1.\" $OpenBSD: hier.7,v 1.169 2022/09/27 05:53:32 jmc Exp $ 2.\" $NetBSD: hier.7,v 1.7 1994/11/30 19:07:10 jtc Exp $ 3.\" 4.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 5.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 6.\" 7.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 8.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 9.\" are met: 10.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 11.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 12.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 13.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 14.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 15.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 16.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 17.\" without specific prior written permission. 18.\" 19.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 20.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 21.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 22.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 23.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 24.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 25.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 26.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 27.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 28.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 29.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 30.\" 31.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 32.\" 33.Dd $Mdocdate: September 27 2022 $ 34.Dt HIER 7 35.Os 36.Sh NAME 37.Nm hier 38.Nd layout of filesystems 39.Sh DESCRIPTION 40A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 41.Bl -tag -width "/altroot/" 42.It / 43Root directory. 44.It /altroot/ 45Alternate (backup) location for the root 46.Pq Sq / 47filesystem 48(see 49.Xr daily 8 ) . 50.It /bin/ 51User utilities fundamental to both single and multi-user environments. 52These programs are statically compiled and therefore do not depend on any 53system libraries to run. 54.It /bsd 55Pure kernel executable 56(the operating system loaded into memory at boot-time). 57.It /bsd.mp 58Pure kernel executable 59for multiprocessor machines. 60.It /bsd.rd 61Installation kernel. 62The built-in RAM disk contains utilities which can be run 63without an external file system, so this kernel is useful 64for limited system maintenance too. 65.It /bsd.sp 66Pure kernel executable 67for single processor machines. 68.It /dev/ 69Block and character device files. 70.Pp 71.Bl -tag -width MAKEDEV -compact 72.It MAKEDEV 73Script for creating device files (see 74.Xr MAKEDEV 8 ) . 75.It fd/ 76File descriptor files (see 77.Xr fd 4 ) . 78.El 79.It /etc/ 80System configuration files and scripts. 81.Pp 82.Bl -tag -width "raddb/servers/" -compact 83.It localtime 84Local time zone information (see 85.Xr ctime 3 ) . 86.It X11/ 87Configuration files for the X11 window system. 88.It acme/ 89Private keys for 90.Xr acme-client 1 . 91.It amd/ 92Contains map files for 93.Xr amd 8 . 94.It authpf/ 95Configuration files for the authenticating gateway user shell (see 96.Xr authpf 8 ) . 97.It examples/ 98Example configuration files for base system daemons. 99.It firmware/ 100Firmware files for various devices. 101.It fonts/ 102Configuration files for X11 window system fonts. 103.It hotplug/ 104Scripts for the hotplug daemon, 105.Xr hotplugd 8 . 106.It iked/ 107Configuration files for 108.Xr iked 8 . 109.It isakmpd/ 110Configuration files for 111.Xr isakmpd 8 . 112.It ldap/ 113Certificates and schema definition files for 114.Xr ldapd 8 . 115.It login.conf.d/ 116Additional login attributes for 117.Xr login.conf 5 . 118.It mail/ 119System mail configuration files. 120.It mtree/ 121.Xr mtree 8 122configuration files. 123.It npppd/ 124.Xr npppd 8 125configuration files. 126.It ppp/ 127.Xr pppd 8 128configuration files. 129.It raddb/servers/ 130List of radius servers and their associated shared secrets for 131.Xr login_radius 8 . 132.It rc.d/ 133.Xr packages 7 134start/stop scripts and subroutines for 135.Xr rc 8 . 136.It rpki/ 137TAL and configuration files for 138.Xr rpki-client 8 . 139.It signify/ 140Key files used by 141.Xr signify 1 . 142.It skel/ 143Example 144.Sq .\& 145(dot) files for new accounts. 146.It skey/ 147One-time password user database for 148.Xr skey 1 . 149.It ssh/ 150Configuration files for 151.Xr ssh 1 152and 153.Xr sshd 8 . 154.It ssl/ 155OpenSSL configuration files (see 156.Xr openssl 1 ) . 157.El 158.It /home/ 159Default location for user home directories. 160.Pp 161.Bl -tag -width _sysupgrade/ -compact 162.It _sysupgrade/ 163Download location for 164.Xr sysupgrade 8 . 165.El 166.It /mnt/ 167Empty directory commonly used by 168system administrators as a temporary mount point. 169.It /root/ 170Default home directory for the superuser. 171.It /sbin/ 172System programs and administration utilities 173fundamental to both single and multi-user environments. 174Most of these programs are statically compiled and therefore do not 175depend on any system libraries to run. 176.It /tmp/ 177Temporary files that are 178.Em not 179preserved between system reboots. 180Periodically cleaned by 181.Xr daily 8 . 182.It /usr/ 183Contains the majority of user utilities and applications. 184.Pp 185.Bl -tag -width "xenocara/" -compact 186.It X11R6/ 187Files required for the X11 window system. 188.Pp 189.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact 190.It bin/ 191X11 binaries. 192.It include/ 193X11-specific C include files. 194.It lib/ 195X11 archive libraries. 196.Pp 197.Bl -tag -width "pkgconfig/" -compact 198.It X11/ 199Default configuration files for X11 and companion applications. 200.It modules/ 201Various libraries and drivers for the X11 window system. 202.It pkgconfig/ 203Package metadata for 204.Xr pkg-config 1 . 205.It xorg/ 206Data files used by the X server. 207.El 208.Pp 209.It man/ 210X11 manual pages. 211.It share/ 212Architecture independent data files. 213.El 214.Pp 215.It bin/ 216Common utilities, programming tools, and applications. 217.It games/ 218Useful and semi-frivolous programs. 219.It include/ 220Standard C include files. 221.Pp 222.Bl -tag -width "libmilter/" -compact 223.It arpa/ 224C include files for Internet service protocols. 225.It c++/ 226Include files for the Clang C++ compiler. 227.It cbor/ 228C include files for the Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) 229library. 230.It crypto/ 231C include files for the cryptographic libraries. 232.It ddb/ 233C include files for the kernel debugger (see 234.Xr ddb 4 ) . 235.It dev/ 236Device-specific C include files. 237.It fido/ 238C include files for the U2F/FIDO2 communication library. 239.It g++/ 240Include files for the GNU C++ compiler. 241.It isofs/ 242C include files for the ISO standard file systems (currently only cd9660). 243.It llvm/ 244C++ include files for LLVM. 245.It llvm-c/ 246C include files for LLVM. 247.It machine/ 248Machine specific C include files. 249.It miscfs/ 250C include files for miscellaneous file systems. 251.It msdosfs/ 252C include files for MS-DOS file system. 253.It net/ 254Miscellaneous network C include files. 255.It net80211/ 256C include files for 802.11 wireless networking. 257.It netinet/ 258C include files for Internet standard protocols (see 259.Xr inet 4 ) . 260.It netinet6/ 261C include files for Internet protocol version 6 (see 262.Xr inet6 4 ) . 263.It netmpls/ 264C include files for the MPLS protocol. 265.It nfs/ 266C include files for NFS (Network File System). 267.It ntfs/ 268C include files for NTFS file system. 269.It openssl/ 270C include files for the OpenSSL library (see 271.Xr ssl 8 ) . 272.It protocols/ 273C include files for Berkeley service protocols. 274.It readline/ 275C include files for the 276.Xr readline 3 277library. 278.It rpc/ 279C include files for remote procedure calling (see 280.Xr rpc 5 ) . 281.It rpcsvc/ 282C include files for rpcsvc. 283.It scsi/ 284SCSI-specific C include files. 285.It sys/ 286System C include files (kernel data structures). 287.It ufs/ 288C include files for UFS (the U-word File System). 289.It uvm/ 290C include files for the virtual memory interface. 291.El 292.Pp 293.It lib/ 294System libraries. 295See 296.Xr intro 3 297for a description of library types. 298.It libdata/ 299Miscellaneous utility data files. 300.Pp 301.Bl -tag -width "ldscripts/" -compact 302.It cvs/ 303Placeholder for user contributed 304.Xr cvs 1 305code/scripts. 306.It ldscripts/ 307ELF linker scripts. 308.It perl5/ 309Data files for 310.Xr perl 1 . 311.El 312.Pp 313.It libexec/ 314System daemons and utilities (executed by other programs). 315.Pp 316.Bl -tag -width "cvs/contrib/" -compact 317.It auth/ 318Login scripts used to authenticate users (for 319.Bx 320Authentication). 321.It cvs/contrib/ 322User contributed 323.Xr cvs 1 324scripts. 325.It lpr/ 326Contains the lpf filter for 327.Xr lpd 8 . 328.It radiusd/ 329Authentication modules for 330.Xr radiusd 8 . 331.El 332.Pp 333.It local/ 334Local executables, libraries, etc. 335.It mdec/ 336Boot-related executables. 337.It obj/ 338Architecture specific target tree produced by building the 339.Pa /usr/src 340tree. 341.It ports/ 342The 343.Ox 344ports collection (see 345.Xr ports 7 ) . 346.It sbin/ 347System daemons and utilities (executed by users). 348.It share/ 349Architecture independent data files. 350.Pp 351.Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact 352.It calendar/ 353Variety of pre-fab calendar files (see 354.Xr calendar 1 ) . 355.It dict/ 356Word lists (see 357.Xr look 1 358and 359.Xr spell 1 ) . 360.Pp 361.Bl -tag -width propernames -compact 362.It american 363Spellings preferred in American usage. 364.It british 365Spellings preferred in British usage. 366.It propernames 367List of proper names. 368.It stop 369Forms that would otherwise be derivable by 370.Xr spell 1 371from words in the other files in 372.Pa /usr/share/dict , 373but should not be accepted. 374.It web2 375Words from Webster's 2nd International. 376.It web2a 377Additional words from Webster's. 378.It words 379Common words. 380.It papers/ 381Reference databases. 382.It special/ 383Custom word lists. 384.El 385.Pp 386.It doc/ 387Miscellaneous documentation. 388.It games/ 389ASCII text files used by various games. 390.It info/ 391Texinfo source files. 392.It locale/ 393Locales for multi-language support. 394.It man/ 395Manual pages. 396.Pp 397.Bl -tag -width man3p/ -compact 398.It man1/ 399General commands (tools and utilities). 400.It man2/ 401System calls and error numbers. 402.It man3/ 403Libraries. 404.It man3p/ 405.Xr perl 1 406programmers' reference guide. 407.It man4/ 408Special files and hardware support. 409.It man5/ 410File formats. 411.It man6/ 412Games. 413.It man7/ 414Miscellaneous. 415.It man8/ 416System maintenance and operation commands. 417.It man9/ 418Kernel internals. 419.El 420.Pp 421.It misc/ 422Miscellaneous system-wide ASCII text files. 423.Pp 424.Bl -tag -width pcvtfonts/ -compact 425.It termcap 426Terminal characteristics database (see 427.Xr termcap 5 ) . 428.It pcvtfonts/ 429Additional console fonts. 430.El 431.Pp 432.It mk/ 433Templates for 434.Xr make 1 . 435.It relink/ 436Link kit for boot-time kernel and library relinking. 437.It snmp/ 438Data files for 439.Xr snmpd 8 . 440.Pp 441.Bl -tag -width mibs/ -compact 442.It mibs/ 443Management Information Base (MIB) definitions. 444.El 445.Pp 446.It tabset/ 447Tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 448the termcap file (see 449.Xr termcap 5 ) . 450.It terminfo/ 451Compiled terminal characteristic files (see 452.Xr terminfo 5 ) . 453.It texinfo/ 454Templates for 455.Xr texinfo 5 . 456.It zoneinfo/ 457Time zone configuration information (see 458.Xr tzfile 5 ) . 459.El 460.Pp 461.It src/ 462.Bx 463and/or local source files. 464.Pp 465.Bl -tag -width "usr.sbin/" -compact 466.It bin/ 467Source for files in 468.Pa /bin . 469.It distrib/ 470Source for making distribution sets. 471.It etc/ 472Source for files in 473.Pa /etc . 474.It games/ 475Source for files in 476.Pa /usr/games . 477.It gnu/ 478Source for files under GPL or other restrictive licenses. 479.It include/ 480Source for files in 481.Pa /usr/include . 482.It lib/ 483Source for files in 484.Pa /usr/lib . 485.It libexec/ 486Source for files in 487.Pa /usr/libexec . 488.It regress/ 489Regress framework. 490.It sbin/ 491Source for files in 492.Pa /sbin . 493.It share/ 494Source for files in 495.Pa /usr/share . 496.It sys/ 497Kernel source files. 498.It usr.bin/ 499Source for files in 500.Pa /usr/bin . 501.It usr.sbin/ 502Source for files in 503.Pa /usr/sbin . 504.El 505.Pp 506.It xenocara/ 507Source for the X11 window system. 508.Pp 509.It xobj/ 510Architecture specific target tree produced by building the 511.Pa /usr/xenocara 512tree. 513.El 514.It /var/ 515Multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files. 516.Pp 517.Bl -tag -width "sysmerge/" -compact 518.It account/ 519System accounting files. 520.Pp 521.Bl -tag -width acct -compact 522.It acct 523Execution accounting file (see 524.Xr acct 5 ) . 525.El 526.Pp 527.It agentx/ 528Master socket for AgentX-based backends, 529managed by 530.Xr snmpd 8 . 531.It audit/ 532Audit logs. 533.It authpf/ 534PID file for 535.Xr authpf 8 . 536.It backups/ 537Miscellaneous backup files. 538.It cache/ 539Data cached for programs. 540.It crash/ 541Crash dumps written by 542.Xr savecore 8 . 543.It cron/ 544Spools and configuration files for 545.Xr cron 8 546and 547.Xr at 1 . 548.Pp 549.Bl -tag -width atjobs/ -compact 550.It atjobs/ 551.Xr at 1 552jobs. 553.It tabs/ 554Individual 555.Xr crontab 1 556files. 557.El 558.Pp 559.It db/ 560Miscellaneous, automatically generated system-specific database files. 561.It empty/ 562Generic 563.Xr chroot 2 564directory. 565.It games/ 566Miscellaneous game status and log files. 567.It log/ 568Miscellaneous system log files. 569.Pp 570.Bl -tag -width rdist/ -compact 571.It wtmp 572Login/logout log (see 573.Xr wtmp 5 ) . 574.It rdist/ 575Log files for 576.Xr rdist 1 . 577.El 578.Pp 579.It mail/ 580User mailbox files. 581.It nsd/ 582Database and zone files for 583.Xr nsd 8 . 584.It quotas/ 585Filesystem quota information files. 586.It run/ 587System information files describing various info about the 588system since it was booted. 589.Pp 590.Bl -tag -width rc.d/ -compact 591.It rc.d/ 592Details of currently running daemons; 593used by 594.Xr rc.d 8 . 595.It utmp 596Database of current users (see 597.Xr utmp 5 ) . 598.El 599.Pp 600.It spool/ 601Miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories. 602.Pp 603.Bl -tag -width "output/" -compact 604.It ftp/ 605Commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory. 606.It lock/ 607Lock files for utilities such as 608.Xr pppd 8 . 609.It output/ 610Line printer spooling directories. 611.It smtpd/ 612Mail spool for 613.Xr smtpd 8 . 614.El 615.Pp 616.It sysmerge/ 617Checksum files and reference sets 618for 619.Xr sysmerge 8 . 620.It syspatch/ 621Rollback tarballs and patch files for 622.Xr syspatch 8 . 623.It tmp -> ../tmp 624A symbolic link to the system 625.Pa /tmp 626directory. 627To protect other users of 628.Pa /var 629from overfill conditions, this is no longer a space you can trust to 630retain storage over a reboot. 631Periodically cleaned by 632.Xr daily 8 . 633.It unbound/ 634Configuration files for 635.Xr unbound 8 . 636.It www/ 637Configuration files for 638.Xr httpd 8 . 639.It yp/ 640Files for the 641.Xr yp 8 642subsystem. 643.El 644.El 645.Sh SEE ALSO 646.Xr apropos 1 , 647.Xr find 1 , 648.Xr locate 1 , 649.Xr whatis 1 , 650.Xr whereis 1 , 651.Xr which 1 652.Sh HISTORY 653A 654.Nm 655manual page appeared in 656.At v7 . 657