1.\" $OpenBSD: hier.7,v 1.31 2001/09/17 16:59:31 camield Exp $ 2.\" $NetBSD: hier.7,v 1.7 1994/11/30 19:07:10 jtc Exp $ 3.\" 4.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 5.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 6.\" 7.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 8.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 9.\" are met: 10.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 11.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 12.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 13.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 14.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 15.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 16.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 17.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 18.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 19.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 20.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 21.\" without specific prior written permission. 22.\" 23.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 24.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 25.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 26.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 27.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 28.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 29.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 30.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 31.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 32.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 33.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 34.\" 35.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 36.\" 37.Dd June 5, 1993 38.Dt HIER 7 39.Os 40.Sh NAME 41.Nm hier 42.Nd layout of filesystems 43.Sh DESCRIPTION 44A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 45.Bl -tag -width "/stand/" 46.It Li / 47Root directory. 48.It Li /altroot/ 49Alternate (backup) location for the root 50.Pq Sq / 51filesystem. 52.It Li /bin/ 53User utilities fundamental to both single and multi-user environments. 54These programs are statically compiled and therefore do not depend on any 55system libraries to run. 56.It Li /bsd 57Pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 58at boot-time). 59.It Li /dev/ 60Block and character device files. 61.Pp 62.Bl -tag -width MAKEDEV -compact 63.It Li MAKEDEV 64Script for creating device files (see 65.Xr makedev 8 ) . 66.It Li fd/ 67File descriptor files (see 68.Xr fd 4 ) . 69.El 70.It Li /emul/ 71Base directory for alternate areas searched first when system call 72emulation is in effect (see 73.Xr compat_bsdos 8 , 74.Xr compat_freebsd 8 , 75.Xr compat_ibcs2 8 , 76.Xr compat_linux 8 , 77.Xr compat_sunos 8 , 78.Xr compat_svr4 8 , 79.Xr compat_ultrix 8 ) . 80.It Li /etc/ 81System configuration files and scripts. 82.Pp 83.Bl -tag -width "disklabels/" -compact 84.It Li localtime 85Local timezone information (see 86.Xr ctime 3 ) . 87.It Li disklabels/ 88Backup disklabels (see 89.Xr disklabel 8 ) . 90.It Li kerberosIV/ 91Configuration files for the Kerberos version IV system (see 92.Xr kerberos 1 ) . 93.It Li kerberosV/ 94Configuration files for the Kerberos version V system (see 95.Xr kerberos 1 ) . 96.It Li mail/ 97.Xr sendmail 8 98configuration files (including 99.Xr aliases 5 ) . 100.It Li mtree/ 101.Xr mtree 102configuration files (see 103.Xr mtree 8 ) . 104.It Li ppp/ 105.Xr pppd 106configuration files (see 107.Xr pppd 8 ) . 108.It Li skel/ 109Example 110.Dq \&. 111(dot) files for new accounts. 112.El 113.It Li /home/ 114Default location for user home directories. 115.It Li /mnt/ 116Empty directory commonly used by 117system administrators as a temporary mount point. 118.It Li /root/ 119Default home directory for the superuser. 120.It Li /sbin/ 121System programs and administration utilities 122fundamental to both single and multi-user environments. 123.It Li /stand/ 124Programs used in a stand-alone environment. 125.It Li /tmp/ 126Temporary files, usually an 127.Xr mfs 8 128memory-based filesystem (the contents 129of 130.Pa /tmp 131are usually 132.Em not 133preserved across a system reboot). 134.It Li /usr/ 135Contains the majority of user utilities and applications. 136.Pp 137.Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact 138.It Li X11R6/ 139Files required for the X11 window system. 140.Pp 141.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact 142.It Li bin/ 143X11 binaries. 144.It Li include/ 145X11-specific C include files. 146.It Li lib/ 147X11 archive libraries. 148.Pp 149.Bl -tag -width "X11/" -compact 150.It Li X11/ 151Default configuration files for X11 and companion applications (see 152.Xr xdm 1 , 153.Xr xkb 1 , 154.Xr twm 1 ) . 155.Pp 156.El 157.It Li man/ 158X11 manual pages. 159.El 160.Pp 161.It Li bin/ 162Common utilities, programming tools, and applications. 163.It Li games/ 164Useful and semi-frivolous programs. 165.It Li include/ 166Standard C include files. 167.Pp 168.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 169.It Li arpa/ 170C include files for Internet service protocols. 171.It Li kerberosIV/ 172C include files for Kerberos IV authentication package (see 173.Xr kerberos 1 ) . 174.It Li kerberosV/ 175C include files for Kerberos V authentication package (see 176.Xr kerberos 1 ) . 177.It Li crypto/ 178C include files for the cryptographic libraries. 179.It Li ddb/ 180C include files for the kernel debugger (see 181.Xr ddb 4 ) . 182.It Li g++/ 183Include files for the GNU C++ compiler. 184.It Li isofs/ 185C include files for the ISO standard file systems (currently only cd9660). 186.It Li miscfs/ 187C include files for miscellaneous file systems. 188.It Li netatalk/ 189C include files for the AppleTalk protocol. 190.It Li netccitt/ 191.It Li netipx/ 192C include files for the IPX protocol. 193.It Li netnatm/ 194.It Li objc/ 195C include files for GNU Objective-C. 196.It Li ssl/ 197C include files for the OpenSSL library (see 198.Xr ssl 8 ) . 199.It Li readline/ 200.It Li rpc/ 201C include files for remote procedure calling (see 202.Xr rpc 5 ) . 203.It Li rpcsvc/ 204.It Li scsi/ 205SCSI-specific C include files. 206.It Li uvm/ 207C include files for the New and Improved virtual memory interface. 208.It Li vm/ 209C include files for the virtual memory interface. 210.It Li xfs/ 211C include files for the XFS file system. 212.It Li dev/ 213Device-specific C include files. 214.It Li machine/ 215Machine specific C include files. 216.It Li net/ 217Miscellaneous network C include files. 218.It Li netinet/ 219C include files for Internet standard protocols (see 220.Xr inet 4 ) . 221.It Li netinet6/ 222C include files for Internet protocol version 6 (see 223.Xr inet6 4 ) . 224.It Li netiso/ 225C include files for ISO standard protocols (see 226.Xr iso 4 ) . 227.It Li netns/ 228C include files for XNS standard protocols (see 229.Xr ns 4 ) . 230.It Li nfs/ 231C include files for NFS (Network File System). 232.It Li protocols/ 233C include files for Berkeley service protocols. 234.It Li sys/ 235System C include files (kernel data structures). 236.It Li ufs/ 237C include files for UFS (the U-word File System). 238.El 239.Pp 240.It Li lib/ 241Archive libraries. 242.It Li libdata/ 243Miscellaneous utility data files. 244.It Li libexec/ 245System daemons and utilities (executed by other programs). 246.Pp 247.Bl -tag -width "auth/" -compact 248.It Li auth/ 249Login scripts used to authenticate users (for BSD authentication). 250.El 251.Pp 252.It Li lkm/ 253.It Li mdec/ 254.It Li local/ 255Local executables, libraries, etc. 256.It Li obj/ 257Architecture specific target tree produced by building the 258.Pa /usr/src 259tree. 260.It Li ports/ 261The 262.Ox 263ports collection (see 264.Xr ports 7 ) . 265.It Li sbin/ 266System daemons and utilities (executed by users). 267.It Li share/ 268Architecture independent data files. 269.Pp 270.Bl -tag -width "groff_font/" -compact 271.It Li calendar/ 272Variety of pre-fab calendar files (see 273.Xr calendar 1 ) . 274.It Li dict/ 275Word lists (see 276.Xr look 1 ) . 277.Pp 278.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 279.It Li words 280Common words. 281.It Li web2 282Words from Webster's 2nd International. 283.It Li web2a 284Additional words from Webster's. 285.It Li propernames 286List of proper names. 287.It Li eign 288.It Li papers/ 289Reference databases (see 290.Xr refer 1 ) . 291.It Li special/ 292Custom word lists. 293.El 294.Pp 295.It Li doc/ 296Miscellaneous documentation; 297source for most of the printed 298.Bx 4.3 299manuals (available 300from the 301.Tn USENIX 302association). 303.It Li games/ 304ASCII text files used by various games. 305.It Li groff_font/ 306GNU troff shared fonts. 307.It Li info/ 308Texinfo source files. 309.It Li ipsec/ 310IPsec example files. 311.It Li lkm/ 312Example source code implementing several lkm module types (see 313.Xr lkm 4 ) . 314.It Li locale/ 315.It Li man/ 316Manual pages. 317.It Li misc/ 318Miscellaneous system-wide ASCII text files. 319.Bl -tag -width Fl 320.It Li termcap 321Terminal characteristics database (see 322.Xr termcap 5 ) . 323.El 324.Pp 325.It Li mk/ 326Templates for 327.Xr make 328(see 329.Xr make 1 ) . 330.It Li nls/ 331.It Li sendmail/ 332Example files for 333.Xr sendmail 8 . 334.It Li vi/catalog/ 335Catalog files for the 336.Xr vi 1 337text editor. 338.It Li tabset/ 339Tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 340the termcap file (see 341.Xr termcap 5 ) . 342.It Li tmac/ 343Text processing macros (see 344.Xr nroff 1 345and 346.Xr troff 1 ) . 347.It Li zoneinfo/ 348Timezone configuration information (see 349.Xr tzfile 5 ) . 350.El 351.Pp 352.It Li src/ 353BSD and/or local source files. 354.Pp 355.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 356.It Li bin/ 357Source for files in 358.Pa /bin . 359.It Li etc/ 360Source for files in 361.Pa /etc . 362.It Li games/ 363Source for files in 364.Pa /usr/games . 365.It Li gnu/ 366Source for files with GPL license. 367.It Li include/ 368Source for files in 369.Pa /usr/include . 370.It Li kerberosIV/ 371Source for Kerberos version IV. 372.It Li kerberosV/ 373Source for Kerberos version V. 374.It Li lib/ 375Source for files in 376.Pa /usr/lib . 377.It Li libexec/ 378Source for files in 379.Pa /usr/libexec . 380.It Li lkm/ 381Source for files in 382.Pa /usr/lkm . 383.It Li sbin/ 384Source for files in 385.Pa /sbin . 386.It Li share/ 387Source for files in 388.Pa /usr/share . 389.It Li sys/ 390Kernel source files. 391.It Li usr.bin/ 392Source for files in 393.Pa /usr/bin . 394.It Li usr.sbin/ 395Source for files in 396.Pa /usr/sbin . 397.El 398.El 399.It Li /var/ 400Multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files. 401.Pp 402.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 403.It Li account/ 404System accounting files. 405.Pp 406.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 407.It Li acct 408Execution accounting file (see 409.Xr acct 5 ) . 410.El 411.Pp 412.It Li at/ 413.Xr timed 8 414command scheduling files (see 415.Xr at 1 ) . 416.It Li backups/ 417Miscellaneous backup files. 418.It Li db/ 419Miscellaneous automatically generated system-specific database files. 420.It Li games/ 421Miscellaneous game status and log files. 422.It Li log/ 423Miscellaneous system log files. 424.Pp 425.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 426.It Li wtmp 427Login/logout log (see 428.Xr wtmp 5 ) . 429.El 430.Pp 431.It Li mail/ 432User mailbox files. 433.It Li named/ 434.Xr named 8 435configuration files. 436.Pp 437.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 438.It Li namedb/ 439Zone files. 440.El 441.Pp 442.It Li preserve/ 443Temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 444of an editor (see 445.Xr ex 1 ) . 446.It Li quotas/ 447Filesystem quota information files. 448.It Li run/ 449System information files describing various info about the 450system since it was booted. 451.Pp 452.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 453.It Li utmp 454Database of current users (see 455.Xr utmp 5 ) . 456.El 457.Pp 458.It Li rwho/ 459.Xr rwho 460data files (see 461.Xr rwhod 8 , 462.Xr rwho 1 , 463and 464.Xr ruptime 1 ) . 465.It Li spool/ 466Miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories. 467.Pp 468.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 469.It Li ftp/ 470Commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory. 471.It Li mqueue/ 472Undelivered mail queue (see 473.Xr sendmail 8 ) . 474.It Li output/ 475Line printer spooling directories. 476.It Li uucp/ 477.Xr uucp 478spool directory. 479.It Li uucppublic/ 480Commonly ~uucp; public uucp temporary directory. 481.El 482.Pp 483.It Li tmp/ 484Temporary files that are kept between system reboots. 485.El 486.El 487.Sh SEE ALSO 488.Xr apropos 1 , 489.Xr find 1 , 490.Xr locate 1 , 491.Xr whatis 1 , 492.Xr whereis 1 , 493.Xr which 1 494.Sh HISTORY 495A 496.Nm 497manual page appeared in 498.At v7 . 499