1.\" $OpenBSD: hier.7,v 1.103 2012/08/23 14:40:24 jmc Exp $ 2.\" $NetBSD: hier.7,v 1.7 1994/11/30 19:07:10 jtc Exp $ 3.\" 4.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 5.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 6.\" 7.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 8.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 9.\" are met: 10.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 11.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 12.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 13.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 14.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 15.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 16.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 17.\" without specific prior written permission. 18.\" 19.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 20.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 21.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 22.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 23.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 24.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 25.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 26.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 27.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 28.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 29.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 30.\" 31.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 32.\" 33.Dd $Mdocdate: August 23 2012 $ 34.Dt HIER 7 35.Os 36.Sh NAME 37.Nm hier 38.Nd layout of filesystems 39.Sh DESCRIPTION 40A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 41.Bl -tag -width "/altroot/" 42.It / 43Root directory. 44.It /altroot/ 45Alternate (backup) location for the root 46.Pq Sq / 47filesystem 48(see 49.Xr daily 8 ) . 50.It /bin/ 51User utilities fundamental to both single and multi-user environments. 52These programs are statically compiled and therefore do not depend on any 53system libraries to run. 54.It /bsd 55Pure kernel executable 56(the operating system loaded into memory at boot-time). 57.It /bsd.mp 58Pure kernel executable 59for multiprocessor machines. 60.It /bsd.rd 61Installation kernel. 62The built-in RAM disk contains utilities which can be run 63without an external file system, so this kernel is useful 64for limited system maintenance too. 65.It /bsd.sp 66Pure kernel executable 67for single processor machines. 68.It /dev/ 69Block and character device files. 70.Pp 71.Bl -tag -width MAKEDEV -compact 72.It MAKEDEV 73Script for creating device files (see 74.Xr MAKEDEV 8 ) . 75.It fd/ 76File descriptor files (see 77.Xr fd 4 ) . 78.El 79.It /emul/ 80Base directory for alternate areas searched first when system call 81emulation is in effect. 82.It /etc/ 83System configuration files and scripts. 84.Pp 85.Bl -tag -width "raddb/servers/" -compact 86.It localtime 87Local time zone information (see 88.Xr ctime 3 ) . 89.It X11/ 90Configuration files for the X11 window system. 91.It amd/ 92Contains map files for 93.Xr amd 8 . 94.It authpf/ 95Configuration files for the authenticating gateway user shell (see 96.Xr authpf 8 ) . 97.It disklabels/ 98Backup disklabels (see 99.Xr disklabel 8 ) . 100.It firmware/ 101Firmware files for various devices. 102.It fonts/ 103Configuration files for X11 window system fonts. 104.It hotplug/ 105Scripts for the hotplug daemon, 106.Xr hotplugd 8 . 107.It iked/ 108Configuration files for 109.Xr iked 8 . 110.It isakmpd/ 111Configuration files for 112.Xr isakmpd 8 . 113.It kerberosV/ 114Configuration files for the Kerberos version V subsystem (see 115.Xr kerberos 8 ) . 116.It ldap/ 117Certificates and schema definition files for 118.Xr ldapd 8 . 119.It mail/ 120.Xr sendmail 8 121configuration files (including 122.Xr aliases 5 ) . 123.It mtree/ 124.Xr mtree 125configuration files (see 126.Xr mtree 8 ) . 127.It ppp/ 128.Xr pppd 129configuration files (see 130.Xr pppd 8 ) . 131.It raddb/servers/ 132List of radius servers and their associated shared secrets for 133.Xr login_radius 8 . 134.It rc.d/ 135.Xr packages 7 136start/stop scripts and subroutines for 137.Xr rc 8 . 138.It skel/ 139Example 140.Sq .\& 141(dot) files for new accounts. 142.It skey/ 143One-time password user database for 144.Xr skey 1 . 145.It sliphome/ 146Configuration files for 147.Xr sliplogin 8 . 148.It ssh/ 149Configuration files for 150.Xr ssh 1 151and 152.Xr sshd 8 . 153.It ssl/ 154OpenSSL configuration files (see 155.Xr openssl 1 ) . 156.It systrace/ 157Sample 158.Xr systrace 1 159policies. 160.El 161.It /home/ 162Default location for user home directories. 163.It /mnt/ 164Empty directory commonly used by 165system administrators as a temporary mount point. 166.It /root/ 167Default home directory for the superuser. 168.It /sbin/ 169System programs and administration utilities 170fundamental to both single and multi-user environments. 171These programs are statically compiled and therefore do not depend on any 172system libraries to run. 173.It /stand/ 174Programs used in a stand-alone environment. 175.It /tmp/ 176Temporary files that are 177.Em not 178preserved between system reboots. 179Periodically cleaned by 180.Xr daily 8 . 181.It /usr/ 182Contains the majority of user utilities and applications. 183.Pp 184.Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact 185.It X11R6/ 186Files required for the X11 window system. 187.Pp 188.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact 189.It bin/ 190X11 binaries. 191.It include/ 192X11-specific C include files. 193.It lib/ 194X11 archive libraries. 195.Pp 196.Bl -tag -width "pkgconfig/" -compact 197.It X11/ 198Default configuration files for X11 and companion applications. 199.It modules/ 200Various libraries and drivers for the X11 window system. 201.It pkgconfig/ 202Package metadata for 203.Xr pkg-config 1 . 204.It xorg/ 205Data files used by the X server. 206.El 207.Pp 208.It man/ 209X11 manual pages. 210.It share/ 211Architecture independent data files. 212.El 213.Pp 214.It bin/ 215Common utilities, programming tools, and applications. 216.It games/ 217Useful and semi-frivolous programs. 218.It include/ 219Standard C include files. 220.Pp 221.Bl -tag -width "kerberosV/" -compact 222.It altq/ 223C include files for the altq subsystem (see 224.Xr pf.conf 5 ) . 225.It arpa/ 226C include files for Internet service protocols. 227.It crypto/ 228C include files for the cryptographic libraries. 229.It ddb/ 230C include files for the kernel debugger (see 231.Xr ddb 4 ) . 232.It dev/ 233Device-specific C include files. 234.It g++/ 235Include files for the GNU C++ compiler. 236.It isofs/ 237C include files for the ISO standard file systems (currently only cd9660). 238.It kerberosV/ 239C include files for the KerberosV authentication subsystem (see 240.Xr kerberos 8 ) . 241.It libmilter/ 242C include files for the 243.Xr sendmail 8 244mail filter API. 245.It machine/ 246Machine specific C include files. 247.It miscfs/ 248C include files for miscellaneous file systems. 249.It net/ 250Miscellaneous network C include files. 251.It net80211/ 252C include files for 802.11 wireless networking. 253.It netbt/ 254C include files for the Bluetooth protocol. 255.It netinet/ 256C include files for Internet standard protocols (see 257.Xr inet 4 ) . 258.It netinet6/ 259C include files for Internet protocol version 6 (see 260.Xr inet6 4 ) . 261.It netmpls/ 262C include files for the MPLS protocol. 263.It netnatm/ 264C include files for native mode ATM access. 265.It nfs/ 266C include files for NFS (Network File System). 267.It objc/ 268C include files for GNU Objective-C. 269.It openssl/ 270C include files for the OpenSSL library (see 271.Xr ssl 8 ) . 272.It protocols/ 273C include files for Berkeley service protocols. 274.It readline/ 275C include files for the 276.Xr readline 3 277library. 278.It rpc/ 279C include files for remote procedure calling (see 280.Xr rpc 5 ) . 281.It rpcsvc/ 282C include files for rpcsvc. 283.It scsi/ 284SCSI-specific C include files. 285.It sys/ 286System C include files (kernel data structures). 287.It ufs/ 288C include files for UFS (the U-word File System). 289.It uvm/ 290C include files for the virtual memory interface. 291.It xfs/ 292C include files for the XFS file system. 293.El 294.Pp 295.It lib/ 296System libraries. 297See 298.Xr intro 3 299for a description of library types. 300.It libdata/ 301Miscellaneous utility data files. 302.Pp 303.Bl -tag -width "ldscripts/" -compact 304.It cvs/ 305Placeholder for user contributed 306.Xr cvs 1 307code/scripts. 308.It ldscripts/ 309ELF linker scripts. 310.It perl5/ 311Data files for 312.Xr perl 1 . 313.El 314.Pp 315.It libexec/ 316System daemons and utilities (executed by other programs). 317.Pp 318.Bl -tag -width "cvs/contrib/" -compact 319.It auth/ 320Login scripts used to authenticate users (for BSD authentication). 321.It cvs/contrib/ 322User contributed 323.Xr cvs 1 324scripts. 325.It lpr/ 326Contains the lpf filter for 327.Xr lpd 8 . 328.It sendmail/ 329Contains the 330.Xr sendmail 8 331binary. 332.It sm.bin/ 333Binaries to be run by 334.Xr smrsh 8 . 335.It smtpd/ 336Binaries related to 337.Xr smtpd 8 . 338.El 339.Pp 340.It lkm/ 341Loadable kernel modules. 342.It local/ 343Local executables, libraries, etc. 344.It mdec/ 345Boot-related executables. 346.It obj/ 347Architecture specific target tree produced by building the 348.Pa /usr/src 349tree. 350.It ports/ 351The 352.Ox 353ports collection (see 354.Xr ports 7 ) . 355.It sbin/ 356System daemons and utilities (executed by users). 357.It share/ 358Architecture independent data files. 359.Pp 360.Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact 361.It calendar/ 362Variety of pre-fab calendar files (see 363.Xr calendar 1 ) . 364.It dict/ 365Word lists (see 366.Xr look 1 367and 368.Xr spell 1 ) . 369.Pp 370.Bl -tag -width propernames -compact 371.It american 372Spellings preferred in American usage. 373.It british 374Spellings preferred in British usage. 375.It eign 376List of common words. 377.It propernames 378List of proper names. 379.It stop 380Forms that would otherwise be derivable by 381.Xr spell 1 382from words in the other files in 383.Pa /usr/share/dict , 384but should not be accepted. 385.It web2 386Words from Webster's 2nd International. 387.It web2a 388Additional words from Webster's. 389.It words 390Common words. 391.It papers/ 392Reference databases. 393.It special/ 394Custom word lists. 395.El 396.Pp 397.It doc/ 398Miscellaneous documentation. 399.Pp 400.Bl -tag -width html/ -compact 401.It html/ 402HTML documentation. 403.It mg/ 404Tutorial for the 405.Xr mg 1 406editor. 407.El 408.Pp 409.It games/ 410ASCII text files used by various games. 411.It info/ 412Texinfo source files. 413.It lkm/ 414Example source code implementing several lkm module types (see 415.Xr lkm 4 ) . 416.It locale/ 417Locales for multi-language support. 418.It man/ 419Manual pages. 420.Pp 421.Bl -tag -width man3p/ -compact 422.It man1/ 423General commands (tools and utilities). 424.It man2/ 425System calls and error numbers. 426.It man3/ 427Libraries. 428.It man3p/ 429.Xr perl 1 430programmers' reference guide. 431.It man4/ 432Special files and hardware support. 433.It man5/ 434File formats. 435.It man6/ 436Games. 437.It man7/ 438Miscellaneous. 439.It man8/ 440System maintenance and operation commands. 441.It man9/ 442Kernel internals. 443.El 444.Pp 445.It misc/ 446Miscellaneous system-wide ASCII text files. 447.Pp 448.Bl -tag -width terminfo.db -compact 449.It termcap 450Terminal characteristics database (see 451.Xr termcap 5 ) . 452.It termcap.db 453Hash database file containing terminal descriptions (see 454.Xr cap_mkdb 1 ) . 455.It terminfo.db 456Terminal information database. 457.It pcvtfonts/ 458Additional i386 console fonts. 459.El 460.Pp 461.It mk/ 462Templates for 463.Xr make 464(see 465.Xr make 1 ) . 466.It nls/ 467National Language Support (NLS) catalogs. 468.It sendmail/ 469Example files for 470.Xr sendmail 8 . 471.It snmp/ 472Data files for 473.Xr snmpd 8 . 474.Pp 475.Bl -tag -width mibs/ -compact 476.It mibs/ 477Management Information Base (MIB) definitions. 478.El 479.Pp 480.It tabset/ 481Tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 482the termcap file (see 483.Xr termcap 5 ) . 484.It texinfo/ 485Templates for 486.Xr texinfo 5 . 487.It vi/catalog/ 488Catalog files for the 489.Xr vi 1 490text editor. 491.It zoneinfo/ 492Time zone configuration information (see 493.Xr tzfile 5 ) . 494.El 495.Pp 496.It src/ 497BSD and/or local source files. 498.Pp 499.Bl -tag -width "kerberosV/" -compact 500.It bin/ 501Source for files in 502.Pa /bin . 503.It distrib/ 504Source for making distribution sets. 505.It etc/ 506Source for files in 507.Pa /etc . 508.It games/ 509Source for files in 510.Pa /usr/games . 511.It gnu/ 512Source for files under GPL or other restrictive licenses. 513.It include/ 514Source for files in 515.Pa /usr/include . 516.It kerberosV/ 517Source for Kerberos version V. 518.It lib/ 519Source for files in 520.Pa /usr/lib . 521.It libexec/ 522Source for files in 523.Pa /usr/libexec . 524.It regress/ 525Regress framework. 526.It sbin/ 527Source for files in 528.Pa /sbin . 529.It share/ 530Source for files in 531.Pa /usr/share . 532.It sys/ 533Kernel source files. 534.It usr.bin/ 535Source for files in 536.Pa /usr/bin . 537.It usr.sbin/ 538Source for files in 539.Pa /usr/sbin . 540.El 541.Pp 542.It xenocara/ 543Source for the X11 window system. 544.Pp 545.It xobj/ 546Architecture specific target tree produced by building the 547.Pa /usr/xenocara 548tree. 549.El 550.It /var/ 551Multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files. 552.Pp 553.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 554.It account/ 555System accounting files. 556.Pp 557.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 558.It acct 559Execution accounting file (see 560.Xr acct 5 ) . 561.El 562.Pp 563.It audit/ 564Audit logs. 565.It authpf/ 566PID file for 567.Xr authpf 8 . 568.It backups/ 569Miscellaneous backup files. 570.It crash/ 571Crash dumps written by 572.Xr savecore 8 . 573.It cron/ 574Spools and configuration files for 575.Xr cron 8 576and 577.Xr at 1 . 578.Pp 579.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 580.It atjobs/ 581.Xr at 1 582jobs. 583.It tabs/ 584Individual 585.Xr crontab 1 586files. 587.El 588.Pp 589.It db/ 590Miscellaneous, automatically generated system-specific database files. 591.It empty/ 592Generic 593.Xr chroot 2 594directory. 595.It games/ 596Miscellaneous game status and log files. 597.It log/ 598Miscellaneous system log files. 599.Pp 600.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 601.It wtmp 602Login/logout log (see 603.Xr wtmp 5 ) . 604.It rdist/ 605Log files for 606.Xr rdist 1 . 607.El 608.Pp 609.It mail/ 610User mailbox files. 611.It named/ 612Chroot directory for 613.Xr named 8 . 614.It nsd/ 615Database and zone files for 616.Xr nsd 8 . 617.It quotas/ 618Filesystem quota information files. 619.It run/ 620System information files describing various info about the 621system since it was booted. 622.Pp 623.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 624.It utmp 625Database of current users (see 626.Xr utmp 5 ) . 627.It sudo/ 628Timestamps for 629.Xr sudo 8 . 630.El 631.Pp 632.It rwho/ 633.Xr rwho 634data files (see 635.Xr rwhod 8 , 636.Xr rwho 1 , 637and 638.Xr ruptime 1 ) . 639.It spool/ 640Miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories. 641.Pp 642.Bl -tag -width "clientmqueue/" -compact 643.It clientmqueue/ 644Mail messages waiting to be processed by the sendmail clientmqueue helper 645task (see 646.Xr sendmail 8 ) . 647.It ftp/ 648Commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory. 649.It lock/ 650Lock files for utilities such as 651.Xr cu 1 , 652.Xr tip 1 653and 654.Xr uucp . 655.It mqueue/ 656Undelivered mail queue (see 657.Xr sendmail 8 ) . 658.It output/ 659Line printer spooling directories. 660.It smtpd/ 661Mail spool for 662.Xr smtpd 8 . 663.It uucp/ 664.Xr uucp 665spool directory. 666.It uucppublic/ 667Commonly ~uucp; public uucp temporary directory. 668.El 669.Pp 670.It tmp/ 671Temporary files that are kept between system reboots. 672Periodically cleaned by 673.Xr daily 8 . 674.It www/ 675ServerRoot point for 676.Xr httpd 8 . 677.It yp/ 678Files for the 679.Xr yp 8 680subsystem. 681.El 682.El 683.Sh SEE ALSO 684.Xr apropos 1 , 685.Xr find 1 , 686.Xr locate 1 , 687.Xr whatis 1 , 688.Xr whereis 1 , 689.Xr which 1 690.Sh HISTORY 691A 692.Nm 693manual page appeared in 694.At v7 . 695