1#!./perl -w 2 3BEGIN { 4 chdir 't' if -d 't'; 5 @INC = ('../lib'); 6} 7 8use warnings; 9use strict; 10use vars qw($foo $bar $baz $ballast); 11use Test::More tests => 194; 12 13use Benchmark qw(:all); 14 15my $delta = 0.4; 16 17# Some timing ballast 18sub fib { 19 my $n = shift; 20 return $n if $n < 2; 21 fib($n-1) + fib($n-2); 22} 23$ballast = 15; 24 25my $All_Pattern = 26 qr/(\d+) +wallclock secs? +\( *(-?\d+\.\d\d) +usr +(-?\d+\.\d\d) +sys +\+ +(-?\d+\.\d\d) +cusr +(-?\d+\.\d\d) +csys += +(-?\d+\.\d\d) +CPU\)/; 27my $Noc_Pattern = 28 qr/(\d+) +wallclock secs? +\( *(-?\d+\.\d\d) +usr +\+ +(-?\d+\.\d\d) +sys += +(-?\d+\.\d\d) +CPU\)/; 29my $Nop_Pattern = 30 qr/(\d+) +wallclock secs? +\( *(-?\d+\.\d\d) +cusr +\+ +(-?\d+\.\d\d) +csys += +\d+\.\d\d +CPU\)/; 31# Please don't trust the matching parenthises to be useful in this :-) 32my $Default_Pattern = qr/$All_Pattern|$Noc_Pattern/; 33 34my $t0 = new Benchmark; 35isa_ok ($t0, 'Benchmark', "Ensure we can create a benchmark object"); 36 37# We use the benchmark object once we've done some work: 38 39isa_ok(timeit(5, sub {++$foo}), 'Benchmark', "timeit CODEREF"); 40is ($foo, 5, "benchmarked code was run 5 times"); 41 42isa_ok(timeit(5, '++$bar'), 'Benchmark', "timeit eval"); 43is ($bar, 5, "benchmarked code was run 5 times"); 44 45# is coderef called with spurious arguments? 46timeit( 1, sub { $foo = @_ }); 47is ($foo, 0, "benchmarked code called without arguments"); 48 49 50print "# Burning CPU to benchmark things will take time...\n"; 51 52 53 54# We need to do something fairly slow in the coderef. 55# Same coderef. Same place in memory. 56my $coderef = sub {$baz += fib($ballast)}; 57 58# The default is three. 59$baz = 0; 60my $threesecs = countit(0, $coderef); 61isa_ok($threesecs, 'Benchmark', "countit 0, CODEREF"); 62isnt ($baz, 0, "benchmarked code was run"); 63my $in_threesecs = $threesecs->iters; 64print "# $in_threesecs iterations\n"; 65ok ($in_threesecs > 0, "iters returned positive iterations"); 66 67my $estimate = int (100 * $in_threesecs / 3) / 100; 68print "# from the 3 second run estimate $estimate iterations in 1 second...\n"; 69$baz = 0; 70my $onesec = countit(1, $coderef); 71isa_ok($onesec, 'Benchmark', "countit 1, CODEREF"); 72isnt ($baz, 0, "benchmarked code was run"); 73my $in_onesec = $onesec->iters; 74print "# $in_onesec iterations\n"; 75ok ($in_onesec > 0, "iters returned positive iterations"); 76 77{ 78 my $difference = $in_onesec - $estimate; 79 my $actual = abs ($difference / $in_onesec); 80 ok ($actual < $delta, "is $in_onesec within $delta of estimate ($estimate)"); 81 print "# $in_onesec is between " . ($delta / 2) . 82 " and $delta of estimate. Not that safe.\n" if $actual > $delta/2; 83} 84 85# I found that the eval'ed version was 3 times faster than the coderef. 86# (now it has a different ballast value) 87$baz = 0; 88my $again = countit(1, '$baz += fib($ballast)'); 89isa_ok($onesec, 'Benchmark', "countit 1, eval"); 90isnt ($baz, 0, "benchmarked code was run"); 91my $in_again = $again->iters; 92print "# $in_again iterations\n"; 93ok ($in_again > 0, "iters returned positive iterations"); 94 95 96my $t1 = new Benchmark; 97isa_ok ($t1, 'Benchmark', "Create another benchmark object now we're finished"); 98 99my $diff = timediff ($t1, $t0); 100isa_ok ($diff, 'Benchmark', "Get the time difference"); 101isa_ok (timesum ($t0, $t1), 'Benchmark', "check timesum"); 102 103my $default = timestr ($diff); 104isnt ($default, '', 'timestr ($diff)'); 105my $auto = timestr ($diff, 'auto'); 106is ($auto, $default, 'timestr ($diff, "auto") matches timestr ($diff)'); 107 108{ 109 my $all = timestr ($diff, 'all'); 110 like ($all, $All_Pattern, 'timestr ($diff, "all")'); 111 print "# $all\n"; 112 113 my ($wallclock, $usr, $sys, $cusr, $csys, $cpu) = $all =~ $All_Pattern; 114 115 is (timestr ($diff, 'none'), '', "none supresses output"); 116 117 my $noc = timestr ($diff, 'noc'); 118 like ($noc, qr/$wallclock +wallclock secs? +\( *$usr +usr +\+ +$sys +sys += +$cpu +CPU\)/, 'timestr ($diff, "noc")'); 119 120 my $nop = timestr ($diff, 'nop'); 121 like ($nop, qr/$wallclock +wallclock secs? +\( *$cusr +cusr +\+ +$csys +csys += +\d+\.\d\d +CPU\)/, 'timestr ($diff, "nop")'); 122 123 if ($auto eq $noc) { 124 pass ('"auto" is "noc"'); 125 } else { 126 is ($auto, $all, '"auto" isn\'t "noc", so should be eq to "all"'); 127 } 128 129 like (timestr ($diff, 'all', 'E'), 130 qr/(\d+) +wallclock secs? +\( *\d\.\d+E[-+]?\d\d\d? +usr +\d\.\d+E[-+]?\d\d\d? +sys +\+ +\d\.\d+E[-+]?\d\d\d? +cusr +\d\.\d+E[-+]?\d\d\d? +csys += +\d\.\d+E[-+]?\d\d\d? +CPU\)/, 'timestr ($diff, "all", "E") [sprintf format of "E"]'); 131} 132 133my $out = tie *OUT, 'TieOut'; 134 135my $iterations = 3; 136 137$foo = 0; 138select(OUT); 139my $got = timethis($iterations, sub {++$foo}); 140select(STDOUT); 141isa_ok($got, 'Benchmark', "timethis CODEREF"); 142is ($foo, $iterations, "benchmarked code was run $iterations times"); 143 144$got = $out->read(); 145like ($got, qr/^timethis $iterations/, 'default title'); 146like ($got, $Default_Pattern, 'default format is all or noc'); 147 148$bar = 0; 149select(OUT); 150$got = timethis($iterations, '++$bar'); 151select(STDOUT); 152isa_ok($got, 'Benchmark', "timethis eval"); 153is ($bar, $iterations, "benchmarked code was run $iterations times"); 154 155$got = $out->read(); 156like ($got, qr/^timethis $iterations/, 'default title'); 157like ($got, $Default_Pattern, 'default format is all or noc'); 158 159my $title = 'lies, damn lies and benchmarks'; 160$foo = 0; 161select(OUT); 162$got = timethis($iterations, sub {++$foo}, $title); 163select(STDOUT); 164isa_ok($got, 'Benchmark', "timethis with title"); 165is ($foo, $iterations, "benchmarked code was run $iterations times"); 166 167$got = $out->read(); 168like ($got, qr/^$title:/, 'specify title'); 169like ($got, $Default_Pattern, 'default format is all or noc'); 170 171# default is auto, which is all or noc. nop can never match the default 172$foo = 0; 173select(OUT); 174$got = timethis($iterations, sub {++$foo}, $title, 'nop'); 175select(STDOUT); 176isa_ok($got, 'Benchmark', "timethis with format"); 177is ($foo, $iterations, "benchmarked code was run $iterations times"); 178 179$got = $out->read(); 180like ($got, qr/^$title:/, 'specify title'); 181like ($got, $Nop_Pattern, 'specify format as nop'); 182 183{ 184 $foo = 0; 185 select(OUT); 186 my $start = time; 187 $got = timethis(-2, sub {$foo+= fib($ballast)}, $title, 'none'); 188 my $end = time; 189 select(STDOUT); 190 isa_ok($got, 'Benchmark', 191 "timethis, at least 2 seconds with format 'none'"); 192 ok ($foo > 0, "benchmarked code was run"); 193 ok ($end - $start > 1, "benchmarked code ran for over 1 second"); 194 195 $got = $out->read(); 196 # Remove any warnings about having too few iterations. 197 $got =~ s/\(warning:[^\)]+\)//gs; 198 $got =~ s/^[ \t\n]+//s; # Remove all the whitespace from the beginning 199 200 is ($got, '', "format 'none' should suppress output"); 201} 202 203$foo = $bar = $baz = 0; 204select(OUT); 205$got = timethese($iterations, { Foo => sub {++$foo}, Bar => '++$bar', 206 Baz => sub {++$baz} }); 207select(STDOUT); 208is(ref ($got), 'HASH', "timethese should return a hashref"); 209isa_ok($got->{Foo}, 'Benchmark', "Foo value"); 210isa_ok($got->{Bar}, 'Benchmark', "Bar value"); 211isa_ok($got->{Baz}, 'Benchmark', "Baz value"); 212eq_set([keys %$got], [qw(Foo Bar Baz)], 'should be exactly three objects'); 213is ($foo, $iterations, "Foo code was run $iterations times"); 214is ($bar, $iterations, "Bar code was run $iterations times"); 215is ($baz, $iterations, "Baz code was run $iterations times"); 216 217$got = $out->read(); 218# Remove any warnings about having too few iterations. 219$got =~ s/\(warning:[^\)]+\)//gs; 220 221like ($got, qr/timing $iterations iterations of\s+Bar\W+Baz\W+Foo\W*?\.\.\./s, 222 'check title'); 223# Remove the title 224$got =~ s/.*\.\.\.//s; 225like ($got, qr/\bBar\b.*\bBaz\b.*\bFoo\b/s, 'check output is in sorted order'); 226like ($got, $Default_Pattern, 'should find default format somewhere'); 227 228 229{ # ensure 'use strict' does not leak from Benchmark.pm into benchmarked code 230 no strict; 231 select OUT; 232 233 eval { 234 timethese( 1, 235 { undeclared_var => q{ $i++; $i-- }, 236 symbolic_ref => q{ $bar = 42; 237 $foo = 'bar'; 238 $q = ${$foo} }, 239 }, 240 'none' 241 ); 242 243 }; 244 is( $@, '', q{no strict leakage in name => 'code'} ); 245 246 eval { 247 timethese( 1, 248 { undeclared_var => sub { $i++; $i-- }, 249 symbolic_ref => sub { $bar = 42; 250 $foo = 'bar'; 251 return ${$foo} }, 252 }, 253 'none' 254 ); 255 }; 256 is( $@, '', q{no strict leakage in name => sub { code }} ); 257 258 # clear out buffer 259 $out->read; 260} 261 262 263my $code_to_test = { Foo => sub {$foo+=fib($ballast-2)}, 264 Bar => sub {$bar+=fib($ballast)}}; 265# Keep these for later. 266my $results; 267{ 268 $foo = $bar = 0; 269 select(OUT); 270 my $start = times; 271 $results = timethese(-0.1, $code_to_test, 'none'); 272 my $end = times; 273 select(STDOUT); 274 275 is(ref ($results), 'HASH', "timethese should return a hashref"); 276 isa_ok($results->{Foo}, 'Benchmark', "Foo value"); 277 isa_ok($results->{Bar}, 'Benchmark', "Bar value"); 278 eq_set([keys %$results], [qw(Foo Bar)], 'should be exactly two objects'); 279 ok ($foo > 0, "Foo code was run"); 280 ok ($bar > 0, "Bar code was run"); 281 282 ok (($end - $start) > 0.1, "benchmarked code ran for over 0.1 seconds"); 283 284 $got = $out->read(); 285 # Remove any warnings about having too few iterations. 286 $got =~ s/\(warning:[^\)]+\)//gs; 287 is ($got =~ tr/ \t\n//c, 0, "format 'none' should suppress output"); 288} 289my $graph_dissassembly = 290 qr!^[ \t]+(\S+)[ \t]+(\w+)[ \t]+(\w+)[ \t]* # Title line 291 \n[ \t]*(\w+)[ \t]+([0-9.]+(?:/s)?)[ \t]+(-+)[ \t]+(-?\d+%)[ \t]* 292 \n[ \t]*(\w+)[ \t]+([0-9.]+(?:/s)?)[ \t]+(-?\d+%)[ \t]+(-+)[ \t]*$!xm; 293 294sub check_graph_consistency { 295 my ( $ratetext, $slowc, $fastc, 296 $slowr, $slowratet, $slowslow, $slowfastt, 297 $fastr, $fastratet, $fastslowt, $fastfast) 298 = @_; 299 my $all_passed = 1; 300 $all_passed 301 &= is ($slowc, $slowr, "left col tag should be top row tag"); 302 $all_passed 303 &= is ($fastc, $fastr, "right col tag should be bottom row tag"); 304 $all_passed &= 305 like ($slowslow, qr/^-+/, "should be dash for comparing slow with slow"); 306 $all_passed 307 &= is ($slowslow, $fastfast, "slow v slow should be same as fast v fast"); 308 my $slowrate = $slowratet; 309 my $fastrate = $fastratet; 310 my ($slow_is_rate, $fast_is_rate); 311 unless ($slow_is_rate = $slowrate =~ s!/s!!) { 312 # Slow is expressed as iters per second. 313 $slowrate = 1/$slowrate if $slowrate; 314 } 315 unless ($fast_is_rate = $fastrate =~ s!/s!!) { 316 # Fast is expressed as iters per second. 317 $fastrate = 1/$fastrate if $fastrate; 318 } 319 if ($ratetext =~ /rate/i) { 320 $all_passed 321 &= ok ($slow_is_rate, "slow should be expressed as a rate"); 322 $all_passed 323 &= ok ($fast_is_rate, "fast should be expressed as a rate"); 324 } else { 325 $all_passed &= 326 ok (!$slow_is_rate, "slow should be expressed as a iters per second"); 327 $all_passed &= 328 ok (!$fast_is_rate, "fast should be expressed as a iters per second"); 329 } 330 331 (my $slowfast = $slowfastt) =~ s!%!!; 332 (my $fastslow = $fastslowt) =~ s!%!!; 333 if ($slowrate < $fastrate) { 334 pass ("slow rate is less than fast rate"); 335 unless (ok ($slowfast <= 0 && $slowfast >= -100, 336 "slowfast should be less than or equal to zero, and >= -100")) { 337 print STDERR "# slowfast $slowfast\n"; 338 $all_passed = 0; 339 } 340 unless (ok ($fastslow > 0, "fastslow should be > 0")) { 341 print STDERR "# fastslow $fastslow\n"; 342 $all_passed = 0; 343 } 344 } else { 345 $all_passed 346 &= is ($slowrate, $fastrate, 347 "slow rate isn't less than fast rate, so should be the same"); 348 # In OpenBSD the $slowfast is sometimes a really, really, really 349 # small number less than zero, and this gets stringified as -0. 350 $all_passed 351 &= like ($slowfast, qr/^-?0$/, "slowfast should be zero"); 352 $all_passed 353 &= like ($fastslow, qr/^-?0$/, "fastslow should be zero"); 354 } 355 return $all_passed; 356} 357 358sub check_graph_vs_output { 359 my ($chart, $got) = @_; 360 my ( $ratetext, $slowc, $fastc, 361 $slowr, $slowratet, $slowslow, $slowfastt, 362 $fastr, $fastratet, $fastslowt, $fastfast) 363 = $got =~ $graph_dissassembly; 364 my $all_passed 365 = check_graph_consistency ( $ratetext, $slowc, $fastc, 366 $slowr, $slowratet, $slowslow, $slowfastt, 367 $fastr, $fastratet, $fastslowt, $fastfast); 368 $all_passed 369 &= is_deeply ($chart, [['', $ratetext, $slowc, $fastc], 370 [$slowr, $slowratet, $slowslow, $slowfastt], 371 [$fastr, $fastratet, $fastslowt, $fastfast]], 372 "check the chart layout matches the formatted output"); 373 unless ($all_passed) { 374 print STDERR "# Something went wrong there. I got this chart:\n"; 375 print STDERR "# $_\n" foreach split /\n/, $got; 376 } 377} 378 379sub check_graph { 380 my ($title, $row1, $row2) = @_; 381 is (scalar @$title, 4, "Four entries in title row"); 382 is (scalar @$row1, 4, "Four entries in first row"); 383 is (scalar @$row2, 4, "Four entries in second row"); 384 is (shift @$title, '', "First entry of output graph should be ''"); 385 check_graph_consistency (@$title, @$row1, @$row2); 386} 387 388{ 389 select(OUT); 390 my $start = times; 391 my $chart = cmpthese( -0.1, { a => "++\$i", b => "\$i = sqrt(\$i++)" }, "auto" ) ; 392 my $end = times; 393 select(STDOUT); 394 ok (($end - $start) > 0.05, "benchmarked code ran for over 0.05 seconds"); 395 396 $got = $out->read(); 397 # Remove any warnings about having too few iterations. 398 $got =~ s/\(warning:[^\)]+\)//gs; 399 400 like ($got, qr/running\W+a\W+b.*?for at least 0\.1 CPU second/s, 401 'check title'); 402 # Remove the title 403 $got =~ s/.*\.\.\.//s; 404 like ($got, $Default_Pattern, 'should find default format somewhere'); 405 like ($got, $graph_dissassembly, "Should find the output graph somewhere"); 406 check_graph_vs_output ($chart, $got); 407} 408 409# Not giving auto should suppress timethese results. 410{ 411 select(OUT); 412 my $start = times; 413 my $chart = cmpthese( -0.1, { a => "++\$i", b => "\$i = sqrt(\$i++)" } ) ; 414 my $end = times; 415 select(STDOUT); 416 ok (($end - $start) > 0.05, "benchmarked code ran for over 0.05 seconds"); 417 418 $got = $out->read(); 419 # Remove any warnings about having too few iterations. 420 $got =~ s/\(warning:[^\)]+\)//gs; 421 422 unlike ($got, qr/running\W+a\W+b.*?for at least 0\.1 CPU second/s, 423 'should not have title'); 424 # Remove the title 425 $got =~ s/.*\.\.\.//s; 426 unlike ($got, $Default_Pattern, 'should not find default format somewhere'); 427 like ($got, $graph_dissassembly, "Should find the output graph somewhere"); 428 check_graph_vs_output ($chart, $got); 429} 430 431{ 432 $foo = $bar = 0; 433 select(OUT); 434 my $chart = cmpthese( 10, $code_to_test, 'nop' ) ; 435 select(STDOUT); 436 ok ($foo > 0, "Foo code was run"); 437 ok ($bar > 0, "Bar code was run"); 438 439 $got = $out->read(); 440 # Remove any warnings about having too few iterations. 441 $got =~ s/\(warning:[^\)]+\)//gs; 442 like ($got, qr/timing 10 iterations of\s+Bar\W+Foo\W*?\.\.\./s, 443 'check title'); 444 # Remove the title 445 $got =~ s/.*\.\.\.//s; 446 like ($got, $Nop_Pattern, 'specify format as nop'); 447 like ($got, $graph_dissassembly, "Should find the output graph somewhere"); 448 check_graph_vs_output ($chart, $got); 449} 450 451{ 452 $foo = $bar = 0; 453 select(OUT); 454 my $chart = cmpthese( 10, $code_to_test, 'none' ) ; 455 select(STDOUT); 456 ok ($foo > 0, "Foo code was run"); 457 ok ($bar > 0, "Bar code was run"); 458 459 $got = $out->read(); 460 # Remove any warnings about having too few iterations. 461 $got =~ s/\(warning:[^\)]+\)//gs; 462 $got =~ s/^[ \t\n]+//s; # Remove all the whitespace from the beginning 463 is ($got, '', "format 'none' should suppress output"); 464 is (ref $chart, 'ARRAY', "output should be an array ref"); 465 # Some of these will go bang if the preceding test fails. There will be 466 # a big clue as to why, from the previous test's diagnostic 467 is (ref $chart->[0], 'ARRAY', "output should be an array of arrays"); 468 check_graph (@$chart); 469} 470 471{ 472 $foo = $bar = 0; 473 select(OUT); 474 my $chart = cmpthese( $results ) ; 475 select(STDOUT); 476 is ($foo, 0, "Foo code was not run"); 477 is ($bar, 0, "Bar code was not run"); 478 479 $got = $out->read(); 480 ok ($got !~ /\.\.\./s, 'check that there is no title'); 481 like ($got, $graph_dissassembly, "Should find the output graph somewhere"); 482 check_graph_vs_output ($chart, $got); 483} 484 485{ 486 $foo = $bar = 0; 487 select(OUT); 488 my $chart = cmpthese( $results, 'none' ) ; 489 select(STDOUT); 490 is ($foo, 0, "Foo code was not run"); 491 is ($bar, 0, "Bar code was not run"); 492 493 $got = $out->read(); 494 is ($got, '', "'none' should suppress all output"); 495 is (ref $chart, 'ARRAY', "output should be an array ref"); 496 # Some of these will go bang if the preceding test fails. There will be 497 # a big clue as to why, from the previous test's diagnostic 498 is (ref $chart->[0], 'ARRAY', "output should be an array of arrays"); 499 check_graph (@$chart); 500} 501 502###}my $out = tie *OUT, 'TieOut'; my ($got); ### 503 504my $debug = tie *STDERR, 'TieOut'; 505 506$bar = 0; 507isa_ok(timeit(5, '++$bar'), 'Benchmark', "timeit eval"); 508is ($bar, 5, "benchmarked code was run 5 times"); 509is ($debug->read(), '', "There was no debug output"); 510 511Benchmark->debug(1); 512 513$bar = 0; 514select(OUT); 515$got = timeit(5, '++$bar'); 516select(STDOUT); 517isa_ok($got, 'Benchmark', "timeit eval"); 518is ($bar, 5, "benchmarked code was run 5 times"); 519is ($out->read(), '', "There was no STDOUT output with debug enabled"); 520isnt ($debug->read(), '', "There was STDERR debug output with debug enabled"); 521 522Benchmark->debug(0); 523 524$bar = 0; 525isa_ok(timeit(5, '++$bar'), 'Benchmark', "timeit eval"); 526is ($bar, 5, "benchmarked code was run 5 times"); 527is ($debug->read(), '', "There was no debug output debug disabled"); 528 529undef $debug; 530untie *STDERR; 531 532# To check the cache we are poking where we don't belong, inside the namespace. 533# The way benchmark is written We can't actually check whehter the cache is 534# being used, merely what's become cached. 535 536clearallcache(); 537my @before_keys = keys %Benchmark::Cache; 538$bar = 0; 539isa_ok(timeit(5, '++$bar'), 'Benchmark', "timeit eval"); 540is ($bar, 5, "benchmarked code was run 5 times"); 541my @after5_keys = keys %Benchmark::Cache; 542$bar = 0; 543isa_ok(timeit(10, '++$bar'), 'Benchmark', "timeit eval"); 544is ($bar, 10, "benchmarked code was run 10 times"); 545ok (!eq_array ([keys %Benchmark::Cache], \@after5_keys), "10 differs from 5"); 546 547clearcache(10); 548# Hash key order will be the same if there are the same keys. 549is_deeply ([keys %Benchmark::Cache], \@after5_keys, 550 "cleared 10, only cached results for 5 should remain"); 551 552clearallcache(); 553is_deeply ([keys %Benchmark::Cache], \@before_keys, 554 "back to square 1 when we clear the cache again?"); 555 556 557{ # Check usage error messages 558 my %usage = %Benchmark::_Usage; 559 delete $usage{runloop}; # not public, not worrying about it just now 560 561 my @takes_no_args = qw(clearallcache disablecache enablecache); 562 563 my %cmpthese = ('forgot {}' => 'cmpthese( 42, foo => sub { 1 } )', 564 'not result' => 'cmpthese(42)', 565 'array ref' => 'cmpthese( 42, [ foo => sub { 1 } ] )', 566 ); 567 while( my($name, $code) = each %cmpthese ) { 568 eval $code; 569 is( $@, $usage{cmpthese}, "cmpthese usage: $name" ); 570 } 571 572 my %timethese = ('forgot {}' => 'timethese( 42, foo => sub { 1 } )', 573 'no code' => 'timethese(42)', 574 'array ref' => 'timethese( 42, [ foo => sub { 1 } ] )', 575 ); 576 577 while( my($name, $code) = each %timethese ) { 578 eval $code; 579 is( $@, $usage{timethese}, "timethese usage: $name" ); 580 } 581 582 583 while( my($func, $usage) = each %usage ) { 584 next if grep $func eq $_, @takes_no_args; 585 eval "$func()"; 586 is( $@, $usage, "$func usage: no args" ); 587 } 588 589 foreach my $func (@takes_no_args) { 590 eval "$func(42)"; 591 is( $@, $usage{$func}, "$func usage: with args" ); 592 } 593} 594 595 596package TieOut; 597 598sub TIEHANDLE { 599 my $class = shift; 600 bless(\( my $ref = ''), $class); 601} 602 603sub PRINT { 604 my $self = shift; 605 $$self .= join('', @_); 606} 607 608sub PRINTF { 609 my $self = shift; 610 $$self .= sprintf shift, @_; 611} 612 613sub read { 614 my $self = shift; 615 return substr($$self, 0, length($$self), ''); 616} 617