1#!./perl -w 2 3BEGIN { 4 chdir 't' if -d 't'; 5 @INC = ('../lib'); 6} 7 8use warnings; 9use strict; 10use vars qw($foo $bar $baz $ballast); 11use Test::More tests => 194; 12 13use Benchmark qw(:all); 14 15my $delta = 0.4; 16 17# Some timing ballast 18sub fib { 19 my $n = shift; 20 return $n if $n < 2; 21 fib($n-1) + fib($n-2); 22} 23$ballast = 15; 24 25my $All_Pattern = 26 qr/(\d+) +wallclock secs? +\( *(-?\d+\.\d\d) +usr +(-?\d+\.\d\d) +sys +\+ +(-?\d+\.\d\d) +cusr +(-?\d+\.\d\d) +csys += +(-?\d+\.\d\d) +CPU\)/; 27my $Noc_Pattern = 28 qr/(\d+) +wallclock secs? +\( *(-?\d+\.\d\d) +usr +\+ +(-?\d+\.\d\d) +sys += +(-?\d+\.\d\d) +CPU\)/; 29my $Nop_Pattern = 30 qr/(\d+) +wallclock secs? +\( *(-?\d+\.\d\d) +cusr +\+ +(-?\d+\.\d\d) +csys += +\d+\.\d\d +CPU\)/; 31# Please don't trust the matching parenthises to be useful in this :-) 32my $Default_Pattern = qr/$All_Pattern|$Noc_Pattern/; 33 34my $t0 = new Benchmark; 35isa_ok ($t0, 'Benchmark', "Ensure we can create a benchmark object"); 36 37# We use the benchmark object once we've done some work: 38 39isa_ok(timeit(5, sub {++$foo}), 'Benchmark', "timeit CODEREF"); 40is ($foo, 5, "benchmarked code was run 5 times"); 41 42isa_ok(timeit(5, '++$bar'), 'Benchmark', "timeit eval"); 43is ($bar, 5, "benchmarked code was run 5 times"); 44 45# is coderef called with spurious arguments? 46timeit( 1, sub { $foo = @_ }); 47is ($foo, 0, "benchmarked code called without arguments"); 48 49 50print "# Burning CPU to benchmark things will take time...\n"; 51 52 53 54# We need to do something fairly slow in the coderef. 55# Same coderef. Same place in memory. 56my $coderef = sub {$baz += fib($ballast)}; 57 58# The default is three. 59$baz = 0; 60my $threesecs = countit(0, $coderef); 61isa_ok($threesecs, 'Benchmark', "countit 0, CODEREF"); 62isnt ($baz, 0, "benchmarked code was run"); 63my $in_threesecs = $threesecs->iters; 64print "# $in_threesecs iterations\n"; 65ok ($in_threesecs > 0, "iters returned positive iterations"); 66 67my $estimate = int (100 * $in_threesecs / 3) / 100; 68print "# from the 3 second run estimate $estimate iterations in 1 second...\n"; 69$baz = 0; 70my $onesec = countit(1, $coderef); 71isa_ok($onesec, 'Benchmark', "countit 1, CODEREF"); 72isnt ($baz, 0, "benchmarked code was run"); 73my $in_onesec = $onesec->iters; 74print "# $in_onesec iterations\n"; 75ok ($in_onesec > 0, "iters returned positive iterations"); 76 77{ 78 my $difference = $in_onesec - $estimate; 79 my $actual = abs ($difference / $in_onesec); 80 cmp_ok($actual, '<=', $delta, "is $in_onesec within $delta of estimate ($estimate)") 81 or diag("# $in_onesec is between " . ($delta / 2) . " and $delta of estimate. Not that safe."); 82} 83 84# I found that the eval'ed version was 3 times faster than the coderef. 85# (now it has a different ballast value) 86$baz = 0; 87my $again = countit(1, '$baz += fib($ballast)'); 88isa_ok($onesec, 'Benchmark', "countit 1, eval"); 89isnt ($baz, 0, "benchmarked code was run"); 90my $in_again = $again->iters; 91print "# $in_again iterations\n"; 92ok ($in_again > 0, "iters returned positive iterations"); 93 94 95my $t1 = new Benchmark; 96isa_ok ($t1, 'Benchmark', "Create another benchmark object now we're finished"); 97 98my $diff = timediff ($t1, $t0); 99isa_ok ($diff, 'Benchmark', "Get the time difference"); 100isa_ok (timesum ($t0, $t1), 'Benchmark', "check timesum"); 101 102my $default = timestr ($diff); 103isnt ($default, '', 'timestr ($diff)'); 104my $auto = timestr ($diff, 'auto'); 105is ($auto, $default, 'timestr ($diff, "auto") matches timestr ($diff)'); 106 107{ 108 my $all = timestr ($diff, 'all'); 109 like ($all, $All_Pattern, 'timestr ($diff, "all")'); 110 print "# $all\n"; 111 112 my ($wallclock, $usr, $sys, $cusr, $csys, $cpu) = $all =~ $All_Pattern; 113 114 is (timestr ($diff, 'none'), '', "none supresses output"); 115 116 my $noc = timestr ($diff, 'noc'); 117 like ($noc, qr/$wallclock +wallclock secs? +\( *$usr +usr +\+ +$sys +sys += +$cpu +CPU\)/, 'timestr ($diff, "noc")'); 118 119 my $nop = timestr ($diff, 'nop'); 120 like ($nop, qr/$wallclock +wallclock secs? +\( *$cusr +cusr +\+ +$csys +csys += +\d+\.\d\d +CPU\)/, 'timestr ($diff, "nop")'); 121 122 if ($auto eq $noc) { 123 pass ('"auto" is "noc"'); 124 } else { 125 is ($auto, $all, '"auto" isn\'t "noc", so should be eq to "all"'); 126 } 127 128 like (timestr ($diff, 'all', 'E'), 129 qr/(\d+) +wallclock secs? +\( *\d\.\d+E[-+]?\d\d\d? +usr +\d\.\d+E[-+]?\d\d\d? +sys +\+ +\d\.\d+E[-+]?\d\d\d? +cusr +\d\.\d+E[-+]?\d\d\d? +csys += +\d\.\d+E[-+]?\d\d\d? +CPU\)/, 'timestr ($diff, "all", "E") [sprintf format of "E"]'); 130} 131 132my $out = tie *OUT, 'TieOut'; 133 134my $iterations = 3; 135 136$foo = 0; 137select(OUT); 138my $got = timethis($iterations, sub {++$foo}); 139select(STDOUT); 140isa_ok($got, 'Benchmark', "timethis CODEREF"); 141is ($foo, $iterations, "benchmarked code was run $iterations times"); 142 143$got = $out->read(); 144like ($got, qr/^timethis $iterations/, 'default title'); 145like ($got, $Default_Pattern, 'default format is all or noc'); 146 147$bar = 0; 148select(OUT); 149$got = timethis($iterations, '++$bar'); 150select(STDOUT); 151isa_ok($got, 'Benchmark', "timethis eval"); 152is ($bar, $iterations, "benchmarked code was run $iterations times"); 153 154$got = $out->read(); 155like ($got, qr/^timethis $iterations/, 'default title'); 156like ($got, $Default_Pattern, 'default format is all or noc'); 157 158my $title = 'lies, damn lies and benchmarks'; 159$foo = 0; 160select(OUT); 161$got = timethis($iterations, sub {++$foo}, $title); 162select(STDOUT); 163isa_ok($got, 'Benchmark', "timethis with title"); 164is ($foo, $iterations, "benchmarked code was run $iterations times"); 165 166$got = $out->read(); 167like ($got, qr/^$title:/, 'specify title'); 168like ($got, $Default_Pattern, 'default format is all or noc'); 169 170# default is auto, which is all or noc. nop can never match the default 171$foo = 0; 172select(OUT); 173$got = timethis($iterations, sub {++$foo}, $title, 'nop'); 174select(STDOUT); 175isa_ok($got, 'Benchmark', "timethis with format"); 176is ($foo, $iterations, "benchmarked code was run $iterations times"); 177 178$got = $out->read(); 179like ($got, qr/^$title:/, 'specify title'); 180like ($got, $Nop_Pattern, 'specify format as nop'); 181 182{ 183 $foo = 0; 184 select(OUT); 185 my $start = time; 186 $got = timethis(-2, sub {$foo+= fib($ballast)}, $title, 'none'); 187 my $end = time; 188 select(STDOUT); 189 isa_ok($got, 'Benchmark', 190 "timethis, at least 2 seconds with format 'none'"); 191 ok ($foo > 0, "benchmarked code was run"); 192 ok ($end - $start > 1, "benchmarked code ran for over 1 second"); 193 194 $got = $out->read(); 195 # Remove any warnings about having too few iterations. 196 $got =~ s/\(warning:[^\)]+\)//gs; 197 $got =~ s/^[ \t\n]+//s; # Remove all the whitespace from the beginning 198 199 is ($got, '', "format 'none' should suppress output"); 200} 201 202$foo = $bar = $baz = 0; 203select(OUT); 204$got = timethese($iterations, { Foo => sub {++$foo}, Bar => '++$bar', 205 Baz => sub {++$baz} }); 206select(STDOUT); 207is(ref ($got), 'HASH', "timethese should return a hashref"); 208isa_ok($got->{Foo}, 'Benchmark', "Foo value"); 209isa_ok($got->{Bar}, 'Benchmark', "Bar value"); 210isa_ok($got->{Baz}, 'Benchmark', "Baz value"); 211eq_set([keys %$got], [qw(Foo Bar Baz)], 'should be exactly three objects'); 212is ($foo, $iterations, "Foo code was run $iterations times"); 213is ($bar, $iterations, "Bar code was run $iterations times"); 214is ($baz, $iterations, "Baz code was run $iterations times"); 215 216$got = $out->read(); 217# Remove any warnings about having too few iterations. 218$got =~ s/\(warning:[^\)]+\)//gs; 219 220like ($got, qr/timing $iterations iterations of\s+Bar\W+Baz\W+Foo\W*?\.\.\./s, 221 'check title'); 222# Remove the title 223$got =~ s/.*\.\.\.//s; 224like ($got, qr/\bBar\b.*\bBaz\b.*\bFoo\b/s, 'check output is in sorted order'); 225like ($got, $Default_Pattern, 'should find default format somewhere'); 226 227 228{ # ensure 'use strict' does not leak from Benchmark.pm into benchmarked code 229 no strict; 230 select OUT; 231 232 eval { 233 timethese( 1, 234 { undeclared_var => q{ $i++; $i-- }, 235 symbolic_ref => q{ $bar = 42; 236 $foo = 'bar'; 237 $q = ${$foo} }, 238 }, 239 'none' 240 ); 241 242 }; 243 is( $@, '', q{no strict leakage in name => 'code'} ); 244 245 eval { 246 timethese( 1, 247 { undeclared_var => sub { $i++; $i-- }, 248 symbolic_ref => sub { $bar = 42; 249 $foo = 'bar'; 250 return ${$foo} }, 251 }, 252 'none' 253 ); 254 }; 255 is( $@, '', q{no strict leakage in name => sub { code }} ); 256 257 # clear out buffer 258 $out->read; 259} 260 261 262my $code_to_test = { Foo => sub {$foo+=fib($ballast-2)}, 263 Bar => sub {$bar+=fib($ballast)}}; 264# Keep these for later. 265my $results; 266{ 267 $foo = $bar = 0; 268 select(OUT); 269 my $start = times; 270 $results = timethese(-0.1, $code_to_test, 'none'); 271 my $end = times; 272 select(STDOUT); 273 274 is(ref ($results), 'HASH', "timethese should return a hashref"); 275 isa_ok($results->{Foo}, 'Benchmark', "Foo value"); 276 isa_ok($results->{Bar}, 'Benchmark', "Bar value"); 277 eq_set([keys %$results], [qw(Foo Bar)], 'should be exactly two objects'); 278 ok ($foo > 0, "Foo code was run"); 279 ok ($bar > 0, "Bar code was run"); 280 281 ok (($end - $start) > 0.1, "benchmarked code ran for over 0.1 seconds"); 282 283 $got = $out->read(); 284 # Remove any warnings about having too few iterations. 285 $got =~ s/\(warning:[^\)]+\)//gs; 286 is ($got =~ tr/ \t\n//c, 0, "format 'none' should suppress output"); 287} 288my $graph_dissassembly = 289 qr!^[ \t]+(\S+)[ \t]+(\w+)[ \t]+(\w+)[ \t]* # Title line 290 \n[ \t]*(\w+)[ \t]+([0-9.]+(?:/s)?)[ \t]+(-+)[ \t]+(-?\d+%)[ \t]* 291 \n[ \t]*(\w+)[ \t]+([0-9.]+(?:/s)?)[ \t]+(-?\d+%)[ \t]+(-+)[ \t]*$!xm; 292 293sub check_graph_consistency { 294 my ( $ratetext, $slowc, $fastc, 295 $slowr, $slowratet, $slowslow, $slowfastt, 296 $fastr, $fastratet, $fastslowt, $fastfast) 297 = @_; 298 my $all_passed = 1; 299 $all_passed 300 &= is ($slowc, $slowr, "left col tag should be top row tag"); 301 $all_passed 302 &= is ($fastc, $fastr, "right col tag should be bottom row tag"); 303 $all_passed &= 304 like ($slowslow, qr/^-+/, "should be dash for comparing slow with slow"); 305 $all_passed 306 &= is ($slowslow, $fastfast, "slow v slow should be same as fast v fast"); 307 my $slowrate = $slowratet; 308 my $fastrate = $fastratet; 309 my ($slow_is_rate, $fast_is_rate); 310 unless ($slow_is_rate = $slowrate =~ s!/s!!) { 311 # Slow is expressed as iters per second. 312 $slowrate = 1/$slowrate if $slowrate; 313 } 314 unless ($fast_is_rate = $fastrate =~ s!/s!!) { 315 # Fast is expressed as iters per second. 316 $fastrate = 1/$fastrate if $fastrate; 317 } 318 if ($ratetext =~ /rate/i) { 319 $all_passed 320 &= ok ($slow_is_rate, "slow should be expressed as a rate"); 321 $all_passed 322 &= ok ($fast_is_rate, "fast should be expressed as a rate"); 323 } else { 324 $all_passed &= 325 ok (!$slow_is_rate, "slow should be expressed as a iters per second"); 326 $all_passed &= 327 ok (!$fast_is_rate, "fast should be expressed as a iters per second"); 328 } 329 330 (my $slowfast = $slowfastt) =~ s!%!!; 331 (my $fastslow = $fastslowt) =~ s!%!!; 332 if ($slowrate < $fastrate) { 333 pass ("slow rate is less than fast rate"); 334 unless (ok ($slowfast <= 0 && $slowfast >= -100, 335 "slowfast should be less than or equal to zero, and >= -100")) { 336 print STDERR "# slowfast $slowfast\n"; 337 $all_passed = 0; 338 } 339 unless (ok ($fastslow > 0, "fastslow should be > 0")) { 340 print STDERR "# fastslow $fastslow\n"; 341 $all_passed = 0; 342 } 343 } else { 344 $all_passed 345 &= is ($slowrate, $fastrate, 346 "slow rate isn't less than fast rate, so should be the same"); 347 # In OpenBSD the $slowfast is sometimes a really, really, really 348 # small number less than zero, and this gets stringified as -0. 349 $all_passed 350 &= like ($slowfast, qr/^-?0$/, "slowfast should be zero"); 351 $all_passed 352 &= like ($fastslow, qr/^-?0$/, "fastslow should be zero"); 353 } 354 return $all_passed; 355} 356 357sub check_graph_vs_output { 358 my ($chart, $got) = @_; 359 my ( $ratetext, $slowc, $fastc, 360 $slowr, $slowratet, $slowslow, $slowfastt, 361 $fastr, $fastratet, $fastslowt, $fastfast) 362 = $got =~ $graph_dissassembly; 363 my $all_passed 364 = check_graph_consistency ( $ratetext, $slowc, $fastc, 365 $slowr, $slowratet, $slowslow, $slowfastt, 366 $fastr, $fastratet, $fastslowt, $fastfast); 367 $all_passed 368 &= is_deeply ($chart, [['', $ratetext, $slowc, $fastc], 369 [$slowr, $slowratet, $slowslow, $slowfastt], 370 [$fastr, $fastratet, $fastslowt, $fastfast]], 371 "check the chart layout matches the formatted output"); 372 unless ($all_passed) { 373 print STDERR "# Something went wrong there. I got this chart:\n"; 374 print STDERR "# $_\n" foreach split /\n/, $got; 375 } 376} 377 378sub check_graph { 379 my ($title, $row1, $row2) = @_; 380 is (scalar @$title, 4, "Four entries in title row"); 381 is (scalar @$row1, 4, "Four entries in first row"); 382 is (scalar @$row2, 4, "Four entries in second row"); 383 is (shift @$title, '', "First entry of output graph should be ''"); 384 check_graph_consistency (@$title, @$row1, @$row2); 385} 386 387{ 388 select(OUT); 389 my $start = times; 390 my $chart = cmpthese( -0.1, { a => "++\$i", b => "\$i = sqrt(\$i++)" }, "auto" ) ; 391 my $end = times; 392 select(STDOUT); 393 ok (($end - $start) > 0.05, "benchmarked code ran for over 0.05 seconds"); 394 395 $got = $out->read(); 396 # Remove any warnings about having too few iterations. 397 $got =~ s/\(warning:[^\)]+\)//gs; 398 399 like ($got, qr/running\W+a\W+b.*?for at least 0\.1 CPU second/s, 400 'check title'); 401 # Remove the title 402 $got =~ s/.*\.\.\.//s; 403 like ($got, $Default_Pattern, 'should find default format somewhere'); 404 like ($got, $graph_dissassembly, "Should find the output graph somewhere"); 405 check_graph_vs_output ($chart, $got); 406} 407 408# Not giving auto should suppress timethese results. 409{ 410 select(OUT); 411 my $start = times; 412 my $chart = cmpthese( -0.1, { a => "++\$i", b => "\$i = sqrt(\$i++)" } ) ; 413 my $end = times; 414 select(STDOUT); 415 ok (($end - $start) > 0.05, "benchmarked code ran for over 0.05 seconds"); 416 417 $got = $out->read(); 418 # Remove any warnings about having too few iterations. 419 $got =~ s/\(warning:[^\)]+\)//gs; 420 421 unlike ($got, qr/running\W+a\W+b.*?for at least 0\.1 CPU second/s, 422 'should not have title'); 423 # Remove the title 424 $got =~ s/.*\.\.\.//s; 425 unlike ($got, $Default_Pattern, 'should not find default format somewhere'); 426 like ($got, $graph_dissassembly, "Should find the output graph somewhere"); 427 check_graph_vs_output ($chart, $got); 428} 429 430{ 431 $foo = $bar = 0; 432 select(OUT); 433 my $chart = cmpthese( 10, $code_to_test, 'nop' ) ; 434 select(STDOUT); 435 ok ($foo > 0, "Foo code was run"); 436 ok ($bar > 0, "Bar code was run"); 437 438 $got = $out->read(); 439 # Remove any warnings about having too few iterations. 440 $got =~ s/\(warning:[^\)]+\)//gs; 441 like ($got, qr/timing 10 iterations of\s+Bar\W+Foo\W*?\.\.\./s, 442 'check title'); 443 # Remove the title 444 $got =~ s/.*\.\.\.//s; 445 like ($got, $Nop_Pattern, 'specify format as nop'); 446 like ($got, $graph_dissassembly, "Should find the output graph somewhere"); 447 check_graph_vs_output ($chart, $got); 448} 449 450{ 451 $foo = $bar = 0; 452 select(OUT); 453 my $chart = cmpthese( 10, $code_to_test, 'none' ) ; 454 select(STDOUT); 455 ok ($foo > 0, "Foo code was run"); 456 ok ($bar > 0, "Bar code was run"); 457 458 $got = $out->read(); 459 # Remove any warnings about having too few iterations. 460 $got =~ s/\(warning:[^\)]+\)//gs; 461 $got =~ s/^[ \t\n]+//s; # Remove all the whitespace from the beginning 462 is ($got, '', "format 'none' should suppress output"); 463 is (ref $chart, 'ARRAY', "output should be an array ref"); 464 # Some of these will go bang if the preceding test fails. There will be 465 # a big clue as to why, from the previous test's diagnostic 466 is (ref $chart->[0], 'ARRAY', "output should be an array of arrays"); 467 check_graph (@$chart); 468} 469 470{ 471 $foo = $bar = 0; 472 select(OUT); 473 my $chart = cmpthese( $results ) ; 474 select(STDOUT); 475 is ($foo, 0, "Foo code was not run"); 476 is ($bar, 0, "Bar code was not run"); 477 478 $got = $out->read(); 479 ok ($got !~ /\.\.\./s, 'check that there is no title'); 480 like ($got, $graph_dissassembly, "Should find the output graph somewhere"); 481 check_graph_vs_output ($chart, $got); 482} 483 484{ 485 $foo = $bar = 0; 486 select(OUT); 487 my $chart = cmpthese( $results, 'none' ) ; 488 select(STDOUT); 489 is ($foo, 0, "Foo code was not run"); 490 is ($bar, 0, "Bar code was not run"); 491 492 $got = $out->read(); 493 is ($got, '', "'none' should suppress all output"); 494 is (ref $chart, 'ARRAY', "output should be an array ref"); 495 # Some of these will go bang if the preceding test fails. There will be 496 # a big clue as to why, from the previous test's diagnostic 497 is (ref $chart->[0], 'ARRAY', "output should be an array of arrays"); 498 check_graph (@$chart); 499} 500 501###}my $out = tie *OUT, 'TieOut'; my ($got); ### 502 503my $debug = tie *STDERR, 'TieOut'; 504 505$bar = 0; 506isa_ok(timeit(5, '++$bar'), 'Benchmark', "timeit eval"); 507is ($bar, 5, "benchmarked code was run 5 times"); 508is ($debug->read(), '', "There was no debug output"); 509 510Benchmark->debug(1); 511 512$bar = 0; 513select(OUT); 514$got = timeit(5, '++$bar'); 515select(STDOUT); 516isa_ok($got, 'Benchmark', "timeit eval"); 517is ($bar, 5, "benchmarked code was run 5 times"); 518is ($out->read(), '', "There was no STDOUT output with debug enabled"); 519isnt ($debug->read(), '', "There was STDERR debug output with debug enabled"); 520 521Benchmark->debug(0); 522 523$bar = 0; 524isa_ok(timeit(5, '++$bar'), 'Benchmark', "timeit eval"); 525is ($bar, 5, "benchmarked code was run 5 times"); 526is ($debug->read(), '', "There was no debug output debug disabled"); 527 528undef $debug; 529untie *STDERR; 530 531# To check the cache we are poking where we don't belong, inside the namespace. 532# The way benchmark is written We can't actually check whehter the cache is 533# being used, merely what's become cached. 534 535clearallcache(); 536my @before_keys = keys %Benchmark::Cache; 537$bar = 0; 538isa_ok(timeit(5, '++$bar'), 'Benchmark', "timeit eval"); 539is ($bar, 5, "benchmarked code was run 5 times"); 540my @after5_keys = keys %Benchmark::Cache; 541$bar = 0; 542isa_ok(timeit(10, '++$bar'), 'Benchmark', "timeit eval"); 543is ($bar, 10, "benchmarked code was run 10 times"); 544ok (!eq_array ([keys %Benchmark::Cache], \@after5_keys), "10 differs from 5"); 545 546clearcache(10); 547# Hash key order will be the same if there are the same keys. 548is_deeply ([keys %Benchmark::Cache], \@after5_keys, 549 "cleared 10, only cached results for 5 should remain"); 550 551clearallcache(); 552is_deeply ([keys %Benchmark::Cache], \@before_keys, 553 "back to square 1 when we clear the cache again?"); 554 555 556{ # Check usage error messages 557 my %usage = %Benchmark::_Usage; 558 delete $usage{runloop}; # not public, not worrying about it just now 559 560 my @takes_no_args = qw(clearallcache disablecache enablecache); 561 562 my %cmpthese = ('forgot {}' => 'cmpthese( 42, foo => sub { 1 } )', 563 'not result' => 'cmpthese(42)', 564 'array ref' => 'cmpthese( 42, [ foo => sub { 1 } ] )', 565 ); 566 while( my($name, $code) = each %cmpthese ) { 567 eval $code; 568 is( $@, $usage{cmpthese}, "cmpthese usage: $name" ); 569 } 570 571 my %timethese = ('forgot {}' => 'timethese( 42, foo => sub { 1 } )', 572 'no code' => 'timethese(42)', 573 'array ref' => 'timethese( 42, [ foo => sub { 1 } ] )', 574 ); 575 576 while( my($name, $code) = each %timethese ) { 577 eval $code; 578 is( $@, $usage{timethese}, "timethese usage: $name" ); 579 } 580 581 582 while( my($func, $usage) = each %usage ) { 583 next if grep $func eq $_, @takes_no_args; 584 eval "$func()"; 585 is( $@, $usage, "$func usage: no args" ); 586 } 587 588 foreach my $func (@takes_no_args) { 589 eval "$func(42)"; 590 is( $@, $usage{$func}, "$func usage: with args" ); 591 } 592} 593 594 595package TieOut; 596 597sub TIEHANDLE { 598 my $class = shift; 599 bless(\( my $ref = ''), $class); 600} 601 602sub PRINT { 603 my $self = shift; 604 $$self .= join('', @_); 605} 606 607sub PRINTF { 608 my $self = shift; 609 $$self .= sprintf shift, @_; 610} 611 612sub read { 613 my $self = shift; 614 return substr($$self, 0, length($$self), ''); 615} 616