Xr httpd 8 . 618.It yp/ 619Files for the 620.Xr yp 8 621subsystem. 622.El 623.El 624.Sh SEE ALSO 625.Xr apropos 1 , 626.Xr find 1 , 627.Xr locate 1 , 628.Xr whatis 1 , 629.Xr whereis 1 , 630.Xr which 1 631.Sh HISTORY 632A 633.Nm 634manual page appeared in 635.At v7 . 636