1 /* 2 * Copyright (c) 1995, 1996, 1998 Theo de Raadt. All rights reserved. 3 * Copyright (c) 1983, 1993, 1994 4 * The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 5 * 6 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 7 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 8 * are met: 9 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 10 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 11 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 12 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 13 * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 14 * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 15 * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 16 * without specific prior written permission. 17 * 18 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 19 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 20 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 21 * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 22 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 23 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 24 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 25 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 26 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 27 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 28 * SUCH DAMAGE. 29 */ 30 31 #if defined(LIBC_SCCS) && !defined(lint) 32 static char *rcsid = "$OpenBSD: rcmd.c,v 1.51 2005/03/08 18:34:42 deraadt Exp $"; 33 #endif /* LIBC_SCCS and not lint */ 34 35 #include <sys/param.h> 36 #include <sys/socket.h> 37 #include <sys/stat.h> 38 39 #include <netinet/in.h> 40 #include <arpa/inet.h> 41 42 #include <signal.h> 43 #include <fcntl.h> 44 #include <netdb.h> 45 #include <unistd.h> 46 #include <pwd.h> 47 #include <errno.h> 48 #include <stdio.h> 49 #include <ctype.h> 50 #include <string.h> 51 #include <syslog.h> 52 #include <stdlib.h> 53 #include <netgroup.h> 54 55 int __ivaliduser(FILE *, in_addr_t, const char *, const char *); 56 int __ivaliduser_sa(FILE *, struct sockaddr *, socklen_t, 57 const char *, const char *); 58 static int __icheckhost(struct sockaddr *, socklen_t, const char *); 59 static char *__gethostloop(struct sockaddr *, socklen_t); 60 61 int 62 rcmd(ahost, rport, locuser, remuser, cmd, fd2p) 63 char **ahost; 64 in_port_t rport; 65 const char *locuser, *remuser, *cmd; 66 int *fd2p; 67 { 68 return rcmd_af(ahost, rport, locuser, remuser, cmd, fd2p, AF_INET); 69 } 70 71 int 72 rcmd_af(ahost, rport, locuser, remuser, cmd, fd2p, af) 73 char **ahost; 74 in_port_t rport; 75 const char *locuser, *remuser, *cmd; 76 int *fd2p; 77 int af; 78 { 79 static char hbuf[MAXHOSTNAMELEN]; 80 char pbuf[NI_MAXSERV]; 81 struct addrinfo hints, *res, *r; 82 int error; 83 struct sockaddr_storage from; 84 fd_set *readsp = NULL; 85 sigset_t oldmask, mask; 86 pid_t pid; 87 int s, lport, timo; 88 char c, *p; 89 int refused; 90 91 /* call rcmdsh() with specified remote shell if appropriate. */ 92 if (!issetugid() && (p = getenv("RSH")) && *p) { 93 struct servent *sp = getservbyname("shell", "tcp"); 94 95 if (sp && sp->s_port == rport) 96 return (rcmdsh(ahost, rport, locuser, remuser, 97 cmd, p)); 98 } 99 100 /* use rsh(1) if non-root and remote port is shell. */ 101 if (geteuid()) { 102 struct servent *sp = getservbyname("shell", "tcp"); 103 104 if (sp && sp->s_port == rport) 105 return (rcmdsh(ahost, rport, locuser, remuser, 106 cmd, NULL)); 107 } 108 109 pid = getpid(); 110 snprintf(pbuf, sizeof(pbuf), "%u", ntohs(rport)); 111 memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints)); 112 hints.ai_family = af; 113 hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM; 114 hints.ai_flags = AI_CANONNAME; 115 error = getaddrinfo(*ahost, pbuf, &hints, &res); 116 if (error) { 117 #if 0 118 warnx("%s: %s", *ahost, gai_strerror(error)); 119 #endif 120 return (-1); 121 } 122 if (res->ai_canonname) { 123 strlcpy(hbuf, res->ai_canonname, sizeof(hbuf)); 124 *ahost = hbuf; 125 } else 126 ; /*XXX*/ 127 128 r = res; 129 refused = 0; 130 sigemptyset(&mask); 131 sigaddset(&mask, SIGURG); 132 oldmask = sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &mask, &oldmask); 133 for (timo = 1, lport = IPPORT_RESERVED - 1;;) { 134 s = rresvport_af(&lport, r->ai_family); 135 if (s < 0) { 136 if (errno == EAGAIN) 137 (void)fprintf(stderr, 138 "rcmd: socket: All ports in use\n"); 139 else 140 (void)fprintf(stderr, "rcmd: socket: %s\n", 141 strerror(errno)); 142 if (r->ai_next) { 143 r = r->ai_next; 144 continue; 145 } else { 146 sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &oldmask, NULL); 147 freeaddrinfo(res); 148 return (-1); 149 } 150 } 151 fcntl(s, F_SETOWN, pid); 152 if (connect(s, r->ai_addr, r->ai_addrlen) >= 0) 153 break; 154 (void)close(s); 155 if (errno == EADDRINUSE) { 156 lport--; 157 continue; 158 } 159 if (errno == ECONNREFUSED) 160 refused++; 161 if (r->ai_next) { 162 int oerrno = errno; 163 char hbuf[NI_MAXHOST]; 164 const int niflags = NI_NUMERICHOST; 165 166 hbuf[0] = '\0'; 167 if (getnameinfo(r->ai_addr, r->ai_addrlen, 168 hbuf, sizeof(hbuf), NULL, 0, niflags) != 0) 169 strlcpy(hbuf, "(invalid)", sizeof hbuf); 170 (void)fprintf(stderr, "connect to address %s: ", hbuf); 171 errno = oerrno; 172 perror(0); 173 r = r->ai_next; 174 hbuf[0] = '\0'; 175 if (getnameinfo(r->ai_addr, r->ai_addrlen, 176 hbuf, sizeof(hbuf), NULL, 0, niflags) != 0) 177 strlcpy(hbuf, "(invalid)", sizeof hbuf); 178 (void)fprintf(stderr, "Trying %s...\n", hbuf); 179 continue; 180 } 181 if (refused && timo <= 16) { 182 (void)sleep(timo); 183 timo *= 2; 184 r = res; 185 refused = 0; 186 continue; 187 } 188 (void)fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", res->ai_canonname, 189 strerror(errno)); 190 sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &oldmask, NULL); 191 freeaddrinfo(res); 192 return (-1); 193 } 194 /* given "af" can be PF_UNSPEC, we need the real af for "s" */ 195 af = r->ai_family; 196 freeaddrinfo(res); 197 #if 0 198 /* 199 * try to rresvport() to the same port. This will make rresvport() 200 * fail it's first bind, resulting in it choosing a random port. 201 */ 202 lport--; 203 #endif 204 if (fd2p == 0) { 205 write(s, "", 1); 206 lport = 0; 207 } else { 208 char num[8]; 209 int s2 = rresvport_af(&lport, af), s3; 210 socklen_t len = sizeof(from); 211 int fdssize = howmany(MAX(s, s2)+1, NFDBITS) * sizeof(fd_mask); 212 213 if (s2 < 0) 214 goto bad; 215 readsp = (fd_set *)malloc(fdssize); 216 if (readsp == NULL) { 217 close(s2); 218 goto bad; 219 } 220 listen(s2, 1); 221 (void)snprintf(num, sizeof(num), "%d", lport); 222 if (write(s, num, strlen(num)+1) != strlen(num)+1) { 223 (void)fprintf(stderr, 224 "rcmd: write (setting up stderr): %s\n", 225 strerror(errno)); 226 (void)close(s2); 227 goto bad; 228 } 229 again: 230 bzero(readsp, fdssize); 231 FD_SET(s, readsp); 232 FD_SET(s2, readsp); 233 errno = 0; 234 if (select(MAX(s, s2) + 1, readsp, 0, 0, 0) < 1 || 235 !FD_ISSET(s2, readsp)) { 236 if (errno != 0) 237 (void)fprintf(stderr, 238 "rcmd: select (setting up stderr): %s\n", 239 strerror(errno)); 240 else 241 (void)fprintf(stderr, 242 "select: protocol failure in circuit setup\n"); 243 (void)close(s2); 244 goto bad; 245 } 246 s3 = accept(s2, (struct sockaddr *)&from, &len); 247 if (s3 < 0) { 248 (void)fprintf(stderr, 249 "rcmd: accept: %s\n", strerror(errno)); 250 lport = 0; 251 close(s2); 252 goto bad; 253 } 254 255 /* 256 * XXX careful for ftp bounce attacks. If discovered, shut them 257 * down and check for the real auxiliary channel to connect. 258 */ 259 switch (from.ss_family) { 260 case AF_INET: 261 case AF_INET6: 262 if (getnameinfo((struct sockaddr *)&from, len, 263 NULL, 0, num, sizeof(num), NI_NUMERICSERV) == 0 && 264 atoi(num) != 20) { 265 break; 266 } 267 close(s3); 268 goto again; 269 default: 270 break; 271 } 272 (void)close(s2); 273 274 *fd2p = s3; 275 switch (from.ss_family) { 276 case AF_INET: 277 case AF_INET6: 278 if (getnameinfo((struct sockaddr *)&from, len, 279 NULL, 0, num, sizeof(num), NI_NUMERICSERV) != 0 || 280 (atoi(num) >= IPPORT_RESERVED || 281 atoi(num) < IPPORT_RESERVED / 2)) { 282 (void)fprintf(stderr, 283 "socket: protocol failure in circuit setup.\n"); 284 goto bad2; 285 } 286 break; 287 default: 288 break; 289 } 290 } 291 (void)write(s, locuser, strlen(locuser)+1); 292 (void)write(s, remuser, strlen(remuser)+1); 293 (void)write(s, cmd, strlen(cmd)+1); 294 if (read(s, &c, 1) != 1) { 295 (void)fprintf(stderr, 296 "rcmd: %s: %s\n", *ahost, strerror(errno)); 297 goto bad2; 298 } 299 if (c != 0) { 300 while (read(s, &c, 1) == 1) { 301 (void)write(STDERR_FILENO, &c, 1); 302 if (c == '\n') 303 break; 304 } 305 goto bad2; 306 } 307 sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &oldmask, NULL); 308 free(readsp); 309 return (s); 310 bad2: 311 if (lport) 312 (void)close(*fd2p); 313 bad: 314 if (readsp) 315 free(readsp); 316 (void)close(s); 317 sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &oldmask, NULL); 318 return (-1); 319 } 320 321 int __check_rhosts_file = 1; 322 char *__rcmd_errstr; 323 324 int 325 ruserok(rhost, superuser, ruser, luser) 326 const char *rhost, *ruser, *luser; 327 int superuser; 328 { 329 struct addrinfo hints, *res, *r; 330 int error; 331 332 memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints)); 333 hints.ai_family = PF_UNSPEC; 334 hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_DGRAM; /*dummy*/ 335 error = getaddrinfo(rhost, "0", &hints, &res); 336 if (error) 337 return (-1); 338 339 for (r = res; r; r = r->ai_next) { 340 if (iruserok_sa(r->ai_addr, r->ai_addrlen, superuser, ruser, 341 luser) == 0) { 342 freeaddrinfo(res); 343 return (0); 344 } 345 } 346 freeaddrinfo(res); 347 return (-1); 348 } 349 350 /* 351 * New .rhosts strategy: We are passed an ip address. We spin through 352 * hosts.equiv and .rhosts looking for a match. When the .rhosts only 353 * has ip addresses, we don't have to trust a nameserver. When it 354 * contains hostnames, we spin through the list of addresses the nameserver 355 * gives us and look for a match. 356 * 357 * Returns 0 if ok, -1 if not ok. 358 */ 359 int 360 iruserok(raddr, superuser, ruser, luser) 361 u_int32_t raddr; 362 int superuser; 363 const char *ruser, *luser; 364 { 365 struct sockaddr_in sin; 366 367 memset(&sin, 0, sizeof(sin)); 368 sin.sin_family = AF_INET; 369 sin.sin_len = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in); 370 memcpy(&sin.sin_addr, &raddr, sizeof(sin.sin_addr)); 371 return iruserok_sa(&sin, sizeof(struct sockaddr_in), superuser, ruser, 372 luser); 373 } 374 375 int 376 iruserok_sa(raddr, rlen, superuser, ruser, luser) 377 const void *raddr; 378 int rlen; 379 int superuser; 380 const char *ruser, *luser; 381 { 382 struct sockaddr *sa; 383 register char *cp; 384 struct stat sbuf; 385 struct passwd *pwd; 386 FILE *hostf; 387 uid_t uid; 388 int first; 389 char pbuf[MAXPATHLEN]; 390 391 sa = (struct sockaddr *)raddr; 392 first = 1; 393 hostf = superuser ? NULL : fopen(_PATH_HEQUIV, "r"); 394 again: 395 if (hostf) { 396 if (__ivaliduser_sa(hostf, sa, rlen, luser, ruser) == 0) { 397 (void)fclose(hostf); 398 return (0); 399 } 400 (void)fclose(hostf); 401 } 402 if (first == 1 && (__check_rhosts_file || superuser)) { 403 first = 0; 404 if ((pwd = getpwnam(luser)) == NULL) 405 return (-1); 406 snprintf(pbuf, sizeof pbuf, "%s/.rhosts", pwd->pw_dir); 407 408 /* 409 * Change effective uid while opening .rhosts. If root and 410 * reading an NFS mounted file system, can't read files that 411 * are protected read/write owner only. 412 */ 413 uid = geteuid(); 414 (void)seteuid(pwd->pw_uid); 415 hostf = fopen(pbuf, "r"); 416 (void)seteuid(uid); 417 418 if (hostf == NULL) 419 return (-1); 420 /* 421 * If not a regular file, or is owned by someone other than 422 * user or root or if writeable by anyone but the owner, quit. 423 */ 424 cp = NULL; 425 if (lstat(pbuf, &sbuf) < 0) 426 cp = ".rhosts lstat failed"; 427 else if (!S_ISREG(sbuf.st_mode)) 428 cp = ".rhosts not regular file"; 429 else if (fstat(fileno(hostf), &sbuf) < 0) 430 cp = ".rhosts fstat failed"; 431 else if (sbuf.st_uid && sbuf.st_uid != pwd->pw_uid) 432 cp = "bad .rhosts owner"; 433 else if (sbuf.st_mode & (S_IWGRP|S_IWOTH)) 434 cp = ".rhosts writable by other than owner"; 435 /* If there were any problems, quit. */ 436 if (cp) { 437 __rcmd_errstr = cp; 438 (void)fclose(hostf); 439 return (-1); 440 } 441 goto again; 442 } 443 return (-1); 444 } 445 446 /* 447 * XXX 448 * Don't make static, used by lpd(8). 449 * 450 * Returns 0 if ok, -1 if not ok. 451 */ 452 int 453 __ivaliduser(hostf, raddrl, luser, ruser) 454 FILE *hostf; 455 in_addr_t raddrl; 456 const char *luser, *ruser; 457 { 458 struct sockaddr_in sin; 459 460 memset(&sin, 0, sizeof(sin)); 461 sin.sin_family = AF_INET; 462 sin.sin_len = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in); 463 memcpy(&sin.sin_addr, &raddrl, sizeof(sin.sin_addr)); 464 return __ivaliduser_sa(hostf, (struct sockaddr *)&sin, sin.sin_len, 465 luser, ruser); 466 } 467 468 int 469 __ivaliduser_sa(hostf, raddr, salen, luser, ruser) 470 FILE *hostf; 471 struct sockaddr *raddr; 472 socklen_t salen; 473 const char *luser, *ruser; 474 { 475 register char *user, *p; 476 char *buf; 477 const char *auser, *ahost; 478 int hostok, userok; 479 char *rhost = (char *)-1; 480 char domain[MAXHOSTNAMELEN]; 481 size_t buflen; 482 483 getdomainname(domain, sizeof(domain)); 484 485 while ((buf = fgetln(hostf, &buflen))) { 486 p = buf; 487 if (*p == '#') 488 continue; 489 while (p < buf + buflen && *p != '\n' && *p != ' ' && *p != '\t') { 490 if (!isprint(*p)) 491 goto bail; 492 *p = isupper(*p) ? tolower(*p) : *p; 493 p++; 494 } 495 if (p >= buf + buflen) 496 continue; 497 if (*p == ' ' || *p == '\t') { 498 *p++ = '\0'; 499 while (p < buf + buflen && (*p == ' ' || *p == '\t')) 500 p++; 501 if (p >= buf + buflen) 502 continue; 503 user = p; 504 while (p < buf + buflen && *p != '\n' && *p != ' ' && 505 *p != '\t') { 506 if (!isprint(*p)) 507 goto bail; 508 p++; 509 } 510 } else 511 user = p; 512 *p = '\0'; 513 514 if (p == buf) 515 continue; 516 517 auser = *user ? user : luser; 518 ahost = buf; 519 520 if (strlen(ahost) >= MAXHOSTNAMELEN) 521 continue; 522 523 /* 524 * innetgr() must lookup a hostname (we do not attempt 525 * to change the semantics so that netgroups may have 526 * #.#.#.# addresses in the list.) 527 */ 528 if (ahost[0] == '+') 529 switch (ahost[1]) { 530 case '\0': 531 hostok = 1; 532 break; 533 case '@': 534 if (rhost == (char *)-1) 535 rhost = __gethostloop(raddr, salen); 536 hostok = 0; 537 if (rhost) 538 hostok = innetgr(&ahost[2], rhost, 539 NULL, domain); 540 break; 541 default: 542 hostok = __icheckhost(raddr, salen, &ahost[1]); 543 break; 544 } 545 else if (ahost[0] == '-') 546 switch (ahost[1]) { 547 case '\0': 548 hostok = -1; 549 break; 550 case '@': 551 if (rhost == (char *)-1) 552 rhost = __gethostloop(raddr, salen); 553 hostok = 0; 554 if (rhost) 555 hostok = -innetgr(&ahost[2], rhost, 556 NULL, domain); 557 break; 558 default: 559 hostok = -__icheckhost(raddr, salen, &ahost[1]); 560 break; 561 } 562 else 563 hostok = __icheckhost(raddr, salen, ahost); 564 565 566 if (auser[0] == '+') 567 switch (auser[1]) { 568 case '\0': 569 userok = 1; 570 break; 571 case '@': 572 userok = innetgr(&auser[2], NULL, ruser, 573 domain); 574 break; 575 default: 576 userok = strcmp(ruser, &auser[1]) ? 0 : 1; 577 break; 578 } 579 else if (auser[0] == '-') 580 switch (auser[1]) { 581 case '\0': 582 userok = -1; 583 break; 584 case '@': 585 userok = -innetgr(&auser[2], NULL, ruser, 586 domain); 587 break; 588 default: 589 userok = strcmp(ruser, &auser[1]) ? 0 : -1; 590 break; 591 } 592 else 593 userok = strcmp(ruser, auser) ? 0 : 1; 594 595 /* Check if one component did not match */ 596 if (hostok == 0 || userok == 0) 597 continue; 598 599 /* Check if we got a forbidden pair */ 600 if (userok <= -1 || hostok <= -1) 601 return (-1); 602 603 /* Check if we got a valid pair */ 604 if (hostok >= 1 && userok >= 1) 605 return (0); 606 } 607 bail: 608 return (-1); 609 } 610 611 /* 612 * Returns "true" if match, 0 if no match. If we do not find any 613 * semblance of an A->PTR->A loop, allow a simple #.#.#.# match to work. 614 */ 615 static int 616 __icheckhost(raddr, salen, lhost) 617 struct sockaddr *raddr; 618 socklen_t salen; 619 const char *lhost; 620 { 621 struct addrinfo hints, *res, *r; 622 char h1[NI_MAXHOST], h2[NI_MAXHOST]; 623 int error; 624 const int niflags = NI_NUMERICHOST; 625 626 h1[0] = '\0'; 627 if (getnameinfo(raddr, salen, h1, sizeof(h1), NULL, 0, 628 niflags) != 0) 629 return (0); 630 631 /* Resolve laddr into sockaddr */ 632 memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints)); 633 hints.ai_family = raddr->sa_family; 634 hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_DGRAM; /*dummy*/ 635 res = NULL; 636 error = getaddrinfo(lhost, "0", &hints, &res); 637 if (error) 638 return (0); 639 640 /* 641 * Try string comparisons between raddr and laddr. 642 */ 643 for (r = res; r; r = r->ai_next) { 644 h2[0] = '\0'; 645 if (getnameinfo(r->ai_addr, r->ai_addrlen, h2, sizeof(h2), 646 NULL, 0, niflags) != 0) 647 continue; 648 if (strcmp(h1, h2) == 0) { 649 freeaddrinfo(res); 650 return (1); 651 } 652 } 653 654 /* No match. */ 655 freeaddrinfo(res); 656 return (0); 657 } 658 659 /* 660 * Return the hostname associated with the supplied address. 661 * Do a reverse lookup as well for security. If a loop cannot 662 * be found, pack the result of inet_ntoa() into the string. 663 */ 664 static char * 665 __gethostloop(raddr, salen) 666 struct sockaddr *raddr; 667 socklen_t salen; 668 { 669 static char remotehost[NI_MAXHOST]; 670 char h1[NI_MAXHOST], h2[NI_MAXHOST]; 671 struct addrinfo hints, *res, *r; 672 int error; 673 const int niflags = NI_NUMERICHOST; 674 675 h1[0] = remotehost[0] = '\0'; 676 if (getnameinfo(raddr, salen, remotehost, sizeof(remotehost), 677 NULL, 0, NI_NAMEREQD) != 0) 678 return (NULL); 679 if (getnameinfo(raddr, salen, h1, sizeof(h1), NULL, 0, 680 niflags) != 0) 681 return (NULL); 682 683 /* 684 * Look up the name and check that the supplied 685 * address is in the list 686 */ 687 memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints)); 688 hints.ai_family = raddr->sa_family; 689 hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_DGRAM; /*dummy*/ 690 hints.ai_flags = AI_CANONNAME; 691 res = NULL; 692 error = getaddrinfo(remotehost, "0", &hints, &res); 693 if (error) 694 return (NULL); 695 696 for (r = res; r; r = r->ai_next) { 697 h2[0] = '\0'; 698 if (getnameinfo(r->ai_addr, r->ai_addrlen, h2, sizeof(h2), 699 NULL, 0, niflags) != 0) 700 continue; 701 if (strcmp(h1, h2) == 0) { 702 freeaddrinfo(res); 703 return (remotehost); 704 } 705 } 706 707 /* 708 * either the DNS adminstrator has made a configuration 709 * mistake, or someone has attempted to spoof us 710 */ 711 syslog(LOG_NOTICE, "rcmd: address %s not listed for host %s", 712 h1, res->ai_canonname ? res->ai_canonname : remotehost); 713 freeaddrinfo(res); 714 return (NULL); 715 } 716