1.\" $OpenBSD: hier.7,v 1.148 2015/12/04 23:44:22 jmc Exp $ 2.\" $NetBSD: hier.7,v 1.7 1994/11/30 19:07:10 jtc Exp $ 3.\" 4.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 5.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 6.\" 7.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 8.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 9.\" are met: 10.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 11.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 12.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 13.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 14.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 15.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 16.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 17.\" without specific prior written permission. 18.\" 19.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 20.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 21.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 22.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 23.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 24.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 25.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 26.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 27.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 28.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 29.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 30.\" 31.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 32.\" 33.Dd $Mdocdate: December 4 2015 $ 34.Dt HIER 7 35.Os 36.Sh NAME 37.Nm hier 38.Nd layout of filesystems 39.Sh DESCRIPTION 40A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 41.Bl -tag -width "/altroot/" 42.It / 43Root directory. 44.It /altroot/ 45Alternate (backup) location for the root 46.Pq Sq / 47filesystem 48(see 49.Xr daily 8 ) . 50.It /bin/ 51User utilities fundamental to both single and multi-user environments. 52These programs are statically compiled and therefore do not depend on any 53system libraries to run. 54.It /bsd 55Pure kernel executable 56(the operating system loaded into memory at boot-time). 57.It /bsd.mp 58Pure kernel executable 59for multiprocessor machines. 60.It /bsd.rd 61Installation kernel. 62The built-in RAM disk contains utilities which can be run 63without an external file system, so this kernel is useful 64for limited system maintenance too. 65.It /bsd.sp 66Pure kernel executable 67for single processor machines. 68.It /dev/ 69Block and character device files. 70.Pp 71.Bl -tag -width MAKEDEV -compact 72.It MAKEDEV 73Script for creating device files (see 74.Xr MAKEDEV 8 ) . 75.It fd/ 76File descriptor files (see 77.Xr fd 4 ) . 78.El 79.It /emul/ 80Base directory for alternate areas searched first when system call 81emulation is in effect. 82.It /etc/ 83System configuration files and scripts. 84.Pp 85.Bl -tag -width "raddb/servers/" -compact 86.It localtime 87Local time zone information (see 88.Xr ctime 3 ) . 89.It X11/ 90Configuration files for the X11 window system. 91.It amd/ 92Contains map files for 93.Xr amd 8 . 94.It authpf/ 95Configuration files for the authenticating gateway user shell (see 96.Xr authpf 8 ) . 97.It examples/ 98Example configuration files for base system daemons. 99.It firmware/ 100Firmware files for various devices. 101.It fonts/ 102Configuration files for X11 window system fonts. 103.It hotplug/ 104Scripts for the hotplug daemon, 105.Xr hotplugd 8 . 106.It iked/ 107Configuration files for 108.Xr iked 8 . 109.It isakmpd/ 110Configuration files for 111.Xr isakmpd 8 . 112.It ldap/ 113Certificates and schema definition files for 114.Xr ldapd 8 . 115.It mail/ 116System mail configuration files. 117.It mtree/ 118.Xr mtree 8 119configuration files. 120.It npppd/ 121.Xr npppd 8 122configuration files. 123.It ppp/ 124.Xr pppd 8 125configuration files. 126.It raddb/servers/ 127List of radius servers and their associated shared secrets for 128.Xr login_radius 8 . 129.It rc.d/ 130.Xr packages 7 131start/stop scripts and subroutines for 132.Xr rc 8 . 133.It signify/ 134Key files used by 135.Xr signify 1 . 136.It skel/ 137Example 138.Sq .\& 139(dot) files for new accounts. 140.It skey/ 141One-time password user database for 142.Xr skey 1 . 143.It ssh/ 144Configuration files for 145.Xr ssh 1 146and 147.Xr sshd 8 . 148.It ssl/ 149OpenSSL configuration files (see 150.Xr openssl 1 ) . 151.It systrace/ 152Sample 153.Xr systrace 1 154policies. 155.El 156.It /home/ 157Default location for user home directories. 158.It /mnt/ 159Empty directory commonly used by 160system administrators as a temporary mount point. 161.It /root/ 162Default home directory for the superuser. 163.It /sbin/ 164System programs and administration utilities 165fundamental to both single and multi-user environments. 166These programs are statically compiled and therefore do not depend on any 167system libraries to run. 168.It /tmp/ 169Temporary files that are 170.Em not 171preserved between system reboots. 172Periodically cleaned by 173.Xr daily 8 . 174.It /usr/ 175Contains the majority of user utilities and applications. 176.Pp 177.Bl -tag -width "xenocara/" -compact 178.It X11R6/ 179Files required for the X11 window system. 180.Pp 181.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact 182.It bin/ 183X11 binaries. 184.It include/ 185X11-specific C include files. 186.It lib/ 187X11 archive libraries. 188.Pp 189.Bl -tag -width "pkgconfig/" -compact 190.It X11/ 191Default configuration files for X11 and companion applications. 192.It modules/ 193Various libraries and drivers for the X11 window system. 194.It pkgconfig/ 195Package metadata for 196.Xr pkg-config 1 . 197.It xorg/ 198Data files used by the X server. 199.El 200.Pp 201.It man/ 202X11 manual pages. 203.It share/ 204Architecture independent data files. 205.El 206.Pp 207.It bin/ 208Common utilities, programming tools, and applications. 209.It games/ 210Useful and semi-frivolous programs. 211.It include/ 212Standard C include files. 213.Pp 214.Bl -tag -width "libmilter/" -compact 215.It arpa/ 216C include files for Internet service protocols. 217.It crypto/ 218C include files for the cryptographic libraries. 219.It ddb/ 220C include files for the kernel debugger (see 221.Xr ddb 4 ) . 222.It dev/ 223Device-specific C include files. 224.It g++/ 225Include files for the GNU C++ compiler. 226.It isofs/ 227C include files for the ISO standard file systems (currently only cd9660). 228.It machine/ 229Machine specific C include files. 230.It miscfs/ 231C include files for miscellaneous file systems. 232.It msdosfs/ 233C include files for MS-DOS file system. 234.It net/ 235Miscellaneous network C include files. 236.It net80211/ 237C include files for 802.11 wireless networking. 238.It netinet/ 239C include files for Internet standard protocols (see 240.Xr inet 4 ) . 241.It netinet6/ 242C include files for Internet protocol version 6 (see 243.Xr inet6 4 ) . 244.It netmpls/ 245C include files for the MPLS protocol. 246.It nfs/ 247C include files for NFS (Network File System). 248.It ntfs/ 249C include files for NTFS file system. 250.It objc/ 251C include files for GNU Objective-C. 252.It openssl/ 253C include files for the OpenSSL library (see 254.Xr ssl 8 ) . 255.It protocols/ 256C include files for Berkeley service protocols. 257.It readline/ 258C include files for the 259.Xr readline 3 260library. 261.It rpc/ 262C include files for remote procedure calling (see 263.Xr rpc 5 ) . 264.It rpcsvc/ 265C include files for rpcsvc. 266.It scsi/ 267SCSI-specific C include files. 268.It sys/ 269System C include files (kernel data structures). 270.It ufs/ 271C include files for UFS (the U-word File System). 272.It uvm/ 273C include files for the virtual memory interface. 274.El 275.Pp 276.It lib/ 277System libraries. 278See 279.Xr intro 3 280for a description of library types. 281.It libdata/ 282Miscellaneous utility data files. 283.Pp 284.Bl -tag -width "ldscripts/" -compact 285.It cvs/ 286Placeholder for user contributed 287.Xr cvs 1 288code/scripts. 289.It ldscripts/ 290ELF linker scripts. 291.It perl5/ 292Data files for 293.Xr perl 1 . 294.El 295.Pp 296.It libexec/ 297System daemons and utilities (executed by other programs). 298.Pp 299.Bl -tag -width "cvs/contrib/" -compact 300.It auth/ 301Login scripts used to authenticate users (for 302.Bx 303Authentication). 304.It cvs/contrib/ 305User contributed 306.Xr cvs 1 307scripts. 308.It lpr/ 309Contains the lpf filter for 310.Xr lpd 8 . 311.It radiusd/ 312Authentication modules for 313.Xr radiusd 8 . 314.It smtpd/ 315Binaries related to 316.Xr smtpd 8 . 317.El 318.Pp 319.It local/ 320Local executables, libraries, etc. 321.It mdec/ 322Boot-related executables. 323.It obj/ 324Architecture specific target tree produced by building the 325.Pa /usr/src 326tree. 327.It ports/ 328The 329.Ox 330ports collection (see 331.Xr ports 7 ) . 332.It sbin/ 333System daemons and utilities (executed by users). 334.It share/ 335Architecture independent data files. 336.Pp 337.Bl -tag -width "vi/catalog/" -compact 338.It calendar/ 339Variety of pre-fab calendar files (see 340.Xr calendar 1 ) . 341.It dict/ 342Word lists (see 343.Xr look 1 344and 345.Xr spell 1 ) . 346.Pp 347.Bl -tag -width propernames -compact 348.It american 349Spellings preferred in American usage. 350.It british 351Spellings preferred in British usage. 352.It eign 353List of common words. 354.It propernames 355List of proper names. 356.It stop 357Forms that would otherwise be derivable by 358.Xr spell 1 359from words in the other files in 360.Pa /usr/share/dict , 361but should not be accepted. 362.It web2 363Words from Webster's 2nd International. 364.It web2a 365Additional words from Webster's. 366.It words 367Common words. 368.It papers/ 369Reference databases. 370.It special/ 371Custom word lists. 372.El 373.Pp 374.It doc/ 375Miscellaneous documentation. 376.It games/ 377ASCII text files used by various games. 378.It info/ 379Texinfo source files. 380.It locale/ 381Locales for multi-language support. 382.It man/ 383Manual pages. 384.Pp 385.Bl -tag -width man3p/ -compact 386.It man1/ 387General commands (tools and utilities). 388.It man2/ 389System calls and error numbers. 390.It man3/ 391Libraries. 392.It man3p/ 393.Xr perl 1 394programmers' reference guide. 395.It man4/ 396Special files and hardware support. 397.It man5/ 398File formats. 399.It man6/ 400Games. 401.It man7/ 402Miscellaneous. 403.It man8/ 404System maintenance and operation commands. 405.It man9/ 406Kernel internals. 407.El 408.Pp 409.It misc/ 410Miscellaneous system-wide ASCII text files. 411.Pp 412.Bl -tag -width pcvtfonts/ -compact 413.It termcap 414Terminal characteristics database (see 415.Xr termcap 5 ) . 416.It pcvtfonts/ 417Additional i386 console fonts. 418.El 419.Pp 420.It mk/ 421Templates for 422.Xr make 1 . 423.It snmp/ 424Data files for 425.Xr snmpd 8 . 426.Pp 427.Bl -tag -width mibs/ -compact 428.It mibs/ 429Management Information Base (MIB) definitions. 430.El 431.Pp 432.It tabset/ 433Tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 434the termcap file (see 435.Xr termcap 5 ) . 436.It terminfo/ 437Compiled terminal characteristic files (see 438.Xr terminfo 5 ) . 439.It texinfo/ 440Templates for 441.Xr texinfo 5 . 442.It vi/catalog/ 443Catalog files for the 444.Xr vi 1 445text editor. 446.It zoneinfo/ 447Time zone configuration information (see 448.Xr tzfile 5 ) . 449.El 450.Pp 451.It src/ 452.Bx 453and/or local source files. 454.Pp 455.Bl -tag -width "usr.sbin/" -compact 456.It bin/ 457Source for files in 458.Pa /bin . 459.It distrib/ 460Source for making distribution sets. 461.It etc/ 462Source for files in 463.Pa /etc . 464.It games/ 465Source for files in 466.Pa /usr/games . 467.It gnu/ 468Source for files under GPL or other restrictive licenses. 469.It include/ 470Source for files in 471.Pa /usr/include . 472.It lib/ 473Source for files in 474.Pa /usr/lib . 475.It libexec/ 476Source for files in 477.Pa /usr/libexec . 478.It regress/ 479Regress framework. 480.It sbin/ 481Source for files in 482.Pa /sbin . 483.It share/ 484Source for files in 485.Pa /usr/share . 486.It sys/ 487Kernel source files. 488.It usr.bin/ 489Source for files in 490.Pa /usr/bin . 491.It usr.sbin/ 492Source for files in 493.Pa /usr/sbin . 494.El 495.Pp 496.It xenocara/ 497Source for the X11 window system. 498.Pp 499.It xobj/ 500Architecture specific target tree produced by building the 501.Pa /usr/xenocara 502tree. 503.El 504.It /var/ 505Multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files. 506.Pp 507.Bl -tag -width "sysmerge/" -compact 508.It account/ 509System accounting files. 510.Pp 511.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 512.It acct 513Execution accounting file (see 514.Xr acct 5 ) . 515.El 516.Pp 517.It audit/ 518Audit logs. 519.It authpf/ 520PID file for 521.Xr authpf 8 . 522.It backups/ 523Miscellaneous backup files. 524.It cache/ 525Data cached for programs. 526.It crash/ 527Crash dumps written by 528.Xr savecore 8 . 529.It cron/ 530Spools and configuration files for 531.Xr cron 8 532and 533.Xr at 1 . 534.Pp 535.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 536.It atjobs/ 537.Xr at 1 538jobs. 539.It tabs/ 540Individual 541.Xr crontab 1 542files. 543.El 544.Pp 545.It db/ 546Miscellaneous, automatically generated system-specific database files. 547.It empty/ 548Generic 549.Xr chroot 2 550directory. 551.It games/ 552Miscellaneous game status and log files. 553.It log/ 554Miscellaneous system log files. 555.Pp 556.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 557.It wtmp 558Login/logout log (see 559.Xr wtmp 5 ) . 560.It rdist/ 561Log files for 562.Xr rdist 1 . 563.El 564.Pp 565.It mail/ 566User mailbox files. 567.It nsd/ 568Database and zone files for 569.Xr nsd 8 . 570.It quotas/ 571Filesystem quota information files. 572.It run/ 573System information files describing various info about the 574system since it was booted. 575.Pp 576.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 577.It rc.d/ 578Details of currently running daemons; 579used by 580.Xr rc.d 8 . 581.It utmp 582Database of current users (see 583.Xr utmp 5 ) . 584.El 585.Pp 586.It spool/ 587Miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories. 588.Pp 589.Bl -tag -width "uucppublic/" -compact 590.It ftp/ 591Commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory. 592.It lock/ 593Lock files for utilities such as 594.Xr pppd 8 . 595.It output/ 596Line printer spooling directories. 597.It smtpd/ 598Mail spool for 599.Xr smtpd 8 . 600.It uucp/ 601uucp spool directory. 602.It uucppublic/ 603Commonly ~uucp; public uucp temporary directory. 604.El 605.Pp 606.It sysmerge/ 607Checksum files and reference sets 608for 609.Xr sysmerge 8 . 610.It tmp -> ../tmp 611A symbolic link to the system 612.Pa /tmp 613directory. 614To protect other users of 615.Pa /var 616from overfill conditions, this is no longer a space you can trust to 617retain storage over a reboot. 618Periodically cleaned by 619.Xr daily 8 . 620.It unbound/ 621Configuration files for 622.Xr unbound 8 . 623.It www/ 624Configuration files for 625.Xr httpd 8 . 626.It yp/ 627Files for the 628.Xr yp 8 629subsystem. 630.El 631.El 632.Sh SEE ALSO 633.Xr apropos 1 , 634.Xr find 1 , 635.Xr locate 1 , 636.Xr whatis 1 , 637.Xr whereis 1 , 638.Xr which 1 639.Sh HISTORY 640A 641.Nm 642manual page appeared in 643.At v7 . 644