1.\" $OpenBSD: hier.7,v 1.138 2015/04/24 21:03:58 jmc Exp $ 2.\" $NetBSD: hier.7,v 1.7 1994/11/30 19:07:10 jtc Exp $ 3.\" 4.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 5.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 6.\" 7.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 8.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 9.\" are met: 10.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 11.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 12.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 13.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 14.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 15.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 16.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 17.\" without specific prior written permission. 18.\" 19.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 20.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 21.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 22.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 23.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 24.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 25.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 26.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 27.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 28.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 29.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 30.\" 31.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 32.\" 33.Dd $Mdocdate: April 24 2015 $ 34.Dt HIER 7 35.Os 36.Sh NAME 37.Nm hier 38.Nd layout of filesystems 39.Sh DESCRIPTION 40A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 41.Bl -tag -width "/altroot/" 42.It / 43Root directory. 44.It /altroot/ 45Alternate (backup) location for the root 46.Pq Sq / 47filesystem 48(see 49.Xr daily 8 ) . 50.It /bin/ 51User utilities fundamental to both single and multi-user environments. 52These programs are statically compiled and therefore do not depend on any 53system libraries to run. 54.It /bsd 55Pure kernel executable 56(the operating system loaded into memory at boot-time). 57.It /bsd.mp 58Pure kernel executable 59for multiprocessor machines. 60.It /bsd.rd 61Installation kernel. 62The built-in RAM disk contains utilities which can be run 63without an external file system, so this kernel is useful 64for limited system maintenance too. 65.It /bsd.sp 66Pure kernel executable 67for single processor machines. 68.It /dev/ 69Block and character device files. 70.Pp 71.Bl -tag -width MAKEDEV -compact 72.It MAKEDEV 73Script for creating device files (see 74.Xr MAKEDEV 8 ) . 75.It fd/ 76File descriptor files (see 77.Xr fd 4 ) . 78.El 79.It /emul/ 80Base directory for alternate areas searched first when system call 81emulation is in effect. 82.It /etc/ 83System configuration files and scripts. 84.Pp 85.Bl -tag -width "raddb/servers/" -compact 86.It localtime 87Local time zone information (see 88.Xr ctime 3 ) . 89.It X11/ 90Configuration files for the X11 window system. 91.It amd/ 92Contains map files for 93.Xr amd 8 . 94.It authpf/ 95Configuration files for the authenticating gateway user shell (see 96.Xr authpf 8 ) . 97.It examples/ 98Example configuration files for base system daemons. 99.It firmware/ 100Firmware files for various devices. 101.It fonts/ 102Configuration files for X11 window system fonts. 103.It hotplug/ 104Scripts for the hotplug daemon, 105.Xr hotplugd 8 . 106.It iked/ 107Configuration files for 108.Xr iked 8 . 109.It isakmpd/ 110Configuration files for 111.Xr isakmpd 8 . 112.It ldap/ 113Certificates and schema definition files for 114.Xr ldapd 8 . 115.It mail/ 116System mail configuration files. 117.It mtree/ 118.Xr mtree 8 119configuration files. 120.It npppd/ 121.Xr npppd 8 122configuration files. 123.It ppp/ 124.Xr pppd 8 125configuration files. 126.It raddb/servers/ 127List of radius servers and their associated shared secrets for 128.Xr login_radius 8 . 129.It rc.d/ 130.Xr packages 7 131start/stop scripts and subroutines for 132.Xr rc 8 . 133.It signify/ 134Key files used by 135.Xr signify 1 . 136.It skel/ 137Example 138.Sq .\& 139(dot) files for new accounts. 140.It skey/ 141One-time password user database for 142.Xr skey 1 . 143.It ssh/ 144Configuration files for 145.Xr ssh 1 146and 147.Xr sshd 8 . 148.It ssl/ 149OpenSSL configuration files (see 150.Xr openssl 1 ) . 151.It systrace/ 152Sample 153.Xr systrace 1 154policies. 155.El 156.It /home/ 157Default location for user home directories. 158.It /mnt/ 159Empty directory commonly used by 160system administrators as a temporary mount point. 161.It /root/ 162Default home directory for the superuser. 163.It /sbin/ 164System programs and administration utilities 165fundamental to both single and multi-user environments. 166These programs are statically compiled and therefore do not depend on any 167system libraries to run. 168.It /tmp/ 169Temporary files that are 170.Em not 171preserved between system reboots. 172Periodically cleaned by 173.Xr daily 8 . 174.It /usr/ 175Contains the majority of user utilities and applications. 176.Pp 177.Bl -tag -width "xenocara/" -compact 178.It X11R6/ 179Files required for the X11 window system. 180.Pp 181.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact 182.It bin/ 183X11 binaries. 184.It include/ 185X11-specific C include files. 186.It lib/ 187X11 archive libraries. 188.Pp 189.Bl -tag -width "pkgconfig/" -compact 190.It X11/ 191Default configuration files for X11 and companion applications. 192.It modules/ 193Various libraries and drivers for the X11 window system. 194.It pkgconfig/ 195Package metadata for 196.Xr pkg-config 1 . 197.It xorg/ 198Data files used by the X server. 199.El 200.Pp 201.It man/ 202X11 manual pages. 203.It share/ 204Architecture independent data files. 205.El 206.Pp 207.It bin/ 208Common utilities, programming tools, and applications. 209.It games/ 210Useful and semi-frivolous programs. 211.It include/ 212Standard C include files. 213.Pp 214.Bl -tag -width "libmilter/" -compact 215.It arpa/ 216C include files for Internet service protocols. 217.It crypto/ 218C include files for the cryptographic libraries. 219.It ddb/ 220C include files for the kernel debugger (see 221.Xr ddb 4 ) . 222.It dev/ 223Device-specific C include files. 224.It g++/ 225Include files for the GNU C++ compiler. 226.It isofs/ 227C include files for the ISO standard file systems (currently only cd9660). 228.It machine/ 229Machine specific C include files. 230.It miscfs/ 231C include files for miscellaneous file systems. 232.It net/ 233Miscellaneous network C include files. 234.It net80211/ 235C include files for 802.11 wireless networking. 236.It netinet/ 237C include files for Internet standard protocols (see 238.Xr inet 4 ) . 239.It netinet6/ 240C include files for Internet protocol version 6 (see 241.Xr inet6 4 ) . 242.It netmpls/ 243C include files for the MPLS protocol. 244.It nfs/ 245C include files for NFS (Network File System). 246.It objc/ 247C include files for GNU Objective-C. 248.It openssl/ 249C include files for the OpenSSL library (see 250.Xr ssl 8 ) . 251.It protocols/ 252C include files for Berkeley service protocols. 253.It readline/ 254C include files for the 255.Xr readline 3 256library. 257.It rpc/ 258C include files for remote procedure calling (see 259.Xr rpc 5 ) . 260.It rpcsvc/ 261C include files for rpcsvc. 262.It scsi/ 263SCSI-specific C include files. 264.It sys/ 265System C include files (kernel data structures). 266.It ufs/ 267C include files for UFS (the U-word File System). 268.It uvm/ 269C include files for the virtual memory interface. 270.El 271.Pp 272.It lib/ 273System libraries. 274See 275.Xr intro 3 276for a description of library types. 277.It libdata/ 278Miscellaneous utility data files. 279.Pp 280.Bl -tag -width "ldscripts/" -compact 281.It cvs/ 282Placeholder for user contributed 283.Xr cvs 1 284code/scripts. 285.It ldscripts/ 286ELF linker scripts. 287.It perl5/ 288Data files for 289.Xr perl 1 . 290.El 291.Pp 292.It libexec/ 293System daemons and utilities (executed by other programs). 294.Pp 295.Bl -tag -width "cvs/contrib/" -compact 296.It auth/ 297Login scripts used to authenticate users (for 298.Bx 299Authentication). 300.It cvs/contrib/ 301User contributed 302.Xr cvs 1 303scripts. 304.It lpr/ 305Contains the lpf filter for 306.Xr lpd 8 . 307.It smtpd/ 308Binaries related to 309.Xr smtpd 8 . 310.El 311.Pp 312.It local/ 313Local executables, libraries, etc. 314.It mdec/ 315Boot-related executables. 316.It obj/ 317Architecture specific target tree produced by building the 318.Pa /usr/src 319tree. 320.It ports/ 321The 322.Ox 323ports collection (see 324.Xr ports 7 ) . 325.It sbin/ 326System daemons and utilities (executed by users). 327.It share/ 328Architecture independent data files. 329.Pp 330.Bl -tag -width "vi/catalog/" -compact 331.It calendar/ 332Variety of pre-fab calendar files (see 333.Xr calendar 1 ) . 334.It dict/ 335Word lists (see 336.Xr look 1 337and 338.Xr spell 1 ) . 339.Pp 340.Bl -tag -width propernames -compact 341.It american 342Spellings preferred in American usage. 343.It british 344Spellings preferred in British usage. 345.It eign 346List of common words. 347.It propernames 348List of proper names. 349.It stop 350Forms that would otherwise be derivable by 351.Xr spell 1 352from words in the other files in 353.Pa /usr/share/dict , 354but should not be accepted. 355.It web2 356Words from Webster's 2nd International. 357.It web2a 358Additional words from Webster's. 359.It words 360Common words. 361.It papers/ 362Reference databases. 363.It special/ 364Custom word lists. 365.El 366.Pp 367.It doc/ 368Miscellaneous documentation. 369.It games/ 370ASCII text files used by various games. 371.It info/ 372Texinfo source files. 373.It locale/ 374Locales for multi-language support. 375.It man/ 376Manual pages. 377.Pp 378.Bl -tag -width man3p/ -compact 379.It man1/ 380General commands (tools and utilities). 381.It man2/ 382System calls and error numbers. 383.It man3/ 384Libraries. 385.It man3p/ 386.Xr perl 1 387programmers' reference guide. 388.It man4/ 389Special files and hardware support. 390.It man5/ 391File formats. 392.It man6/ 393Games. 394.It man7/ 395Miscellaneous. 396.It man8/ 397System maintenance and operation commands. 398.It man9/ 399Kernel internals. 400.El 401.Pp 402.It misc/ 403Miscellaneous system-wide ASCII text files. 404.Pp 405.Bl -tag -width terminfo.db -compact 406.It termcap 407Terminal characteristics database (see 408.Xr termcap 5 ) . 409.It termcap.db 410Hash database file containing terminal descriptions (see 411.Xr cap_mkdb 1 ) . 412.It terminfo.db 413Terminal information database. 414.It pcvtfonts/ 415Additional i386 console fonts. 416.El 417.Pp 418.It mk/ 419Templates for 420.Xr make 1 . 421.It nls/ 422National Language Support (NLS) catalogs. 423.It snmp/ 424Data files for 425.Xr snmpd 8 . 426.Pp 427.Bl -tag -width mibs/ -compact 428.It mibs/ 429Management Information Base (MIB) definitions. 430.El 431.Pp 432.It sysmerge/ 433Checksum files and reference sets 434for 435.Xr sysmerge 8 . 436.It tabset/ 437Tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 438the termcap file (see 439.Xr termcap 5 ) . 440.It texinfo/ 441Templates for 442.Xr texinfo 5 . 443.It vi/catalog/ 444Catalog files for the 445.Xr vi 1 446text editor. 447.It zoneinfo/ 448Time zone configuration information (see 449.Xr tzfile 5 ) . 450.El 451.Pp 452.It src/ 453.Bx 454and/or local source files. 455.Pp 456.Bl -tag -width "usr.sbin/" -compact 457.It bin/ 458Source for files in 459.Pa /bin . 460.It distrib/ 461Source for making distribution sets. 462.It etc/ 463Source for files in 464.Pa /etc . 465.It games/ 466Source for files in 467.Pa /usr/games . 468.It gnu/ 469Source for files under GPL or other restrictive licenses. 470.It include/ 471Source for files in 472.Pa /usr/include . 473.It lib/ 474Source for files in 475.Pa /usr/lib . 476.It libexec/ 477Source for files in 478.Pa /usr/libexec . 479.It regress/ 480Regress framework. 481.It sbin/ 482Source for files in 483.Pa /sbin . 484.It share/ 485Source for files in 486.Pa /usr/share . 487.It sys/ 488Kernel source files. 489.It usr.bin/ 490Source for files in 491.Pa /usr/bin . 492.It usr.sbin/ 493Source for files in 494.Pa /usr/sbin . 495.El 496.Pp 497.It xenocara/ 498Source for the X11 window system. 499.Pp 500.It xobj/ 501Architecture specific target tree produced by building the 502.Pa /usr/xenocara 503tree. 504.El 505.It /var/ 506Multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files. 507.Pp 508.Bl -tag -width "account/" -compact 509.It account/ 510System accounting files. 511.Pp 512.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 513.It acct 514Execution accounting file (see 515.Xr acct 5 ) . 516.El 517.Pp 518.It audit/ 519Audit logs. 520.It authpf/ 521PID file for 522.Xr authpf 8 . 523.It backups/ 524Miscellaneous backup files. 525.It cache/ 526Data cached for programs. 527.It crash/ 528Crash dumps written by 529.Xr savecore 8 . 530.It cron/ 531Spools and configuration files for 532.Xr cron 8 533and 534.Xr at 1 . 535.Pp 536.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 537.It atjobs/ 538.Xr at 1 539jobs. 540.It tabs/ 541Individual 542.Xr crontab 1 543files. 544.El 545.Pp 546.It db/ 547Miscellaneous, automatically generated system-specific database files. 548.It empty/ 549Generic 550.Xr chroot 2 551directory. 552.It games/ 553Miscellaneous game status and log files. 554.It log/ 555Miscellaneous system log files. 556.Pp 557.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 558.It wtmp 559Login/logout log (see 560.Xr wtmp 5 ) . 561.It rdist/ 562Log files for 563.Xr rdist 1 . 564.El 565.Pp 566.It mail/ 567User mailbox files. 568.It nsd/ 569Database and zone files for 570.Xr nsd 8 . 571.It quotas/ 572Filesystem quota information files. 573.It run/ 574System information files describing various info about the 575system since it was booted. 576.Pp 577.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 578.It utmp 579Database of current users (see 580.Xr utmp 5 ) . 581.It sudo/ 582Timestamps for 583.Xr sudo 8 . 584.El 585.Pp 586.It spool/ 587Miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories. 588.Pp 589.Bl -tag -width "uucppublic/" -compact 590.It ftp/ 591Commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory. 592.It lock/ 593Lock files for utilities such as 594.Xr pppd 8 . 595.It output/ 596Line printer spooling directories. 597.It smtpd/ 598Mail spool for 599.Xr smtpd 8 . 600.It uucp/ 601uucp spool directory. 602.It uucppublic/ 603Commonly ~uucp; public uucp temporary directory. 604.El 605.Pp 606.It tmp -> ../tmp 607A symbolic link to the system 608.Pa /tmp 609directory. 610To protect other users of 611.Pa /var 612from overfill conditions, this is no longer a space you can trust to 613retain storage over a reboot. 614Periodically cleaned by 615.Xr daily 8 . 616.It unbound/ 617Configuration files for 618.Xr unbound 8 . 619.It www/ 620Configuration files for 621.Xr httpd 8 . 622.It yp/ 623Files for the 624.Xr yp 8 625subsystem. 626.El 627.El 628.Sh SEE ALSO 629.Xr apropos 1 , 630.Xr find 1 , 631.Xr locate 1 , 632.Xr whatis 1 , 633.Xr whereis 1 , 634.Xr which 1 635.Sh HISTORY 636A 637.Nm 638manual page appeared in 639.At v7 . 640