1.\" $OpenBSD: hier.7,v 1.166 2022/05/17 16:50:30 jmc Exp $ 2.\" $NetBSD: hier.7,v 1.7 1994/11/30 19:07:10 jtc Exp $ 3.\" 4.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 5.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 6.\" 7.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 8.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 9.\" are met: 10.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 11.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 12.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 13.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 14.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 15.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 16.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 17.\" without specific prior written permission. 18.\" 19.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 20.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 21.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 22.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 23.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 24.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 25.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 26.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 27.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 28.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 29.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 30.\" 31.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 32.\" 33.Dd $Mdocdate: May 17 2022 $ 34.Dt HIER 7 35.Os 36.Sh NAME 37.Nm hier 38.Nd layout of filesystems 39.Sh DESCRIPTION 40A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 41.Bl -tag -width "/altroot/" 42.It / 43Root directory. 44.It /altroot/ 45Alternate (backup) location for the root 46.Pq Sq / 47filesystem 48(see 49.Xr daily 8 ) . 50.It /bin/ 51User utilities fundamental to both single and multi-user environments. 52These programs are statically compiled and therefore do not depend on any 53system libraries to run. 54.It /bsd 55Pure kernel executable 56(the operating system loaded into memory at boot-time). 57.It /bsd.mp 58Pure kernel executable 59for multiprocessor machines. 60.It /bsd.rd 61Installation kernel. 62The built-in RAM disk contains utilities which can be run 63without an external file system, so this kernel is useful 64for limited system maintenance too. 65.It /bsd.sp 66Pure kernel executable 67for single processor machines. 68.It /dev/ 69Block and character device files. 70.Pp 71.Bl -tag -width MAKEDEV -compact 72.It MAKEDEV 73Script for creating device files (see 74.Xr MAKEDEV 8 ) . 75.It fd/ 76File descriptor files (see 77.Xr fd 4 ) . 78.El 79.It /etc/ 80System configuration files and scripts. 81.Pp 82.Bl -tag -width "raddb/servers/" -compact 83.It localtime 84Local time zone information (see 85.Xr ctime 3 ) . 86.It X11/ 87Configuration files for the X11 window system. 88.It acme/ 89Private keys for 90.Xr acme-client 1 . 91.It amd/ 92Contains map files for 93.Xr amd 8 . 94.It authpf/ 95Configuration files for the authenticating gateway user shell (see 96.Xr authpf 8 ) . 97.It examples/ 98Example configuration files for base system daemons. 99.It firmware/ 100Firmware files for various devices. 101.It fonts/ 102Configuration files for X11 window system fonts. 103.It hotplug/ 104Scripts for the hotplug daemon, 105.Xr hotplugd 8 . 106.It iked/ 107Configuration files for 108.Xr iked 8 . 109.It isakmpd/ 110Configuration files for 111.Xr isakmpd 8 . 112.It ldap/ 113Certificates and schema definition files for 114.Xr ldapd 8 . 115.It login.conf.d/ 116Additional login attributes for 117.Xr login.conf 5 . 118.It mail/ 119System mail configuration files. 120.It mtree/ 121.Xr mtree 8 122configuration files. 123.It npppd/ 124.Xr npppd 8 125configuration files. 126.It ppp/ 127.Xr pppd 8 128configuration files. 129.It raddb/servers/ 130List of radius servers and their associated shared secrets for 131.Xr login_radius 8 . 132.It rc.d/ 133.Xr packages 7 134start/stop scripts and subroutines for 135.Xr rc 8 . 136.It signify/ 137Key files used by 138.Xr signify 1 . 139.It skel/ 140Example 141.Sq .\& 142(dot) files for new accounts. 143.It skey/ 144One-time password user database for 145.Xr skey 1 . 146.It ssh/ 147Configuration files for 148.Xr ssh 1 149and 150.Xr sshd 8 . 151.It ssl/ 152OpenSSL configuration files (see 153.Xr openssl 1 ) . 154.El 155.It /home/ 156Default location for user home directories. 157.Pp 158.Bl -tag -width _sysupgrade/ -compact 159.It _sysupgrade/ 160Download location for 161.Xr sysupgrade 8 . 162.El 163.It /mnt/ 164Empty directory commonly used by 165system administrators as a temporary mount point. 166.It /root/ 167Default home directory for the superuser. 168.It /sbin/ 169System programs and administration utilities 170fundamental to both single and multi-user environments. 171These programs are statically compiled and therefore do not depend on any 172system libraries to run. 173.It /tmp/ 174Temporary files that are 175.Em not 176preserved between system reboots. 177Periodically cleaned by 178.Xr daily 8 . 179.It /usr/ 180Contains the majority of user utilities and applications. 181.Pp 182.Bl -tag -width "xenocara/" -compact 183.It X11R6/ 184Files required for the X11 window system. 185.Pp 186.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact 187.It bin/ 188X11 binaries. 189.It include/ 190X11-specific C include files. 191.It lib/ 192X11 archive libraries. 193.Pp 194.Bl -tag -width "pkgconfig/" -compact 195.It X11/ 196Default configuration files for X11 and companion applications. 197.It modules/ 198Various libraries and drivers for the X11 window system. 199.It pkgconfig/ 200Package metadata for 201.Xr pkg-config 1 . 202.It xorg/ 203Data files used by the X server. 204.El 205.Pp 206.It man/ 207X11 manual pages. 208.It share/ 209Architecture independent data files. 210.El 211.Pp 212.It bin/ 213Common utilities, programming tools, and applications. 214.It games/ 215Useful and semi-frivolous programs. 216.It include/ 217Standard C include files. 218.Pp 219.Bl -tag -width "libmilter/" -compact 220.It arpa/ 221C include files for Internet service protocols. 222.It c++/ 223Include files for the Clang C++ compiler. 224.It cbor/ 225C include files for the Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) 226library. 227.It crypto/ 228C include files for the cryptographic libraries. 229.It ddb/ 230C include files for the kernel debugger (see 231.Xr ddb 4 ) . 232.It dev/ 233Device-specific C include files. 234.It fido/ 235C include files for the U2F/FIDO2 communication library. 236.It g++/ 237Include files for the GNU C++ compiler. 238.It isofs/ 239C include files for the ISO standard file systems (currently only cd9660). 240.It llvm/ 241C++ include files for LLVM. 242.It llvm-c/ 243C include files for LLVM. 244.It machine/ 245Machine specific C include files. 246.It miscfs/ 247C include files for miscellaneous file systems. 248.It msdosfs/ 249C include files for MS-DOS file system. 250.It net/ 251Miscellaneous network C include files. 252.It net80211/ 253C include files for 802.11 wireless networking. 254.It netinet/ 255C include files for Internet standard protocols (see 256.Xr inet 4 ) . 257.It netinet6/ 258C include files for Internet protocol version 6 (see 259.Xr inet6 4 ) . 260.It netmpls/ 261C include files for the MPLS protocol. 262.It nfs/ 263C include files for NFS (Network File System). 264.It ntfs/ 265C include files for NTFS file system. 266.It objc/ 267C include files for GNU Objective-C. 268.It openssl/ 269C include files for the OpenSSL library (see 270.Xr ssl 8 ) . 271.It protocols/ 272C include files for Berkeley service protocols. 273.It readline/ 274C include files for the 275.Xr readline 3 276library. 277.It rpc/ 278C include files for remote procedure calling (see 279.Xr rpc 5 ) . 280.It rpcsvc/ 281C include files for rpcsvc. 282.It scsi/ 283SCSI-specific C include files. 284.It sys/ 285System C include files (kernel data structures). 286.It ufs/ 287C include files for UFS (the U-word File System). 288.It uvm/ 289C include files for the virtual memory interface. 290.El 291.Pp 292.It lib/ 293System libraries. 294See 295.Xr intro 3 296for a description of library types. 297.It libdata/ 298Miscellaneous utility data files. 299.Pp 300.Bl -tag -width "ldscripts/" -compact 301.It cvs/ 302Placeholder for user contributed 303.Xr cvs 1 304code/scripts. 305.It ldscripts/ 306ELF linker scripts. 307.It perl5/ 308Data files for 309.Xr perl 1 . 310.El 311.Pp 312.It libexec/ 313System daemons and utilities (executed by other programs). 314.Pp 315.Bl -tag -width "cvs/contrib/" -compact 316.It auth/ 317Login scripts used to authenticate users (for 318.Bx 319Authentication). 320.It cvs/contrib/ 321User contributed 322.Xr cvs 1 323scripts. 324.It lpr/ 325Contains the lpf filter for 326.Xr lpd 8 . 327.It radiusd/ 328Authentication modules for 329.Xr radiusd 8 . 330.El 331.Pp 332.It local/ 333Local executables, libraries, etc. 334.It mdec/ 335Boot-related executables. 336.It obj/ 337Architecture specific target tree produced by building the 338.Pa /usr/src 339tree. 340.It ports/ 341The 342.Ox 343ports collection (see 344.Xr ports 7 ) . 345.It sbin/ 346System daemons and utilities (executed by users). 347.It share/ 348Architecture independent data files. 349.Pp 350.Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact 351.It calendar/ 352Variety of pre-fab calendar files (see 353.Xr calendar 1 ) . 354.It dict/ 355Word lists (see 356.Xr look 1 357and 358.Xr spell 1 ) . 359.Pp 360.Bl -tag -width propernames -compact 361.It american 362Spellings preferred in American usage. 363.It british 364Spellings preferred in British usage. 365.It propernames 366List of proper names. 367.It stop 368Forms that would otherwise be derivable by 369.Xr spell 1 370from words in the other files in 371.Pa /usr/share/dict , 372but should not be accepted. 373.It web2 374Words from Webster's 2nd International. 375.It web2a 376Additional words from Webster's. 377.It words 378Common words. 379.It papers/ 380Reference databases. 381.It special/ 382Custom word lists. 383.El 384.Pp 385.It doc/ 386Miscellaneous documentation. 387.It games/ 388ASCII text files used by various games. 389.It info/ 390Texinfo source files. 391.It locale/ 392Locales for multi-language support. 393.It man/ 394Manual pages. 395.Pp 396.Bl -tag -width man3p/ -compact 397.It man1/ 398General commands (tools and utilities). 399.It man2/ 400System calls and error numbers. 401.It man3/ 402Libraries. 403.It man3p/ 404.Xr perl 1 405programmers' reference guide. 406.It man4/ 407Special files and hardware support. 408.It man5/ 409File formats. 410.It man6/ 411Games. 412.It man7/ 413Miscellaneous. 414.It man8/ 415System maintenance and operation commands. 416.It man9/ 417Kernel internals. 418.El 419.Pp 420.It misc/ 421Miscellaneous system-wide ASCII text files. 422.Pp 423.Bl -tag -width pcvtfonts/ -compact 424.It termcap 425Terminal characteristics database (see 426.Xr termcap 5 ) . 427.It pcvtfonts/ 428Additional console fonts. 429.El 430.Pp 431.It mk/ 432Templates for 433.Xr make 1 . 434.It relink/ 435Link kit for boot-time kernel and library relinking. 436.It snmp/ 437Data files for 438.Xr snmpd 8 . 439.Pp 440.Bl -tag -width mibs/ -compact 441.It mibs/ 442Management Information Base (MIB) definitions. 443.El 444.Pp 445.It tabset/ 446Tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 447the termcap file (see 448.Xr termcap 5 ) . 449.It terminfo/ 450Compiled terminal characteristic files (see 451.Xr terminfo 5 ) . 452.It texinfo/ 453Templates for 454.Xr texinfo 5 . 455.It zoneinfo/ 456Time zone configuration information (see 457.Xr tzfile 5 ) . 458.El 459.Pp 460.It src/ 461.Bx 462and/or local source files. 463.Pp 464.Bl -tag -width "usr.sbin/" -compact 465.It bin/ 466Source for files in 467.Pa /bin . 468.It distrib/ 469Source for making distribution sets. 470.It etc/ 471Source for files in 472.Pa /etc . 473.It games/ 474Source for files in 475.Pa /usr/games . 476.It gnu/ 477Source for files under GPL or other restrictive licenses. 478.It include/ 479Source for files in 480.Pa /usr/include . 481.It lib/ 482Source for files in 483.Pa /usr/lib . 484.It libexec/ 485Source for files in 486.Pa /usr/libexec . 487.It regress/ 488Regress framework. 489.It sbin/ 490Source for files in 491.Pa /sbin . 492.It share/ 493Source for files in 494.Pa /usr/share . 495.It sys/ 496Kernel source files. 497.It usr.bin/ 498Source for files in 499.Pa /usr/bin . 500.It usr.sbin/ 501Source for files in 502.Pa /usr/sbin . 503.El 504.Pp 505.It xenocara/ 506Source for the X11 window system. 507.Pp 508.It xobj/ 509Architecture specific target tree produced by building the 510.Pa /usr/xenocara 511tree. 512.El 513.It /var/ 514Multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files. 515.Pp 516.Bl -tag -width "sysmerge/" -compact 517.It account/ 518System accounting files. 519.Pp 520.Bl -tag -width acct -compact 521.It acct 522Execution accounting file (see 523.Xr acct 5 ) . 524.El 525.Pp 526.It audit/ 527Audit logs. 528.It authpf/ 529PID file for 530.Xr authpf 8 . 531.It backups/ 532Miscellaneous backup files. 533.It cache/ 534Data cached for programs. 535.It crash/ 536Crash dumps written by 537.Xr savecore 8 . 538.It cron/ 539Spools and configuration files for 540.Xr cron 8 541and 542.Xr at 1 . 543.Pp 544.Bl -tag -width atjobs/ -compact 545.It atjobs/ 546.Xr at 1 547jobs. 548.It tabs/ 549Individual 550.Xr crontab 1 551files. 552.El 553.Pp 554.It db/ 555Miscellaneous, automatically generated system-specific database files. 556.It empty/ 557Generic 558.Xr chroot 2 559directory. 560.It games/ 561Miscellaneous game status and log files. 562.It log/ 563Miscellaneous system log files. 564.Pp 565.Bl -tag -width rdist/ -compact 566.It wtmp 567Login/logout log (see 568.Xr wtmp 5 ) . 569.It rdist/ 570Log files for 571.Xr rdist 1 . 572.El 573.Pp 574.It mail/ 575User mailbox files. 576.It nsd/ 577Database and zone files for 578.Xr nsd 8 . 579.It quotas/ 580Filesystem quota information files. 581.It run/ 582System information files describing various info about the 583system since it was booted. 584.Pp 585.Bl -tag -width rc.d/ -compact 586.It rc.d/ 587Details of currently running daemons; 588used by 589.Xr rc.d 8 . 590.It utmp 591Database of current users (see 592.Xr utmp 5 ) . 593.El 594.Pp 595.It spool/ 596Miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories. 597.Pp 598.Bl -tag -width "output/" -compact 599.It ftp/ 600Commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory. 601.It lock/ 602Lock files for utilities such as 603.Xr pppd 8 . 604.It output/ 605Line printer spooling directories. 606.It smtpd/ 607Mail spool for 608.Xr smtpd 8 . 609.El 610.Pp 611.It sysmerge/ 612Checksum files and reference sets 613for 614.Xr sysmerge 8 . 615.It syspatch/ 616Rollback tarballs and patch files for 617.Xr syspatch 8 . 618.It tmp -> ../tmp 619A symbolic link to the system 620.Pa /tmp 621directory. 622To protect other users of 623.Pa /var 624from overfill conditions, this is no longer a space you can trust to 625retain storage over a reboot. 626Periodically cleaned by 627.Xr daily 8 . 628.It unbound/ 629Configuration files for 630.Xr unbound 8 . 631.It www/ 632Configuration files for 633.Xr httpd 8 . 634.It yp/ 635Files for the 636.Xr yp 8 637subsystem. 638.El 639.El 640.Sh SEE ALSO 641.Xr apropos 1 , 642.Xr find 1 , 643.Xr locate 1 , 644.Xr whatis 1 , 645.Xr whereis 1 , 646.Xr which 1 647.Sh HISTORY 648A 649.Nm 650manual page appeared in 651.At v7 . 652