xref: /netbsd-src/usr.bin/xlint/lint1/tree.c (revision 99cf5fb567a794a281ca82caec4bd7996fb919dd)
1 /*	$NetBSD: tree.c,v 1.630 2024/03/30 16:47:44 rillig Exp $	*/
2 
3 /*
4  * Copyright (c) 1994, 1995 Jochen Pohl
5  * All Rights Reserved.
6  *
7  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
8  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
9  * are met:
10  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
11  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
12  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
13  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
14  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
15  * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
16  *    must display the following acknowledgement:
17  *	This product includes software developed by Jochen Pohl for
18  *	The NetBSD Project.
19  * 4. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
20  *    derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
21  *
22  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
23  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
24  * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
25  * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
26  * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
27  * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
28  * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
29  * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
30  * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
31  * THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
32  */
33 
34 #if HAVE_NBTOOL_CONFIG_H
35 #include "nbtool_config.h"
36 #endif
37 
38 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
39 #if defined(__RCSID)
40 __RCSID("$NetBSD: tree.c,v 1.630 2024/03/30 16:47:44 rillig Exp $");
41 #endif
42 
43 #include <float.h>
44 #include <limits.h>
45 #include <math.h>
46 #include <signal.h>
47 #include <stdlib.h>
48 #include <string.h>
49 
50 #include "lint1.h"
51 
52 
53 typedef struct integer_constraints {
54 	int64_t		smin;	/* signed minimum */
55 	int64_t		smax;	/* signed maximum */
56 	uint64_t	umin;	/* unsigned minimum */
57 	uint64_t	umax;	/* unsigned maximum */
58 	uint64_t	bset;	/* bits that are definitely set */
59 	uint64_t	bclr;	/* bits that are definitely clear */
60 } integer_constraints;
61 
62 
63 static uint64_t
64 u64_fill_right(uint64_t x)
65 {
66 	x |= x >> 1;
67 	x |= x >> 2;
68 	x |= x >> 4;
69 	x |= x >> 8;
70 	x |= x >> 16;
71 	x |= x >> 32;
72 	return x;
73 }
74 
75 static bool
76 str_ends_with(const char *haystack, const char *needle)
77 {
78 	size_t hlen = strlen(haystack);
79 	size_t nlen = strlen(needle);
80 
81 	return nlen <= hlen &&
82 	    memcmp(haystack + hlen - nlen, needle, nlen) == 0;
83 }
84 
85 static unsigned
86 width_in_bits(const type_t *tp)
87 {
88 
89 	lint_assert(is_integer(tp->t_tspec));
90 	return tp->t_bitfield
91 	    ? tp->t_bit_field_width
92 	    : size_in_bits(tp->t_tspec);
93 }
94 
95 static int
96 portable_rank_cmp(tspec_t t1, tspec_t t2)
97 {
98 	const ttab_t *p1 = type_properties(t1), *p2 = type_properties(t2);
99 	lint_assert(p1->tt_rank_kind == p2->tt_rank_kind);
100 	lint_assert(p1->tt_rank_value > 0);
101 	lint_assert(p2->tt_rank_value > 0);
102 	return (int)p1->tt_rank_value - (int)p2->tt_rank_value;
103 }
104 
105 static bool
106 ic_maybe_signed(const type_t *tp, const integer_constraints *ic)
107 {
108 	return !is_uinteger(tp->t_tspec) && ic->bclr >> 63 == 0;
109 }
110 
111 static integer_constraints
112 ic_any(const type_t *tp)
113 {
114 	integer_constraints c;
115 
116 	uint64_t vbits = value_bits(width_in_bits(tp));
117 	if (is_uinteger(tp->t_tspec)) {
118 		c.smin = INT64_MIN;
119 		c.smax = INT64_MAX;
120 		c.umin = 0;
121 		c.umax = vbits;
122 		c.bset = 0;
123 		c.bclr = ~c.umax;
124 	} else {
125 		c.smin = (int64_t)-1 - (int64_t)(vbits >> 1);
126 		c.smax = (int64_t)(vbits >> 1);
127 		c.umin = 0;
128 		c.umax = UINT64_MAX;
129 		c.bset = 0;
130 		c.bclr = 0;
131 	}
132 	return c;
133 }
134 
135 static integer_constraints
136 ic_con(const type_t *tp, const val_t *v)
137 {
138 	integer_constraints c;
139 
140 	lint_assert(is_integer(tp->t_tspec));
141 	int64_t si = v->u.integer;
142 	uint64_t ui = (uint64_t)si;
143 	c.smin = si;
144 	c.smax = si;
145 	c.umin = ui;
146 	c.umax = ui;
147 	c.bset = ui;
148 	c.bclr = ~ui;
149 	return c;
150 }
151 
152 static integer_constraints
153 ic_cvt(const type_t *ntp, const type_t *otp, integer_constraints a)
154 {
155 	unsigned nw = width_in_bits(ntp);
156 	unsigned ow = width_in_bits(otp);
157 	bool nu = is_uinteger(ntp->t_tspec);
158 	bool ou = is_uinteger(otp->t_tspec);
159 
160 	if (nw >= ow && nu == ou)
161 		return a;
162 	if (nw > ow && ou)
163 		return a;
164 	return ic_any(ntp);
165 }
166 
167 static integer_constraints
168 ic_bitand(integer_constraints a, integer_constraints b)
169 {
170 	integer_constraints c;
171 
172 	c.smin = INT64_MIN;
173 	c.smax = INT64_MAX;
174 	c.umin = 0;
175 	c.umax = UINT64_MAX;
176 	c.bset = a.bset & b.bset;
177 	c.bclr = a.bclr | b.bclr;
178 	return c;
179 }
180 
181 static integer_constraints
182 ic_bitor(integer_constraints a, integer_constraints b)
183 {
184 	integer_constraints c;
185 
186 	c.smin = INT64_MIN;
187 	c.smax = INT64_MAX;
188 	c.umin = 0;
189 	c.umax = UINT64_MAX;
190 	c.bset = a.bset | b.bset;
191 	c.bclr = a.bclr & b.bclr;
192 	return c;
193 }
194 
195 static integer_constraints
196 ic_mod(const type_t *tp, integer_constraints a, integer_constraints b)
197 {
198 	integer_constraints c;
199 
200 	if (ic_maybe_signed(tp, &a) || ic_maybe_signed(tp, &b))
201 		return ic_any(tp);
202 
203 	c.smin = INT64_MIN;
204 	c.smax = INT64_MAX;
205 	c.umin = 0;
206 	c.umax = b.umax - 1;
207 	c.bset = 0;
208 	c.bclr = ~u64_fill_right(c.umax);
209 	return c;
210 }
211 
212 static integer_constraints
213 ic_shl(const type_t *tp, integer_constraints a, integer_constraints b)
214 {
215 	integer_constraints c;
216 	unsigned int amount;
217 
218 	if (ic_maybe_signed(tp, &a))
219 		return ic_any(tp);
220 
221 	if (b.smin == b.smax && b.smin >= 0 && b.smin < 64)
222 		amount = (unsigned int)b.smin;
223 	else if (b.umin == b.umax && b.umin < 64)
224 		amount = (unsigned int)b.umin;
225 	else
226 		return ic_any(tp);
227 
228 	c.smin = INT64_MIN;
229 	c.smax = INT64_MAX;
230 	c.umin = 0;
231 	c.umax = UINT64_MAX;
232 	c.bset = a.bset << amount;
233 	c.bclr = a.bclr << amount | (((uint64_t)1 << amount) - 1);
234 	return c;
235 }
236 
237 static integer_constraints
238 ic_shr(const type_t *tp, integer_constraints a, integer_constraints b)
239 {
240 	integer_constraints c;
241 	unsigned int amount;
242 
243 	if (ic_maybe_signed(tp, &a))
244 		return ic_any(tp);
245 
246 	if (b.smin == b.smax && b.smin >= 0 && b.smin < 64)
247 		amount = (unsigned int)b.smin;
248 	else if (b.umin == b.umax && b.umin < 64)
249 		amount = (unsigned int)b.umin;
250 	else
251 		return ic_any(tp);
252 
253 	c.smin = INT64_MIN;
254 	c.smax = INT64_MAX;
255 	c.umin = 0;
256 	c.umax = UINT64_MAX;
257 	c.bset = a.bset >> amount;
258 	c.bclr = a.bclr >> amount | ~(~(uint64_t)0 >> amount);
259 	return c;
260 }
261 
262 static integer_constraints
263 ic_cond(integer_constraints a, integer_constraints b)
264 {
265 	integer_constraints c;
266 
267 	c.smin = a.smin < b.smin ? a.smin : b.smin;
268 	c.smax = a.smax > b.smax ? a.smax : b.smax;
269 	c.umin = a.umin < b.umin ? a.umin : b.umin;
270 	c.umax = a.umax > b.umax ? a.umax : b.umax;
271 	c.bset = a.bset | b.bset;
272 	c.bclr = a.bclr & b.bclr;
273 	return c;
274 }
275 
276 static integer_constraints
277 ic_expr(const tnode_t *tn)
278 {
279 	integer_constraints lc, rc;
280 
281 	lint_assert(is_integer(tn->tn_type->t_tspec));
282 
283 	switch (tn->tn_op) {
284 	case CON:
285 		return ic_con(tn->tn_type, &tn->u.value);
286 	case CVT:
287 		if (!is_integer(tn->u.ops.left->tn_type->t_tspec))
288 			return ic_any(tn->tn_type);
289 		lc = ic_expr(tn->u.ops.left);
290 		return ic_cvt(tn->tn_type, tn->u.ops.left->tn_type, lc);
291 	case MOD:
292 		lc = ic_expr(before_conversion(tn->u.ops.left));
293 		rc = ic_expr(before_conversion(tn->u.ops.right));
294 		return ic_mod(tn->tn_type, lc, rc);
295 	case SHL:
296 		lc = ic_expr(tn->u.ops.left);
297 		rc = ic_expr(tn->u.ops.right);
298 		return ic_shl(tn->tn_type, lc, rc);
299 	case SHR:
300 		lc = ic_expr(tn->u.ops.left);
301 		rc = ic_expr(tn->u.ops.right);
302 		return ic_shr(tn->tn_type, lc, rc);
303 	case BITAND:
304 		lc = ic_expr(tn->u.ops.left);
305 		rc = ic_expr(tn->u.ops.right);
306 		return ic_bitand(lc, rc);
307 	case BITOR:
308 		lc = ic_expr(tn->u.ops.left);
309 		rc = ic_expr(tn->u.ops.right);
310 		return ic_bitor(lc, rc);
311 	case QUEST:
312 		lc = ic_expr(tn->u.ops.right->u.ops.left);
313 		rc = ic_expr(tn->u.ops.right->u.ops.right);
314 		return ic_cond(lc, rc);
315 	default:
316 		return ic_any(tn->tn_type);
317 	}
318 }
319 
320 uint64_t
321 possible_bits(const tnode_t *tn)
322 {
323 	return ~ic_expr(tn).bclr;
324 }
325 
326 /* Build 'pointer to tp', 'array of tp' or 'function returning tp'. */
327 type_t *
328 block_derive_type(type_t *tp, tspec_t t)
329 {
330 
331 	type_t *tp2 = block_zero_alloc(sizeof(*tp2), "type");
332 	tp2->t_tspec = t;
333 	tp2->t_subt = tp;
334 	return tp2;
335 }
336 
337 /*
338  * Derive 'pointer to tp' or 'function returning tp'.
339  * The memory is freed at the end of the current expression.
340  */
341 type_t *
342 expr_derive_type(type_t *tp, tspec_t t)
343 {
344 
345 	type_t *tp2 = expr_zero_alloc(sizeof(*tp2), "type");
346 	tp2->t_tspec = t;
347 	tp2->t_subt = tp;
348 	return tp2;
349 }
350 
351 /* Create an expression from a unary or binary operator and its operands. */
352 static tnode_t *
353 build_op(op_t op, bool sys, type_t *type, tnode_t *ln, tnode_t *rn)
354 {
355 
356 	tnode_t *ntn = expr_alloc_tnode();
357 	ntn->tn_op = op;
358 	ntn->tn_type = type;
359 	ntn->tn_sys = sys;
360 	ntn->u.ops.left = ln;
361 	ntn->u.ops.right = rn;
362 
363 	if (op == INDIR || op == FSEL) {
364 		lint_assert(ln->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR);
365 		tspec_t t = ln->tn_type->t_subt->t_tspec;
366 		ntn->tn_lvalue = t != FUNC && t != VOID;
367 	}
368 
369 	return ntn;
370 }
371 
372 tnode_t *
373 build_constant(type_t *tp, val_t *v)
374 {
375 
376 	tnode_t *n = expr_alloc_tnode();
377 	n->tn_op = CON;
378 	n->tn_type = tp;
379 	n->u.value = *v;
380 	n->u.value.v_tspec = tp->t_tspec;
381 	free(v);
382 	return n;
383 }
384 
385 static tnode_t *
386 build_integer_constant(tspec_t t, int64_t si)
387 {
388 
389 	tnode_t *n = expr_alloc_tnode();
390 	n->tn_op = CON;
391 	n->tn_type = gettyp(t);
392 	n->u.value.v_tspec = t;
393 	n->u.value.v_unsigned_since_c90 = false;
394 	n->u.value.v_char_constant = false;
395 	n->u.value.u.integer = si;
396 	return n;
397 }
398 
399 static void
400 fallback_symbol(sym_t *sym)
401 {
402 
403 	if (Tflag && fallback_symbol_strict_bool(sym))
404 		return;
405 
406 	if (block_level > 0 && (strcmp(sym->s_name, "__FUNCTION__") == 0 ||
407 			   strcmp(sym->s_name, "__PRETTY_FUNCTION__") == 0)) {
408 		/* __FUNCTION__/__PRETTY_FUNCTION__ is a GCC extension */
409 		gnuism(316);
410 		// XXX: Should probably be ARRAY instead of PTR.
411 		sym->s_type = block_derive_type(gettyp(CHAR), PTR);
412 		sym->s_type->t_const = true;
413 		return;
414 	}
415 
416 	if (funcsym != NULL && strcmp(sym->s_name, "__func__") == 0) {
417 		if (!allow_c99)
418 			/* __func__ is a C99 feature */
419 			warning(317);
420 		/* C11 6.4.2.2 */
421 		sym->s_type = block_derive_type(gettyp(CHAR), ARRAY);
422 		sym->s_type->t_const = true;
423 		sym->s_type->u.dimension = (int)strlen(funcsym->s_name) + 1;
424 		return;
425 	}
426 
427 	/* '%s' undefined */
428 	error(99, sym->s_name);
429 }
430 
431 /*
432  * Functions that are predeclared by GCC or other compilers can be called
433  * with arbitrary arguments.  Since lint usually runs after a successful
434  * compilation, it's the compiler's job to catch any errors.
435  */
436 bool
437 is_compiler_builtin(const char *name)
438 {
439 	/* https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/C-Extensions.html */
440 	if (allow_gcc) {
441 		if (strncmp(name, "__atomic_", 9) == 0 ||
442 		    strncmp(name, "__builtin_", 10) == 0 ||
443 		    strcmp(name, "alloca") == 0 ||
444 		    /* obsolete but still in use, as of 2021 */
445 		    strncmp(name, "__sync_", 7) == 0)
446 			return true;
447 	}
448 
449 	/* https://software.intel.com/sites/landingpage/IntrinsicsGuide/ */
450 	if (strncmp(name, "_mm_", 4) == 0)
451 		return true;
452 
453 	return false;
454 }
455 
456 /* https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Integer-Overflow-Builtins.html */
457 static bool
458 is_gcc_bool_builtin(const char *name)
459 {
460 	return strncmp(name, "__builtin_", 10) == 0 &&
461 	    (str_ends_with(name, "_overflow") ||
462 		str_ends_with(name, "_overflow_p"));
463 }
464 
465 static void
466 build_name_call(sym_t *sym)
467 {
468 
469 	if (is_compiler_builtin(sym->s_name)) {
470 		/*
471 		 * Do not warn about these, just assume that they are regular
472 		 * functions compatible with non-prototype calling conventions.
473 		 */
474 		if (allow_gcc && is_gcc_bool_builtin(sym->s_name))
475 			sym->s_type = gettyp(BOOL);
476 	} else if (allow_c99)
477 		/* function '%s' implicitly declared to return int */
478 		error(215, sym->s_name);
479 	else if (!allow_trad)
480 		/* function '%s' implicitly declared to return int */
481 		warning(215, sym->s_name);
482 
483 	/* XXX if !allow_c90, the symbol should be exported to level 0 */
484 	sym->s_type = block_derive_type(sym->s_type, FUNC);
485 }
486 
487 /* Create a node for a name (symbol table entry). */
488 tnode_t *
489 build_name(sym_t *sym, bool is_funcname)
490 {
491 
492 	if (sym->s_scl == NO_SCL && !in_gcc_attribute) {
493 		sym->s_scl = EXTERN;
494 		sym->s_def = DECL;
495 		if (is_funcname)
496 			build_name_call(sym);
497 		else
498 			fallback_symbol(sym);
499 	}
500 
501 	lint_assert(sym->s_kind == SK_VCFT || sym->s_kind == SK_MEMBER);
502 
503 	tnode_t *n = expr_alloc_tnode();
504 	n->tn_type = sym->s_type;
505 	if (sym->s_scl == BOOL_CONST) {
506 		n->tn_op = CON;
507 		n->u.value.v_tspec = BOOL;
508 		n->u.value.v_unsigned_since_c90 = false;
509 		n->u.value.v_char_constant = false;
510 		n->u.value.u.integer = sym->u.s_bool_constant ? 1 : 0;
511 	} else if (sym->s_scl == ENUM_CONST) {
512 		n->tn_op = CON;
513 		n->u.value.v_tspec = INT;	/* ENUM is in n->tn_type */
514 		n->u.value.v_unsigned_since_c90 = false;
515 		n->u.value.v_char_constant = false;
516 		n->u.value.u.integer = sym->u.s_enum_constant;
517 	} else {
518 		n->tn_op = NAME;
519 		n->u.sym = sym;
520 		if (sym->s_kind == SK_VCFT && sym->s_type->t_tspec != FUNC)
521 			n->tn_lvalue = true;
522 	}
523 
524 	return n;
525 }
526 
527 tnode_t *
528 build_string(buffer *lit)
529 {
530 	size_t value_len = lit->len;
531 	if (lit->data != NULL) {
532 		quoted_iterator it = { .end = 0 };
533 		for (value_len = 0; quoted_next(lit, &it); value_len++)
534 			continue;
535 	}
536 
537 	type_t *tp = expr_zero_alloc(sizeof(*tp), "type");
538 	tp->t_tspec = ARRAY;
539 	tp->t_subt = gettyp(lit->data != NULL ? CHAR : WCHAR_TSPEC);
540 	tp->u.dimension = (int)(value_len + 1);
541 
542 	tnode_t *n = expr_alloc_tnode();
543 	n->tn_op = STRING;
544 	n->tn_type = tp;
545 	n->tn_lvalue = true;
546 
547 	n->u.str_literals = expr_zero_alloc(sizeof(*n->u.str_literals), "tnode.string");
548 	n->u.str_literals->len = lit->len;
549 
550 	if (lit->data != NULL) {
551 		n->u.str_literals->data = expr_zero_alloc(lit->len + 1,
552 		    "tnode.string.data");
553 		(void)memcpy(n->u.str_literals->data, lit->data, lit->len + 1);
554 		free(lit->data);
555 	}
556 	free(lit);
557 
558 	return n;
559 }
560 
561 tnode_t *
562 build_generic_selection(const tnode_t *expr,
563 			struct generic_association *sel)
564 {
565 	tnode_t *default_result = NULL;
566 
567 	for (; sel != NULL; sel = sel->ga_prev) {
568 		if (expr != NULL &&
569 		    types_compatible(sel->ga_arg, expr->tn_type,
570 			false, false, NULL))
571 			return sel->ga_result;
572 		else if (sel->ga_arg == NULL)
573 			default_result = sel->ga_result;
574 	}
575 	return default_result;
576 }
577 
578 static bool
579 is_out_of_char_range(const tnode_t *tn)
580 {
581 	return tn->tn_op == CON &&
582 	    !tn->u.value.v_char_constant &&
583 	    !(0 <= tn->u.value.u.integer &&
584 		tn->u.value.u.integer < 1 << (CHAR_SIZE - 1));
585 }
586 
587 static bool
588 check_nonportable_char_comparison(op_t op,
589 				  const tnode_t *ln, tspec_t lt,
590 				  const tnode_t *rn, tspec_t rt)
591 {
592 	if (!(hflag || pflag))
593 		return true;
594 
595 	if (lt == CHAR && is_out_of_char_range(rn)) {
596 		char buf[128];
597 		(void)snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s %d",
598 		    op_name(op), (int)rn->u.value.u.integer);
599 		/* nonportable character comparison '%s' */
600 		warning(230, buf);
601 		return false;
602 	}
603 	if (rt == CHAR && is_out_of_char_range(ln)) {
604 		char buf[128];
605 		(void)snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%d %s ?",
606 		    (int)ln->u.value.u.integer, op_name(op));
607 		/* nonportable character comparison '%s' */
608 		warning(230, buf);
609 		return false;
610 	}
611 	return true;
612 }
613 
614 static void
615 check_integer_comparison(op_t op, tnode_t *ln, tnode_t *rn)
616 {
617 
618 	tspec_t lt = ln->tn_type->t_tspec;
619 	tspec_t rt = rn->tn_type->t_tspec;
620 
621 	if (ln->tn_op != CON && rn->tn_op != CON)
622 		return;
623 
624 	if (!is_integer(lt) || !is_integer(rt))
625 		return;
626 
627 	if (any_query_enabled && !in_system_header) {
628 		if (lt == CHAR && rn->tn_op == CON &&
629 		    !rn->u.value.v_char_constant) {
630 			/* comparison '%s' of 'char' with plain integer %d */
631 			query_message(14,
632 			    op_name(op), (int)rn->u.value.u.integer);
633 		}
634 		if (rt == CHAR && ln->tn_op == CON &&
635 		    !ln->u.value.v_char_constant) {
636 			/* comparison '%s' of 'char' with plain integer %d */
637 			query_message(14,
638 			    op_name(op), (int)ln->u.value.u.integer);
639 		}
640 	}
641 
642 	if (!check_nonportable_char_comparison(op, ln, lt, rn, rt))
643 		return;
644 
645 	if (is_uinteger(lt) && !is_uinteger(rt) &&
646 	    rn->tn_op == CON && rn->u.value.u.integer <= 0) {
647 		if (rn->u.value.u.integer < 0) {
648 			/* operator '%s' compares '%s' with '%s' */
649 			warning(162, op_name(op),
650 			    type_name(ln->tn_type), "negative constant");
651 		} else if (op == LT || op == GE)
652 			/* operator '%s' compares '%s' with '%s' */
653 			warning(162, op_name(op), type_name(ln->tn_type), "0");
654 		return;
655 	}
656 	if (is_uinteger(rt) && !is_uinteger(lt) &&
657 	    ln->tn_op == CON && ln->u.value.u.integer <= 0) {
658 		if (ln->u.value.u.integer < 0) {
659 			/* operator '%s' compares '%s' with '%s' */
660 			warning(162, op_name(op),
661 			    "negative constant", type_name(rn->tn_type));
662 		} else if (op == GT || op == LE)
663 			/* operator '%s' compares '%s' with '%s' */
664 			warning(162, op_name(op), "0", type_name(rn->tn_type));
665 		return;
666 	}
667 }
668 
669 static const tspec_t arith_rank[] = {
670 	LDOUBLE, DOUBLE, FLOAT,
671 #ifdef INT128_SIZE
672 	UINT128, INT128,
673 #endif
674 	ULLONG, LLONG,
675 	ULONG, LONG,
676 	UINT, INT,
677 };
678 
679 /* Keep unsigned in traditional C */
680 static tspec_t
681 usual_arithmetic_conversion_trad(tspec_t lt, tspec_t rt)
682 {
683 
684 	size_t i;
685 	for (i = 0; arith_rank[i] != INT; i++)
686 		if (lt == arith_rank[i] || rt == arith_rank[i])
687 			break;
688 
689 	tspec_t t = arith_rank[i];
690 	if (is_uinteger(lt) || is_uinteger(rt))
691 		if (is_integer(t) && !is_uinteger(t))
692 			return unsigned_type(t);
693 	return t;
694 }
695 
696 static tspec_t
697 usual_arithmetic_conversion_c90(tspec_t lt, tspec_t rt)
698 {
699 
700 	if (lt == rt)
701 		return lt;
702 
703 	if (lt == LCOMPLEX || rt == LCOMPLEX)
704 		return LCOMPLEX;
705 	if (lt == DCOMPLEX || rt == DCOMPLEX)
706 		return DCOMPLEX;
707 	if (lt == FCOMPLEX || rt == FCOMPLEX)
708 		return FCOMPLEX;
709 	if (lt == LDOUBLE || rt == LDOUBLE)
710 		return LDOUBLE;
711 	if (lt == DOUBLE || rt == DOUBLE)
712 		return DOUBLE;
713 	if (lt == FLOAT || rt == FLOAT)
714 		return FLOAT;
715 
716 	if (size_in_bits(lt) > size_in_bits(rt))
717 		return lt;
718 	if (size_in_bits(lt) < size_in_bits(rt))
719 		return rt;
720 
721 	size_t i;
722 	for (i = 3; arith_rank[i] != INT; i++)
723 		if (arith_rank[i] == lt || arith_rank[i] == rt)
724 			break;
725 	if ((is_uinteger(lt) || is_uinteger(rt)) &&
726 	    !is_uinteger(arith_rank[i]))
727 		i--;
728 	return arith_rank[i];
729 }
730 
731 static tnode_t *
732 apply_usual_arithmetic_conversions(op_t op, tnode_t *tn, tspec_t t)
733 {
734 	type_t *ntp = expr_dup_type(tn->tn_type);
735 	ntp->t_tspec = t;
736 	if (tn->tn_op != CON) {
737 		/* usual arithmetic conversion for '%s' from '%s' to '%s' */
738 		query_message(4, op_name(op),
739 		    type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(ntp));
740 	}
741 	return convert(op, 0, ntp, tn);
742 }
743 
744 /*
745  * Apply the "usual arithmetic conversions" (C99 6.3.1.8), which gives both
746  * operands the same type.
747  */
748 static void
749 balance(op_t op, tnode_t **lnp, tnode_t **rnp)
750 {
751 
752 	tspec_t lt = (*lnp)->tn_type->t_tspec;
753 	tspec_t rt = (*rnp)->tn_type->t_tspec;
754 	if (!is_arithmetic(lt) || !is_arithmetic(rt))
755 		return;
756 
757 	tspec_t t = allow_c90
758 	    ? usual_arithmetic_conversion_c90(lt, rt)
759 	    : usual_arithmetic_conversion_trad(lt, rt);
760 
761 	if (t != lt)
762 		*lnp = apply_usual_arithmetic_conversions(op, *lnp, t);
763 	if (t != rt)
764 		*rnp = apply_usual_arithmetic_conversions(op, *rnp, t);
765 
766 	unsigned lw = (*lnp)->tn_type->t_bit_field_width;
767 	unsigned rw = (*rnp)->tn_type->t_bit_field_width;
768 	if (lw < rw)
769 		*lnp = convert(NOOP, 0, (*rnp)->tn_type, *lnp);
770 	if (rw < lw)
771 		*rnp = convert(NOOP, 0, (*lnp)->tn_type, *rnp);
772 }
773 
774 static tnode_t *
775 build_address(bool sys, tnode_t *tn, bool force)
776 {
777 	tspec_t t;
778 
779 	if (!force && ((t = tn->tn_type->t_tspec) == ARRAY || t == FUNC)) {
780 		if (!allow_c90)
781 			/* '&' before array or function: ignored */
782 			warning(127);
783 		return tn;
784 	}
785 
786 	/* eliminate '&*' */
787 	if (tn->tn_op == INDIR &&
788 	    tn->u.ops.left->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR &&
789 	    tn->u.ops.left->tn_type->t_subt == tn->tn_type) {
790 		return tn->u.ops.left;
791 	}
792 
793 	return build_op(ADDR, sys, expr_derive_type(tn->tn_type, PTR),
794 	    tn, NULL);
795 }
796 
797 static uint64_t
798 fold_unsigned_integer(op_t op, uint64_t l, uint64_t r,
799 		      uint64_t max_value, bool *overflow)
800 {
801 	switch (op) {
802 	case COMPL:
803 		return ~l & max_value;
804 	case UPLUS:
805 		return +l;
806 	case UMINUS:
807 		return -l & max_value;
808 	case MULT:
809 		*overflow = r > 0 && l > max_value / r;
810 		return l * r;
811 	case DIV:
812 		if (r == 0) {
813 			/* division by 0 */
814 			error(139);
815 			return max_value;
816 		}
817 		return l / r;
818 	case MOD:
819 		if (r == 0) {
820 			/* modulus by 0 */
821 			error(140);
822 			return 0;
823 		}
824 		return l % r;
825 	case PLUS:
826 		*overflow = l > max_value - r;
827 		return l + r;
828 	case MINUS:
829 		*overflow = l < r;
830 		return l - r;
831 	case SHL:
832 		/* TODO: warn about out-of-bounds 'r'. */
833 		/* TODO: warn about overflow. */
834 		return l << (r & 63);
835 	case SHR:
836 		/* TODO: warn about out-of-bounds 'r'. */
837 		return l >> (r & 63);
838 	case LT:
839 		return l < r ? 1 : 0;
840 	case LE:
841 		return l <= r ? 1 : 0;
842 	case GT:
843 		return l > r ? 1 : 0;
844 	case GE:
845 		return l >= r ? 1 : 0;
846 	case EQ:
847 		return l == r ? 1 : 0;
848 	case NE:
849 		return l != r ? 1 : 0;
850 	case BITAND:
851 		return l & r;
852 	case BITXOR:
853 		return l ^ r;
854 	case BITOR:
855 		return l | r;
856 	default:
857 		lint_assert(/*CONSTCOND*/false);
858 		/* NOTREACHED */
859 	}
860 }
861 
862 static int64_t
863 fold_signed_integer(op_t op, int64_t l, int64_t r,
864 		    int64_t min_value, int64_t max_value, bool *overflow)
865 {
866 	switch (op) {
867 	case COMPL:
868 		return ~l;
869 	case UPLUS:
870 		return +l;
871 	case UMINUS:
872 		*overflow = l == min_value;
873 		return *overflow ? l : -l;
874 	case MULT:;
875 		uint64_t al = l >= 0 ? (uint64_t)l : -(uint64_t)l;
876 		uint64_t ar = r >= 0 ? (uint64_t)r : -(uint64_t)r;
877 		bool neg = (l >= 0) != (r >= 0);
878 		uint64_t max_prod = (uint64_t)max_value + (neg ? 1 : 0);
879 		if (al > 0 && ar > max_prod / al) {
880 			*overflow = true;
881 			return neg ? min_value : max_value;
882 		}
883 		return l * r;
884 	case DIV:
885 		if (r == 0) {
886 			/* division by 0 */
887 			error(139);
888 			return max_value;
889 		}
890 		if (l == min_value && r == -1) {
891 			*overflow = true;
892 			return l;
893 		}
894 		return l / r;
895 	case MOD:
896 		if (r == 0) {
897 			/* modulus by 0 */
898 			error(140);
899 			return 0;
900 		}
901 		if (l == min_value && r == -1) {
902 			*overflow = true;
903 			return 0;
904 		}
905 		return l % r;
906 	case PLUS:
907 		if (r > 0 && l > max_value - r) {
908 			*overflow = true;
909 			return max_value;
910 		}
911 		if (r < 0 && l < min_value - r) {
912 			*overflow = true;
913 			return min_value;
914 		}
915 		return l + r;
916 	case MINUS:
917 		if (r > 0 && l < min_value + r) {
918 			*overflow = true;
919 			return min_value;
920 		}
921 		if (r < 0 && l > max_value + r) {
922 			*overflow = true;
923 			return max_value;
924 		}
925 		return l - r;
926 	case SHL:
927 		/* TODO: warn about out-of-bounds 'r'. */
928 		/* TODO: warn about overflow. */
929 		return l << (r & 63);
930 	case SHR:
931 		/* TODO: warn about out-of-bounds 'r'. */
932 		if (l < 0)
933 			return (int64_t)~(~(uint64_t)l >> (r & 63));
934 		return (int64_t)((uint64_t)l >> (r & 63));
935 	case LT:
936 		return l < r ? 1 : 0;
937 	case LE:
938 		return l <= r ? 1 : 0;
939 	case GT:
940 		return l > r ? 1 : 0;
941 	case GE:
942 		return l >= r ? 1 : 0;
943 	case EQ:
944 		return l == r ? 1 : 0;
945 	case NE:
946 		return l != r ? 1 : 0;
947 	case BITAND:
948 		return l & r;
949 	case BITXOR:
950 		return l ^ r;
951 	case BITOR:
952 		return l | r;
953 	default:
954 		lint_assert(/*CONSTCOND*/false);
955 		/* NOTREACHED */
956 	}
957 }
958 
959 static tnode_t *
960 fold_constant_integer(tnode_t *tn)
961 {
962 
963 	lint_assert(has_operands(tn));
964 	tspec_t t = tn->u.ops.left->tn_type->t_tspec;
965 	int64_t l = tn->u.ops.left->u.value.u.integer;
966 	int64_t r = is_binary(tn) ? tn->u.ops.right->u.value.u.integer : 0;
967 	uint64_t mask = value_bits(size_in_bits(t));
968 
969 	int64_t res;
970 	bool overflow = false;
971 	if (!is_integer(t) || is_uinteger(t)) {
972 		uint64_t u_res = fold_unsigned_integer(tn->tn_op,
973 		    (uint64_t)l, (uint64_t)r, mask, &overflow);
974 		if (u_res > mask)
975 			overflow = true;
976 		res = (int64_t)u_res;
977 		if (overflow && hflag) {
978 			char buf[128];
979 			if (is_binary(tn)) {
980 				snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%ju %s %ju",
981 				    (uintmax_t)l, op_name(tn->tn_op),
982 				    (uintmax_t)r);
983 			} else {
984 				snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s%ju",
985 				    op_name(tn->tn_op), (uintmax_t)l);
986 			}
987 			/* '%s' overflows '%s' */
988 			warning(141, buf, type_name(tn->tn_type));
989 		}
990 	} else {
991 		int64_t max_value = (int64_t)(mask >> 1);
992 		int64_t min_value = -max_value - 1;
993 		res = fold_signed_integer(tn->tn_op,
994 		    l, r, min_value, max_value, &overflow);
995 		if (res < min_value || res > max_value)
996 			overflow = true;
997 		if (overflow && hflag) {
998 			char buf[128];
999 			if (is_binary(tn)) {
1000 				snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%jd %s %jd",
1001 				    (intmax_t)l, op_name(tn->tn_op),
1002 				    (intmax_t)r);
1003 			} else if (tn->tn_op == UMINUS && l < 0) {
1004 				snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "-(%jd)",
1005 				    (intmax_t)l);
1006 			} else {
1007 				snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s%jd",
1008 				    op_name(tn->tn_op), (intmax_t)l);
1009 			}
1010 			/* '%s' overflows '%s' */
1011 			warning(141, buf, type_name(tn->tn_type));
1012 		}
1013 	}
1014 
1015 	val_t *v = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*v));
1016 	v->v_tspec = tn->tn_type->t_tspec;
1017 	v->u.integer = convert_integer(res, t, size_in_bits(t));
1018 
1019 	tnode_t *cn = build_constant(tn->tn_type, v);
1020 	if (tn->u.ops.left->tn_system_dependent)
1021 		cn->tn_system_dependent = true;
1022 	if (is_binary(tn) && tn->u.ops.right->tn_system_dependent)
1023 		cn->tn_system_dependent = true;
1024 
1025 	return cn;
1026 }
1027 
1028 static tnode_t *
1029 build_struct_access(op_t op, bool sys, tnode_t *ln, tnode_t *rn)
1030 {
1031 
1032 	lint_assert(rn->tn_op == NAME);
1033 	lint_assert(is_member(rn->u.sym));
1034 
1035 	bool lvalue = op == ARROW || ln->tn_lvalue;
1036 
1037 	if (op == POINT)
1038 		ln = build_address(sys, ln, true);
1039 	else if (ln->tn_type->t_tspec != PTR) {
1040 		lint_assert(!allow_c90);
1041 		lint_assert(is_integer(ln->tn_type->t_tspec));
1042 		ln = convert(NOOP, 0, expr_derive_type(gettyp(VOID), PTR), ln);
1043 	}
1044 
1045 	tnode_t *ctn = build_integer_constant(PTRDIFF_TSPEC,
1046 	    rn->u.sym->u.s_member.sm_offset_in_bits / CHAR_SIZE);
1047 
1048 	type_t *ptr_tp = expr_derive_type(rn->tn_type, PTR);
1049 	tnode_t *ntn = build_op(PLUS, sys, ptr_tp, ln, ctn);
1050 	if (ln->tn_op == CON)
1051 		ntn = fold_constant_integer(ntn);
1052 
1053 	op_t nop = rn->tn_type->t_bitfield ? FSEL : INDIR;
1054 	ntn = build_op(nop, sys, ntn->tn_type->t_subt, ntn, NULL);
1055 	if (!lvalue)
1056 		ntn->tn_lvalue = false;
1057 
1058 	return ntn;
1059 }
1060 
1061 /*
1062  * Get the size in bytes of type tp->t_subt, as a constant expression of type
1063  * ptrdiff_t as seen from the target platform.
1064  */
1065 static tnode_t *
1066 subt_size_in_bytes(type_t *tp)
1067 {
1068 
1069 	lint_assert(tp->t_tspec == PTR);
1070 	tp = tp->t_subt;
1071 
1072 	int elem = 1;
1073 	while (tp->t_tspec == ARRAY) {
1074 		elem *= tp->u.dimension;
1075 		tp = tp->t_subt;
1076 	}
1077 
1078 	int elsz_in_bits = 0;
1079 	switch (tp->t_tspec) {
1080 	case FUNC:
1081 		/* pointer to function is not allowed here */
1082 		error(110);
1083 		break;
1084 	case VOID:
1085 		/* cannot do pointer arithmetic on operand of unknown size */
1086 		gnuism(136);
1087 		break;
1088 	case STRUCT:
1089 	case UNION:
1090 		if ((elsz_in_bits = (int)tp->u.sou->sou_size_in_bits) == 0)
1091 			/* cannot do pointer arithmetic on operand of ... */
1092 			error(136);
1093 		break;
1094 	case ENUM:
1095 		if (is_incomplete(tp))
1096 			/* cannot do pointer arithmetic on operand of ... */
1097 			warning(136);
1098 		/* FALLTHROUGH */
1099 	default:
1100 		if ((elsz_in_bits = size_in_bits(tp->t_tspec)) == 0)
1101 			/* cannot do pointer arithmetic on operand of ... */
1102 			error(136);
1103 		else
1104 			lint_assert(elsz_in_bits != -1);
1105 		break;
1106 	}
1107 
1108 	if (elem == 0 && elsz_in_bits != 0)
1109 		/* cannot do pointer arithmetic on operand of unknown size */
1110 		error(136);
1111 
1112 	if (elsz_in_bits == 0)
1113 		elsz_in_bits = CHAR_SIZE;
1114 
1115 	return build_integer_constant(PTRDIFF_TSPEC,
1116 	    (int64_t)(elem * elsz_in_bits / CHAR_SIZE));
1117 }
1118 
1119 static tnode_t *
1120 build_prepost_incdec(op_t op, bool sys, tnode_t *ln)
1121 {
1122 
1123 	lint_assert(ln != NULL);
1124 	tnode_t *cn = ln->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR
1125 	    ? subt_size_in_bytes(ln->tn_type)
1126 	    : build_integer_constant(INT, 1);
1127 	return build_op(op, sys, ln->tn_type, ln, cn);
1128 }
1129 
1130 static void
1131 check_enum_array_index(const tnode_t *ln, const tnode_t *rn)
1132 {
1133 
1134 	if (ln->tn_op != ADDR || ln->u.ops.left->tn_op != NAME)
1135 		return;
1136 
1137 	const type_t *ltp = ln->u.ops.left->tn_type;
1138 	if (ltp->t_tspec != ARRAY || ltp->t_incomplete_array)
1139 		return;
1140 
1141 	if (rn->tn_op != CVT || !rn->tn_type->t_is_enum)
1142 		return;
1143 	if (rn->u.ops.left->tn_op != LOAD)
1144 		return;
1145 
1146 	const type_t *rtp = rn->u.ops.left->tn_type;
1147 	const sym_t *ec = rtp->u.enumer->en_first_enumerator;
1148 	const sym_t *max_ec = ec;
1149 	lint_assert(ec != NULL);
1150 	for (ec = ec->s_next; ec != NULL; ec = ec->s_next)
1151 		if (ec->u.s_enum_constant > max_ec->u.s_enum_constant)
1152 			max_ec = ec;
1153 
1154 	int64_t max_enum_value = max_ec->u.s_enum_constant;
1155 	lint_assert(INT_MIN <= max_enum_value && max_enum_value <= INT_MAX);
1156 
1157 	int max_array_index = ltp->u.dimension - 1;
1158 	if (max_enum_value == max_array_index)
1159 		return;
1160 
1161 	if (max_enum_value == max_array_index + 1 &&
1162 	    (strstr(max_ec->s_name, "MAX") != NULL ||
1163 	     strstr(max_ec->s_name, "max") != NULL ||
1164 	     strstr(max_ec->s_name, "NUM") != NULL ||
1165 	     strstr(max_ec->s_name, "num") != NULL))
1166 		return;
1167 
1168 	/* maximum value %d of '%s' does not match maximum array index %d */
1169 	warning(348, (int)max_enum_value, type_name(rtp), max_array_index);
1170 	print_previous_declaration(max_ec);
1171 }
1172 
1173 static tnode_t *
1174 build_plus_minus(op_t op, bool sys, tnode_t *ln, tnode_t *rn)
1175 {
1176 
1177 	if (rn->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR && is_integer(ln->tn_type->t_tspec)) {
1178 		tnode_t *tmp = ln;
1179 		ln = rn;
1180 		rn = tmp;
1181 		/* pointer addition has integer on the left-hand side */
1182 		query_message(5);
1183 	}
1184 
1185 	/* pointer +- integer */
1186 	if (ln->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR && rn->tn_type->t_tspec != PTR) {
1187 		lint_assert(is_integer(rn->tn_type->t_tspec));
1188 
1189 		check_ctype_macro_invocation(ln, rn);
1190 		check_enum_array_index(ln, rn);
1191 
1192 		tnode_t *elsz = subt_size_in_bytes(ln->tn_type);
1193 		if (rn->tn_type->t_tspec != elsz->tn_type->t_tspec)
1194 			rn = convert(NOOP, 0, elsz->tn_type, rn);
1195 
1196 		tnode_t *prod = build_op(MULT, sys, rn->tn_type, rn, elsz);
1197 		if (rn->tn_op == CON)
1198 			prod = fold_constant_integer(prod);
1199 
1200 		return build_op(op, sys, ln->tn_type, ln, prod);
1201 	}
1202 
1203 	/* pointer - pointer */
1204 	if (rn->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR) {
1205 		lint_assert(ln->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR);
1206 		lint_assert(op == MINUS);
1207 
1208 		type_t *ptrdiff = gettyp(PTRDIFF_TSPEC);
1209 		tnode_t *raw_diff = build_op(op, sys, ptrdiff, ln, rn);
1210 		if (ln->tn_op == CON && rn->tn_op == CON)
1211 			raw_diff = fold_constant_integer(raw_diff);
1212 
1213 		tnode_t *elsz = subt_size_in_bytes(ln->tn_type);
1214 		balance(NOOP, &raw_diff, &elsz);
1215 
1216 		return build_op(DIV, sys, ptrdiff, raw_diff, elsz);
1217 	}
1218 
1219 	return build_op(op, sys, ln->tn_type, ln, rn);
1220 }
1221 
1222 static tnode_t *
1223 build_bit_shift(op_t op, bool sys, tnode_t *ln, tnode_t *rn)
1224 {
1225 
1226 	if (!allow_c90 && rn->tn_type->t_tspec != INT)
1227 		// XXX: C1978 7.5 says: "Both [operators] perform the usual
1228 		// arithmetic conversions on their operands."
1229 		// TODO: Add a test to exercise this part of the code.
1230 		rn = convert(NOOP, 0, gettyp(INT), rn);
1231 	return build_op(op, sys, ln->tn_type, ln, rn);
1232 }
1233 
1234 static bool
1235 is_null_pointer(const tnode_t *tn)
1236 {
1237 	tspec_t t = tn->tn_type->t_tspec;
1238 
1239 	// TODO: Investigate how other pointers are stored, in particular,
1240 	// whether a pointer constant can have a non-zero value.
1241 	// If not, simplify the code below.
1242 	return ((t == PTR && tn->tn_type->t_subt->t_tspec == VOID)
1243 		|| is_integer(t))
1244 	    && (tn->tn_op == CON && tn->u.value.u.integer == 0);
1245 }
1246 
1247 /* Return a type based on tp1, with added qualifiers from tp2. */
1248 static type_t *
1249 merge_qualifiers(type_t *tp1, const type_t *tp2)
1250 {
1251 
1252 	lint_assert(tp1->t_tspec == PTR);
1253 	lint_assert(tp2->t_tspec == PTR);
1254 
1255 	bool c1 = tp1->t_subt->t_const;
1256 	bool c2 = tp2->t_subt->t_const;
1257 	bool v1 = tp1->t_subt->t_volatile;
1258 	bool v2 = tp2->t_subt->t_volatile;
1259 
1260 	if (c1 == (c1 | c2) && v1 == (v1 | v2))
1261 		return tp1;
1262 
1263 	type_t *nstp = expr_dup_type(tp1->t_subt);
1264 	nstp->t_const |= c2;
1265 	nstp->t_volatile |= v2;
1266 
1267 	type_t *ntp = expr_dup_type(tp1);
1268 	ntp->t_subt = nstp;
1269 	return ntp;
1270 }
1271 
1272 /* See C99 6.5.15 "Conditional operator". */
1273 static tnode_t *
1274 build_colon(bool sys, tnode_t *ln, tnode_t *rn)
1275 {
1276 	tspec_t lt = ln->tn_type->t_tspec;
1277 	tspec_t rt = rn->tn_type->t_tspec;
1278 
1279 	type_t *tp;
1280 	if (is_arithmetic(lt) && is_arithmetic(rt))
1281 		/* The operands were already balanced in build_binary. */
1282 		tp = ln->tn_type;
1283 	else if (lt == BOOL && rt == BOOL)
1284 		tp = ln->tn_type;
1285 	else if (lt == VOID || rt == VOID)
1286 		tp = gettyp(VOID);
1287 	else if (is_struct_or_union(lt)) {
1288 		lint_assert(is_struct_or_union(rt));
1289 		lint_assert(ln->tn_type->u.sou == rn->tn_type->u.sou);
1290 		if (is_incomplete(ln->tn_type)) {
1291 			/* unknown operand size, op '%s' */
1292 			error(138, op_name(COLON));
1293 			return NULL;
1294 		}
1295 		tp = ln->tn_type;
1296 	} else if (lt == PTR && is_integer(rt)) {
1297 		if (rt != PTRDIFF_TSPEC)
1298 			rn = convert(NOOP, 0, gettyp(PTRDIFF_TSPEC), rn);
1299 		tp = ln->tn_type;
1300 	} else if (rt == PTR && is_integer(lt)) {
1301 		if (lt != PTRDIFF_TSPEC)
1302 			ln = convert(NOOP, 0, gettyp(PTRDIFF_TSPEC), ln);
1303 		tp = rn->tn_type;
1304 	} else if (lt == PTR && is_null_pointer(rn))
1305 		tp = merge_qualifiers(ln->tn_type, rn->tn_type);
1306 	else if (rt == PTR && is_null_pointer(ln))
1307 		tp = merge_qualifiers(rn->tn_type, ln->tn_type);
1308 	else if (lt == PTR && ln->tn_type->t_subt->t_tspec == VOID)
1309 		tp = merge_qualifiers(ln->tn_type, rn->tn_type);
1310 	else if (rt == PTR && rn->tn_type->t_subt->t_tspec == VOID)
1311 		tp = merge_qualifiers(rn->tn_type, ln->tn_type);
1312 	else {
1313 		/*
1314 		 * XXX For now we simply take the left type. This is probably
1315 		 * wrong, if one type contains a function prototype and the
1316 		 * other one, at the same place, only an old-style declaration.
1317 		 */
1318 		tp = merge_qualifiers(ln->tn_type, rn->tn_type);
1319 	}
1320 
1321 	return build_op(COLON, sys, tp, ln, rn);
1322 }
1323 
1324 /* TODO: check for varargs */
1325 static bool
1326 is_cast_redundant(const tnode_t *tn)
1327 {
1328 	const type_t *ntp = tn->tn_type, *otp = tn->u.ops.left->tn_type;
1329 	tspec_t nt = ntp->t_tspec, ot = otp->t_tspec;
1330 
1331 	if (nt == BOOL || ot == BOOL)
1332 		return nt == BOOL && ot == BOOL;
1333 
1334 	if (is_integer(nt) && is_integer(ot)) {
1335 		unsigned int nw = width_in_bits(ntp), ow = width_in_bits(otp);
1336 		if (is_uinteger(nt) == is_uinteger(ot))
1337 			return nw >= ow;
1338 		return is_uinteger(ot) && nw > ow;
1339 	}
1340 
1341 	if (is_complex(nt) || is_complex(ot))
1342 		return is_complex(nt) && is_complex(ot) &&
1343 		    size_in_bits(nt) >= size_in_bits(ot);
1344 
1345 	if (is_floating(nt) && is_floating(ot))
1346 		return size_in_bits(nt) >= size_in_bits(ot);
1347 
1348 	if (nt == PTR && ot == PTR) {
1349 		if (!ntp->t_subt->t_const && otp->t_subt->t_const)
1350 			return false;
1351 		if (!ntp->t_subt->t_volatile && otp->t_subt->t_volatile)
1352 			return false;
1353 
1354 		if (ntp->t_subt->t_tspec == VOID ||
1355 		    otp->t_subt->t_tspec == VOID ||
1356 		    types_compatible(ntp->t_subt, otp->t_subt,
1357 			false, false, NULL))
1358 			return true;
1359 	}
1360 
1361 	return false;
1362 }
1363 
1364 static bool
1365 is_assignment(op_t op)
1366 {
1367 
1368 	return op == ASSIGN ||
1369 	    op == MULASS ||
1370 	    op == DIVASS ||
1371 	    op == MODASS ||
1372 	    op == ADDASS ||
1373 	    op == SUBASS ||
1374 	    op == SHLASS ||
1375 	    op == SHRASS ||
1376 	    op == ANDASS ||
1377 	    op == XORASS ||
1378 	    op == ORASS ||
1379 	    op == RETURN ||
1380 	    op == INIT;
1381 }
1382 
1383 static tnode_t *
1384 build_assignment(op_t op, bool sys, tnode_t *ln, tnode_t *rn)
1385 {
1386 
1387 	tspec_t lt = ln->tn_type->t_tspec;
1388 	tspec_t rt = rn->tn_type->t_tspec;
1389 
1390 	if (any_query_enabled && is_assignment(rn->tn_op)) {
1391 		/* chained assignment with '%s' and '%s' */
1392 		query_message(10, op_name(op), op_name(rn->tn_op));
1393 	}
1394 
1395 	if ((op == ADDASS || op == SUBASS) && lt == PTR) {
1396 		lint_assert(is_integer(rt));
1397 		tnode_t *ctn = subt_size_in_bytes(ln->tn_type);
1398 		if (rn->tn_type->t_tspec != ctn->tn_type->t_tspec)
1399 			rn = convert(NOOP, 0, ctn->tn_type, rn);
1400 		rn = build_op(MULT, sys, rn->tn_type, rn, ctn);
1401 		if (rn->u.ops.left->tn_op == CON)
1402 			rn = fold_constant_integer(rn);
1403 	}
1404 
1405 	if ((op == ASSIGN || op == RETURN || op == INIT) &&
1406 	    (lt == STRUCT || rt == STRUCT)) {
1407 		lint_assert(lt == rt);
1408 		lint_assert(ln->tn_type->u.sou == rn->tn_type->u.sou);
1409 		if (is_incomplete(ln->tn_type)) {
1410 			if (op == RETURN)
1411 				/* cannot return incomplete type */
1412 				error(212);
1413 			else
1414 				/* unknown operand size, op '%s' */
1415 				error(138, op_name(op));
1416 			return NULL;
1417 		}
1418 	}
1419 
1420 	if (op == SHLASS && hflag && allow_trad && allow_c90
1421 	    && portable_rank_cmp(lt, rt) < 0)
1422 		/* semantics of '%s' change in C90; ... */
1423 		warning(118, "<<=");
1424 
1425 	if (op != SHLASS && op != SHRASS
1426 	    && (op == ASSIGN || lt != PTR)
1427 	    && (lt != rt || (ln->tn_type->t_bitfield && rn->tn_op == CON))) {
1428 		rn = convert(op, 0, ln->tn_type, rn);
1429 		rt = lt;
1430 	}
1431 
1432 	if (any_query_enabled && rn->tn_op == CVT && rn->tn_cast &&
1433 	    types_compatible(ln->tn_type, rn->tn_type, false, false, NULL) &&
1434 	    is_cast_redundant(rn)) {
1435 		/* redundant cast from '%s' to '%s' before assignment */
1436 		query_message(7, type_name(rn->u.ops.left->tn_type),
1437 		    type_name(rn->tn_type));
1438 	}
1439 
1440 	return build_op(op, sys, ln->tn_type, ln, rn);
1441 }
1442 
1443 static tnode_t *
1444 build_real_imag(op_t op, bool sys, tnode_t *ln)
1445 {
1446 
1447 	lint_assert(ln != NULL);
1448 	if (ln->tn_op == NAME) {
1449 		/*
1450 		 * This may be too much, but it avoids wrong warnings. See
1451 		 * d_c99_complex_split.c.
1452 		 */
1453 		mark_as_used(ln->u.sym, false, false);
1454 		mark_as_set(ln->u.sym);
1455 	}
1456 
1457 	tspec_t t;
1458 	switch (ln->tn_type->t_tspec) {
1459 	case LCOMPLEX:
1460 		t = LDOUBLE;
1461 		break;
1462 	case DCOMPLEX:
1463 		t = DOUBLE;
1464 		break;
1465 	case FCOMPLEX:
1466 		t = FLOAT;
1467 		break;
1468 	default:
1469 		/* '__%s__' is illegal for type '%s' */
1470 		error(276, op == REAL ? "real" : "imag",
1471 		    type_name(ln->tn_type));
1472 		return NULL;
1473 	}
1474 
1475 	tnode_t *ntn = build_op(op, sys, gettyp(t), ln, NULL);
1476 	ntn->tn_lvalue = true;
1477 	return ntn;
1478 }
1479 
1480 static bool
1481 is_confusing_precedence(op_t op, op_t lop, bool lparen, op_t rop, bool rparen)
1482 {
1483 
1484 	if (op == SHL || op == SHR) {
1485 		if (!lparen && (lop == PLUS || lop == MINUS))
1486 			return true;
1487 		if (!rparen && (rop == PLUS || rop == MINUS))
1488 			return true;
1489 		return false;
1490 	}
1491 
1492 	if (op == LOGOR) {
1493 		if (!lparen && lop == LOGAND)
1494 			return true;
1495 		if (!rparen && rop == LOGAND)
1496 			return true;
1497 		return false;
1498 	}
1499 
1500 	lint_assert(op == BITAND || op == BITXOR || op == BITOR);
1501 	if (!lparen && lop != op) {
1502 		if (lop == PLUS || lop == MINUS)
1503 			return true;
1504 		if (lop == BITAND || lop == BITXOR)
1505 			return true;
1506 	}
1507 	if (!rparen && rop != op) {
1508 		if (rop == PLUS || rop == MINUS)
1509 			return true;
1510 		if (rop == BITAND || rop == BITXOR)
1511 			return true;
1512 	}
1513 	return false;
1514 }
1515 
1516 /*
1517  * Print a warning if the given node has operands which should be
1518  * parenthesized.
1519  *
1520  * XXX Does not work if an operand is a constant expression. Constant
1521  * expressions are already folded.
1522  */
1523 static void
1524 check_precedence_confusion(tnode_t *tn)
1525 {
1526 	tnode_t *ln, *rn;
1527 
1528 	if (!hflag)
1529 		return;
1530 
1531 	debug_node(tn);
1532 
1533 	lint_assert(is_binary(tn));
1534 	for (ln = tn->u.ops.left; ln->tn_op == CVT; ln = ln->u.ops.left)
1535 		continue;
1536 	for (rn = tn->u.ops.right; rn->tn_op == CVT; rn = rn->u.ops.left)
1537 		continue;
1538 
1539 	if (is_confusing_precedence(tn->tn_op,
1540 	    ln->tn_op, ln->tn_parenthesized,
1541 	    rn->tn_op, rn->tn_parenthesized)) {
1542 		/* precedence confusion possible: parenthesize! */
1543 		warning(169);
1544 	}
1545 }
1546 
1547 static tnode_t *
1548 fold_constant_compare_zero(tnode_t *tn)
1549 {
1550 
1551 	val_t *v = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*v));
1552 	v->v_tspec = tn->tn_type->t_tspec;
1553 	lint_assert(v->v_tspec == INT || (Tflag && v->v_tspec == BOOL));
1554 
1555 	lint_assert(has_operands(tn));
1556 	bool l = constant_is_nonzero(tn->u.ops.left);
1557 	bool r = is_binary(tn) && constant_is_nonzero(tn->u.ops.right);
1558 
1559 	switch (tn->tn_op) {
1560 	case NOT:
1561 		if (hflag && !suppress_constcond)
1562 			/* constant operand to '!' */
1563 			warning(239);
1564 		v->u.integer = !l ? 1 : 0;
1565 		break;
1566 	case LOGAND:
1567 		v->u.integer = l && r ? 1 : 0;
1568 		break;
1569 	case LOGOR:
1570 		v->u.integer = l || r ? 1 : 0;
1571 		break;
1572 	default:
1573 		lint_assert(/*CONSTCOND*/false);
1574 	}
1575 
1576 	return build_constant(tn->tn_type, v);
1577 }
1578 
1579 static long double
1580 floating_error_value(tspec_t t, long double lv)
1581 {
1582 	if (t == FLOAT)
1583 		return lv < 0 ? -FLT_MAX : FLT_MAX;
1584 	if (t == DOUBLE)
1585 		return lv < 0 ? -DBL_MAX : DBL_MAX;
1586 	/*
1587 	 * When NetBSD is cross-built in MKLINT=yes mode on x86_64 for sparc64,
1588 	 * tools/lint checks this code while building usr.bin/xlint. In that
1589 	 * situation, lint uses the preprocessor for sparc64, in which the type
1590 	 * 'long double' is IEEE-754-binary128, affecting the macro LDBL_MAX
1591 	 * below. The type 'long double', as well as the strtold
1592 	 * implementation, comes from the host platform x86_64 though, where
1593 	 * 'long double' consumes 128 bits as well but only uses 80 of them.
1594 	 * The exponent range of the two 'long double' types is the same, but
1595 	 * the maximum finite value differs due to the extended precision on
1596 	 * sparc64.
1597 	 *
1598 	 * To properly handle the data types of the target platform, lint would
1599 	 * have to implement the floating-point types in a platform-independent
1600 	 * way, which is not worth the effort, given how few programs
1601 	 * practically use 'long double'.
1602 	 */
1603 	/* LINTED 248: floating-point constant out of range */
1604 	long double max = LDBL_MAX;
1605 	return lv < 0 ? -max : max;
1606 }
1607 
1608 static bool
1609 is_floating_overflow(tspec_t t, long double val)
1610 {
1611 	if (fpe != 0 || isfinite(val) == 0)
1612 		return true;
1613 	if (t == FLOAT && (val > FLT_MAX || val < -FLT_MAX))
1614 		return true;
1615 	if (t == DOUBLE && (val > DBL_MAX || val < -DBL_MAX))
1616 		return true;
1617 	return false;
1618 }
1619 
1620 static tnode_t *
1621 fold_constant_floating(tnode_t *tn)
1622 {
1623 
1624 	fpe = 0;
1625 
1626 	tspec_t t = tn->tn_type->t_tspec;
1627 
1628 	val_t *v = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*v));
1629 	v->v_tspec = t;
1630 
1631 	lint_assert(is_floating(t));
1632 	lint_assert(has_operands(tn));
1633 	lint_assert(t == tn->u.ops.left->tn_type->t_tspec);
1634 	lint_assert(!is_binary(tn) || t == tn->u.ops.right->tn_type->t_tspec);
1635 
1636 	long double lv = tn->u.ops.left->u.value.u.floating;
1637 	long double rv = is_binary(tn) ? tn->u.ops.right->u.value.u.floating
1638 	    : 0.0;
1639 
1640 	switch (tn->tn_op) {
1641 	case UPLUS:
1642 		v->u.floating = lv;
1643 		break;
1644 	case UMINUS:
1645 		v->u.floating = -lv;
1646 		break;
1647 	case MULT:
1648 		v->u.floating = lv * rv;
1649 		break;
1650 	case DIV:
1651 		if (rv == 0.0) {
1652 			/* division by 0 */
1653 			error(139);
1654 			v->u.floating = floating_error_value(t, lv);
1655 		} else {
1656 			v->u.floating = lv / rv;
1657 		}
1658 		break;
1659 	case PLUS:
1660 		v->u.floating = lv + rv;
1661 		break;
1662 	case MINUS:
1663 		v->u.floating = lv - rv;
1664 		break;
1665 	case LT:
1666 		v->u.integer = lv < rv ? 1 : 0;
1667 		break;
1668 	case LE:
1669 		v->u.integer = lv <= rv ? 1 : 0;
1670 		break;
1671 	case GE:
1672 		v->u.integer = lv >= rv ? 1 : 0;
1673 		break;
1674 	case GT:
1675 		v->u.integer = lv > rv ? 1 : 0;
1676 		break;
1677 	case EQ:
1678 		v->u.integer = lv == rv ? 1 : 0;
1679 		break;
1680 	case NE:
1681 		v->u.integer = lv != rv ? 1 : 0;
1682 		break;
1683 	default:
1684 		lint_assert(/*CONSTCOND*/false);
1685 	}
1686 
1687 	// XXX: Must not access u.floating after setting u.integer.
1688 	lint_assert(fpe != 0 || isnan(v->u.floating) == 0);
1689 	if (is_complex(v->v_tspec)) {
1690 		/*
1691 		 * Don't warn, as lint doesn't model the imaginary part of
1692 		 * complex numbers.
1693 		 */
1694 		fpe = 0;
1695 	} else if (is_floating_overflow(t, v->u.floating)) {
1696 		/* operator '%s' produces floating point overflow */
1697 		warning(142, op_name(tn->tn_op));
1698 		v->u.floating = floating_error_value(t, v->u.floating);
1699 		fpe = 0;
1700 	}
1701 
1702 	return build_constant(tn->tn_type, v);
1703 }
1704 
1705 static void
1706 use(const tnode_t *tn)
1707 {
1708 	if (tn == NULL)
1709 		return;
1710 	switch (tn->tn_op) {
1711 	case NAME:
1712 		mark_as_used(tn->u.sym, false /* XXX */, false /* XXX */);
1713 		break;
1714 	case CON:
1715 	case STRING:
1716 		break;
1717 	case CALL:
1718 	case ICALL:;
1719 		const function_call *call = tn->u.call;
1720 		for (size_t i = 0, n = call->args_len; i < n; i++)
1721 			use(call->args[i]);
1722 		break;
1723 	default:
1724 		lint_assert(has_operands(tn));
1725 		use(tn->u.ops.left);
1726 		if (is_binary(tn))
1727 			use(tn->u.ops.right);
1728 	}
1729 }
1730 
1731 /*
1732  * Create a tree node for a binary operator and its two operands. Also called
1733  * for unary operators; in that case rn is NULL.
1734  *
1735  * Function calls, sizeof and casts are handled elsewhere.
1736  */
1737 tnode_t *
1738 build_binary(tnode_t *ln, op_t op, bool sys, tnode_t *rn)
1739 {
1740 	const mod_t *mp = &modtab[op];
1741 
1742 	/* If there was an error in one of the operands, return. */
1743 	if (ln == NULL || (mp->m_binary && rn == NULL))
1744 		return NULL;
1745 
1746 	if (mp->m_value_context || mp->m_compares_with_zero)
1747 		ln = cconv(ln);
1748 	if (mp->m_binary && op != ARROW && op != POINT)
1749 		rn = cconv(rn);
1750 
1751 	if (mp->m_comparison)
1752 		check_integer_comparison(op, ln, rn);
1753 
1754 	if (mp->m_value_context || mp->m_compares_with_zero)
1755 		ln = promote(op, false, ln);
1756 	if (mp->m_binary && op != ARROW && op != POINT &&
1757 	    op != ASSIGN && op != RETURN && op != INIT)
1758 		rn = promote(op, false, rn);
1759 
1760 	if (mp->m_warn_if_left_unsigned_in_c90 &&
1761 	    ln->tn_op == CON && ln->u.value.v_unsigned_since_c90) {
1762 		/* C90 treats constant as unsigned, op '%s' */
1763 		warning(218, op_name(op));
1764 		ln->u.value.v_unsigned_since_c90 = false;
1765 	}
1766 	if (mp->m_warn_if_right_unsigned_in_c90 &&
1767 	    rn->tn_op == CON && rn->u.value.v_unsigned_since_c90) {
1768 		/* C90 treats constant as unsigned, op '%s' */
1769 		warning(218, op_name(op));
1770 		rn->u.value.v_unsigned_since_c90 = false;
1771 	}
1772 
1773 	if (mp->m_balance_operands || (!allow_c90 && (op == SHL || op == SHR)))
1774 		balance(op, &ln, &rn);
1775 
1776 	if (!typeok(op, 0, ln, rn))
1777 		return NULL;
1778 
1779 	tnode_t *ntn;
1780 	switch (op) {
1781 	case POINT:
1782 	case ARROW:
1783 		ntn = build_struct_access(op, sys, ln, rn);
1784 		break;
1785 	case INCAFT:
1786 	case DECAFT:
1787 	case INCBEF:
1788 	case DECBEF:
1789 		ntn = build_prepost_incdec(op, sys, ln);
1790 		break;
1791 	case ADDR:
1792 		ntn = build_address(sys, ln, false);
1793 		break;
1794 	case INDIR:
1795 		ntn = build_op(INDIR, sys, ln->tn_type->t_subt, ln, NULL);
1796 		break;
1797 	case PLUS:
1798 	case MINUS:
1799 		ntn = build_plus_minus(op, sys, ln, rn);
1800 		break;
1801 	case SHL:
1802 	case SHR:
1803 		ntn = build_bit_shift(op, sys, ln, rn);
1804 		break;
1805 	case COLON:
1806 		ntn = build_colon(sys, ln, rn);
1807 		break;
1808 	case ASSIGN:
1809 	case MULASS:
1810 	case DIVASS:
1811 	case MODASS:
1812 	case ADDASS:
1813 	case SUBASS:
1814 	case SHLASS:
1815 	case SHRASS:
1816 	case ANDASS:
1817 	case XORASS:
1818 	case ORASS:
1819 	case RETURN:
1820 	case INIT:
1821 		ntn = build_assignment(op, sys, ln, rn);
1822 		break;
1823 	case COMMA:
1824 		if (any_query_enabled) {
1825 			/* comma operator with types '%s' and '%s' */
1826 			query_message(12,
1827 			    type_name(ln->tn_type), type_name(rn->tn_type));
1828 		}
1829 		/* FALLTHROUGH */
1830 	case QUEST:
1831 		ntn = build_op(op, sys, rn->tn_type, ln, rn);
1832 		break;
1833 	case REAL:
1834 	case IMAG:
1835 		ntn = build_real_imag(op, sys, ln);
1836 		break;
1837 	default:
1838 		lint_assert(mp->m_binary == (rn != NULL));
1839 		type_t *rettp = mp->m_returns_bool
1840 		    ? gettyp(Tflag ? BOOL : INT) : ln->tn_type;
1841 		ntn = build_op(op, sys, rettp, ln, rn);
1842 		break;
1843 	}
1844 
1845 	if (ntn == NULL)
1846 		return NULL;
1847 
1848 	if (mp->m_possible_precedence_confusion)
1849 		check_precedence_confusion(ntn);
1850 
1851 	if (hflag && !suppress_constcond &&
1852 	    mp->m_compares_with_zero &&
1853 	    (ln->tn_op == CON ||
1854 	     (mp->m_binary && op != QUEST && rn->tn_op == CON)) &&
1855 	    /* XXX: rn->tn_system_dependent should be checked as well */
1856 	    !ln->tn_system_dependent)
1857 		/* constant in conditional context */
1858 		warning(161);
1859 
1860 	if (mp->m_fold_constant_operands && ln->tn_op == CON) {
1861 		if (!mp->m_binary || rn->tn_op == CON) {
1862 			if (mp->m_compares_with_zero)
1863 				ntn = fold_constant_compare_zero(ntn);
1864 			else if (is_floating(ntn->tn_type->t_tspec))
1865 				ntn = fold_constant_floating(ntn);
1866 			else
1867 				ntn = fold_constant_integer(ntn);
1868 		} else if (op == QUEST) {
1869 			lint_assert(has_operands(rn));
1870 			use(ln->u.value.u.integer != 0
1871 			    ? rn->u.ops.right : rn->u.ops.left);
1872 			ntn = ln->u.value.u.integer != 0
1873 			    ? rn->u.ops.left : rn->u.ops.right;
1874 		}
1875 	}
1876 
1877 	return ntn;
1878 }
1879 
1880 tnode_t *
1881 build_unary(op_t op, bool sys, tnode_t *tn)
1882 {
1883 	return build_binary(tn, op, sys, NULL);
1884 }
1885 
1886 static bool
1887 are_members_compatible(const sym_t *a, const sym_t *b)
1888 {
1889 	if (a->u.s_member.sm_offset_in_bits != b->u.s_member.sm_offset_in_bits)
1890 		return false;
1891 
1892 	const type_t *atp = a->s_type;
1893 	const type_t *btp = b->s_type;
1894 	bool w = false;
1895 	if (!types_compatible(atp, btp, false, false, &w) && !w)
1896 		return false;
1897 	if (a->s_bitfield != b->s_bitfield)
1898 		return false;
1899 	if (a->s_bitfield) {
1900 		if (atp->t_bit_field_width != btp->t_bit_field_width)
1901 			return false;
1902 		if (atp->t_bit_field_offset != btp->t_bit_field_offset)
1903 			return false;
1904 	}
1905 	return true;
1906 }
1907 
1908 /*
1909  * Return whether all struct/union members with the same name have the same
1910  * type and offset.
1911  */
1912 static bool
1913 all_members_compatible(const sym_t *msym)
1914 {
1915 	for (const sym_t *csym = msym;
1916 	    csym != NULL; csym = csym->s_symtab_next) {
1917 		if (!is_member(csym))
1918 			continue;
1919 		if (strcmp(msym->s_name, csym->s_name) != 0)
1920 			continue;
1921 
1922 		for (const sym_t *sym = csym->s_symtab_next;
1923 		    sym != NULL; sym = sym->s_symtab_next) {
1924 			if (is_member(sym)
1925 			    && strcmp(csym->s_name, sym->s_name) == 0
1926 			    && !are_members_compatible(csym, sym))
1927 				return false;
1928 		}
1929 	}
1930 	return true;
1931 }
1932 
1933 sym_t *
1934 find_member(const struct_or_union *sou, const char *name)
1935 {
1936 	for (sym_t *mem = sou->sou_first_member;
1937 	    mem != NULL; mem = mem->s_next) {
1938 		lint_assert(is_member(mem));
1939 		lint_assert(mem->u.s_member.sm_containing_type == sou);
1940 		if (strcmp(mem->s_name, name) == 0)
1941 			return mem;
1942 	}
1943 
1944 	for (sym_t *mem = sou->sou_first_member;
1945 	    mem != NULL; mem = mem->s_next) {
1946 		if (is_struct_or_union(mem->s_type->t_tspec)
1947 		    && mem->s_name == unnamed) {
1948 			sym_t *nested_mem =
1949 			    find_member(mem->s_type->u.sou, name);
1950 			if (nested_mem != NULL)
1951 				return nested_mem;
1952 		}
1953 	}
1954 	return NULL;
1955 }
1956 
1957 /*
1958  * Remove the member if it was unknown until now, which means
1959  * that no defined struct or union has a member with the same name.
1960  */
1961 static void
1962 remove_unknown_member(tnode_t *tn, sym_t *msym)
1963 {
1964 	/* type '%s' does not have member '%s' */
1965 	error(101, type_name(tn->tn_type), msym->s_name);
1966 	symtab_remove_forever(msym);
1967 	msym->s_kind = SK_MEMBER;
1968 	msym->s_scl = STRUCT_MEMBER;
1969 
1970 	struct_or_union *sou = expr_zero_alloc(sizeof(*sou),
1971 	    "struct_or_union");
1972 	sou->sou_tag = expr_zero_alloc(sizeof(*sou->sou_tag), "sym");
1973 	sou->sou_tag->s_name = unnamed;
1974 
1975 	msym->u.s_member.sm_containing_type = sou;
1976 	/*
1977 	 * The member sm_offset_in_bits is not needed here since this symbol
1978 	 * can only be used for error reporting.
1979 	 */
1980 }
1981 
1982 /*
1983  * Returns a symbol which has the same name as 'msym' and is a member of the
1984  * struct or union specified by 'tn'.
1985  */
1986 static sym_t *
1987 struct_or_union_member(tnode_t *tn, op_t op, sym_t *msym)
1988 {
1989 
1990 	/* Determine the tag type of which msym is expected to be a member. */
1991 	const type_t *tp = NULL;
1992 	if (op == POINT && is_struct_or_union(tn->tn_type->t_tspec))
1993 		tp = tn->tn_type;
1994 	if (op == ARROW && tn->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR
1995 	    && is_struct_or_union(tn->tn_type->t_subt->t_tspec))
1996 		tp = tn->tn_type->t_subt;
1997 	struct_or_union *sou = tp != NULL ? tp->u.sou : NULL;
1998 
1999 	if (sou != NULL) {
2000 		sym_t *nested_mem = find_member(sou, msym->s_name);
2001 		if (nested_mem != NULL)
2002 			return nested_mem;
2003 	}
2004 
2005 	if (msym->s_scl == NO_SCL) {
2006 		remove_unknown_member(tn, msym);
2007 		return msym;
2008 	}
2009 
2010 	bool eq = all_members_compatible(msym);
2011 
2012 	/*
2013 	 * Now handle the case in which the left operand refers really to a
2014 	 * struct/union, but the right operand is not member of it.
2015 	 */
2016 	if (sou != NULL) {
2017 		if (eq && !allow_c90)
2018 			/* illegal use of member '%s' */
2019 			warning(102, msym->s_name);
2020 		else
2021 			/* illegal use of member '%s' */
2022 			error(102, msym->s_name);
2023 		return msym;
2024 	}
2025 
2026 	if (eq) {
2027 		if (op == POINT) {
2028 			if (!allow_c90)
2029 				/* left operand of '.' must be struct ... */
2030 				warning(103, type_name(tn->tn_type));
2031 			else
2032 				/* left operand of '.' must be struct ... */
2033 				error(103, type_name(tn->tn_type));
2034 		} else {
2035 			if (!allow_c90 && tn->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR)
2036 				/* left operand of '->' must be pointer ... */
2037 				warning(104, type_name(tn->tn_type));
2038 			else
2039 				/* left operand of '->' must be pointer ... */
2040 				error(104, type_name(tn->tn_type));
2041 		}
2042 	} else {
2043 		if (!allow_c90)
2044 			/* non-unique member requires struct/union %s */
2045 			error(105, op == POINT ? "object" : "pointer");
2046 		else
2047 			/* unacceptable operand of '%s' */
2048 			error(111, op_name(op));
2049 	}
2050 
2051 	return msym;
2052 }
2053 
2054 tnode_t *
2055 build_member_access(tnode_t *ln, op_t op, bool sys, sbuf_t *member)
2056 {
2057 	sym_t *msym;
2058 
2059 	if (ln == NULL)
2060 		return NULL;
2061 
2062 	if (op == ARROW)
2063 		/* must do this before struct_or_union_member is called */
2064 		ln = cconv(ln);
2065 	msym = struct_or_union_member(ln, op, getsym(member));
2066 	return build_binary(ln, op, sys, build_name(msym, false));
2067 }
2068 
2069 /*
2070  * Perform class conversions.
2071  *
2072  * Arrays of type T are converted into pointers to type T.
2073  * Functions are converted to pointers to functions.
2074  * Lvalues are converted to rvalues.
2075  *
2076  * C99 6.3 "Conversions"
2077  * C99 6.3.2 "Other operands"
2078  * C99 6.3.2.1 "Lvalues, arrays, and function designators"
2079  */
2080 tnode_t *
2081 cconv(tnode_t *tn)
2082 {
2083 	if (tn->tn_type->t_tspec == ARRAY) {
2084 		if (!tn->tn_lvalue) {
2085 			/* XXX print correct operator */
2086 			/* %soperand of '%s' must be lvalue */
2087 			gnuism(114, "", op_name(ADDR));
2088 		}
2089 		tn = build_op(ADDR, tn->tn_sys,
2090 		    expr_derive_type(tn->tn_type->t_subt, PTR), tn, NULL);
2091 	}
2092 
2093 	if (tn->tn_type->t_tspec == FUNC)
2094 		tn = build_address(tn->tn_sys, tn, true);
2095 
2096 	if (tn->tn_lvalue) {
2097 		type_t *tp = expr_dup_type(tn->tn_type);
2098 		/* C99 6.3.2.1p2 sentence 2 says to remove the qualifiers. */
2099 		tp->t_const = tp->t_volatile = false;
2100 		tn = build_op(LOAD, tn->tn_sys, tp, tn, NULL);
2101 	}
2102 
2103 	return tn;
2104 }
2105 
2106 const tnode_t *
2107 before_conversion(const tnode_t *tn)
2108 {
2109 	while (tn->tn_op == CVT && !tn->tn_cast)
2110 		tn = tn->u.ops.left;
2111 	return tn;
2112 }
2113 
2114 /*
2115  * Most errors required by C90 are reported in struct_or_union_member().
2116  * Here we only check for totally wrong things.
2117  */
2118 static bool
2119 typeok_point(const tnode_t *ln, const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt)
2120 {
2121 	if (is_struct_or_union(lt))
2122 		return true;
2123 
2124 	if (lt == FUNC || lt == VOID || ltp->t_bitfield)
2125 		goto wrong;
2126 
2127 	/*
2128 	 * Some C dialects from before C90 tolerated any lvalue on the
2129 	 * left-hand side of the '.' operator, allowing things like 'char
2130 	 * st[100]; st.st_mtime', assuming that the member 'st_mtime' only
2131 	 * occurred in a single struct; see typeok_arrow.
2132 	 */
2133 	if (ln->tn_lvalue)
2134 		return true;
2135 
2136 wrong:
2137 	/* With allow_c90 we already got an error */
2138 	if (!allow_c90)
2139 		/* unacceptable operand of '%s' */
2140 		error(111, op_name(POINT));
2141 
2142 	return false;
2143 }
2144 
2145 static bool
2146 typeok_arrow(tspec_t lt)
2147 {
2148 	/*
2149 	 * C1978 Appendix A 14.1 says: <quote>In fact, any lvalue is allowed
2150 	 * before '.', and that lvalue is then assumed to have the form of the
2151 	 * structure of which the name of the right is a member. [...] Such
2152 	 * constructions are non-portable.</quote>
2153 	 */
2154 	if (lt == PTR || (!allow_c90 && is_integer(lt)))
2155 		return true;
2156 
2157 	/* With allow_c90 we already got an error */
2158 	if (!allow_c90)
2159 		/* unacceptable operand of '%s' */
2160 		error(111, op_name(ARROW));
2161 	return false;
2162 }
2163 
2164 static bool
2165 typeok_incdec(op_t op, const tnode_t *tn, const type_t *tp)
2166 {
2167 	/* operand has scalar type (checked in typeok) */
2168 	if (!tn->tn_lvalue) {
2169 		if (tn->tn_op == CVT && tn->tn_cast &&
2170 		    tn->u.ops.left->tn_op == LOAD)
2171 			/* a cast does not yield an lvalue */
2172 			error(163);
2173 		/* %soperand of '%s' must be lvalue */
2174 		error(114, "", op_name(op));
2175 		return false;
2176 	}
2177 	if (tp->t_const && allow_c90)
2178 		/* %soperand of '%s' must be modifiable lvalue */
2179 		warning(115, "", op_name(op));
2180 	return true;
2181 }
2182 
2183 static bool
2184 typeok_address(op_t op, const tnode_t *tn, const type_t *tp, tspec_t t)
2185 {
2186 	if (t == ARRAY || t == FUNC) {
2187 		/* ok, a warning comes later (in build_address()) */
2188 	} else if (!tn->tn_lvalue) {
2189 		if (tn->tn_op == CVT && tn->tn_cast &&
2190 		    tn->u.ops.left->tn_op == LOAD)
2191 			/* a cast does not yield an lvalue */
2192 			error(163);
2193 		/* %soperand of '%s' must be lvalue */
2194 		error(114, "", op_name(op));
2195 		return false;
2196 	} else if (is_scalar(t)) {
2197 		if (tp->t_bitfield) {
2198 			/* cannot take address of bit-field */
2199 			error(112);
2200 			return false;
2201 		}
2202 	} else if (t != STRUCT && t != UNION) {
2203 		/* unacceptable operand of '%s' */
2204 		error(111, op_name(op));
2205 		return false;
2206 	}
2207 	if (tn->tn_op == NAME && tn->u.sym->s_register) {
2208 		/* cannot take address of register '%s' */
2209 		error(113, tn->u.sym->s_name);
2210 		return false;
2211 	}
2212 	return true;
2213 }
2214 
2215 static bool
2216 typeok_indir(const type_t *tp, tspec_t t)
2217 {
2218 
2219 	if (t != PTR) {
2220 		/* cannot dereference non-pointer type '%s' */
2221 		error(96, type_name(tp));
2222 		return false;
2223 	}
2224 	return true;
2225 }
2226 
2227 static void
2228 warn_incompatible_types(op_t op,
2229 			const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
2230 			const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
2231 {
2232 	bool binary = modtab[op].m_binary;
2233 
2234 	if (lt == VOID || (binary && rt == VOID)) {
2235 		/* void type illegal in expression */
2236 		error(109);
2237 	} else if (op == ASSIGN)
2238 		/* cannot assign to '%s' from '%s' */
2239 		error(171, type_name(ltp), type_name(rtp));
2240 	else if (binary)
2241 		/* operands of '%s' have incompatible types '%s' and '%s' */
2242 		error(107, op_name(op), type_name(ltp), type_name(rtp));
2243 	else {
2244 		lint_assert(rt == NO_TSPEC);
2245 		/* operand of '%s' has invalid type '%s' */
2246 		error(108, op_name(op), type_name(ltp));
2247 	}
2248 }
2249 
2250 static bool
2251 typeok_plus(op_t op,
2252 	    const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
2253 	    const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
2254 {
2255 	/* operands have scalar types (checked in typeok) */
2256 	if ((lt == PTR && !is_integer(rt)) || (rt == PTR && !is_integer(lt))) {
2257 		warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2258 		return false;
2259 	}
2260 	return true;
2261 }
2262 
2263 static bool
2264 typeok_minus(op_t op,
2265 	     const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
2266 	     const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
2267 {
2268 	/* operands have scalar types (checked in typeok) */
2269 	if ((lt == PTR && rt != PTR && !is_integer(rt)) ||
2270 	    (lt != PTR && rt == PTR)) {
2271 		warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2272 		return false;
2273 	}
2274 	if (lt == PTR && rt == PTR &&
2275 	    !types_compatible(ltp->t_subt, rtp->t_subt, true, false, NULL)) {
2276 		/* illegal pointer subtraction */
2277 		error(116);
2278 	}
2279 	return true;
2280 }
2281 
2282 static void
2283 typeok_shr(op_t op,
2284 	   const tnode_t *ln, tspec_t lt,
2285 	   const tnode_t *rn, tspec_t rt)
2286 {
2287 	tspec_t olt = before_conversion(ln)->tn_type->t_tspec;
2288 	tspec_t ort = before_conversion(rn)->tn_type->t_tspec;
2289 
2290 	/* operands have integer types (checked in typeok) */
2291 	if (pflag && !is_uinteger(olt)) {
2292 		integer_constraints lc = ic_expr(ln);
2293 		if (!ic_maybe_signed(ln->tn_type, &lc))
2294 			return;
2295 
2296 		if (ln->tn_op != CON)
2297 			/* bitwise '%s' on signed value possibly nonportable */
2298 			warning(117, op_name(op));
2299 		else if (ln->u.value.u.integer < 0)
2300 			/* bitwise '%s' on signed value nonportable */
2301 			warning(120, op_name(op));
2302 	} else if (allow_trad && allow_c90 &&
2303 	    !is_uinteger(olt) && is_uinteger(ort)) {
2304 		/* The left operand would become unsigned in traditional C. */
2305 		if (hflag && (ln->tn_op != CON || ln->u.value.u.integer < 0)) {
2306 			/* semantics of '%s' change in C90; use ... */
2307 			warning(118, op_name(op));
2308 		}
2309 	} else if (allow_trad && allow_c90 &&
2310 	    !is_uinteger(olt) && !is_uinteger(ort) &&
2311 	    portable_rank_cmp(lt, rt) < 0) {
2312 		/*
2313 		 * In traditional C, the left operand would be extended
2314 		 * (possibly sign-extended) and then shifted.
2315 		 */
2316 		if (hflag && (ln->tn_op != CON || ln->u.value.u.integer < 0)) {
2317 			/* semantics of '%s' change in C90; use ... */
2318 			warning(118, op_name(op));
2319 		}
2320 	}
2321 }
2322 
2323 static void
2324 typeok_shl(op_t op, tspec_t lt, tspec_t rt)
2325 {
2326 	/*
2327 	 * C90 does not perform balancing for shift operations, but traditional
2328 	 * C does. If the width of the right operand is greater than the width
2329 	 * of the left operand, then in traditional C the left operand would be
2330 	 * extended to the width of the right operand. For SHL this may result
2331 	 * in different results.
2332 	 */
2333 	if (portable_rank_cmp(lt, rt) < 0) {
2334 		/*
2335 		 * XXX If both operands are constant, make sure that there is
2336 		 * really a difference between C90 and traditional C.
2337 		 */
2338 		if (hflag && allow_trad && allow_c90)
2339 			/* semantics of '%s' change in C90; use ... */
2340 			warning(118, op_name(op));
2341 	}
2342 }
2343 
2344 static void
2345 typeok_shift(const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt, const tnode_t *rn, tspec_t rt)
2346 {
2347 	if (rn->tn_op != CON)
2348 		return;
2349 
2350 	if (!is_uinteger(rt) && rn->u.value.u.integer < 0)
2351 		/* negative shift */
2352 		warning(121);
2353 	else if ((uint64_t)rn->u.value.u.integer == size_in_bits(lt))
2354 		/* shift amount %u equals bit-size of '%s' */
2355 		warning(267, (unsigned)rn->u.value.u.integer, type_name(ltp));
2356 	else if ((uint64_t)rn->u.value.u.integer > size_in_bits(lt)) {
2357 		/* shift amount %llu is greater than bit-size %llu of '%s' */
2358 		warning(122, (unsigned long long)rn->u.value.u.integer,
2359 		    (unsigned long long)size_in_bits(lt),
2360 		    tspec_name(lt));
2361 	}
2362 }
2363 
2364 static bool
2365 is_typeok_eq(const tnode_t *ln, tspec_t lt, const tnode_t *rn, tspec_t rt)
2366 {
2367 	if (lt == PTR && is_null_pointer(rn))
2368 		return true;
2369 	if (rt == PTR && is_null_pointer(ln))
2370 		return true;
2371 	return false;
2372 }
2373 
2374 static void
2375 warn_incompatible_pointers(op_t op, const type_t *ltp, const type_t *rtp)
2376 {
2377 	lint_assert(ltp->t_tspec == PTR);
2378 	lint_assert(rtp->t_tspec == PTR);
2379 
2380 	tspec_t lt = ltp->t_subt->t_tspec;
2381 	tspec_t rt = rtp->t_subt->t_tspec;
2382 
2383 	if (is_struct_or_union(lt) && is_struct_or_union(rt)) {
2384 		if (op == RETURN)
2385 			/* illegal structure pointer combination */
2386 			warning(244);
2387 		else {
2388 			/* incompatible structure pointers: '%s' '%s' '%s' */
2389 			warning(245, type_name(ltp),
2390 			    op_name(op), type_name(rtp));
2391 		}
2392 	} else {
2393 		if (op == RETURN)
2394 			/* illegal combination of '%s' and '%s' */
2395 			warning(184, type_name(ltp), type_name(rtp));
2396 		else {
2397 			/* illegal combination of '%s' and '%s', op '%s' */
2398 			warning(124,
2399 			    type_name(ltp), type_name(rtp), op_name(op));
2400 		}
2401 	}
2402 }
2403 
2404 static void
2405 check_pointer_comparison(op_t op, const tnode_t *ln, const tnode_t *rn)
2406 {
2407 	type_t *ltp = ln->tn_type, *rtp = rn->tn_type;
2408 	tspec_t lst = ltp->t_subt->t_tspec, rst = rtp->t_subt->t_tspec;
2409 
2410 	if (lst == VOID || rst == VOID) {
2411 		/* TODO: C99 behaves like C90 here. */
2412 		if (!allow_trad && !allow_c99 &&
2413 		    (lst == FUNC || rst == FUNC)) {
2414 			/* (void *)0 is already handled in typeok() */
2415 			const char *lsts, *rsts;
2416 			*(lst == FUNC ? &lsts : &rsts) = "function pointer";
2417 			*(lst == VOID ? &lsts : &rsts) = "'void *'";
2418 			/* C90 or later forbid comparison of %s with %s */
2419 			warning(274, lsts, rsts);
2420 		}
2421 		return;
2422 	}
2423 
2424 	if (!types_compatible(ltp->t_subt, rtp->t_subt, true, false, NULL)) {
2425 		warn_incompatible_pointers(op, ltp, rtp);
2426 		return;
2427 	}
2428 
2429 	if (lst == FUNC && rst == FUNC) {
2430 		/* TODO: C99 behaves like C90 here, see C99 6.5.8p2. */
2431 		if (!allow_trad && !allow_c99 && op != EQ && op != NE)
2432 			/* pointers to functions can only be compared ... */
2433 			warning(125);
2434 	}
2435 }
2436 
2437 static bool
2438 typeok_compare(op_t op,
2439 	       const tnode_t *ln, const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
2440 	       const tnode_t *rn, const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
2441 {
2442 	if (lt == PTR && rt == PTR) {
2443 		check_pointer_comparison(op, ln, rn);
2444 		return true;
2445 	}
2446 
2447 	if (lt != PTR && rt != PTR)
2448 		return true;
2449 
2450 	if (!is_integer(lt) && !is_integer(rt)) {
2451 		warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2452 		return false;
2453 	}
2454 
2455 	const char *lx = lt == PTR ? "pointer" : "integer";
2456 	const char *rx = rt == PTR ? "pointer" : "integer";
2457 	/* illegal combination of %s '%s' and %s '%s', op '%s' */
2458 	warning(123, lx, type_name(ltp), rx, type_name(rtp), op_name(op));
2459 	return true;
2460 }
2461 
2462 static bool
2463 typeok_quest(tspec_t lt, const tnode_t *rn)
2464 {
2465 	if (!is_scalar(lt)) {
2466 		/* first operand of '?' must have scalar type */
2467 		error(170);
2468 		return false;
2469 	}
2470 	lint_assert(before_conversion(rn)->tn_op == COLON);
2471 	return true;
2472 }
2473 
2474 static void
2475 typeok_colon_pointer(const type_t *ltp, const type_t *rtp)
2476 {
2477 	type_t *lstp = ltp->t_subt;
2478 	type_t *rstp = rtp->t_subt;
2479 	tspec_t lst = lstp->t_tspec;
2480 	tspec_t rst = rstp->t_tspec;
2481 
2482 	if ((lst == VOID && rst == FUNC) || (lst == FUNC && rst == VOID)) {
2483 		/* (void *)0 is handled in typeok_colon */
2484 		/* TODO: C99 behaves like C90 here. */
2485 		if (!allow_trad && !allow_c99)
2486 			/* conversion of %s to %s requires a cast, op %s */
2487 			warning(305, "function pointer", "'void *'",
2488 			    op_name(COLON));
2489 		return;
2490 	}
2491 
2492 	if (pointer_types_are_compatible(lstp, rstp, true))
2493 		return;
2494 	if (!types_compatible(lstp, rstp, true, false, NULL))
2495 		warn_incompatible_pointers(COLON, ltp, rtp);
2496 }
2497 
2498 static bool
2499 typeok_colon(const tnode_t *ln, const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
2500 	     const tnode_t *rn, const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
2501 {
2502 
2503 	if (is_arithmetic(lt) && is_arithmetic(rt))
2504 		return true;
2505 	if (lt == BOOL && rt == BOOL)
2506 		return true;
2507 
2508 	if (lt == STRUCT && rt == STRUCT && ltp->u.sou == rtp->u.sou)
2509 		return true;
2510 	if (lt == UNION && rt == UNION && ltp->u.sou == rtp->u.sou)
2511 		return true;
2512 
2513 	if (lt == PTR && is_null_pointer(rn))
2514 		return true;
2515 	if (rt == PTR && is_null_pointer(ln))
2516 		return true;
2517 
2518 	if ((lt == PTR && is_integer(rt)) || (is_integer(lt) && rt == PTR)) {
2519 		const char *lx = lt == PTR ? "pointer" : "integer";
2520 		const char *rx = rt == PTR ? "pointer" : "integer";
2521 		/* illegal combination of %s '%s' and %s '%s', op '%s' */
2522 		warning(123, lx, type_name(ltp),
2523 		    rx, type_name(rtp), op_name(COLON));
2524 		return true;
2525 	}
2526 
2527 	if (lt == VOID || rt == VOID) {
2528 		if (lt != VOID || rt != VOID)
2529 			/* incompatible types '%s' and '%s' in conditional */
2530 			warning(126, type_name(ltp), type_name(rtp));
2531 		return true;
2532 	}
2533 
2534 	if (lt == PTR && rt == PTR) {
2535 		typeok_colon_pointer(ltp, rtp);
2536 		return true;
2537 	}
2538 
2539 	/* incompatible types '%s' and '%s' in conditional */
2540 	error(126, type_name(ltp), type_name(rtp));
2541 	return false;
2542 }
2543 
2544 static bool
2545 has_constant_member(const type_t *tp)
2546 {
2547 	lint_assert(is_struct_or_union(tp->t_tspec));
2548 
2549 	for (sym_t *m = tp->u.sou->sou_first_member;
2550 	    m != NULL; m = m->s_next) {
2551 		const type_t *mtp = m->s_type;
2552 		if (mtp->t_const)
2553 			return true;
2554 		if (is_struct_or_union(mtp->t_tspec) &&
2555 		    has_constant_member(mtp))
2556 			return true;
2557 	}
2558 	return false;
2559 }
2560 
2561 static bool
2562 typeok_assign(op_t op, const tnode_t *ln, const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt)
2563 {
2564 	if (op == RETURN || op == INIT || op == FARG)
2565 		return true;
2566 
2567 	if (!ln->tn_lvalue) {
2568 		if (ln->tn_op == CVT && ln->tn_cast &&
2569 		    ln->u.ops.left->tn_op == LOAD)
2570 			/* a cast does not yield an lvalue */
2571 			error(163);
2572 		/* %soperand of '%s' must be lvalue */
2573 		error(114, "left ", op_name(op));
2574 		return false;
2575 	} else if (ltp->t_const
2576 	    || (is_struct_or_union(lt) && has_constant_member(ltp))) {
2577 		if (allow_c90)
2578 			/* %soperand of '%s' must be modifiable lvalue */
2579 			warning(115, "left ", op_name(op));
2580 	}
2581 	return true;
2582 }
2583 
2584 static bool
2585 typeok_scalar(op_t op, const mod_t *mp,
2586 	      const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
2587 	      const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
2588 {
2589 	if (mp->m_takes_bool && lt == BOOL && rt == BOOL)
2590 		return true;
2591 	if (mp->m_requires_integer) {
2592 		if (!is_integer(lt) || (mp->m_binary && !is_integer(rt))) {
2593 			warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2594 			return false;
2595 		}
2596 	} else if (mp->m_requires_integer_or_complex) {
2597 		if ((!is_integer(lt) && !is_complex(lt)) ||
2598 		    (mp->m_binary && (!is_integer(rt) && !is_complex(rt)))) {
2599 			warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2600 			return false;
2601 		}
2602 	} else if (mp->m_requires_scalar) {
2603 		if (!is_scalar(lt) || (mp->m_binary && !is_scalar(rt))) {
2604 			warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2605 			return false;
2606 		}
2607 	} else if (mp->m_requires_arith) {
2608 		if (!is_arithmetic(lt) ||
2609 		    (mp->m_binary && !is_arithmetic(rt))) {
2610 			warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2611 			return false;
2612 		}
2613 	}
2614 	return true;
2615 }
2616 
2617 static void
2618 check_assign_void_pointer(op_t op, int arg,
2619 			  tspec_t lt, tspec_t lst,
2620 			  tspec_t rt, tspec_t rst)
2621 {
2622 
2623 	if (!(lt == PTR && rt == PTR && (lst == VOID || rst == VOID)))
2624 		return;
2625 	/* two pointers, at least one pointer to void */
2626 
2627 	/* TODO: C99 behaves like C90 here. */
2628 	if (!(!allow_trad && !allow_c99 && (lst == FUNC || rst == FUNC)))
2629 		return;
2630 	/* comb. of ptr to func and ptr to void */
2631 
2632 	const char *lts, *rts;
2633 	*(lst == FUNC ? &lts : &rts) = "function pointer";
2634 	*(lst == VOID ? &lts : &rts) = "'void *'";
2635 
2636 	switch (op) {
2637 	case INIT:
2638 	case RETURN:
2639 		/* conversion of %s to %s requires a cast */
2640 		warning(303, rts, lts);
2641 		break;
2642 	case FARG:
2643 		/* conversion of %s to %s requires a cast, arg #%d */
2644 		warning(304, rts, lts, arg);
2645 		break;
2646 	default:
2647 		/* conversion of %s to %s requires a cast, op %s */
2648 		warning(305, rts, lts, op_name(op));
2649 		break;
2650 	}
2651 }
2652 
2653 static bool
2654 is_direct_function_call(const tnode_t *tn, const char **out_name)
2655 {
2656 
2657 	if (tn->tn_op == CALL
2658 	    && tn->u.call->func->tn_op == ADDR
2659 	    && tn->u.call->func->u.ops.left->tn_op == NAME) {
2660 		*out_name = tn->u.call->func->u.ops.left->u.sym->s_name;
2661 		return true;
2662 	}
2663 	return false;
2664 }
2665 
2666 static bool
2667 is_unconst_function(const char *name)
2668 {
2669 
2670 	return strcmp(name, "memchr") == 0 ||
2671 	    strcmp(name, "strchr") == 0 ||
2672 	    strcmp(name, "strpbrk") == 0 ||
2673 	    strcmp(name, "strrchr") == 0 ||
2674 	    strcmp(name, "strstr") == 0;
2675 }
2676 
2677 static bool
2678 is_const_char_pointer(const tnode_t *tn)
2679 {
2680 	/*
2681 	 * For traditional reasons, C99 6.4.5p5 defines that string literals
2682 	 * have type 'char[]'.  They are often implicitly converted to 'char
2683 	 * *', for example when they are passed as function arguments.
2684 	 *
2685 	 * C99 6.4.5p6 further defines that modifying a string that is
2686 	 * constructed from a string literal invokes undefined behavior.
2687 	 *
2688 	 * Out of these reasons, string literals are treated as 'effectively
2689 	 * const' here.
2690 	 */
2691 	if (tn->tn_op == CVT &&
2692 	    tn->u.ops.left->tn_op == ADDR &&
2693 	    tn->u.ops.left->u.ops.left->tn_op == STRING)
2694 		return true;
2695 
2696 	const type_t *tp = before_conversion(tn)->tn_type;
2697 	return tp->t_tspec == PTR &&
2698 	    tp->t_subt->t_tspec == CHAR &&
2699 	    tp->t_subt->t_const;
2700 }
2701 
2702 static bool
2703 is_const_pointer(const tnode_t *tn)
2704 {
2705 	const type_t *tp = before_conversion(tn)->tn_type;
2706 	return tp->t_tspec == PTR && tp->t_subt->t_const;
2707 }
2708 
2709 static void
2710 check_unconst_function(const type_t *lstp, const tnode_t *rn)
2711 {
2712 	const char *function_name;
2713 
2714 	if (lstp->t_tspec == CHAR && !lstp->t_const &&
2715 	    is_direct_function_call(rn, &function_name) &&
2716 	    is_unconst_function(function_name) &&
2717 	    rn->u.call->args_len >= 1 &&
2718 	    is_const_char_pointer(rn->u.call->args[0])) {
2719 		/* call to '%s' effectively discards 'const' from argument */
2720 		warning(346, function_name);
2721 	}
2722 
2723 	if (!lstp->t_const &&
2724 	    is_direct_function_call(rn, &function_name) &&
2725 	    strcmp(function_name, "bsearch") == 0 &&
2726 	    rn->u.call->args_len >= 2 &&
2727 	    is_const_pointer(rn->u.call->args[1])) {
2728 		/* call to '%s' effectively discards 'const' from argument */
2729 		warning(346, function_name);
2730 	}
2731 }
2732 
2733 static bool
2734 check_assign_void_pointer_compat(op_t op, int arg,
2735 				 const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
2736 				 const type_t *lstp, tspec_t lst,
2737 				 const tnode_t *rn,
2738 				 const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt,
2739 				 const type_t *rstp, tspec_t rst)
2740 {
2741 	if (!(lt == PTR && rt == PTR && (lst == VOID || rst == VOID ||
2742 					 types_compatible(lstp, rstp,
2743 					     true, false, NULL))))
2744 		return false;
2745 
2746 	/* compatible pointer types (qualifiers ignored) */
2747 	if (allow_c90 &&
2748 	    ((!lstp->t_const && rstp->t_const) ||
2749 	     (!lstp->t_volatile && rstp->t_volatile))) {
2750 		/* left side has not all qualifiers of right */
2751 		switch (op) {
2752 		case INIT:
2753 		case RETURN:
2754 			/* incompatible pointer types to '%s' and '%s' */
2755 			warning(182, type_name(lstp), type_name(rstp));
2756 			break;
2757 		case FARG:
2758 			/* converting '%s' to incompatible '%s' ... */
2759 			warning(153,
2760 			    type_name(rtp), type_name(ltp), arg);
2761 			break;
2762 		default:
2763 			/* operands of '%s' have incompatible pointer ... */
2764 			warning(128, op_name(op),
2765 			    type_name(lstp), type_name(rstp));
2766 			break;
2767 		}
2768 	}
2769 
2770 	if (allow_c90)
2771 		check_unconst_function(lstp, rn);
2772 
2773 	return true;
2774 }
2775 
2776 static bool
2777 check_assign_pointer_integer(op_t op, int arg,
2778 			     const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
2779 			     const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
2780 {
2781 
2782 	if (!((lt == PTR && is_integer(rt)) || (is_integer(lt) && rt == PTR)))
2783 		return false;
2784 
2785 	const char *lx = lt == PTR ? "pointer" : "integer";
2786 	const char *rx = rt == PTR ? "pointer" : "integer";
2787 
2788 	switch (op) {
2789 	case INIT:
2790 	case RETURN:
2791 		/* illegal combination of %s '%s' and %s '%s' */
2792 		warning(183, lx, type_name(ltp), rx, type_name(rtp));
2793 		break;
2794 	case FARG:
2795 		/* illegal combination of %s '%s' and %s '%s', arg #%d */
2796 		warning(154,
2797 		    lx, type_name(ltp), rx, type_name(rtp), arg);
2798 		break;
2799 	default:
2800 		/* illegal combination of %s '%s' and %s '%s', op '%s' */
2801 		warning(123,
2802 		    lx, type_name(ltp), rx, type_name(rtp), op_name(op));
2803 		break;
2804 	}
2805 	return true;
2806 }
2807 
2808 static bool
2809 check_assign_pointer(op_t op, int arg,
2810 		     const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
2811 		     const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
2812 {
2813 	if (!(lt == PTR && rt == PTR))
2814 		return false;
2815 
2816 	if (op == FARG)
2817 		/* converting '%s' to incompatible '%s' for ... */
2818 		warning(153, type_name(rtp), type_name(ltp), arg);
2819 	else
2820 		warn_incompatible_pointers(op, ltp, rtp);
2821 	return true;
2822 }
2823 
2824 static void
2825 warn_assign(op_t op, int arg,
2826 	    const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
2827 	    const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
2828 {
2829 	switch (op) {
2830 	case INIT:
2831 		/* cannot initialize '%s' from '%s' */
2832 		error(185, type_name(ltp), type_name(rtp));
2833 		break;
2834 	case RETURN:
2835 		/* function has return type '%s' but returns '%s' */
2836 		error(211, type_name(ltp), type_name(rtp));
2837 		break;
2838 	case FARG:
2839 		/* passing '%s' to incompatible '%s', arg #%d */
2840 		warning(155, type_name(rtp), type_name(ltp), arg);
2841 		break;
2842 	default:
2843 		warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2844 		break;
2845 	}
2846 }
2847 
2848 /*
2849  * Checks type compatibility for ASSIGN, INIT, FARG and RETURN
2850  * and prints warnings/errors if necessary.
2851  * Returns whether the types are (almost) compatible.
2852  */
2853 static bool
2854 check_assign_types_compatible(op_t op, int arg,
2855 			      const tnode_t *ln, const tnode_t *rn)
2856 {
2857 	tspec_t lt, rt, lst = NO_TSPEC, rst = NO_TSPEC;
2858 	type_t *ltp, *rtp, *lstp = NULL, *rstp = NULL;
2859 
2860 	if ((lt = (ltp = ln->tn_type)->t_tspec) == PTR)
2861 		lst = (lstp = ltp->t_subt)->t_tspec;
2862 	if ((rt = (rtp = rn->tn_type)->t_tspec) == PTR)
2863 		rst = (rstp = rtp->t_subt)->t_tspec;
2864 
2865 	if (lt == BOOL && is_scalar(rt))	/* C99 6.3.1.2 */
2866 		return true;
2867 
2868 	if (is_arithmetic(lt) && (is_arithmetic(rt) || rt == BOOL))
2869 		return true;
2870 
2871 	if (is_struct_or_union(lt) && is_struct_or_union(rt))
2872 		return ltp->u.sou == rtp->u.sou;
2873 
2874 	if (lt == PTR && is_null_pointer(rn)) {
2875 		if (is_integer(rn->tn_type->t_tspec))
2876 			/* implicit conversion from integer 0 to pointer ... */
2877 			query_message(15, type_name(ltp));
2878 		return true;
2879 	}
2880 
2881 	check_assign_void_pointer(op, arg, lt, lst, rt, rst);
2882 
2883 	if (check_assign_void_pointer_compat(op, arg,
2884 	    ltp, lt, lstp, lst, rn, rtp, rt, rstp, rst))
2885 		return true;
2886 
2887 	if (check_assign_pointer_integer(op, arg, ltp, lt, rtp, rt))
2888 		return true;
2889 
2890 	if (check_assign_pointer(op, arg, ltp, lt, rtp, rt))
2891 		return true;
2892 
2893 	warn_assign(op, arg, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2894 	return false;
2895 }
2896 
2897 static bool
2898 has_side_effect(const tnode_t *tn) /* NOLINT(misc-no-recursion) */
2899 {
2900 	op_t op = tn->tn_op;
2901 
2902 	if (modtab[op].m_has_side_effect)
2903 		return true;
2904 
2905 	if (op == CVT && tn->tn_type->t_tspec == VOID)
2906 		return has_side_effect(tn->u.ops.left);
2907 
2908 	/* XXX: Why not has_side_effect(tn->u.ops.left) as well? */
2909 	if (op == LOGAND || op == LOGOR)
2910 		return has_side_effect(tn->u.ops.right);
2911 
2912 	/* XXX: Why not has_side_effect(tn->u.ops.left) as well? */
2913 	if (op == QUEST)
2914 		return has_side_effect(tn->u.ops.right);
2915 
2916 	if (op == COLON || op == COMMA) {
2917 		return has_side_effect(tn->u.ops.left) ||
2918 		    has_side_effect(tn->u.ops.right);
2919 	}
2920 
2921 	return false;
2922 }
2923 
2924 static bool
2925 is_void_cast(const tnode_t *tn)
2926 {
2927 
2928 	return tn->tn_op == CVT && tn->tn_cast &&
2929 	    tn->tn_type->t_tspec == VOID;
2930 }
2931 
2932 static bool
2933 is_local_symbol(const tnode_t *tn)
2934 {
2935 
2936 	return tn->tn_op == LOAD &&
2937 	    tn->u.ops.left->tn_op == NAME &&
2938 	    tn->u.ops.left->u.sym->s_scl == AUTO;
2939 }
2940 
2941 static bool
2942 is_int_constant_zero(const tnode_t *tn)
2943 {
2944 
2945 	return tn->tn_op == CON &&
2946 	    tn->tn_type->t_tspec == INT &&
2947 	    tn->u.value.u.integer == 0;
2948 }
2949 
2950 static void
2951 check_null_effect(const tnode_t *tn)
2952 {
2953 
2954 	if (hflag &&
2955 	    !has_side_effect(tn) &&
2956 	    !(is_void_cast(tn) && is_local_symbol(tn->u.ops.left)) &&
2957 	    !(is_void_cast(tn) && is_int_constant_zero(tn->u.ops.left))) {
2958 		/* expression has null effect */
2959 		warning(129);
2960 	}
2961 }
2962 
2963 /*
2964  * Check the types for specific operators and type combinations.
2965  *
2966  * At this point, the operands already conform to the type requirements of
2967  * the operator, such as being integer, floating or scalar.
2968  */
2969 static bool
2970 typeok_op(op_t op, int arg,
2971 	  const tnode_t *ln, const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
2972 	  const tnode_t *rn, const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
2973 {
2974 	switch (op) {
2975 	case ARROW:
2976 		return typeok_arrow(lt);
2977 	case POINT:
2978 		return typeok_point(ln, ltp, lt);
2979 	case INCBEF:
2980 	case DECBEF:
2981 	case INCAFT:
2982 	case DECAFT:
2983 		return typeok_incdec(op, ln, ltp);
2984 	case INDIR:
2985 		return typeok_indir(ltp, lt);
2986 	case ADDR:
2987 		return typeok_address(op, ln, ltp, lt);
2988 	case PLUS:
2989 		return typeok_plus(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2990 	case MINUS:
2991 		return typeok_minus(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2992 	case SHL:
2993 		typeok_shl(op, lt, rt);
2994 		goto shift;
2995 	case SHR:
2996 		typeok_shr(op, ln, lt, rn, rt);
2997 	shift:
2998 		typeok_shift(ltp, lt, rn, rt);
2999 		break;
3000 	case LT:
3001 	case LE:
3002 	case GT:
3003 	case GE:
3004 	compare:
3005 		return typeok_compare(op, ln, ltp, lt, rn, rtp, rt);
3006 	case EQ:
3007 	case NE:
3008 		if (is_typeok_eq(ln, lt, rn, rt))
3009 			break;
3010 		goto compare;
3011 	case QUEST:
3012 		return typeok_quest(lt, rn);
3013 	case COLON:
3014 		return typeok_colon(ln, ltp, lt, rn, rtp, rt);
3015 	case ASSIGN:
3016 	case INIT:
3017 	case FARG:
3018 	case RETURN:
3019 		if (!check_assign_types_compatible(op, arg, ln, rn))
3020 			return false;
3021 		goto assign;
3022 	case MULASS:
3023 	case DIVASS:
3024 	case MODASS:
3025 		goto assign;
3026 	case ADDASS:
3027 	case SUBASS:
3028 		if ((lt == PTR && !is_integer(rt)) || rt == PTR) {
3029 			warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
3030 			return false;
3031 		}
3032 		goto assign;
3033 	case SHLASS:
3034 		goto assign;
3035 	case SHRASS:
3036 		if (pflag && !is_uinteger(lt) &&
3037 		    !(!allow_c90 && is_uinteger(rt))) {
3038 			/* bitwise '%s' on signed value possibly nonportable */
3039 			warning(117, op_name(op));
3040 		}
3041 		goto assign;
3042 	case ANDASS:
3043 	case XORASS:
3044 	case ORASS:
3045 	assign:
3046 		return typeok_assign(op, ln, ltp, lt);
3047 	case COMMA:
3048 		if (!modtab[ln->tn_op].m_has_side_effect)
3049 			check_null_effect(ln);
3050 		break;
3051 	default:
3052 		break;
3053 	}
3054 	return true;
3055 }
3056 
3057 static void
3058 check_bad_enum_operation(op_t op, const tnode_t *ln, const tnode_t *rn)
3059 {
3060 
3061 	if (!eflag)
3062 		return;
3063 
3064 	/* Allow enum in array indices. */
3065 	if (op == PLUS &&
3066 	    ((ln->tn_type->t_is_enum && rn->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR) ||
3067 	     (rn->tn_type->t_is_enum && ln->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR))) {
3068 		return;
3069 	}
3070 
3071 	/* dubious operation '%s' on enum */
3072 	warning(241, op_name(op));
3073 }
3074 
3075 static void
3076 check_enum_type_mismatch(op_t op, int arg, const tnode_t *ln, const tnode_t *rn)
3077 {
3078 	const mod_t *mp = &modtab[op];
3079 
3080 	if (ln->tn_type->u.enumer != rn->tn_type->u.enumer) {
3081 		switch (op) {
3082 		case INIT:
3083 			/* enum type mismatch between '%s' and '%s' in ... */
3084 			warning(210,
3085 			    type_name(ln->tn_type), type_name(rn->tn_type));
3086 			break;
3087 		case FARG:
3088 			/* function expects '%s', passing '%s' for arg #%d */
3089 			warning(156,
3090 			    type_name(ln->tn_type), type_name(rn->tn_type),
3091 			    arg);
3092 			break;
3093 		case RETURN:
3094 			/* function has return type '%s' but returns '%s' */
3095 			warning(211,
3096 			    type_name(ln->tn_type), type_name(rn->tn_type));
3097 			break;
3098 		default:
3099 			/* enum type mismatch: '%s' '%s' '%s' */
3100 			warning(130, type_name(ln->tn_type), op_name(op),
3101 			    type_name(rn->tn_type));
3102 			break;
3103 		}
3104 	} else if (Pflag && eflag && mp->m_comparison && op != EQ && op != NE)
3105 		/* operator '%s' assumes that '%s' is ordered */
3106 		warning(243, op_name(op), type_name(ln->tn_type));
3107 }
3108 
3109 static void
3110 check_enum_int_mismatch(op_t op, int arg, const tnode_t *ln, const tnode_t *rn)
3111 {
3112 
3113 	if (!eflag)
3114 		return;
3115 
3116 	switch (op) {
3117 	case INIT:
3118 		/*
3119 		 * Initialization with 0 is allowed. Otherwise, all implicit
3120 		 * initializations would need to be warned upon as well.
3121 		 */
3122 		if (!rn->tn_type->t_is_enum && rn->tn_op == CON &&
3123 		    is_integer(rn->tn_type->t_tspec) &&
3124 		    rn->u.value.u.integer == 0) {
3125 			return;
3126 		}
3127 		/* initialization of '%s' with '%s' */
3128 		warning(277, type_name(ln->tn_type), type_name(rn->tn_type));
3129 		break;
3130 	case FARG:
3131 		/* combination of '%s' and '%s', arg #%d */
3132 		warning(278,
3133 		    type_name(ln->tn_type), type_name(rn->tn_type), arg);
3134 		break;
3135 	case RETURN:
3136 		/* combination of '%s' and '%s' in return */
3137 		warning(279, type_name(ln->tn_type), type_name(rn->tn_type));
3138 		break;
3139 	default:
3140 		/* combination of '%s' and '%s', op '%s' */
3141 		warning(242, type_name(ln->tn_type), type_name(rn->tn_type),
3142 		    op_name(op));
3143 		break;
3144 	}
3145 }
3146 
3147 static void
3148 typeok_enum(op_t op, const mod_t *mp, int arg,
3149 	    const tnode_t *ln, const type_t *ltp,
3150 	    const tnode_t *rn, const type_t *rtp)
3151 {
3152 	if (mp->m_bad_on_enum &&
3153 	    (ltp->t_is_enum || (mp->m_binary && rtp->t_is_enum))) {
3154 		check_bad_enum_operation(op, ln, rn);
3155 	} else if (mp->m_valid_on_enum &&
3156 	    (ltp->t_is_enum && rtp != NULL && rtp->t_is_enum)) {
3157 		check_enum_type_mismatch(op, arg, ln, rn);
3158 	} else if (mp->m_valid_on_enum &&
3159 	    (ltp->t_is_enum || (rtp != NULL && rtp->t_is_enum))) {
3160 		check_enum_int_mismatch(op, arg, ln, rn);
3161 	}
3162 }
3163 
3164 /* Perform most type checks. Return whether the types are ok. */
3165 bool
3166 typeok(op_t op, int arg, const tnode_t *ln, const tnode_t *rn)
3167 {
3168 
3169 	const mod_t *mp = &modtab[op];
3170 
3171 	type_t *ltp = ln->tn_type;
3172 	tspec_t lt = ltp->t_tspec;
3173 
3174 	type_t *rtp = mp->m_binary ? rn->tn_type : NULL;
3175 	tspec_t rt = mp->m_binary ? rtp->t_tspec : NO_TSPEC;
3176 
3177 	if (Tflag && !typeok_scalar_strict_bool(op, mp, arg, ln, rn))
3178 		return false;
3179 	if (!typeok_scalar(op, mp, ltp, lt, rtp, rt))
3180 		return false;
3181 
3182 	if (!typeok_op(op, arg, ln, ltp, lt, rn, rtp, rt))
3183 		return false;
3184 
3185 	typeok_enum(op, mp, arg, ln, ltp, rn, rtp);
3186 	return true;
3187 }
3188 
3189 /* In traditional C, keep unsigned and promote FLOAT to DOUBLE. */
3190 static tspec_t
3191 promote_trad(tspec_t t)
3192 {
3193 
3194 	if (t == UCHAR || t == USHORT)
3195 		return UINT;
3196 	if (t == CHAR || t == SCHAR || t == SHORT)
3197 		return INT;
3198 	if (t == FLOAT)
3199 		return DOUBLE;
3200 	if (t == ENUM)
3201 		return INT;
3202 	return t;
3203 }
3204 
3205 /*
3206  * C99 6.3.1.1p2 requires for types with lower rank than int that "If an int
3207  * can represent all the values of the original type, the value is converted
3208  * to an int; otherwise it is converted to an unsigned int", and that "All
3209  * other types are unchanged by the integer promotions".
3210  */
3211 static tspec_t
3212 promote_c90(const tnode_t *tn, tspec_t t, bool farg)
3213 {
3214 	if (tn->tn_type->t_bitfield) {
3215 		unsigned int width = tn->tn_type->t_bit_field_width;
3216 		unsigned int int_width = size_in_bits(INT);
3217 		// XXX: What about _Bool bit-fields, since C99?
3218 		if (width < int_width)
3219 			return INT;
3220 		if (width == int_width)
3221 			return is_uinteger(t) ? UINT : INT;
3222 		return t;
3223 	}
3224 
3225 	if (t == CHAR || t == SCHAR)
3226 		return INT;
3227 	if (t == UCHAR)
3228 		return size_in_bits(CHAR) < size_in_bits(INT) ? INT : UINT;
3229 	if (t == SHORT)
3230 		return INT;
3231 	if (t == USHORT)
3232 		return size_in_bits(SHORT) < size_in_bits(INT) ? INT : UINT;
3233 	if (t == ENUM)
3234 		return INT;
3235 	if (farg && t == FLOAT)
3236 		return DOUBLE;
3237 	return t;
3238 }
3239 
3240 /*
3241  * Performs the "integer promotions" (C99 6.3.1.1p2), which convert small
3242  * integer types to either int or unsigned int.
3243  *
3244  * If allow_c90 is unset or the operand is a function argument with no type
3245  * information (no prototype or variable # of args), converts float to double.
3246  */
3247 tnode_t *
3248 promote(op_t op, bool farg, tnode_t *tn)
3249 {
3250 
3251 	const type_t *otp = tn->tn_type;
3252 	tspec_t ot = otp->t_tspec;
3253 	if (!is_arithmetic(ot))
3254 		return tn;
3255 
3256 	tspec_t nt = allow_c90 ? promote_c90(tn, ot, farg) : promote_trad(ot);
3257 	if (nt == ot)
3258 		return tn;
3259 
3260 	type_t *ntp = expr_dup_type(gettyp(nt));
3261 	ntp->t_tspec = nt;
3262 	ntp->t_is_enum = otp->t_is_enum;
3263 	if (ntp->t_is_enum)
3264 		ntp->u.enumer = otp->u.enumer;
3265 	ntp->t_bitfield = otp->t_bitfield;
3266 	if (ntp->t_bitfield) {
3267 		ntp->t_bit_field_width = otp->t_bit_field_width;
3268 		ntp->t_bit_field_offset = otp->t_bit_field_offset;
3269 	}
3270 	if (ntp->t_bitfield && is_uinteger(ot) && !is_uinteger(nt))
3271 		ntp->t_bit_field_width++;
3272 	return convert(op, 0, ntp, tn);
3273 }
3274 
3275 static void
3276 convert_integer_from_floating(op_t op, const type_t *tp, const tnode_t *tn)
3277 {
3278 
3279 	if (op == CVT)
3280 		/* cast from floating point '%s' to integer '%s' */
3281 		query_message(2, type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(tp));
3282 	else
3283 		/* implicit conversion from floating point '%s' to ... */
3284 		query_message(1, type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(tp));
3285 }
3286 
3287 static bool
3288 should_warn_about_prototype_conversion(tspec_t nt,
3289 				       tspec_t ot, const tnode_t *ptn)
3290 {
3291 
3292 	if (nt == ot)
3293 		return false;
3294 
3295 	if (nt == ENUM && ot == INT)
3296 		return false;
3297 
3298 	if (is_floating(nt) != is_floating(ot) ||
3299 	    portable_rank_cmp(nt, ot) != 0) {
3300 		/* representation and/or width change */
3301 		if (!is_integer(ot))
3302 			return true;
3303 		/*
3304 		 * XXX: Investigate whether this rule makes sense; see
3305 		 * tests/usr.bin/xlint/lint1/platform_long.c.
3306 		 */
3307 		return portable_rank_cmp(ot, INT) > 0;
3308 	}
3309 
3310 	if (!hflag)
3311 		return false;
3312 
3313 	/*
3314 	 * If the types differ only in sign and the argument has the same
3315 	 * representation in both types, print no warning.
3316 	 */
3317 	if (ptn->tn_op == CON && is_integer(nt) &&
3318 	    signed_type(nt) == signed_type(ot) &&
3319 	    !msb(ptn->u.value.u.integer, ot))
3320 		return false;
3321 
3322 	return true;
3323 }
3324 
3325 /*
3326  * Warn if a prototype causes a type conversion that is different from what
3327  * would happen to the same argument in the absence of a prototype.  This
3328  * check is intended for code that needs to stay compatible with pre-C90 C.
3329  *
3330  * Errors/warnings about illegal type combinations are already printed
3331  * in check_assign_types_compatible().
3332  */
3333 static void
3334 check_prototype_conversion(int arg, tspec_t nt, tspec_t ot, type_t *tp,
3335 			   tnode_t *tn)
3336 {
3337 
3338 	if (!is_arithmetic(nt) || !is_arithmetic(ot))
3339 		return;
3340 
3341 	/*
3342 	 * If the type of the formal parameter is char/short, a warning would
3343 	 * be useless, because functions declared the old style can't expect
3344 	 * char/short arguments.
3345 	 */
3346 	if (nt == CHAR || nt == SCHAR || nt == UCHAR ||
3347 	    nt == SHORT || nt == USHORT)
3348 		return;
3349 
3350 	tnode_t *ptn = promote(NOOP, true, tn);
3351 	ot = ptn->tn_type->t_tspec;
3352 
3353 	if (should_warn_about_prototype_conversion(nt, ot, ptn)) {
3354 		/* argument %d is converted from '%s' to '%s' ... */
3355 		warning(259, arg, type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(tp));
3356 	}
3357 }
3358 
3359 /*
3360  * When converting a large integer type to a small integer type, in some
3361  * cases the value of the actual expression is further restricted than the
3362  * type bounds, such as in (expr & 0xFF) or (expr % 100) or (expr >> 24).
3363  */
3364 static bool
3365 can_represent(const type_t *tp, const tnode_t *tn)
3366 {
3367 
3368 	debug_step("%s: type '%s'", __func__, type_name(tp));
3369 	debug_node(tn);
3370 
3371 	uint64_t nmask = value_bits(width_in_bits(tp));
3372 	if (!is_uinteger(tp->t_tspec))
3373 		nmask >>= 1;
3374 
3375 	integer_constraints c = ic_expr(tn);
3376 	if ((~c.bclr & ~nmask) == 0)
3377 		return true;
3378 
3379 	integer_constraints tpc = ic_any(tp);
3380 	if (is_uinteger(tp->t_tspec)
3381 	    ? tpc.umin <= c.umin && tpc.umax >= c.umax
3382 	    : tpc.smin <= c.smin && tpc.smax >= c.smax)
3383 		return true;
3384 
3385 	return false;
3386 }
3387 
3388 static bool
3389 should_warn_about_integer_conversion(const type_t *ntp, tspec_t nt,
3390 				     const tnode_t *otn, tspec_t ot)
3391 {
3392 
3393 	// XXX: The portable_rank_cmp aims at portable mode, independent of the
3394 	// current platform, while can_represent acts on the actual type sizes
3395 	// from the current platform.  This mix is inconsistent, but anything
3396 	// else would make the exact conditions too complicated to grasp.
3397 	if (aflag > 0 && portable_rank_cmp(nt, ot) < 0) {
3398 		if (ot == LONG || ot == ULONG
3399 		    || ot == LLONG || ot == ULLONG
3400 #ifdef INT128_SIZE
3401 		    || ot == INT128 || ot == UINT128
3402 #endif
3403 		    || aflag > 1)
3404 			return !can_represent(ntp, otn);
3405 	}
3406 	return false;
3407 }
3408 
3409 static void
3410 convert_integer_from_integer(op_t op, int arg, tspec_t nt, tspec_t ot,
3411 			     type_t *tp, tnode_t *tn)
3412 {
3413 
3414 	if (tn->tn_op == CON)
3415 		return;
3416 
3417 	if (op == CVT)
3418 		return;
3419 
3420 	if (Pflag && pflag && aflag > 0 &&
3421 	    portable_rank_cmp(nt, ot) > 0 &&
3422 	    is_uinteger(nt) != is_uinteger(ot)) {
3423 		if (op == FARG)
3424 			/* conversion to '%s' may sign-extend ... */
3425 			warning(297, type_name(tp), arg);
3426 		else
3427 			/* conversion to '%s' may sign-extend ... */
3428 			warning(131, type_name(tp));
3429 	}
3430 
3431 	if (Pflag && portable_rank_cmp(nt, ot) > 0 &&
3432 	    (tn->tn_op == PLUS || tn->tn_op == MINUS || tn->tn_op == MULT ||
3433 	     tn->tn_op == SHL)) {
3434 		/* suggest cast from '%s' to '%s' on op '%s' to ... */
3435 		warning(324, type_name(gettyp(ot)), type_name(tp),
3436 		    op_name(tn->tn_op));
3437 	}
3438 
3439 	if (should_warn_about_integer_conversion(tp, nt, tn, ot)) {
3440 		if (op == FARG) {
3441 			/* conversion from '%s' to '%s' may lose ... */
3442 			warning(298,
3443 			    type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(tp), arg);
3444 		} else {
3445 			/* conversion from '%s' to '%s' may lose accuracy */
3446 			warning(132,
3447 			    type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(tp));
3448 		}
3449 	}
3450 
3451 	if (any_query_enabled && is_uinteger(nt) != is_uinteger(ot))
3452 		/* implicit conversion changes sign from '%s' to '%s' */
3453 		query_message(3, type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(tp));
3454 }
3455 
3456 static void
3457 convert_integer_from_pointer(op_t op, tspec_t nt, type_t *tp, tnode_t *tn)
3458 {
3459 
3460 	if (tn->tn_op == CON)
3461 		return;
3462 	if (op != CVT)
3463 		return;		/* We already got an error. */
3464 	if (portable_rank_cmp(nt, PTR) >= 0)
3465 		return;
3466 
3467 	if (pflag && size_in_bits(nt) >= size_in_bits(PTR)) {
3468 		/* conversion of pointer to '%s' may lose bits */
3469 		warning(134, type_name(tp));
3470 	} else {
3471 		/* conversion of pointer to '%s' loses bits */
3472 		warning(133, type_name(tp));
3473 	}
3474 }
3475 
3476 static bool
3477 struct_starts_with(const type_t *struct_tp, const type_t *member_tp)
3478 {
3479 
3480 	return struct_tp->u.sou->sou_first_member != NULL &&
3481 	    types_compatible(struct_tp->u.sou->sou_first_member->s_type,
3482 		member_tp, true, false, NULL);
3483 }
3484 
3485 static bool
3486 is_byte_array(const type_t *tp)
3487 {
3488 
3489 	return tp->t_tspec == ARRAY &&
3490 	    (tp->t_subt->t_tspec == CHAR || tp->t_subt->t_tspec == UCHAR);
3491 }
3492 
3493 static bool
3494 union_contains(const type_t *utp, const type_t *mtp)
3495 {
3496 	for (const sym_t *mem = utp->u.sou->sou_first_member;
3497 	    mem != NULL; mem = mem->s_next) {
3498 		if (types_compatible(mem->s_type, mtp, true, false, NULL))
3499 			return true;
3500 	}
3501 	return false;
3502 }
3503 
3504 static bool
3505 should_warn_about_pointer_cast(const type_t *nstp, tspec_t nst,
3506 			       const type_t *ostp, tspec_t ost)
3507 {
3508 
3509 	while (nst == ARRAY)
3510 		nstp = nstp->t_subt, nst = nstp->t_tspec;
3511 	while (ost == ARRAY)
3512 		ostp = ostp->t_subt, ost = ostp->t_tspec;
3513 
3514 	if (nst == STRUCT && ost == STRUCT &&
3515 	    (struct_starts_with(nstp, ostp) ||
3516 	     struct_starts_with(ostp, nstp)))
3517 		return false;
3518 
3519 	if (is_incomplete(nstp) || is_incomplete(ostp))
3520 		return false;
3521 
3522 	if (nst == CHAR || nst == UCHAR)
3523 		return false;	/* for the sake of traditional C code */
3524 	if (ost == CHAR || ost == UCHAR)
3525 		return false;	/* for the sake of traditional C code */
3526 
3527 	/* Allow cast between pointers to sockaddr variants. */
3528 	if (nst == STRUCT && ost == STRUCT) {
3529 		const sym_t *nmem = nstp->u.sou->sou_first_member;
3530 		const sym_t *omem = ostp->u.sou->sou_first_member;
3531 		while (nmem != NULL && omem != NULL &&
3532 		    types_compatible(nmem->s_type, omem->s_type,
3533 			true, false, NULL))
3534 			nmem = nmem->s_next, omem = omem->s_next;
3535 		if (nmem != NULL && is_byte_array(nmem->s_type))
3536 			return false;
3537 		if (omem != NULL && is_byte_array(omem->s_type))
3538 			return false;
3539 		if (nmem == NULL && omem == NULL)
3540 			return false;
3541 	}
3542 
3543 	if (nst == UNION || ost == UNION) {
3544 		const type_t *union_tp = nst == UNION ? nstp : ostp;
3545 		const type_t *other_tp = nst == UNION ? ostp : nstp;
3546 		if (union_contains(union_tp, other_tp))
3547 			return false;
3548 	}
3549 
3550 	if (is_struct_or_union(nst) && is_struct_or_union(ost))
3551 		return nstp->u.sou != ostp->u.sou;
3552 
3553 	enum rank_kind rk1 = type_properties(nst)->tt_rank_kind;
3554 	enum rank_kind rk2 = type_properties(ost)->tt_rank_kind;
3555 	if (rk1 != rk2 || rk1 == RK_NONE)
3556 		return true;
3557 
3558 	return portable_rank_cmp(nst, ost) != 0;
3559 }
3560 
3561 static void
3562 convert_pointer_from_pointer(type_t *ntp, tnode_t *tn)
3563 {
3564 	const type_t *nstp = ntp->t_subt;
3565 	const type_t *otp = tn->tn_type;
3566 	const type_t *ostp = otp->t_subt;
3567 	tspec_t nst = nstp->t_tspec;
3568 	tspec_t ost = ostp->t_tspec;
3569 
3570 	if (nst == VOID || ost == VOID) {
3571 		/* TODO: C99 behaves like C90 here. */
3572 		if (!allow_trad && !allow_c99 && (nst == FUNC || ost == FUNC)) {
3573 			const char *nts, *ots;
3574 			/* null pointers are already handled in convert() */
3575 			*(nst == FUNC ? &nts : &ots) = "function pointer";
3576 			*(nst == VOID ? &nts : &ots) = "'void *'";
3577 			/* conversion of %s to %s requires a cast */
3578 			warning(303, ots, nts);
3579 		}
3580 		return;
3581 	}
3582 	if (nst == FUNC && ost == FUNC)
3583 		return;
3584 	if (nst == FUNC || ost == FUNC) {
3585 		/* converting '%s' to '%s' is questionable */
3586 		warning(229, type_name(otp), type_name(ntp));
3587 		return;
3588 	}
3589 
3590 	if (hflag && alignment_in_bits(nstp) > alignment_in_bits(ostp) &&
3591 	    ost != CHAR && ost != UCHAR &&
3592 	    !is_incomplete(ostp) &&
3593 	    !(nst == UNION && union_contains(nstp, ostp))) {
3594 		/* converting '%s' to '%s' increases alignment ... */
3595 		warning(135, type_name(otp), type_name(ntp),
3596 		    alignment_in_bits(ostp) / CHAR_SIZE,
3597 		    alignment_in_bits(nstp) / CHAR_SIZE);
3598 	}
3599 
3600 	if (cflag && should_warn_about_pointer_cast(nstp, nst, ostp, ost)) {
3601 		/* pointer cast from '%s' to '%s' may be troublesome */
3602 		warning(247, type_name(otp), type_name(ntp));
3603 	}
3604 }
3605 
3606 /*
3607  * Insert a conversion operator, which converts the type of the node
3608  * to another given type.
3609  *
3610  * Possible values for 'op':
3611  *	CVT	a cast-expression
3612  *	binary	integer promotion for one of the operands, or a usual
3613  *		arithmetic conversion
3614  *	binary	plain or compound assignments to bit-fields
3615  *	FARG	'arg' is the number of the parameter (used for warnings)
3616  *	NOOP	several other implicit conversions
3617  *	...
3618  */
3619 tnode_t *
3620 convert(op_t op, int arg, type_t *tp, tnode_t *tn)
3621 {
3622 	tspec_t nt = tp->t_tspec;
3623 	tspec_t ot = tn->tn_type->t_tspec;
3624 
3625 	if (allow_trad && allow_c90 && op == FARG)
3626 		check_prototype_conversion(arg, nt, ot, tp, tn);
3627 
3628 	if (nt == BOOL) {
3629 		/* No further checks. */
3630 
3631 	} else if (is_integer(nt)) {
3632 		if (ot == BOOL) {
3633 			/* No further checks. */
3634 		} else if (is_integer(ot))
3635 			convert_integer_from_integer(op, arg, nt, ot, tp, tn);
3636 		else if (is_floating(ot))
3637 			convert_integer_from_floating(op, tp, tn);
3638 		else if (ot == PTR)
3639 			convert_integer_from_pointer(op, nt, tp, tn);
3640 
3641 	} else if (is_floating(nt)) {
3642 		/* No further checks. */
3643 
3644 	} else if (nt == PTR) {
3645 		if (is_null_pointer(tn)) {
3646 			/* a null pointer may be assigned to any pointer. */
3647 		} else if (ot == PTR && op == CVT)
3648 			convert_pointer_from_pointer(tp, tn);
3649 	}
3650 
3651 	tnode_t *ntn = expr_alloc_tnode();
3652 	ntn->tn_op = CVT;
3653 	ntn->tn_type = tp;
3654 	ntn->tn_cast = op == CVT;
3655 	ntn->tn_sys |= tn->tn_sys;
3656 	ntn->u.ops.right = NULL;
3657 	if (tn->tn_op != CON || nt == VOID) {
3658 		ntn->u.ops.left = tn;
3659 	} else {
3660 		ntn->tn_op = CON;
3661 		convert_constant(op, arg, ntn->tn_type, &ntn->u.value,
3662 		    &tn->u.value);
3663 	}
3664 
3665 	return ntn;
3666 }
3667 
3668 static void
3669 convert_constant_floating(op_t op, int arg, tspec_t ot, const type_t *tp,
3670 			  tspec_t nt, val_t *v, val_t *nv)
3671 {
3672 	long double max = 0.0, min = 0.0;
3673 
3674 	switch (nt) {
3675 	case CHAR:
3676 		max = TARG_CHAR_MAX;	min = TARG_CHAR_MIN;	break;
3677 	case UCHAR:
3678 		max = TARG_UCHAR_MAX;	min = 0;		break;
3679 	case SCHAR:
3680 		max = TARG_SCHAR_MAX;	min = TARG_SCHAR_MIN;	break;
3681 	case SHORT:
3682 		max = TARG_SHRT_MAX;	min = TARG_SHRT_MIN;	break;
3683 	case USHORT:
3684 		max = TARG_USHRT_MAX;	min = 0;		break;
3685 	case ENUM:
3686 	case INT:
3687 		max = TARG_INT_MAX;	min = TARG_INT_MIN;	break;
3688 	case UINT:
3689 		max = TARG_UINT_MAX;	min = 0;		break;
3690 	case LONG:
3691 		max = TARG_LONG_MAX;	min = TARG_LONG_MIN;	break;
3692 	case ULONG:
3693 		max = TARG_ULONG_MAX;	min = 0;		break;
3694 	case LLONG:
3695 		max = LLONG_MAX;	min = LLONG_MIN;	break;
3696 	case ULLONG:
3697 		max = ULLONG_MAX;	min = 0;		break;
3698 	case FLOAT:
3699 	case FCOMPLEX:
3700 		max = FLT_MAX;		min = -FLT_MAX;		break;
3701 	case DOUBLE:
3702 	case DCOMPLEX:
3703 		max = DBL_MAX;		min = -DBL_MAX;		break;
3704 	case PTR:
3705 		/* Already got an error because of float --> ptr */
3706 	case LDOUBLE:
3707 	case LCOMPLEX:
3708 		/* LINTED 248 */
3709 		max = LDBL_MAX;		min = -max;		break;
3710 	default:
3711 		lint_assert(/*CONSTCOND*/false);
3712 	}
3713 	if (v->u.floating > max || v->u.floating < min) {
3714 		lint_assert(nt != LDOUBLE);
3715 		if (op == FARG) {
3716 			/* conversion of '%s' to '%s' is out of range, ... */
3717 			warning(295,
3718 			    type_name(gettyp(ot)), type_name(tp), arg);
3719 		} else {
3720 			/* conversion of '%s' to '%s' is out of range */
3721 			warning(119, type_name(gettyp(ot)), type_name(tp));
3722 		}
3723 		v->u.floating = v->u.floating > 0 ? max : min;
3724 	}
3725 
3726 	if (nt == FLOAT || nt == FCOMPLEX)
3727 		nv->u.floating = (float)v->u.floating;
3728 	else if (nt == DOUBLE || nt == DCOMPLEX)
3729 		nv->u.floating = (double)v->u.floating;
3730 	else if (nt == LDOUBLE || nt == LCOMPLEX)
3731 		nv->u.floating = v->u.floating;
3732 	else
3733 		nv->u.integer = (int64_t)v->u.floating;
3734 }
3735 
3736 static bool
3737 convert_constant_to_floating(tspec_t nt, val_t *nv,
3738 			     tspec_t ot, const val_t *v)
3739 {
3740 	if (nt == FLOAT) {
3741 		nv->u.floating = (ot == PTR || is_uinteger(ot)) ?
3742 		    (float)(uint64_t)v->u.integer : (float)v->u.integer;
3743 	} else if (nt == DOUBLE) {
3744 		nv->u.floating = (ot == PTR || is_uinteger(ot)) ?
3745 		    (double)(uint64_t)v->u.integer : (double)v->u.integer;
3746 	} else if (nt == LDOUBLE) {
3747 		nv->u.floating = (ot == PTR || is_uinteger(ot))
3748 		    ? (long double)(uint64_t)v->u.integer
3749 		    : (long double)v->u.integer;
3750 	} else
3751 		return false;
3752 	return true;
3753 }
3754 
3755 /*
3756  * Print a warning if bits which were set are lost due to the conversion.
3757  * This can happen with operator ORASS only.
3758  */
3759 static void
3760 convert_constant_check_range_bitor(size_t nsz, size_t osz, const val_t *v,
3761 				   uint64_t xmask, op_t op)
3762 {
3763 	if (nsz < osz && (v->u.integer & xmask) != 0)
3764 		/* constant truncated by conversion, op '%s' */
3765 		warning(306, op_name(op));
3766 }
3767 
3768 static void
3769 convert_constant_check_range_bitand(size_t nsz, size_t osz,
3770 				    uint64_t xmask, const val_t *nv,
3771 				    tspec_t ot, const val_t *v,
3772 				    const type_t *tp, op_t op)
3773 {
3774 	if (nsz > osz &&
3775 	    (nv->u.integer & bit((unsigned int)(osz - 1))) != 0 &&
3776 	    (nv->u.integer & xmask) != xmask) {
3777 		/* extra bits set to 0 in conversion of '%s' to '%s', ... */
3778 		warning(309, type_name(gettyp(ot)),
3779 		    type_name(tp), op_name(op));
3780 	} else if (nsz < osz &&
3781 	    (v->u.integer & xmask) != xmask &&
3782 	    (v->u.integer & xmask) != 0)
3783 		/* constant truncated by conversion, op '%s' */
3784 		warning(306, op_name(op));
3785 }
3786 
3787 static void
3788 convert_constant_check_range_signed(op_t op, int arg)
3789 {
3790 	if (op == ASSIGN)
3791 		/* assignment of negative constant to unsigned type */
3792 		warning(164);
3793 	else if (op == INIT)
3794 		/* initialization of unsigned with negative constant */
3795 		warning(221);
3796 	else if (op == FARG)
3797 		/* conversion of negative constant to unsigned type, ... */
3798 		warning(296, arg);
3799 	else if (modtab[op].m_comparison) {
3800 		/* handled by check_integer_comparison() */
3801 	} else
3802 		/* conversion of negative constant to unsigned type */
3803 		warning(222);
3804 }
3805 
3806 /*
3807  * Loss of significant bit(s). All truncated bits of unsigned types or all
3808  * truncated bits plus the msb of the target for signed types are considered
3809  * to be significant bits. Loss of significant bits means that at least one
3810  * of the bits was set in an unsigned type or that at least one but not all
3811  * of the bits was set in a signed type. Loss of significant bits means that
3812  * it is not possible, also not with necessary casts, to convert back to the
3813  * original type. An example for a necessary cast is:
3814  *	char c;	int	i; c = 128;
3815  *	i = c;			** yields -128 **
3816  *	i = (unsigned char)c;	** yields 128 **
3817  */
3818 static void
3819 warn_constant_check_range_truncated(op_t op, int arg, const type_t *tp,
3820 				    tspec_t ot)
3821 {
3822 	if (op == ASSIGN && tp->t_bitfield)
3823 		/* precision lost in bit-field assignment */
3824 		warning(166);
3825 	else if (op == ASSIGN)
3826 		/* constant truncated by assignment */
3827 		warning(165);
3828 	else if (op == INIT && tp->t_bitfield)
3829 		/* bit-field initializer does not fit */
3830 		warning(180);
3831 	else if (op == INIT)
3832 		/* initializer does not fit */
3833 		warning(178);
3834 	else if (op == CASE)
3835 		/* case label affected by conversion */
3836 		warning(196);
3837 	else if (op == FARG)
3838 		/* conversion of '%s' to '%s' is out of range, arg #%d */
3839 		warning(295, type_name(gettyp(ot)), type_name(tp), arg);
3840 	else
3841 		/* conversion of '%s' to '%s' is out of range */
3842 		warning(119, type_name(gettyp(ot)), type_name(tp));
3843 }
3844 
3845 static void
3846 warn_constant_check_range_loss(op_t op, int arg, const type_t *tp,
3847 				  tspec_t ot)
3848 {
3849 	if (op == ASSIGN && tp->t_bitfield)
3850 		/* precision lost in bit-field assignment */
3851 		warning(166);
3852 	else if (op == INIT && tp->t_bitfield)
3853 		/* bit-field initializer out of range */
3854 		warning(11);
3855 	else if (op == CASE)
3856 		/* case label affected by conversion */
3857 		warning(196);
3858 	else if (op == FARG)
3859 		/* conversion of '%s' to '%s' is out of range, arg #%d */
3860 		warning(295, type_name(gettyp(ot)), type_name(tp), arg);
3861 	else
3862 		/* conversion of '%s' to '%s' is out of range */
3863 		warning(119, type_name(gettyp(ot)), type_name(tp));
3864 }
3865 
3866 static void
3867 convert_constant_check_range(tspec_t ot, const type_t *tp, tspec_t nt,
3868 			     op_t op, int arg, const val_t *v, val_t *nv)
3869 {
3870 	unsigned int obitsz, nbitsz;
3871 	uint64_t xmask, xmsk1;
3872 
3873 	obitsz = size_in_bits(ot);
3874 	nbitsz = tp->t_bitfield ? tp->t_bit_field_width : size_in_bits(nt);
3875 	xmask = value_bits(nbitsz) ^ value_bits(obitsz);
3876 	xmsk1 = value_bits(nbitsz) ^ value_bits(obitsz - 1);
3877 	if (op == ORASS || op == BITOR || op == BITXOR) {
3878 		convert_constant_check_range_bitor(
3879 		    nbitsz, obitsz, v, xmask, op);
3880 	} else if (op == ANDASS || op == BITAND) {
3881 		convert_constant_check_range_bitand(
3882 		    nbitsz, obitsz, xmask, nv, ot, v, tp, op);
3883 	} else if (nt != PTR && is_uinteger(nt) &&
3884 	    ot != PTR && !is_uinteger(ot) &&
3885 	    v->u.integer < 0)
3886 		convert_constant_check_range_signed(op, arg);
3887 	else if (nv->u.integer != v->u.integer && nbitsz <= obitsz &&
3888 	    (v->u.integer & xmask) != 0 &&
3889 	    (is_uinteger(ot) || (v->u.integer & xmsk1) != xmsk1))
3890 		warn_constant_check_range_truncated(op, arg, tp, ot);
3891 	else if (nv->u.integer != v->u.integer)
3892 		warn_constant_check_range_loss(op, arg, tp, ot);
3893 }
3894 
3895 /* Converts a typed constant to a constant of another type. */
3896 void
3897 convert_constant(op_t op, int arg, const type_t *ntp, val_t *nv, val_t *ov)
3898 {
3899 	/*
3900 	 * TODO: make 'ov' const; the name of this function does not suggest
3901 	 *  that it modifies 'ov'.
3902 	 */
3903 	tspec_t ot = ov->v_tspec;
3904 	tspec_t nt = nv->v_tspec = ntp->t_tspec;
3905 	bool range_check = false;
3906 
3907 	if (nt == BOOL) {	/* C99 6.3.1.2 */
3908 		nv->v_unsigned_since_c90 = false;
3909 		nv->u.integer = is_nonzero_val(ov) ? 1 : 0;
3910 		return;
3911 	}
3912 
3913 	if (ot == FLOAT || ot == DOUBLE || ot == LDOUBLE)
3914 		convert_constant_floating(op, arg, ot, ntp, nt, ov, nv);
3915 	else if (!convert_constant_to_floating(nt, nv, ot, ov)) {
3916 		range_check = true;	/* Check for lost precision. */
3917 		nv->u.integer = ov->u.integer;
3918 	}
3919 
3920 	if (allow_trad && allow_c90 && ov->v_unsigned_since_c90 &&
3921 	    (is_floating(nt) || (
3922 		(is_integer(nt) && !is_uinteger(nt) &&
3923 		    portable_rank_cmp(nt, ot) > 0)))) {
3924 		/* C90 treats constant as unsigned */
3925 		warning(157);
3926 		ov->v_unsigned_since_c90 = false;
3927 	}
3928 
3929 	if (is_integer(nt)) {
3930 		unsigned int size = ntp->t_bitfield
3931 		    ? ntp->t_bit_field_width : size_in_bits(nt);
3932 		nv->u.integer = convert_integer(nv->u.integer, nt, size);
3933 	}
3934 
3935 	if (range_check && op != CVT)
3936 		convert_constant_check_range(ot, ntp, nt, op, arg, ov, nv);
3937 }
3938 
3939 tnode_t *
3940 build_sizeof(const type_t *tp)
3941 {
3942 	unsigned int size_in_bytes = type_size_in_bits(tp) / CHAR_SIZE;
3943 	tnode_t *tn = build_integer_constant(SIZEOF_TSPEC, size_in_bytes);
3944 	tn->tn_system_dependent = true;
3945 	debug_step("build_sizeof '%s' = %u", type_name(tp), size_in_bytes);
3946 	return tn;
3947 }
3948 
3949 tnode_t *
3950 build_offsetof(const type_t *tp, designation dn)
3951 {
3952 	unsigned int offset_in_bits = 0;
3953 
3954 	if (!is_struct_or_union(tp->t_tspec)) {
3955 		/* unacceptable operand of '%s' */
3956 		error(111, "offsetof");
3957 		goto proceed;
3958 	}
3959 	for (size_t i = 0; i < dn.dn_len; i++) {
3960 		const designator *dr = dn.dn_items + i;
3961 		if (dr->dr_kind == DK_SUBSCRIPT) {
3962 			if (tp->t_tspec != ARRAY)
3963 				goto proceed;	/* silent error */
3964 			tp = tp->t_subt;
3965 			offset_in_bits += (unsigned) dr->dr_subscript
3966 			    * type_size_in_bits(tp);
3967 		} else {
3968 			if (!is_struct_or_union(tp->t_tspec))
3969 				goto proceed;	/* silent error */
3970 			const char *name = dr->dr_member->s_name;
3971 			sym_t *mem = find_member(tp->u.sou, name);
3972 			if (mem == NULL) {
3973 				/* type '%s' does not have member '%s' */
3974 				error(101, name, type_name(tp));
3975 				goto proceed;
3976 			}
3977 			tp = mem->s_type;
3978 			offset_in_bits += mem->u.s_member.sm_offset_in_bits;
3979 		}
3980 	}
3981 	free(dn.dn_items);
3982 
3983 proceed:;
3984 	unsigned int offset_in_bytes = offset_in_bits / CHAR_SIZE;
3985 	tnode_t *tn = build_integer_constant(SIZEOF_TSPEC, offset_in_bytes);
3986 	tn->tn_system_dependent = true;
3987 	return tn;
3988 }
3989 
3990 unsigned int
3991 type_size_in_bits(const type_t *tp)
3992 {
3993 
3994 	unsigned int elem = 1;
3995 	bool flex = false;
3996 	lint_assert(tp != NULL);
3997 	while (tp->t_tspec == ARRAY) {
3998 		flex = true;	/* allow c99 flex arrays [] [0] */
3999 		elem *= tp->u.dimension;
4000 		tp = tp->t_subt;
4001 	}
4002 	if (elem == 0 && !flex) {
4003 		/* cannot take size/alignment of incomplete type */
4004 		error(143);
4005 		elem = 1;
4006 	}
4007 
4008 	unsigned int elsz;
4009 	switch (tp->t_tspec) {
4010 	case VOID:
4011 		/* cannot take size/alignment of void */
4012 		error(146);
4013 		elsz = 1;
4014 		break;
4015 	case FUNC:
4016 		/* cannot take size/alignment of function type '%s' */
4017 		error(144, type_name(tp));
4018 		elsz = 1;
4019 		break;
4020 	case STRUCT:
4021 	case UNION:
4022 		if (is_incomplete(tp)) {
4023 			/* cannot take size/alignment of incomplete type */
4024 			error(143);
4025 			elsz = 1;
4026 		} else
4027 			elsz = tp->u.sou->sou_size_in_bits;
4028 		break;
4029 	case ENUM:
4030 		if (is_incomplete(tp)) {
4031 			/* cannot take size/alignment of incomplete type */
4032 			warning(143);
4033 		}
4034 		/* FALLTHROUGH */
4035 	default:
4036 		if (tp->t_bitfield)
4037 			/* cannot take size/alignment of bit-field */
4038 			error(145);
4039 		elsz = size_in_bits(tp->t_tspec);
4040 		lint_assert(elsz > 0);
4041 		break;
4042 	}
4043 
4044 	return elem * elsz;
4045 }
4046 
4047 /* C11 6.5.3.4, GCC */
4048 tnode_t *
4049 build_alignof(const type_t *tp)
4050 {
4051 	if (tp->t_tspec == FUNC) {
4052 		/* cannot take size/alignment of function type '%s' */
4053 		error(144, type_name(tp));
4054 		return NULL;
4055 	}
4056 	if (tp->t_tspec == VOID) {
4057 		/* cannot take size/alignment of void */
4058 		error(146);
4059 		return NULL;
4060 	}
4061 	if (is_incomplete(tp)) {
4062 		/* cannot take size/alignment of incomplete type */
4063 		error(143);
4064 		return NULL;
4065 	}
4066 	if (tp->t_bitfield) {
4067 		/* cannot take size/alignment of bit-field */
4068 		error(145);
4069 		return NULL;
4070 	}
4071 	return build_integer_constant(SIZEOF_TSPEC,
4072 	    (int64_t)alignment_in_bits(tp) / CHAR_SIZE);
4073 }
4074 
4075 static tnode_t *
4076 cast_to_union(tnode_t *otn, bool sys, type_t *ntp)
4077 {
4078 
4079 	if (!allow_gcc) {
4080 		/* union cast is a GCC extension */
4081 		error(328);
4082 		return NULL;
4083 	}
4084 
4085 	for (const sym_t *m = ntp->u.sou->sou_first_member;
4086 	    m != NULL; m = m->s_next) {
4087 		if (types_compatible(m->s_type, otn->tn_type,
4088 		    false, false, NULL)) {
4089 			tnode_t *ntn = build_op(CVT, sys, ntp, otn, NULL);
4090 			ntn->tn_cast = true;
4091 			return ntn;
4092 		}
4093 	}
4094 
4095 	/* type '%s' is not a member of '%s' */
4096 	error(329, type_name(otn->tn_type), type_name(ntp));
4097 	return NULL;
4098 }
4099 
4100 tnode_t *
4101 cast(tnode_t *tn, bool sys, type_t *tp)
4102 {
4103 
4104 	if (tn == NULL)
4105 		return NULL;
4106 
4107 	tn = cconv(tn);
4108 
4109 	lint_assert(tp != NULL);
4110 	tspec_t nt = tp->t_tspec;
4111 	tspec_t ot = tn->tn_type->t_tspec;
4112 
4113 	if (nt == VOID) {
4114 		/*
4115 		 * C90 6.3.4, C99 6.5.4p2 and C11 6.5.4p2 allow any type to be
4116 		 * cast to void.  The only other allowed casts are from a
4117 		 * scalar type to a scalar type.
4118 		 */
4119 	} else if (nt == UNION)
4120 		return cast_to_union(tn, sys, tp);
4121 	else if (nt == STRUCT || nt == ARRAY || nt == FUNC) {
4122 		/* Casting to a struct is an undocumented GCC extension. */
4123 		if (!(allow_gcc && nt == STRUCT))
4124 			goto invalid_cast;
4125 	} else if (is_struct_or_union(ot))
4126 		goto invalid_cast;
4127 	else if (ot == VOID) {
4128 		/* improper cast of void expression */
4129 		error(148);
4130 		return NULL;
4131 	} else if (is_integer(nt) && is_scalar(ot)) {
4132 		/* ok */
4133 	} else if (is_floating(nt) && is_arithmetic(ot)) {
4134 		/* ok */
4135 	} else if (nt == PTR && is_integer(ot)) {
4136 		/* ok */
4137 	} else if (nt == PTR && ot == PTR) {
4138 		if (!tp->t_subt->t_const && tn->tn_type->t_subt->t_const) {
4139 			if (hflag)
4140 				/* cast discards 'const' from type '%s' */
4141 				warning(275, type_name(tn->tn_type));
4142 		}
4143 	} else
4144 		goto invalid_cast;
4145 
4146 	if (any_query_enabled
4147 	    && types_compatible(tp, tn->tn_type, false, false, NULL))
4148 		/* no-op cast from '%s' to '%s' */
4149 		query_message(6, type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(tp));
4150 
4151 	tn = convert(CVT, 0, tp, tn);
4152 	tn->tn_cast = true;
4153 	tn->tn_sys = sys;
4154 
4155 	return tn;
4156 
4157 invalid_cast:
4158 	/* invalid cast from '%s' to '%s' */
4159 	error(147, type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(tp));
4160 	return NULL;
4161 }
4162 
4163 void
4164 add_function_argument(function_call *call, tnode_t *arg)
4165 {
4166 	/*
4167 	 * If there was a serious error in the expression for the argument,
4168 	 * create a dummy argument so the positions of the remaining arguments
4169 	 * will not change.
4170 	 */
4171 	if (arg == NULL)
4172 		arg = build_integer_constant(INT, 0);
4173 
4174 	if (call->args_len >= call->args_cap) {
4175 		call->args_cap += 8;
4176 		tnode_t **new_args = expr_zero_alloc(
4177 		    call->args_cap * sizeof(*call->args),
4178 		    "function_call.args");
4179 		memcpy(new_args, call->args,
4180 		    call->args_len * sizeof(*call->args));
4181 		call->args = new_args;
4182 	}
4183 	call->args[call->args_len++] = arg;
4184 }
4185 
4186 /*
4187  * Compare the type of an argument with the corresponding type of a
4188  * prototype parameter. If it is a valid combination, but both types
4189  * are not the same, insert a conversion to convert the argument into
4190  * the type of the parameter.
4191  */
4192 static tnode_t *
4193 check_prototype_argument(
4194 	int n,		/* pos of arg */
4195 	type_t *tp,		/* expected type (from prototype) */
4196 	tnode_t *tn)		/* argument */
4197 {
4198 	tnode_t *ln = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*ln));
4199 	ln->tn_type = expr_unqualified_type(tp);
4200 	ln->tn_lvalue = true;
4201 	if (typeok(FARG, n, ln, tn)) {
4202 		bool dowarn;
4203 		if (!types_compatible(tp, tn->tn_type,
4204 		    true, false, (dowarn = false, &dowarn)) || dowarn)
4205 			tn = convert(FARG, n, tp, tn);
4206 	}
4207 	free(ln);
4208 	return tn;
4209 }
4210 
4211 /*
4212  * Check types of all function arguments and insert conversions,
4213  * if necessary.
4214  */
4215 static void
4216 check_function_arguments(const function_call *call)
4217 {
4218 	type_t *ftp = call->func->tn_type->t_subt;
4219 
4220 	/* get # of parameters in the prototype */
4221 	int npar = 0;
4222 	for (const sym_t *p = ftp->u.params; p != NULL; p = p->s_next)
4223 		npar++;
4224 
4225 	int narg = (int)call->args_len;
4226 
4227 	const sym_t *param = ftp->u.params;
4228 	if (ftp->t_proto && npar != narg && !(ftp->t_vararg && npar < narg)) {
4229 		/* argument mismatch: %d %s passed, %d expected */
4230 		error(150, narg, narg != 1 ? "arguments" : "argument", npar);
4231 		param = NULL;
4232 	}
4233 
4234 	for (int i = 0; i < narg; i++) {
4235 		tnode_t *arg = call->args[i];
4236 
4237 		/* some things which are always not allowed */
4238 		tspec_t at = arg->tn_type->t_tspec;
4239 		if (at == VOID) {
4240 			/* void expressions may not be arguments, arg #%d */
4241 			error(151, i + 1);
4242 			return;
4243 		}
4244 		if (is_struct_or_union(at) && is_incomplete(arg->tn_type)) {
4245 			/* argument cannot have unknown size, arg #%d */
4246 			error(152, i + 1);
4247 			return;
4248 		}
4249 		if (is_integer(at) &&
4250 		    arg->tn_type->t_is_enum &&
4251 		    is_incomplete(arg->tn_type)) {
4252 			/* argument cannot have unknown size, arg #%d */
4253 			warning(152, i + 1);
4254 		}
4255 
4256 		arg = cconv(arg);
4257 		call->args[i] = arg;
4258 
4259 		arg = param != NULL
4260 		    ? check_prototype_argument(i + 1, param->s_type, arg)
4261 		    : promote(NOOP, true, arg);
4262 		call->args[i] = arg;
4263 
4264 		if (param != NULL)
4265 			param = param->s_next;
4266 	}
4267 }
4268 
4269 tnode_t *
4270 build_function_call(tnode_t *func, bool sys, function_call *call)
4271 {
4272 
4273 	if (func == NULL)
4274 		return NULL;
4275 
4276 	op_t op = func->tn_op == NAME && func->tn_type->t_tspec == FUNC
4277 	    ? CALL : ICALL;
4278 
4279 	call->func = func;
4280 	check_ctype_function_call(call);
4281 
4282 	func = cconv(func);
4283 	call->func = func;
4284 
4285 	if (func->tn_type->t_tspec != PTR ||
4286 	    func->tn_type->t_subt->t_tspec != FUNC) {
4287 		/* cannot call '%s', must be a function */
4288 		error(149, type_name(func->tn_type));
4289 		return NULL;
4290 	}
4291 
4292 	check_function_arguments(call);
4293 
4294 	tnode_t *ntn = expr_alloc_tnode();
4295 	ntn->tn_op = op;
4296 	ntn->tn_type = func->tn_type->t_subt->t_subt;
4297 	ntn->tn_sys = sys;
4298 	ntn->u.call = call;
4299 	return ntn;
4300 }
4301 
4302 /*
4303  * Return the value of an integral constant expression.
4304  * If the expression is not constant or its type is not an integer
4305  * type, an error message is printed.
4306  */
4307 val_t *
4308 integer_constant(tnode_t *tn, bool required)
4309 {
4310 
4311 	if (tn != NULL)
4312 		tn = cconv(tn);
4313 	if (tn != NULL)
4314 		tn = promote(NOOP, false, tn);
4315 
4316 	val_t *v = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*v));
4317 
4318 	if (tn == NULL) {
4319 		lint_assert(seen_error);
4320 		debug_step("constant node is null; returning 1 instead");
4321 		v->v_tspec = INT;
4322 		v->u.integer = 1;
4323 		return v;
4324 	}
4325 
4326 	v->v_tspec = tn->tn_type->t_tspec;
4327 
4328 	if (tn->tn_op == CON) {
4329 		lint_assert(tn->tn_type->t_tspec == tn->u.value.v_tspec);
4330 		if (is_integer(tn->u.value.v_tspec)) {
4331 			v->v_unsigned_since_c90 =
4332 			    tn->u.value.v_unsigned_since_c90;
4333 			v->u.integer = tn->u.value.u.integer;
4334 			return v;
4335 		}
4336 		v->u.integer = (int64_t)tn->u.value.u.floating;
4337 	} else
4338 		v->u.integer = 1;
4339 
4340 	if (required)
4341 		/* integral constant expression expected */
4342 		error(55);
4343 	else
4344 		/* variable array dimension is a C99/GCC extension */
4345 		c99ism(318);
4346 
4347 	if (!is_integer(v->v_tspec))
4348 		v->v_tspec = INT;
4349 
4350 	return v;
4351 }
4352 
4353 static bool
4354 is_constcond_false(const tnode_t *tn, tspec_t t)
4355 {
4356 	return (t == BOOL || t == INT) &&
4357 	    tn->tn_op == CON && tn->u.value.u.integer == 0;
4358 }
4359 
4360 /*
4361  * Perform some tests on expressions which can't be done in build_binary()
4362  * and functions called by build_binary(). These tests must be done here
4363  * because we need some information about the context in which the operations
4364  * are performed.
4365  * After all tests are performed and dofreeblk is true, expr() frees the
4366  * memory which is used for the expression.
4367  */
4368 void
4369 expr(tnode_t *tn, bool vctx, bool cond, bool dofreeblk, bool is_do_while)
4370 {
4371 
4372 	if (tn == NULL) {	/* in case of errors */
4373 		expr_free_all();
4374 		return;
4375 	}
4376 
4377 	/* expr() is also called in global initializations */
4378 	if (dcs->d_kind != DLK_EXTERN && !is_do_while)
4379 		check_statement_reachable();
4380 
4381 	check_expr_misc(tn, vctx, cond, !cond, false, false, false);
4382 	if (tn->tn_op == ASSIGN && !tn->tn_parenthesized) {
4383 		if (hflag && cond)
4384 			/* assignment in conditional context */
4385 			warning(159);
4386 	} else if (tn->tn_op == CON) {
4387 		if (hflag && cond && !suppress_constcond &&
4388 		    !tn->tn_system_dependent &&
4389 		    !(is_do_while &&
4390 		      is_constcond_false(tn, tn->tn_type->t_tspec)))
4391 			/* constant in conditional context */
4392 			warning(161);
4393 	}
4394 	if (!modtab[tn->tn_op].m_has_side_effect) {
4395 		/*
4396 		 * for left operands of COMMA this warning is already printed
4397 		 */
4398 		if (tn->tn_op != COMMA && !vctx && !cond)
4399 			check_null_effect(tn);
4400 	}
4401 	debug_node(tn);
4402 
4403 	if (dofreeblk)
4404 		expr_free_all();
4405 }
4406 
4407 /* If the expression has the form '*(arr + idx)', check the array index. */
4408 static void
4409 check_array_index(const tnode_t *indir, bool taking_address)
4410 {
4411 	const tnode_t *plus, *arr, *idx;
4412 
4413 	if (indir->tn_op == INDIR
4414 	    && (plus = indir->u.ops.left, plus->tn_op == PLUS)
4415 	    && plus->u.ops.left->tn_op == ADDR
4416 	    && (arr = plus->u.ops.left->u.ops.left, true)
4417 	    && (arr->tn_op == STRING || arr->tn_op == NAME)
4418 	    && arr->tn_type->t_tspec == ARRAY
4419 	    && (idx = plus->u.ops.right, idx->tn_op == CON)
4420 	    && (!is_incomplete(arr->tn_type) || idx->u.value.u.integer < 0))
4421 		goto proceed;
4422 	return;
4423 
4424 proceed:;
4425 	int elsz = length_in_bits(arr->tn_type->t_subt, NULL);
4426 	if (elsz == 0)
4427 		return;
4428 	elsz /= CHAR_SIZE;
4429 
4430 	/* Change the unit of the index from bytes to element size. */
4431 	int64_t con = is_uinteger(idx->tn_type->t_tspec)
4432 	    ? (int64_t)((uint64_t)idx->u.value.u.integer / elsz)
4433 	    : idx->u.value.u.integer / elsz;
4434 
4435 	int dim = arr->tn_type->u.dimension + (taking_address ? 1 : 0);
4436 
4437 	if (!is_uinteger(idx->tn_type->t_tspec) && con < 0)
4438 		/* array subscript %jd cannot be negative */
4439 		warning(167, (intmax_t)con);
4440 	else if (dim > 0 && (uint64_t)con >= (uint64_t)dim)
4441 		/* array subscript %jd cannot be > %d */
4442 		warning(168, (uintmax_t)con, dim - 1);
4443 }
4444 
4445 static void
4446 check_expr_addr(const tnode_t *ln, bool szof, bool fcall)
4447 {
4448 	/* XXX: Taking warn_about_unreachable into account here feels wrong. */
4449 	if (ln->tn_op == NAME && (reached || !warn_about_unreachable)) {
4450 		if (!szof)
4451 			mark_as_set(ln->u.sym);
4452 		mark_as_used(ln->u.sym, fcall, szof);
4453 	}
4454 	check_array_index(ln, true);
4455 }
4456 
4457 /*
4458  * If there is an asm statement in one of the compound statements around,
4459  * there may be other side effects, so don't warn.
4460  */
4461 static bool
4462 is_asm_around(void)
4463 {
4464 	for (decl_level *dl = dcs; dl != NULL; dl = dl->d_enclosing)
4465 		if (dl->d_asm)
4466 			return true;
4467 	return false;
4468 }
4469 
4470 static void
4471 check_expr_side_effect(const tnode_t *ln, bool szof)
4472 {
4473 
4474 	/* XXX: Taking warn_about_unreachable into account here feels wrong. */
4475 	if (ln->tn_op == NAME && (reached || !warn_about_unreachable)) {
4476 		scl_t sc = ln->u.sym->s_scl;
4477 		if (sc != EXTERN && sc != STATIC &&
4478 		    !ln->u.sym->s_set && !szof && !is_asm_around()) {
4479 			/* '%s' may be used before set */
4480 			warning(158, ln->u.sym->s_name);
4481 			mark_as_set(ln->u.sym);
4482 		}
4483 		mark_as_used(ln->u.sym, false, false);
4484 	}
4485 }
4486 
4487 static void
4488 check_expr_assign(const tnode_t *ln, bool szof)
4489 {
4490 	/* XXX: Taking warn_about_unreachable into account here feels wrong. */
4491 	if (ln->tn_op == NAME && !szof && (reached || !warn_about_unreachable)) {
4492 		mark_as_set(ln->u.sym);
4493 		if (ln->u.sym->s_scl == EXTERN)
4494 			outusg(ln->u.sym);
4495 	}
4496 	check_array_index(ln, false);
4497 }
4498 
4499 static void
4500 check_expr_call(const tnode_t *tn, const tnode_t *ln,
4501 		bool szof, bool vctx, bool cond, bool retval_discarded)
4502 {
4503 	lint_assert(ln->tn_op == ADDR);
4504 	lint_assert(ln->u.ops.left->tn_op == NAME);
4505 	if (!szof && !is_compiler_builtin(ln->u.ops.left->u.sym->s_name))
4506 		outcall(tn, vctx || cond, retval_discarded);
4507 	check_snprintb(tn);
4508 }
4509 
4510 static void
4511 check_expr_op(op_t op, const tnode_t *ln, bool szof, bool fcall, bool eqwarn)
4512 {
4513 	switch (op) {
4514 	case ADDR:
4515 		check_expr_addr(ln, szof, fcall);
4516 		break;
4517 	case LOAD:
4518 		check_array_index(ln, false);
4519 		/* FALLTHROUGH */
4520 	case INCBEF:
4521 	case DECBEF:
4522 	case INCAFT:
4523 	case DECAFT:
4524 	case ADDASS:
4525 	case SUBASS:
4526 	case MULASS:
4527 	case DIVASS:
4528 	case MODASS:
4529 	case ANDASS:
4530 	case ORASS:
4531 	case XORASS:
4532 	case SHLASS:
4533 	case SHRASS:
4534 	case REAL:
4535 	case IMAG:
4536 		check_expr_side_effect(ln, szof);
4537 		break;
4538 	case ASSIGN:
4539 		check_expr_assign(ln, szof);
4540 		break;
4541 	case EQ:
4542 		if (hflag && eqwarn)
4543 			/* operator '==' found where '=' was expected */
4544 			warning(160);
4545 		break;
4546 	default:
4547 		break;
4548 	}
4549 }
4550 
4551 /*
4552  *	vctx			???
4553  *	cond			whether the expression is a condition that
4554  *				will be compared with 0
4555  *	eqwarn			whether the operator '==' might be a
4556  *				misspelled '='
4557  *	fcall			whether the expression is a function call
4558  *	retval_discarded	whether the return value of a function call
4559  *				is discarded; such calls will be analyzed by
4560  *				lint2 in messages 4, 8 and 9
4561  *	szof			whether the expression is part of a sizeof
4562  *				expression, which means that its value is
4563  *				discarded since only the type is relevant
4564  */
4565 void
4566 check_expr_misc(const tnode_t *tn, bool vctx, bool cond,
4567 		bool eqwarn, bool fcall, bool retval_discarded, bool szof)
4568 {
4569 
4570 	if (tn == NULL)
4571 		return;
4572 	op_t op = tn->tn_op;
4573 	if (op == NAME || op == CON || op == STRING)
4574 		return;
4575 	if (op == CALL || op == ICALL) {
4576 		const function_call *call = tn->u.call;
4577 		if (op == CALL)
4578 			check_expr_call(tn, call->func,
4579 			    szof, vctx, cond, retval_discarded);
4580 		bool discard = op == CVT && tn->tn_type->t_tspec == VOID;
4581 		check_expr_misc(call->func, false, false, false, op == CALL,
4582 		    discard, szof);
4583 		for (size_t i = 0, n = call->args_len; i < n; i++)
4584 			check_expr_misc(call->args[i],
4585 			    false, false, false, false, false, szof);
4586 		return;
4587 	}
4588 
4589 	lint_assert(has_operands(tn));
4590 	tnode_t *ln = tn->u.ops.left;
4591 	tnode_t *rn = tn->u.ops.right;
4592 	check_expr_op(op, ln, szof, fcall, eqwarn);
4593 
4594 	const mod_t *mp = &modtab[op];
4595 	bool cvctx = mp->m_value_context;
4596 	bool ccond = mp->m_compares_with_zero;
4597 	bool eq = mp->m_warn_if_operand_eq &&
4598 	    !ln->tn_parenthesized &&
4599 	    rn != NULL && !rn->tn_parenthesized;
4600 
4601 	/*
4602 	 * Values of operands of ':' are not used if the type of at least
4603 	 * one of the operands (for GCC compatibility) is 'void'.
4604 	 *
4605 	 * XXX test/value context of QUEST should probably be used as
4606 	 * context for both operands of COLON.
4607 	 */
4608 	if (op == COLON && tn->tn_type->t_tspec == VOID)
4609 		cvctx = ccond = false;
4610 	bool discard = op == CVT && tn->tn_type->t_tspec == VOID;
4611 	check_expr_misc(ln, cvctx, ccond, eq, op == CALL, discard, szof);
4612 
4613 	switch (op) {
4614 	case LOGAND:
4615 	case LOGOR:
4616 		check_expr_misc(rn, false, true, eq, false, false, szof);
4617 		break;
4618 	case COLON:
4619 		check_expr_misc(rn, cvctx, ccond, eq, false, false, szof);
4620 		break;
4621 	case COMMA:
4622 		check_expr_misc(rn, vctx, cond, false, false, false, szof);
4623 		break;
4624 	default:
4625 		if (mp->m_binary)
4626 			check_expr_misc(rn, true, false, eq, false, false,
4627 			    szof);
4628 		break;
4629 	}
4630 }
4631 
4632 /*
4633  * Return whether the expression can be used for static initialization.
4634  *
4635  * Constant initialization expressions must be constant or an address
4636  * of a static object with an optional offset. In the first case,
4637  * the result is returned in *offsp. In the second case, the static
4638  * object is returned in *symp and the offset in *offsp.
4639  *
4640  * The expression can consist of PLUS, MINUS, ADDR, NAME, STRING and
4641  * CON. Type conversions are allowed if they do not change binary
4642  * representation (including width).
4643  *
4644  * C99 6.6 "Constant expressions"
4645  * C99 6.7.8p4 restricts initializers for static storage duration
4646  */
4647 bool
4648 constant_addr(const tnode_t *tn, const sym_t **symp, ptrdiff_t *offsp)
4649 {
4650 	const sym_t *sym;
4651 	ptrdiff_t offs1, offs2;
4652 	tspec_t t, ot;
4653 
4654 	switch (tn->tn_op) {
4655 	case MINUS:
4656 		if (tn->u.ops.right->tn_op == CVT)
4657 			return constant_addr(tn->u.ops.right, symp, offsp);
4658 		else if (tn->u.ops.right->tn_op != CON)
4659 			return false;
4660 		/* FALLTHROUGH */
4661 	case PLUS:
4662 		offs1 = offs2 = 0;
4663 		if (tn->u.ops.left->tn_op == CON) {
4664 			offs1 = (ptrdiff_t)tn->u.ops.left->u.value.u.integer;
4665 			if (!constant_addr(tn->u.ops.right, &sym, &offs2))
4666 				return false;
4667 		} else if (tn->u.ops.right->tn_op == CON) {
4668 			offs2 = (ptrdiff_t)tn->u.ops.right->u.value.u.integer;
4669 			if (tn->tn_op == MINUS)
4670 				offs2 = -offs2;
4671 			if (!constant_addr(tn->u.ops.left, &sym, &offs1))
4672 				return false;
4673 		} else {
4674 			return false;
4675 		}
4676 		*symp = sym;
4677 		*offsp = offs1 + offs2;
4678 		return true;
4679 	case ADDR:
4680 		if (tn->u.ops.left->tn_op == NAME) {
4681 			*symp = tn->u.ops.left->u.sym;
4682 			*offsp = 0;
4683 			return true;
4684 		} else {
4685 			/*
4686 			 * If this were the front end of a compiler, we would
4687 			 * return a label instead of 0, at least if
4688 			 * 'tn->u.ops.left->tn_op == STRING'.
4689 			 */
4690 			*symp = NULL;
4691 			*offsp = 0;
4692 			return true;
4693 		}
4694 	case CVT:
4695 		t = tn->tn_type->t_tspec;
4696 		ot = tn->u.ops.left->tn_type->t_tspec;
4697 		if ((!is_integer(t) && t != PTR) ||
4698 		    (!is_integer(ot) && ot != PTR)) {
4699 			return false;
4700 		}
4701 #if 0
4702 		/*-
4703 		 * consider:
4704 		 *	struct foo {
4705 		 *		unsigned char a;
4706 		 *	} f = {
4707 		 *		(unsigned char)(unsigned long)
4708 		 *		    (&(((struct foo *)0)->a))
4709 		 *	};
4710 		 * since psize(unsigned long) != psize(unsigned char),
4711 		 * this fails.
4712 		 */
4713 		else if (psize(t) != psize(ot))
4714 			return -1;
4715 #endif
4716 		return constant_addr(tn->u.ops.left, symp, offsp);
4717 	default:
4718 		return false;
4719 	}
4720 }
4721 
4722 /* Append s2 to s1, then free s2. */
4723 buffer *
4724 cat_strings(buffer *s1, buffer *s2)
4725 {
4726 
4727 	if ((s1->data != NULL) != (s2->data != NULL)) {
4728 		/* cannot concatenate wide and regular string literals */
4729 		error(292);
4730 		return s1;
4731 	}
4732 
4733 	if (s1->data != NULL) {
4734 		while (s1->len + s2->len + 1 > s1->cap)
4735 			s1->cap *= 2;
4736 		s1->data = xrealloc(s1->data, s1->cap);
4737 		memcpy(s1->data + s1->len, s2->data, s2->len + 1);
4738 		free(s2->data);
4739 	}
4740 	s1->len += s2->len;
4741 	free(s2);
4742 
4743 	return s1;
4744 }
4745 
4746 
4747 typedef struct stmt_expr {
4748 	memory_pool se_mem;
4749 	sym_t *se_sym;
4750 	struct stmt_expr *se_enclosing;
4751 } stmt_expr;
4752 
4753 static stmt_expr *stmt_exprs;
4754 
4755 void
4756 begin_statement_expr(void)
4757 {
4758 	debug_enter();
4759 
4760 	stmt_expr *se = xmalloc(sizeof(*se));
4761 	se->se_mem = expr_save_memory();
4762 	se->se_sym = NULL;
4763 	se->se_enclosing = stmt_exprs;
4764 	stmt_exprs = se;
4765 }
4766 
4767 void
4768 do_statement_expr(tnode_t *tn)
4769 {
4770 	block_level--;
4771 	mem_block_level--;
4772 	stmt_exprs->se_sym = tn != NULL
4773 	    ? mktempsym(block_dup_type(tn->tn_type))
4774 	    : NULL;		/* after a syntax error */
4775 	mem_block_level++;
4776 	block_level++;
4777 	/* '({ ... })' is a GCC extension */
4778 	gnuism(320);
4779 }
4780 
4781 tnode_t *
4782 end_statement_expr(void)
4783 {
4784 	tnode_t *tn;
4785 
4786 	stmt_expr *se = stmt_exprs;
4787 	if (se->se_sym == NULL) {
4788 		tn = NULL;	/* after a syntax error */
4789 		goto end;
4790 	}
4791 
4792 	tn = build_name(se->se_sym, false);
4793 	(void)expr_save_memory();	/* leak */
4794 	expr_restore_memory(se->se_mem);
4795 	stmt_exprs = se->se_enclosing;
4796 	free(se);
4797 
4798 end:
4799 	debug_leave();
4800 	return tn;
4801 }
4802 
4803 bool
4804 in_statement_expr(void)
4805 {
4806 	return stmt_exprs != NULL;
4807 }
4808