1.\" $OpenBSD: intro.3,v 1.17 2003/07/25 09:25:48 jmc Exp $ 2.\" $NetBSD: intro.3,v 1.5 1995/05/10 22:46:24 jtc Exp $ 3.\" 4.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1991, 1993 5.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 6.\" 7.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 8.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 9.\" are met: 10.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 11.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 12.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 13.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 14.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 15.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 16.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 17.\" without specific prior written permission. 18.\" 19.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 20.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 21.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 22.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 23.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 24.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 25.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 26.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 27.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 28.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 29.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 30.\" 31.\" @(#)intro.3 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 32.\" 33.Dd June 5, 1993 34.Dt INTRO 3 35.Os 36.Sh NAME 37.Nm intro 38.Nd introduction to the C libraries 39.Sh DESCRIPTION 40The manual pages in section 3 provide an overview of the C library 41functions, their error returns, and other common definitions and concepts. 42Most of these functions are available from the C library, 43.Em libc . 44Other libraries, such as the math library, 45.Em libm , 46must be indicated at compile time with the 47.Fl l 48option of the compiler. 49.Pp 50The various libraries (followed by the loader flag): 51.Bl -tag -width Ds 52.It libc Pq Fl l Ns Ar c 53Standard C library functions. 54When using the C compiler 55.Xr cc 1 , 56it is not necessary to supply the loader flag 57.Fl l Ns Ar c 58for these functions. 59There are several 60.Dq libraries 61or groups of functions included inside of libc: the standard 62.Tn I/O 63routines, 64database routines, 65bit operators, 66string operators, 67character tests and character operators, 68DES encryption routines, 69storage allocation, 70time functions, 71signal handling, 72and more. 73.It libcurses Pq Fl l Ns Ar curses 74Terminal independent screen management routines for two-dimensional 75non-bitmap display terminals. 76See 77.Xr curses 3 . 78.It libcompat Pq Fl l Ns Ar compat 79Functions which are obsolete but are available for compatibility with 80.Bx 4.3 . 81In particular, a number of system call interfaces provided in previous 82releases of 83.Bx 84have been included for source code compatibility. 85Use of these routines should, for the most part, be avoided. 86The manual page entry for each compatibility routine 87indicates the proper interface to use. 88.It libkvm Pq Fl l Ns Ar kvm 89Kernel virtual interface library. 90See 91.Xr kvm 3 . 92.It libl Pq Fl l Ns Ar l 93The library for 94.Xr lex 1 . 95.It libm Pq Fl l Ns Ar m 96The math library, 97.Em libm . 98See 99.Xr math 3 . 100.It libpthread Pq Ar -pthread 101.St -p1003.1-01 102threads (see 103.Xr pthreads 3 ) 104API and thread scheduler. 105Threaded applications should use 106.Ar -pthread 107not 108.Fl l Ns Ar pthread . 109.It libtermcap Pq Fl l Ns Ar termcap 110The terminal independent operation library package. 111(See 112.Xr termcap 3 . ) 113.El 114.Sh FILES 115.Bl -tag -width /usr/lib/libotermcap.a -compact 116.It Pa /usr/lib/libbfd.a 117.It Pa /usr/lib/libc.a 118C library. 119.It Pa /usr/lib/libcompat.a 1204.3 compatibility library. 121.It Pa /usr/lib/libcrypto.a 122.Xr ssl 8 123support library. 124.It Pa /usr/lib/libcurses++.a 125C++ 126.Xr curses 3 127library. 128.It Pa /usr/lib/libcurses.a 129.Xr curses 3 130library. 131.It Pa /usr/lib/libdes.a 132.It Pa /usr/lib/libedit.a 133.It Pa /usr/lib/libevent.a 134.It Pa /usr/lib/libfl.a 135.It Pa /usr/lib/libform.a 136.It Pa /usr/lib/libfrtbegin.a 137.It Pa /usr/lib/libg2c.a 138.It Pa /usr/lib/libgssapi.a 139.It Pa /usr/lib/libiberty.a 140.It Pa /usr/lib/libkadm5clnt.a 141.It Pa /usr/lib/libkadm5srv.a 142.It Pa /usr/lib/libkeynote.a 143.El 144.Bl -tag -width 6n -compact 145.It Pa /usr/lib/libkrb5.a 146.Bl -tag -width Ds -compact 147.It Pa /usr/lib/libasn1.a 148.It Pa /usr/lib/libcom_err.a 149.It Pa /usr/lib/libhdb.a 150.It Pa /usr/lib/libkafs.a 151.El 152.El 153.Bl -tag -width /usr/lib/libotermcap.a -compact 154.It Pa /usr/lib/libkvm.a 155.Xr kvm 3 156kernel virtual memory access library. 157.It Pa /usr/lib/libl.a 158.It Pa /usr/lib/libm.a 159.Xr math 3 160library. 161.It Pa /usr/lib/libmenu.a 162.It Pa /usr/lib/libmmalloc.a 163.It Pa /usr/lib/libncurses.a 164.It Pa /usr/lib/libobjc.a 165.It Pa /usr/lib/libocurses.a 166The 167.Xr ocurses 3 168library is compatible with the 169.Em curses 170library provided in 4.3. 171.It Pa /usr/lib/libopcodes.a 172.It Pa /usr/lib/libossaudio.a 173.It Pa /usr/lib/libotermcap.a 1744.3-compatible termcap library. 175For use with 176.Xo 177.Xr ocurses 3 178.Pf ( i.e., Fl l Ns Ar ocurses 179.Fl l Ns Ar otermcap ) . 180.Xc 181.It Pa /usr/lib/libpanel.a 182.Xr panel 3 183library for use with 184.Xo 185.Xr curses 3 186.Pf ( i.e., Fl l Ns Ar panel 187.Fl l Ns Ar curses ) . 188.Xc 189.It Pa /usr/lib/libpcap.a 190.Xr pcap 3 191library. 192.It Pa /usr/lib/libperl.a 193.It Pa /usr/lib/libpthread.a 194.St -p1003.1-01 195threads library (see 196.Xr pthreads 3 ) . 197.It Pa /usr/lib/libreadline.a 198.It Pa /usr/lib/libresolv.a 199The 200.Xr resolver 3 201routines are included in 202.Em libc . 203For legacy applications, this library contains only those functions. 204.It Pa /usr/lib/librpcsvc.a 205Generated by 206.Xr rpcgen 1 , 207containing stub functions for many common 208.Xr rpc 3 209protocols. 210.It Pa /usr/lib/libsectok.a 211.It Pa /usr/lib/libskey.a 212Support library for the 213.Xr skey 1 214authentication toolkit. 215.It Pa /usr/lib/libssl.a 216.Xr ssl 8 217support library. 218.It Pa /usr/lib/libstdc++.a 219.It Pa /usr/lib/libtermcap.a 220.It Pa /usr/lib/libtermlib.a 221.It Pa /usr/lib/libusbhid.a 222.It Pa /usr/lib/libutil.a 223.It Pa /usr/lib/libwrap.a 224.It Pa /usr/lib/liby.a 225.It Pa /usr/lib/libz.a 226.Pp 227.It Pa /usr/lib/libi386.a 228.El 229.\" Must talk about shared libraries, _p profiled libraries, and how to tell the 230.\" C compiler to use them, and any other issues. 231.Sh SEE ALSO 232.Xr cc 1 , 233.Xr ld 1 , 234.Xr ld.so 1 , 235.Xr nm 1 , 236.Xr intro 2 , 237.Xr math 3 , 238.Xr pthreads 3 , 239.Xr stdio 3 240.\" .Sh LIST OF FUNCTIONS 241.\" .Bl -column "strncasecmpxxx" "system" 242.\" .Sy Name Description 243.\" .El 244.Sh HISTORY 245An 246.Nm 247manual appeared in 248.At v7 . 249