xref: /netbsd-src/usr.bin/xlint/lint1/tree.c (revision 3f351f34c6d827cf017cdcff3543f6ec0c88b420)
1 /*	$NetBSD: tree.c,v 1.595 2024/01/11 23:26:39 rillig Exp $	*/
2 
3 /*
4  * Copyright (c) 1994, 1995 Jochen Pohl
5  * All Rights Reserved.
6  *
7  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
8  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
9  * are met:
10  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
11  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
12  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
13  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
14  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
15  * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
16  *    must display the following acknowledgement:
17  *	This product includes software developed by Jochen Pohl for
18  *	The NetBSD Project.
19  * 4. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
20  *    derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
21  *
22  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
23  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
24  * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
25  * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
26  * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
27  * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
28  * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
29  * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
30  * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
31  * THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
32  */
33 
34 #if HAVE_NBTOOL_CONFIG_H
35 #include "nbtool_config.h"
36 #endif
37 
38 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
39 #if defined(__RCSID)
40 __RCSID("$NetBSD: tree.c,v 1.595 2024/01/11 23:26:39 rillig Exp $");
41 #endif
42 
43 #include <float.h>
44 #include <limits.h>
45 #include <math.h>
46 #include <signal.h>
47 #include <stdlib.h>
48 #include <string.h>
49 
50 #include "lint1.h"
51 
52 
53 typedef struct integer_constraints {
54 	int64_t		smin;	/* signed minimum */
55 	int64_t		smax;	/* signed maximum */
56 	uint64_t	umin;	/* unsigned minimum */
57 	uint64_t	umax;	/* unsigned maximum */
58 	uint64_t	bset;	/* bits that are definitely set */
59 	uint64_t	bclr;	/* bits that are definitely clear */
60 } integer_constraints;
61 
62 
63 static uint64_t
64 u64_fill_right(uint64_t x)
65 {
66 	x |= x >> 1;
67 	x |= x >> 2;
68 	x |= x >> 4;
69 	x |= x >> 8;
70 	x |= x >> 16;
71 	x |= x >> 32;
72 	return x;
73 }
74 
75 static bool
76 str_ends_with(const char *haystack, const char *needle)
77 {
78 	size_t hlen = strlen(haystack);
79 	size_t nlen = strlen(needle);
80 
81 	return nlen <= hlen &&
82 	    memcmp(haystack + hlen - nlen, needle, nlen) == 0;
83 }
84 
85 static unsigned
86 width_in_bits(const type_t *tp)
87 {
88 
89 	lint_assert(is_integer(tp->t_tspec));
90 	return tp->t_bitfield
91 	    ? tp->t_bit_field_width
92 	    : size_in_bits(tp->t_tspec);
93 }
94 
95 static int
96 portable_rank_cmp(tspec_t t1, tspec_t t2)
97 {
98 	const ttab_t *p1 = type_properties(t1), *p2 = type_properties(t2);
99 	lint_assert(p1->tt_rank_kind == p2->tt_rank_kind);
100 	lint_assert(p1->tt_rank_value > 0);
101 	lint_assert(p2->tt_rank_value > 0);
102 	return (int)p1->tt_rank_value - (int)p2->tt_rank_value;
103 }
104 
105 static bool
106 ic_maybe_signed(const type_t *tp, const integer_constraints *ic)
107 {
108 	return !is_uinteger(tp->t_tspec) && ic->bclr >> 63 == 0;
109 }
110 
111 static integer_constraints
112 ic_any(const type_t *tp)
113 {
114 	integer_constraints c;
115 
116 	uint64_t vbits = value_bits(width_in_bits(tp));
117 	if (is_uinteger(tp->t_tspec)) {
118 		c.smin = INT64_MIN;
119 		c.smax = INT64_MAX;
120 		c.umin = 0;
121 		c.umax = vbits;
122 		c.bset = 0;
123 		c.bclr = ~c.umax;
124 	} else {
125 		c.smin = (int64_t)-1 - (int64_t)(vbits >> 1);
126 		c.smax = (int64_t)(vbits >> 1);
127 		c.umin = 0;
128 		c.umax = UINT64_MAX;
129 		c.bset = 0;
130 		c.bclr = 0;
131 	}
132 	return c;
133 }
134 
135 static integer_constraints
136 ic_con(const type_t *tp, const val_t *v)
137 {
138 	integer_constraints c;
139 
140 	lint_assert(is_integer(tp->t_tspec));
141 	int64_t si = v->u.integer;
142 	uint64_t ui = (uint64_t)si;
143 	c.smin = si;
144 	c.smax = si;
145 	c.umin = ui;
146 	c.umax = ui;
147 	c.bset = ui;
148 	c.bclr = ~ui;
149 	return c;
150 }
151 
152 static integer_constraints
153 ic_cvt(const type_t *ntp, const type_t *otp, integer_constraints a)
154 {
155 	unsigned nw = width_in_bits(ntp);
156 	unsigned ow = width_in_bits(otp);
157 	bool nu = is_uinteger(ntp->t_tspec);
158 	bool ou = is_uinteger(otp->t_tspec);
159 
160 	if (nw >= ow && nu == ou)
161 		return a;
162 	if (nw > ow && ou)
163 		return a;
164 	return ic_any(ntp);
165 }
166 
167 static integer_constraints
168 ic_bitand(integer_constraints a, integer_constraints b)
169 {
170 	integer_constraints c;
171 
172 	c.smin = INT64_MIN;
173 	c.smax = INT64_MAX;
174 	c.umin = 0;
175 	c.umax = UINT64_MAX;
176 	c.bset = a.bset & b.bset;
177 	c.bclr = a.bclr | b.bclr;
178 	return c;
179 }
180 
181 static integer_constraints
182 ic_bitor(integer_constraints a, integer_constraints b)
183 {
184 	integer_constraints c;
185 
186 	c.smin = INT64_MIN;
187 	c.smax = INT64_MAX;
188 	c.umin = 0;
189 	c.umax = UINT64_MAX;
190 	c.bset = a.bset | b.bset;
191 	c.bclr = a.bclr & b.bclr;
192 	return c;
193 }
194 
195 static integer_constraints
196 ic_mod(const type_t *tp, integer_constraints a, integer_constraints b)
197 {
198 	integer_constraints c;
199 
200 	if (ic_maybe_signed(tp, &a) || ic_maybe_signed(tp, &b))
201 		return ic_any(tp);
202 
203 	c.smin = INT64_MIN;
204 	c.smax = INT64_MAX;
205 	c.umin = 0;
206 	c.umax = b.umax - 1;
207 	c.bset = 0;
208 	c.bclr = ~u64_fill_right(c.umax);
209 	return c;
210 }
211 
212 static integer_constraints
213 ic_shl(const type_t *tp, integer_constraints a, integer_constraints b)
214 {
215 	integer_constraints c;
216 	unsigned int amount;
217 
218 	if (ic_maybe_signed(tp, &a))
219 		return ic_any(tp);
220 
221 	if (b.smin == b.smax && b.smin >= 0 && b.smin < 64)
222 		amount = (unsigned int)b.smin;
223 	else if (b.umin == b.umax && b.umin < 64)
224 		amount = (unsigned int)b.umin;
225 	else
226 		return ic_any(tp);
227 
228 	c.smin = INT64_MIN;
229 	c.smax = INT64_MAX;
230 	c.umin = 0;
231 	c.umax = UINT64_MAX;
232 	c.bset = a.bset << amount;
233 	c.bclr = a.bclr << amount | (((uint64_t)1 << amount) - 1);
234 	return c;
235 }
236 
237 static integer_constraints
238 ic_shr(const type_t *tp, integer_constraints a, integer_constraints b)
239 {
240 	integer_constraints c;
241 	unsigned int amount;
242 
243 	if (ic_maybe_signed(tp, &a))
244 		return ic_any(tp);
245 
246 	if (b.smin == b.smax && b.smin >= 0 && b.smin < 64)
247 		amount = (unsigned int)b.smin;
248 	else if (b.umin == b.umax && b.umin < 64)
249 		amount = (unsigned int)b.umin;
250 	else
251 		return ic_any(tp);
252 
253 	c.smin = INT64_MIN;
254 	c.smax = INT64_MAX;
255 	c.umin = 0;
256 	c.umax = UINT64_MAX;
257 	c.bset = a.bset >> amount;
258 	c.bclr = a.bclr >> amount | ~(~(uint64_t)0 >> amount);
259 	return c;
260 }
261 
262 static integer_constraints
263 ic_cond(integer_constraints a, integer_constraints b)
264 {
265 	integer_constraints c;
266 
267 	c.smin = a.smin < b.smin ? a.smin : b.smin;
268 	c.smax = a.smax > b.smax ? a.smax : b.smax;
269 	c.umin = a.umin < b.umin ? a.umin : b.umin;
270 	c.umax = a.umax > b.umax ? a.umax : b.umax;
271 	c.bset = a.bset | b.bset;
272 	c.bclr = a.bclr & b.bclr;
273 	return c;
274 }
275 
276 static integer_constraints
277 ic_expr(const tnode_t *tn)
278 {
279 	integer_constraints lc, rc;
280 
281 	lint_assert(is_integer(tn->tn_type->t_tspec));
282 
283 	switch (tn->tn_op) {
284 	case CON:
285 		return ic_con(tn->tn_type, &tn->tn_val);
286 	case CVT:
287 		if (!is_integer(tn->tn_left->tn_type->t_tspec))
288 			return ic_any(tn->tn_type);
289 		lc = ic_expr(tn->tn_left);
290 		return ic_cvt(tn->tn_type, tn->tn_left->tn_type, lc);
291 	case MOD:
292 		lc = ic_expr(before_conversion(tn->tn_left));
293 		rc = ic_expr(before_conversion(tn->tn_right));
294 		return ic_mod(tn->tn_type, lc, rc);
295 	case SHL:
296 		lc = ic_expr(tn->tn_left);
297 		rc = ic_expr(tn->tn_right);
298 		return ic_shl(tn->tn_type, lc, rc);
299 	case SHR:
300 		lc = ic_expr(tn->tn_left);
301 		rc = ic_expr(tn->tn_right);
302 		return ic_shr(tn->tn_type, lc, rc);
303 	case BITAND:
304 		lc = ic_expr(tn->tn_left);
305 		rc = ic_expr(tn->tn_right);
306 		return ic_bitand(lc, rc);
307 	case BITOR:
308 		lc = ic_expr(tn->tn_left);
309 		rc = ic_expr(tn->tn_right);
310 		return ic_bitor(lc, rc);
311 	case QUEST:
312 		lc = ic_expr(tn->tn_right->tn_left);
313 		rc = ic_expr(tn->tn_right->tn_right);
314 		return ic_cond(lc, rc);
315 	default:
316 		return ic_any(tn->tn_type);
317 	}
318 }
319 
320 /* Build 'pointer to tp', 'array of tp' or 'function returning tp'. */
321 type_t *
322 block_derive_type(type_t *tp, tspec_t t)
323 {
324 	type_t *tp2;
325 
326 	tp2 = block_zero_alloc(sizeof(*tp2), "type");
327 	tp2->t_tspec = t;
328 	tp2->t_subt = tp;
329 	return tp2;
330 }
331 
332 /*
333  * Derive 'pointer to tp' or 'function returning tp'.
334  * The memory is freed at the end of the current expression.
335  */
336 type_t *
337 expr_derive_type(type_t *tp, tspec_t t)
338 {
339 	type_t *tp2;
340 
341 	tp2 = expr_zero_alloc(sizeof(*tp2), "type");
342 	tp2->t_tspec = t;
343 	tp2->t_subt = tp;
344 	return tp2;
345 }
346 
347 /* Create an expression from a unary or binary operator and its operands. */
348 static tnode_t *
349 build_op(op_t op, bool sys, type_t *type, tnode_t *ln, tnode_t *rn)
350 {
351 
352 	tnode_t *ntn = expr_alloc_tnode();
353 	ntn->tn_op = op;
354 	ntn->tn_type = type;
355 	ntn->tn_sys = sys;
356 	ntn->tn_left = ln;
357 	ntn->tn_right = rn;
358 
359 	if (op == INDIR || op == FSEL) {
360 		lint_assert(ln->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR);
361 		tspec_t t = ln->tn_type->t_subt->t_tspec;
362 		ntn->tn_lvalue = t != FUNC && t != VOID;
363 	}
364 
365 	return ntn;
366 }
367 
368 tnode_t *
369 build_constant(type_t *tp, val_t *v)
370 {
371 
372 	tnode_t *n = expr_alloc_tnode();
373 	n->tn_op = CON;
374 	n->tn_type = tp;
375 	n->tn_val = *v;
376 	n->tn_val.v_tspec = tp->t_tspec;
377 	free(v);
378 	return n;
379 }
380 
381 static tnode_t *
382 build_integer_constant(tspec_t t, int64_t si)
383 {
384 
385 	tnode_t *n = expr_alloc_tnode();
386 	n->tn_op = CON;
387 	n->tn_type = gettyp(t);
388 	n->tn_val.v_tspec = t;
389 	n->tn_val.v_unsigned_since_c90 = false;
390 	n->tn_val.v_char_constant = false;
391 	n->tn_val.u.integer = si;
392 	return n;
393 }
394 
395 static void
396 fallback_symbol(sym_t *sym)
397 {
398 
399 	if (Tflag && fallback_symbol_strict_bool(sym))
400 		return;
401 
402 	if (block_level > 0 && (strcmp(sym->s_name, "__FUNCTION__") == 0 ||
403 			   strcmp(sym->s_name, "__PRETTY_FUNCTION__") == 0)) {
404 		/* __FUNCTION__/__PRETTY_FUNCTION__ is a GCC extension */
405 		gnuism(316);
406 		// XXX: Should probably be ARRAY instead of PTR.
407 		sym->s_type = block_derive_type(gettyp(CHAR), PTR);
408 		sym->s_type->t_const = true;
409 		return;
410 	}
411 
412 	if (funcsym != NULL && strcmp(sym->s_name, "__func__") == 0) {
413 		if (!allow_c99)
414 			/* __func__ is a C99 feature */
415 			warning(317);
416 		/* C11 6.4.2.2 */
417 		sym->s_type = block_derive_type(gettyp(CHAR), ARRAY);
418 		sym->s_type->t_const = true;
419 		sym->s_type->t_dim = (int)strlen(funcsym->s_name) + 1;
420 		return;
421 	}
422 
423 	/* '%s' undefined */
424 	error(99, sym->s_name);
425 }
426 
427 /*
428  * Functions that are predeclared by GCC or other compilers can be called
429  * with arbitrary arguments.  Since lint usually runs after a successful
430  * compilation, it's the compiler's job to catch any errors.
431  */
432 bool
433 is_compiler_builtin(const char *name)
434 {
435 	/* https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/C-Extensions.html */
436 	if (allow_gcc) {
437 		if (strncmp(name, "__atomic_", 9) == 0 ||
438 		    strncmp(name, "__builtin_", 10) == 0 ||
439 		    strcmp(name, "alloca") == 0 ||
440 		    /* obsolete but still in use, as of 2021 */
441 		    strncmp(name, "__sync_", 7) == 0)
442 			return true;
443 	}
444 
445 	/* https://software.intel.com/sites/landingpage/IntrinsicsGuide/ */
446 	if (strncmp(name, "_mm_", 4) == 0)
447 		return true;
448 
449 	return false;
450 }
451 
452 /* https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Integer-Overflow-Builtins.html */
453 static bool
454 is_gcc_bool_builtin(const char *name)
455 {
456 	return strncmp(name, "__builtin_", 10) == 0 &&
457 	    (str_ends_with(name, "_overflow") ||
458 		str_ends_with(name, "_overflow_p"));
459 }
460 
461 static void
462 build_name_call(sym_t *sym)
463 {
464 
465 	if (is_compiler_builtin(sym->s_name)) {
466 		/*
467 		 * Do not warn about these, just assume that they are regular
468 		 * functions compatible with non-prototype calling conventions.
469 		 */
470 		if (allow_gcc && is_gcc_bool_builtin(sym->s_name))
471 			sym->s_type = gettyp(BOOL);
472 	} else if (allow_c99) {
473 		/* function '%s' implicitly declared to return int */
474 		error(215, sym->s_name);
475 	} else if (!allow_trad) {
476 		/* function '%s' implicitly declared to return int */
477 		warning(215, sym->s_name);
478 	}
479 
480 	/* XXX if !allow_c90, the symbol should be exported to level 0 */
481 	sym->s_type = block_derive_type(sym->s_type, FUNC);
482 }
483 
484 /* Create a node for a name (symbol table entry). */
485 tnode_t *
486 build_name(sym_t *sym, bool is_funcname)
487 {
488 
489 	if (sym->s_scl == NO_SCL && !in_gcc_attribute) {
490 		sym->s_scl = EXTERN;
491 		sym->s_def = DECL;
492 		if (is_funcname)
493 			build_name_call(sym);
494 		else
495 			fallback_symbol(sym);
496 	}
497 
498 	lint_assert(sym->s_kind == FVFT || sym->s_kind == FMEMBER);
499 
500 	tnode_t *n = expr_alloc_tnode();
501 	n->tn_type = sym->s_type;
502 	if (sym->s_scl == BOOL_CONST) {
503 		n->tn_op = CON;
504 		n->tn_val.v_tspec = BOOL;
505 		n->tn_val.v_unsigned_since_c90 = false;
506 		n->tn_val.v_char_constant = false;
507 		n->tn_val.u.integer = sym->u.s_bool_constant ? 1 : 0;
508 	} else if (sym->s_scl == ENUM_CONST) {
509 		n->tn_op = CON;
510 		n->tn_val.v_tspec = INT;	/* ENUM is in n->tn_type */
511 		n->tn_val.v_unsigned_since_c90 = false;
512 		n->tn_val.v_char_constant = false;
513 		n->tn_val.u.integer = sym->u.s_enum_constant;
514 	} else {
515 		n->tn_op = NAME;
516 		n->tn_sym = sym;
517 		if (sym->s_kind == FVFT && sym->s_type->t_tspec != FUNC)
518 			n->tn_lvalue = true;
519 	}
520 
521 	return n;
522 }
523 
524 tnode_t *
525 build_string(strg_t *strg)
526 {
527 	size_t len = strg->st_len;
528 
529 	type_t *tp = expr_zero_alloc(sizeof(*tp), "type");
530 	tp->t_tspec = ARRAY;
531 	tp->t_subt = gettyp(strg->st_char ? CHAR : WCHAR_TSPEC);
532 	tp->t_dim = (int)(len + 1);
533 
534 	tnode_t *n = expr_alloc_tnode();
535 	n->tn_op = STRING;
536 	n->tn_type = tp;
537 	n->tn_lvalue = true;
538 
539 	n->tn_string = expr_zero_alloc(sizeof(*n->tn_string), "tnode.string");
540 	n->tn_string->st_char = strg->st_char;
541 	n->tn_string->st_len = len;
542 
543 	size_t chsize = strg->st_char ? sizeof(char) : sizeof(wchar_t);
544 	size_t size = (len + 1) * chsize;
545 	n->tn_string->st_mem = expr_zero_alloc(size, "tnode.string.data");
546 	(void)memcpy(n->tn_string->st_mem, strg->st_mem, size);
547 	free(strg->st_mem);
548 	free(strg);
549 
550 	return n;
551 }
552 
553 tnode_t *
554 build_generic_selection(const tnode_t *expr,
555 			struct generic_association *sel)
556 {
557 	tnode_t *default_result = NULL;
558 
559 	for (; sel != NULL; sel = sel->ga_prev) {
560 		if (expr != NULL &&
561 		    types_compatible(sel->ga_arg, expr->tn_type,
562 			false, false, NULL))
563 			return sel->ga_result;
564 		else if (sel->ga_arg == NULL)
565 			default_result = sel->ga_result;
566 	}
567 	return default_result;
568 }
569 
570 static bool
571 is_out_of_char_range(const tnode_t *tn)
572 {
573 	return tn->tn_op == CON &&
574 	    !tn->tn_val.v_char_constant &&
575 	    !(0 <= tn->tn_val.u.integer &&
576 		tn->tn_val.u.integer < 1 << (CHAR_SIZE - 1));
577 }
578 
579 static bool
580 check_nonportable_char_comparison(op_t op,
581 				  const tnode_t *ln, tspec_t lt,
582 				  const tnode_t *rn, tspec_t rt)
583 {
584 	if (!(hflag || pflag))
585 		return true;
586 
587 	if (lt == CHAR && is_out_of_char_range(rn)) {
588 		char buf[128];
589 		(void)snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s %d",
590 		    op_name(op), (int)rn->tn_val.u.integer);
591 		/* nonportable character comparison '%s' */
592 		warning(230, buf);
593 		return false;
594 	}
595 	if (rt == CHAR && is_out_of_char_range(ln)) {
596 		char buf[128];
597 		(void)snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%d %s ?",
598 		    (int)ln->tn_val.u.integer, op_name(op));
599 		/* nonportable character comparison '%s' */
600 		warning(230, buf);
601 		return false;
602 	}
603 	return true;
604 }
605 
606 static void
607 check_integer_comparison(op_t op, tnode_t *ln, tnode_t *rn)
608 {
609 
610 	tspec_t lt = ln->tn_type->t_tspec;
611 	tspec_t rt = rn->tn_type->t_tspec;
612 
613 	if (ln->tn_op != CON && rn->tn_op != CON)
614 		return;
615 
616 	if (!is_integer(lt) || !is_integer(rt))
617 		return;
618 
619 	if (any_query_enabled && !in_system_header) {
620 		if (lt == CHAR && rn->tn_op == CON &&
621 		    !rn->tn_val.v_char_constant) {
622 			/* comparison '%s' of 'char' with plain integer %d */
623 			query_message(14,
624 			    op_name(op), (int)rn->tn_val.u.integer);
625 		}
626 		if (rt == CHAR && ln->tn_op == CON &&
627 		    !ln->tn_val.v_char_constant) {
628 			/* comparison '%s' of 'char' with plain integer %d */
629 			query_message(14,
630 			    op_name(op), (int)ln->tn_val.u.integer);
631 		}
632 	}
633 
634 	if (!check_nonportable_char_comparison(op, ln, lt, rn, rt))
635 		return;
636 
637 	if (is_uinteger(lt) && !is_uinteger(rt) &&
638 	    rn->tn_op == CON && rn->tn_val.u.integer <= 0) {
639 		if (rn->tn_val.u.integer < 0) {
640 			/* operator '%s' compares '%s' with '%s' */
641 			warning(162, op_name(op),
642 			    type_name(ln->tn_type), "negative constant");
643 		} else if (op == LT || op == GE) {
644 			/* operator '%s' compares '%s' with '%s' */
645 			warning(162, op_name(op), type_name(ln->tn_type), "0");
646 		}
647 		return;
648 	}
649 	if (is_uinteger(rt) && !is_uinteger(lt) &&
650 	    ln->tn_op == CON && ln->tn_val.u.integer <= 0) {
651 		if (ln->tn_val.u.integer < 0) {
652 			/* operator '%s' compares '%s' with '%s' */
653 			warning(162, op_name(op),
654 			    "negative constant", type_name(rn->tn_type));
655 		} else if (op == GT || op == LE) {
656 			/* operator '%s' compares '%s' with '%s' */
657 			warning(162, op_name(op), "0", type_name(rn->tn_type));
658 		}
659 		return;
660 	}
661 }
662 
663 static const tspec_t arith_rank[] = {
664 	LDOUBLE, DOUBLE, FLOAT,
665 #ifdef INT128_SIZE
666 	UINT128, INT128,
667 #endif
668 	ULLONG, LLONG,
669 	ULONG, LONG,
670 	UINT, INT,
671 };
672 
673 /* Keep unsigned in traditional C */
674 static tspec_t
675 usual_arithmetic_conversion_trad(tspec_t lt, tspec_t rt)
676 {
677 
678 	size_t i;
679 	for (i = 0; arith_rank[i] != INT; i++)
680 		if (lt == arith_rank[i] || rt == arith_rank[i])
681 			break;
682 
683 	tspec_t t = arith_rank[i];
684 	if (is_uinteger(lt) || is_uinteger(rt))
685 		if (is_integer(t) && !is_uinteger(t))
686 			return unsigned_type(t);
687 	return t;
688 }
689 
690 static tspec_t
691 usual_arithmetic_conversion_c90(tspec_t lt, tspec_t rt)
692 {
693 
694 	if (lt == rt)
695 		return lt;
696 
697 	if (lt == LCOMPLEX || rt == LCOMPLEX)
698 		return LCOMPLEX;
699 	if (lt == DCOMPLEX || rt == DCOMPLEX)
700 		return DCOMPLEX;
701 	if (lt == FCOMPLEX || rt == FCOMPLEX)
702 		return FCOMPLEX;
703 	if (lt == LDOUBLE || rt == LDOUBLE)
704 		return LDOUBLE;
705 	if (lt == DOUBLE || rt == DOUBLE)
706 		return DOUBLE;
707 	if (lt == FLOAT || rt == FLOAT)
708 		return FLOAT;
709 
710 	if (size_in_bits(lt) > size_in_bits(rt))
711 		return lt;
712 	if (size_in_bits(lt) < size_in_bits(rt))
713 		return rt;
714 
715 	size_t i;
716 	for (i = 3; arith_rank[i] != INT; i++)
717 		if (arith_rank[i] == lt || arith_rank[i] == rt)
718 			break;
719 	if ((is_uinteger(lt) || is_uinteger(rt)) &&
720 	    !is_uinteger(arith_rank[i]))
721 		i--;
722 	return arith_rank[i];
723 }
724 
725 static tnode_t *
726 apply_usual_arithmetic_conversions(op_t op, tnode_t *tn, tspec_t t)
727 {
728 	type_t *ntp = expr_dup_type(tn->tn_type);
729 	ntp->t_tspec = t;
730 	if (tn->tn_op != CON) {
731 		/* usual arithmetic conversion for '%s' from '%s' to '%s' */
732 		query_message(4, op_name(op),
733 		    type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(ntp));
734 	}
735 	return convert(op, 0, ntp, tn);
736 }
737 
738 /*
739  * Apply the "usual arithmetic conversions" (C99 6.3.1.8), which gives both
740  * operands the same type.
741  */
742 static void
743 balance(op_t op, tnode_t **lnp, tnode_t **rnp)
744 {
745 
746 	tspec_t lt = (*lnp)->tn_type->t_tspec;
747 	tspec_t rt = (*rnp)->tn_type->t_tspec;
748 	if (!is_arithmetic(lt) || !is_arithmetic(rt))
749 		return;
750 
751 	tspec_t t = allow_c90
752 	    ? usual_arithmetic_conversion_c90(lt, rt)
753 	    : usual_arithmetic_conversion_trad(lt, rt);
754 
755 	if (t != lt)
756 		*lnp = apply_usual_arithmetic_conversions(op, *lnp, t);
757 	if (t != rt)
758 		*rnp = apply_usual_arithmetic_conversions(op, *rnp, t);
759 }
760 
761 static tnode_t *
762 build_address(bool sys, tnode_t *tn, bool force)
763 {
764 	tspec_t t;
765 
766 	if (!force && ((t = tn->tn_type->t_tspec) == ARRAY || t == FUNC)) {
767 		if (!allow_c90)
768 			/* '&' before array or function: ignored */
769 			warning(127);
770 		return tn;
771 	}
772 
773 	/* eliminate '&*' */
774 	if (tn->tn_op == INDIR &&
775 	    tn->tn_left->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR &&
776 	    tn->tn_left->tn_type->t_subt == tn->tn_type) {
777 		return tn->tn_left;
778 	}
779 
780 	return build_op(ADDR, sys, expr_derive_type(tn->tn_type, PTR),
781 	    tn, NULL);
782 }
783 
784 /*
785  * XXX
786  * Note: There appear to be a number of bugs in detecting overflow in
787  * this function. An audit and a set of proper regression tests are needed.
788  *     --Perry Metzger, Nov. 16, 2001
789  */
790 static tnode_t *
791 fold_constant_integer(tnode_t *tn)
792 {
793 
794 	val_t *v = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*v));
795 	v->v_tspec = tn->tn_type->t_tspec;
796 
797 	lint_assert(has_operands(tn));
798 	tspec_t t = tn->tn_left->tn_type->t_tspec;
799 	bool utyp = !is_integer(t) || is_uinteger(t);
800 	int64_t sl = tn->tn_left->tn_val.u.integer, sr = 0;
801 	uint64_t ul = sl, ur = 0;
802 	if (is_binary(tn))
803 		ur = sr = tn->tn_right->tn_val.u.integer;
804 
805 	uint64_t mask = value_bits(size_in_bits(t));
806 	bool ovfl = false;
807 
808 	int64_t si;
809 	switch (tn->tn_op) {
810 	case UPLUS:
811 		si = sl;
812 		break;
813 	case UMINUS:
814 		si = sl == INT64_MIN ? sl : -sl;
815 		if (sl != 0 && msb(si, t) == msb(sl, t))
816 			ovfl = true;
817 		break;
818 	case COMPL:
819 		si = ~sl;
820 		break;
821 	case MULT:
822 		if (utyp) {
823 			si = (int64_t)(ul * ur);
824 			if (si != (si & (int64_t)mask))
825 				ovfl = true;
826 			else if (ul != 0 && si / ul != ur)
827 				ovfl = true;
828 		} else {
829 			si = sl * sr;
830 			if (msb(si, t) != (msb(sl, t) ^ msb(sr, t)))
831 				ovfl = true;
832 		}
833 		break;
834 	case DIV:
835 		if (sr == 0) {
836 			/* division by 0 */
837 			error(139);
838 			si = utyp ? -1 : INT64_MAX;
839 		} else if (!utyp
840 		    && (sl & mask) == (mask ^ (mask >> 1)) && sr == -1) {
841 			/* operator '%s' produces integer overflow */
842 			warning(141, op_name(DIV));
843 			si = sl;
844 		} else {
845 			si = utyp ? (int64_t)(ul / ur) : sl / sr;
846 		}
847 		break;
848 	case MOD:
849 		if (sr == 0) {
850 			/* modulus by 0 */
851 			error(140);
852 			si = 0;
853 		} else {
854 			si = utyp ? (int64_t)(ul % ur) : sl % sr;
855 		}
856 		break;
857 	case PLUS:
858 		si = utyp ? (int64_t)(ul + ur) : sl + sr;
859 		if (msb(sl, t) && msb(sr, t) && !msb(si, t))
860 			ovfl = true;
861 		if (!utyp && !msb(sl, t) && !msb(sr, t) && msb(si, t))
862 			ovfl = true;
863 		break;
864 	case MINUS:
865 		si = utyp ? (int64_t)(ul - ur) : sl - sr;
866 		if (!utyp && msb(sl, t) && !msb(sr, t) && !msb(si, t))
867 			ovfl = true;
868 		if (!msb(sl, t) && msb(sr, t) && msb(si, t))
869 			ovfl = true;
870 		break;
871 	case SHL:
872 		/* TODO: warn about out-of-bounds 'sr'. */
873 		/* TODO: warn about overflow in signed '<<'. */
874 		si = utyp ? (int64_t)(ul << (sr & 63)) : sl << (sr & 63);
875 		break;
876 	case SHR:
877 		/*
878 		 * The sign must be explicitly extended because shifts of
879 		 * signed values are implementation dependent.
880 		 */
881 		/* TODO: warn about out-of-bounds 'sr'. */
882 		si = (int64_t)(ul >> (sr & 63));
883 		si = convert_integer(si, t, size_in_bits(t) - (int)sr);
884 		break;
885 	case LT:
886 		si = (utyp ? ul < ur : sl < sr) ? 1 : 0;
887 		break;
888 	case LE:
889 		si = (utyp ? ul <= ur : sl <= sr) ? 1 : 0;
890 		break;
891 	case GE:
892 		si = (utyp ? ul >= ur : sl >= sr) ? 1 : 0;
893 		break;
894 	case GT:
895 		si = (utyp ? ul > ur : sl > sr) ? 1 : 0;
896 		break;
897 	case EQ:
898 		si = (utyp ? ul == ur : sl == sr) ? 1 : 0;
899 		break;
900 	case NE:
901 		si = (utyp ? ul != ur : sl != sr) ? 1 : 0;
902 		break;
903 	case BITAND:
904 		si = utyp ? (int64_t)(ul & ur) : sl & sr;
905 		break;
906 	case BITXOR:
907 		si = utyp ? (int64_t)(ul ^ ur) : sl ^ sr;
908 		break;
909 	case BITOR:
910 		si = utyp ? (int64_t)(ul | ur) : sl | sr;
911 		break;
912 	default:
913 		lint_assert(/*CONSTCOND*/false);
914 	}
915 
916 	/* XXX: The overflow check does not work for 64-bit integers. */
917 	if (ovfl ||
918 	    ((si | mask) != ~(uint64_t)0 && (si & ~mask) != 0)) {
919 		if (hflag)
920 			/* operator '%s' produces integer overflow */
921 			warning(141, op_name(tn->tn_op));
922 	}
923 
924 	v->u.integer = convert_integer(si, t, 0);
925 
926 	tnode_t *cn = build_constant(tn->tn_type, v);
927 	if (tn->tn_left->tn_system_dependent)
928 		cn->tn_system_dependent = true;
929 	if (is_binary(tn) && tn->tn_right->tn_system_dependent)
930 		cn->tn_system_dependent = true;
931 
932 	return cn;
933 }
934 
935 static tnode_t *
936 build_struct_access(op_t op, bool sys, tnode_t *ln, tnode_t *rn)
937 {
938 
939 	lint_assert(rn->tn_op == NAME);
940 	lint_assert(is_member(rn->tn_sym));
941 
942 	bool lvalue = op == ARROW || ln->tn_lvalue;
943 
944 	if (op == POINT) {
945 		ln = build_address(sys, ln, true);
946 	} else if (ln->tn_type->t_tspec != PTR) {
947 		lint_assert(!allow_c90);
948 		lint_assert(is_integer(ln->tn_type->t_tspec));
949 		ln = convert(NOOP, 0, expr_derive_type(gettyp(VOID), PTR), ln);
950 	}
951 
952 	tnode_t *ctn = build_integer_constant(PTRDIFF_TSPEC,
953 	    rn->tn_sym->u.s_member.sm_offset_in_bits / CHAR_SIZE);
954 
955 	type_t *ptr_tp = expr_derive_type(rn->tn_type, PTR);
956 	tnode_t *ntn = build_op(PLUS, sys, ptr_tp, ln, ctn);
957 	if (ln->tn_op == CON)
958 		ntn = fold_constant_integer(ntn);
959 
960 	op_t nop = rn->tn_type->t_bitfield ? FSEL : INDIR;
961 	ntn = build_op(nop, sys, ntn->tn_type->t_subt, ntn, NULL);
962 	if (!lvalue)
963 		ntn->tn_lvalue = false;
964 
965 	return ntn;
966 }
967 
968 /*
969  * Get the size in bytes of type tp->t_subt, as a constant expression of type
970  * ptrdiff_t as seen from the target platform.
971  */
972 static tnode_t *
973 subt_size_in_bytes(type_t *tp)
974 {
975 
976 	lint_assert(tp->t_tspec == PTR);
977 	tp = tp->t_subt;
978 
979 	int elem = 1;
980 	while (tp->t_tspec == ARRAY) {
981 		elem *= tp->t_dim;
982 		tp = tp->t_subt;
983 	}
984 
985 	int elsz_in_bits = 0;
986 	switch (tp->t_tspec) {
987 	case FUNC:
988 		/* pointer to function is not allowed here */
989 		error(110);
990 		break;
991 	case VOID:
992 		/* cannot do pointer arithmetic on operand of unknown size */
993 		gnuism(136);
994 		break;
995 	case STRUCT:
996 	case UNION:
997 		if ((elsz_in_bits = (int)tp->t_sou->sou_size_in_bits) == 0)
998 			/* cannot do pointer arithmetic on operand of ... */
999 			error(136);
1000 		break;
1001 	case ENUM:
1002 		if (is_incomplete(tp)) {
1003 			/* cannot do pointer arithmetic on operand of ... */
1004 			warning(136);
1005 		}
1006 		/* FALLTHROUGH */
1007 	default:
1008 		if ((elsz_in_bits = size_in_bits(tp->t_tspec)) == 0) {
1009 			/* cannot do pointer arithmetic on operand of ... */
1010 			error(136);
1011 		} else {
1012 			lint_assert(elsz_in_bits != -1);
1013 		}
1014 		break;
1015 	}
1016 
1017 	if (elem == 0 && elsz_in_bits != 0) {
1018 		/* cannot do pointer arithmetic on operand of unknown size */
1019 		error(136);
1020 	}
1021 
1022 	if (elsz_in_bits == 0)
1023 		elsz_in_bits = CHAR_SIZE;
1024 
1025 	return build_integer_constant(PTRDIFF_TSPEC,
1026 	    (int64_t)(elem * elsz_in_bits / CHAR_SIZE));
1027 }
1028 
1029 static tnode_t *
1030 build_prepost_incdec(op_t op, bool sys, tnode_t *ln)
1031 {
1032 
1033 	lint_assert(ln != NULL);
1034 	tnode_t *cn = ln->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR
1035 	    ? subt_size_in_bytes(ln->tn_type)
1036 	    : build_integer_constant(INT, 1);
1037 	return build_op(op, sys, ln->tn_type, ln, cn);
1038 }
1039 
1040 static void
1041 check_enum_array_index(const tnode_t *ln, const tnode_t *rn)
1042 {
1043 
1044 	if (ln->tn_op != ADDR || ln->tn_left->tn_op != NAME)
1045 		return;
1046 
1047 	const type_t *ltp = ln->tn_left->tn_type;
1048 	if (ltp->t_tspec != ARRAY || ltp->t_incomplete_array)
1049 		return;
1050 
1051 	if (rn->tn_op != CVT || !rn->tn_type->t_is_enum)
1052 		return;
1053 	if (rn->tn_left->tn_op != LOAD)
1054 		return;
1055 
1056 	const type_t *rtp = rn->tn_left->tn_type;
1057 	const sym_t *ec = rtp->t_enum->en_first_enumerator;
1058 	const sym_t *max_ec = ec;
1059 	lint_assert(ec != NULL);
1060 	for (ec = ec->s_next; ec != NULL; ec = ec->s_next)
1061 		if (ec->u.s_enum_constant > max_ec->u.s_enum_constant)
1062 			max_ec = ec;
1063 
1064 	int64_t max_enum_value = max_ec->u.s_enum_constant;
1065 	lint_assert(INT_MIN <= max_enum_value && max_enum_value <= INT_MAX);
1066 
1067 	int max_array_index = ltp->t_dim - 1;
1068 	if (max_enum_value == max_array_index)
1069 		return;
1070 
1071 	if (max_enum_value == max_array_index + 1 &&
1072 	    (strstr(max_ec->s_name, "MAX") != NULL ||
1073 	     strstr(max_ec->s_name, "max") != NULL ||
1074 	     strstr(max_ec->s_name, "NUM") != NULL ||
1075 	     strstr(max_ec->s_name, "num") != NULL))
1076 		return;
1077 
1078 	/* maximum value %d of '%s' does not match maximum array index %d */
1079 	warning(348, (int)max_enum_value, type_name(rtp), max_array_index);
1080 	print_previous_declaration(max_ec);
1081 }
1082 
1083 static tnode_t *
1084 build_plus_minus(op_t op, bool sys, tnode_t *ln, tnode_t *rn)
1085 {
1086 
1087 	if (rn->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR && is_integer(ln->tn_type->t_tspec)) {
1088 		tnode_t *tmp = ln;
1089 		ln = rn;
1090 		rn = tmp;
1091 		/* pointer addition has integer on the left-hand side */
1092 		query_message(5);
1093 	}
1094 
1095 	/* pointer +- integer */
1096 	if (ln->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR && rn->tn_type->t_tspec != PTR) {
1097 		lint_assert(is_integer(rn->tn_type->t_tspec));
1098 
1099 		check_ctype_macro_invocation(ln, rn);
1100 		check_enum_array_index(ln, rn);
1101 
1102 		tnode_t *elsz = subt_size_in_bytes(ln->tn_type);
1103 		if (rn->tn_type->t_tspec != elsz->tn_type->t_tspec)
1104 			rn = convert(NOOP, 0, elsz->tn_type, rn);
1105 
1106 		tnode_t *prod = build_op(MULT, sys, rn->tn_type, rn, elsz);
1107 		if (rn->tn_op == CON)
1108 			prod = fold_constant_integer(prod);
1109 
1110 		return build_op(op, sys, ln->tn_type, ln, prod);
1111 	}
1112 
1113 	/* pointer - pointer */
1114 	if (rn->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR) {
1115 		lint_assert(ln->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR);
1116 		lint_assert(op == MINUS);
1117 
1118 		type_t *ptrdiff = gettyp(PTRDIFF_TSPEC);
1119 		tnode_t *raw_diff = build_op(op, sys, ptrdiff, ln, rn);
1120 		if (ln->tn_op == CON && rn->tn_op == CON)
1121 			raw_diff = fold_constant_integer(raw_diff);
1122 
1123 		tnode_t *elsz = subt_size_in_bytes(ln->tn_type);
1124 		balance(NOOP, &raw_diff, &elsz);
1125 
1126 		return build_op(DIV, sys, ptrdiff, raw_diff, elsz);
1127 	}
1128 
1129 	return build_op(op, sys, ln->tn_type, ln, rn);
1130 }
1131 
1132 static tnode_t *
1133 build_bit_shift(op_t op, bool sys, tnode_t *ln, tnode_t *rn)
1134 {
1135 
1136 	if (!allow_c90 && rn->tn_type->t_tspec != INT)
1137 		// XXX: C1978 7.5 says: "Both [operators] perform the usual
1138 		// arithmetic conversions on their operands."
1139 		// TODO: Add a test to exercise this part of the code.
1140 		rn = convert(NOOP, 0, gettyp(INT), rn);
1141 	return build_op(op, sys, ln->tn_type, ln, rn);
1142 }
1143 
1144 static bool
1145 is_null_pointer(const tnode_t *tn)
1146 {
1147 	tspec_t t = tn->tn_type->t_tspec;
1148 
1149 	// TODO: Investigate how other pointers are stored, in particular,
1150 	// whether a pointer constant can have a non-zero value.
1151 	// If not, simplify the code below.
1152 	return ((t == PTR && tn->tn_type->t_subt->t_tspec == VOID)
1153 		|| is_integer(t))
1154 	    && (tn->tn_op == CON && tn->tn_val.u.integer == 0);
1155 }
1156 
1157 /* Return a type based on tp1, with added qualifiers from tp2. */
1158 static type_t *
1159 merge_qualifiers(type_t *tp1, const type_t *tp2)
1160 {
1161 
1162 	lint_assert(tp1->t_tspec == PTR);
1163 	lint_assert(tp2->t_tspec == PTR);
1164 
1165 	bool c1 = tp1->t_subt->t_const;
1166 	bool c2 = tp2->t_subt->t_const;
1167 	bool v1 = tp1->t_subt->t_volatile;
1168 	bool v2 = tp2->t_subt->t_volatile;
1169 
1170 	if (c1 == (c1 | c2) && v1 == (v1 | v2))
1171 		return tp1;
1172 
1173 	type_t *nstp = expr_dup_type(tp1->t_subt);
1174 	nstp->t_const |= c2;
1175 	nstp->t_volatile |= v2;
1176 
1177 	type_t *ntp = expr_dup_type(tp1);
1178 	ntp->t_subt = nstp;
1179 	return ntp;
1180 }
1181 
1182 /* See C99 6.5.15 "Conditional operator". */
1183 static tnode_t *
1184 build_colon(bool sys, tnode_t *ln, tnode_t *rn)
1185 {
1186 	tspec_t lt = ln->tn_type->t_tspec;
1187 	tspec_t rt = rn->tn_type->t_tspec;
1188 
1189 	type_t *tp;
1190 	if (is_arithmetic(lt) && is_arithmetic(rt)) {
1191 		/* The operands were already balanced in build_binary. */
1192 		tp = ln->tn_type;
1193 	} else if (lt == BOOL && rt == BOOL) {
1194 		tp = ln->tn_type;
1195 	} else if (lt == VOID || rt == VOID) {
1196 		tp = gettyp(VOID);
1197 	} else if (is_struct_or_union(lt)) {
1198 		lint_assert(is_struct_or_union(rt));
1199 		lint_assert(ln->tn_type->t_sou == rn->tn_type->t_sou);
1200 		if (is_incomplete(ln->tn_type)) {
1201 			/* unknown operand size, op '%s' */
1202 			error(138, op_name(COLON));
1203 			return NULL;
1204 		}
1205 		tp = ln->tn_type;
1206 	} else if (lt == PTR && is_integer(rt)) {
1207 		if (rt != PTRDIFF_TSPEC)
1208 			rn = convert(NOOP, 0, gettyp(PTRDIFF_TSPEC), rn);
1209 		tp = ln->tn_type;
1210 	} else if (rt == PTR && is_integer(lt)) {
1211 		if (lt != PTRDIFF_TSPEC)
1212 			ln = convert(NOOP, 0, gettyp(PTRDIFF_TSPEC), ln);
1213 		tp = rn->tn_type;
1214 	} else if (lt == PTR && is_null_pointer(rn)) {
1215 		tp = merge_qualifiers(ln->tn_type, rn->tn_type);
1216 	} else if (rt == PTR && is_null_pointer(ln)) {
1217 		tp = merge_qualifiers(rn->tn_type, ln->tn_type);
1218 	} else if (lt == PTR && ln->tn_type->t_subt->t_tspec == VOID) {
1219 		tp = merge_qualifiers(ln->tn_type, rn->tn_type);
1220 	} else if (rt == PTR && rn->tn_type->t_subt->t_tspec == VOID) {
1221 		tp = merge_qualifiers(rn->tn_type, ln->tn_type);
1222 	} else {
1223 		/*
1224 		 * XXX For now we simply take the left type. This is probably
1225 		 * wrong, if one type contains a function prototype and the
1226 		 * other one, at the same place, only an old-style declaration.
1227 		 */
1228 		tp = merge_qualifiers(ln->tn_type, rn->tn_type);
1229 	}
1230 
1231 	return build_op(COLON, sys, tp, ln, rn);
1232 }
1233 
1234 /* TODO: check for varargs */
1235 static bool
1236 is_cast_redundant(const tnode_t *tn)
1237 {
1238 	const type_t *ntp = tn->tn_type, *otp = tn_ck_left(tn)->tn_type;
1239 	tspec_t nt = ntp->t_tspec, ot = otp->t_tspec;
1240 
1241 	if (nt == BOOL || ot == BOOL)
1242 		return nt == BOOL && ot == BOOL;
1243 
1244 	if (is_integer(nt) && is_integer(ot)) {
1245 		unsigned int nw = width_in_bits(ntp), ow = width_in_bits(otp);
1246 		if (is_uinteger(nt) == is_uinteger(ot))
1247 			return nw >= ow;
1248 		return is_uinteger(ot) && nw > ow;
1249 	}
1250 
1251 	if (is_complex(nt) || is_complex(ot))
1252 		return is_complex(nt) && is_complex(ot) &&
1253 		    size_in_bits(nt) >= size_in_bits(ot);
1254 
1255 	if (is_floating(nt) && is_floating(ot))
1256 		return size_in_bits(nt) >= size_in_bits(ot);
1257 
1258 	if (nt == PTR && ot == PTR) {
1259 		if (!ntp->t_subt->t_const && otp->t_subt->t_const)
1260 			return false;
1261 		if (!ntp->t_subt->t_volatile && otp->t_subt->t_volatile)
1262 			return false;
1263 
1264 		if (ntp->t_subt->t_tspec == VOID ||
1265 		    otp->t_subt->t_tspec == VOID ||
1266 		    types_compatible(ntp->t_subt, otp->t_subt,
1267 			false, false, NULL))
1268 			return true;
1269 	}
1270 
1271 	return false;
1272 }
1273 
1274 static bool
1275 is_assignment(op_t op)
1276 {
1277 
1278 	return op == ASSIGN ||
1279 	    op == MULASS ||
1280 	    op == DIVASS ||
1281 	    op == MODASS ||
1282 	    op == ADDASS ||
1283 	    op == SUBASS ||
1284 	    op == SHLASS ||
1285 	    op == SHRASS ||
1286 	    op == ANDASS ||
1287 	    op == XORASS ||
1288 	    op == ORASS ||
1289 	    op == RETURN ||
1290 	    op == INIT;
1291 }
1292 
1293 static tnode_t *
1294 build_assignment(op_t op, bool sys, tnode_t *ln, tnode_t *rn)
1295 {
1296 
1297 	tspec_t lt = ln->tn_type->t_tspec;
1298 	tspec_t rt = rn->tn_type->t_tspec;
1299 
1300 	if (any_query_enabled && is_assignment(rn->tn_op)) {
1301 		/* chained assignment with '%s' and '%s' */
1302 		query_message(10, op_name(op), op_name(rn->tn_op));
1303 	}
1304 
1305 	if ((op == ADDASS || op == SUBASS) && lt == PTR) {
1306 		lint_assert(is_integer(rt));
1307 		tnode_t *ctn = subt_size_in_bytes(ln->tn_type);
1308 		if (rn->tn_type->t_tspec != ctn->tn_type->t_tspec)
1309 			rn = convert(NOOP, 0, ctn->tn_type, rn);
1310 		rn = build_op(MULT, sys, rn->tn_type, rn, ctn);
1311 		if (rn->tn_left->tn_op == CON)
1312 			rn = fold_constant_integer(rn);
1313 	}
1314 
1315 	if ((op == ASSIGN || op == RETURN || op == INIT) &&
1316 	    (lt == STRUCT || rt == STRUCT)) {
1317 		lint_assert(lt == rt);
1318 		lint_assert(ln->tn_type->t_sou == rn->tn_type->t_sou);
1319 		if (is_incomplete(ln->tn_type)) {
1320 			if (op == RETURN) {
1321 				/* cannot return incomplete type */
1322 				error(212);
1323 			} else {
1324 				/* unknown operand size, op '%s' */
1325 				error(138, op_name(op));
1326 			}
1327 			return NULL;
1328 		}
1329 	}
1330 
1331 	if (op == SHLASS && hflag && allow_trad && allow_c90
1332 	    && portable_rank_cmp(lt, rt) < 0)
1333 		/* semantics of '%s' change in C90; ... */
1334 		warning(118, "<<=");
1335 
1336 	if (op != SHLASS && op != SHRASS
1337 	    && (op == ASSIGN || lt != PTR)
1338 	    && (lt != rt || (ln->tn_type->t_bitfield && rn->tn_op == CON))) {
1339 		rn = convert(op, 0, ln->tn_type, rn);
1340 		rt = lt;
1341 	}
1342 
1343 	if (any_query_enabled && rn->tn_op == CVT && rn->tn_cast &&
1344 	    types_compatible(ln->tn_type, rn->tn_type, false, false, NULL) &&
1345 	    is_cast_redundant(rn)) {
1346 		/* redundant cast from '%s' to '%s' before assignment */
1347 		query_message(7,
1348 		    type_name(rn->tn_left->tn_type), type_name(rn->tn_type));
1349 	}
1350 
1351 	return build_op(op, sys, ln->tn_type, ln, rn);
1352 }
1353 
1354 static tnode_t *
1355 build_real_imag(op_t op, bool sys, tnode_t *ln)
1356 {
1357 
1358 	lint_assert(ln != NULL);
1359 	if (ln->tn_op == NAME) {
1360 		/*
1361 		 * This may be too much, but it avoids wrong warnings. See
1362 		 * d_c99_complex_split.c.
1363 		 */
1364 		mark_as_used(ln->tn_sym, false, false);
1365 		mark_as_set(ln->tn_sym);
1366 	}
1367 
1368 	tspec_t t;
1369 	switch (ln->tn_type->t_tspec) {
1370 	case LCOMPLEX:
1371 		t = LDOUBLE;
1372 		break;
1373 	case DCOMPLEX:
1374 		t = DOUBLE;
1375 		break;
1376 	case FCOMPLEX:
1377 		t = FLOAT;
1378 		break;
1379 	default:
1380 		/* '__%s__' is illegal for type '%s' */
1381 		error(276, op == REAL ? "real" : "imag",
1382 		    type_name(ln->tn_type));
1383 		return NULL;
1384 	}
1385 
1386 	tnode_t *ntn = build_op(op, sys, gettyp(t), ln, NULL);
1387 	ntn->tn_lvalue = true;
1388 	return ntn;
1389 }
1390 
1391 static bool
1392 is_confusing_precedence(op_t op, op_t lop, bool lparen, op_t rop, bool rparen)
1393 {
1394 
1395 	if (op == SHL || op == SHR) {
1396 		if (!lparen && (lop == PLUS || lop == MINUS))
1397 			return true;
1398 		if (!rparen && (rop == PLUS || rop == MINUS))
1399 			return true;
1400 		return false;
1401 	}
1402 
1403 	if (op == LOGOR) {
1404 		if (!lparen && lop == LOGAND)
1405 			return true;
1406 		if (!rparen && rop == LOGAND)
1407 			return true;
1408 		return false;
1409 	}
1410 
1411 	lint_assert(op == BITAND || op == BITXOR || op == BITOR);
1412 	if (!lparen && lop != op) {
1413 		if (lop == PLUS || lop == MINUS)
1414 			return true;
1415 		if (lop == BITAND || lop == BITXOR)
1416 			return true;
1417 	}
1418 	if (!rparen && rop != op) {
1419 		if (rop == PLUS || rop == MINUS)
1420 			return true;
1421 		if (rop == BITAND || rop == BITXOR)
1422 			return true;
1423 	}
1424 	return false;
1425 }
1426 
1427 /*
1428  * Print a warning if the given node has operands which should be
1429  * parenthesized.
1430  *
1431  * XXX Does not work if an operand is a constant expression. Constant
1432  * expressions are already folded.
1433  */
1434 static void
1435 check_precedence_confusion(tnode_t *tn)
1436 {
1437 	tnode_t *ln, *rn;
1438 
1439 	if (!hflag)
1440 		return;
1441 
1442 	debug_node(tn);
1443 
1444 	lint_assert(is_binary(tn));
1445 	for (ln = tn->tn_left; ln->tn_op == CVT; ln = ln->tn_left)
1446 		continue;
1447 	for (rn = tn->tn_right; rn->tn_op == CVT; rn = rn->tn_left)
1448 		continue;
1449 
1450 	if (is_confusing_precedence(tn->tn_op,
1451 	    ln->tn_op, ln->tn_parenthesized,
1452 	    rn->tn_op, rn->tn_parenthesized)) {
1453 		/* precedence confusion possible: parenthesize! */
1454 		warning(169);
1455 	}
1456 }
1457 
1458 static tnode_t *
1459 fold_constant_compare_zero(tnode_t *tn)
1460 {
1461 
1462 	val_t *v = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*v));
1463 	v->v_tspec = tn->tn_type->t_tspec;
1464 	lint_assert(v->v_tspec == INT || (Tflag && v->v_tspec == BOOL));
1465 
1466 	lint_assert(has_operands(tn));
1467 	bool l = constant_is_nonzero(tn->tn_left);
1468 	bool r = is_binary(tn) && constant_is_nonzero(tn->tn_right);
1469 
1470 	switch (tn->tn_op) {
1471 	case NOT:
1472 		if (hflag && !suppress_constcond)
1473 			/* constant operand to '!' */
1474 			warning(239);
1475 		v->u.integer = !l ? 1 : 0;
1476 		break;
1477 	case LOGAND:
1478 		v->u.integer = l && r ? 1 : 0;
1479 		break;
1480 	case LOGOR:
1481 		v->u.integer = l || r ? 1 : 0;
1482 		break;
1483 	default:
1484 		lint_assert(/*CONSTCOND*/false);
1485 	}
1486 
1487 	return build_constant(tn->tn_type, v);
1488 }
1489 
1490 static long double
1491 floating_error_value(tspec_t t, long double lv)
1492 {
1493 	if (t == FLOAT)
1494 		return lv < 0 ? -FLT_MAX : FLT_MAX;
1495 	if (t == DOUBLE)
1496 		return lv < 0 ? -DBL_MAX : DBL_MAX;
1497 	/*
1498 	 * When NetBSD is cross-built in MKLINT=yes mode on x86_64 for sparc64,
1499 	 * tools/lint checks this code while building usr.bin/xlint. In that
1500 	 * situation, lint uses the preprocessor for sparc64, in which the type
1501 	 * 'long double' is IEEE-754-binary128, affecting the macro LDBL_MAX
1502 	 * below. The type 'long double', as well as the strtold
1503 	 * implementation, comes from the host platform x86_64 though, where
1504 	 * 'long double' consumes 128 bits as well but only uses 80 of them.
1505 	 * The exponent range of the two 'long double' types is the same, but
1506 	 * the maximum finite value differs due to the extended precision on
1507 	 * sparc64.
1508 	 *
1509 	 * To properly handle the data types of the target platform, lint would
1510 	 * have to implement the floating-point types in a platform-independent
1511 	 * way, which is not worth the effort, given how few programs
1512 	 * practically use 'long double'.
1513 	 */
1514 	/* LINTED 248: floating-point constant out of range */
1515 	long double max = LDBL_MAX;
1516 	return lv < 0 ? -max : max;
1517 }
1518 
1519 static bool
1520 is_floating_overflow(tspec_t t, long double val)
1521 {
1522 	if (fpe != 0 || isfinite(val) == 0)
1523 		return true;
1524 	if (t == FLOAT && (val > FLT_MAX || val < -FLT_MAX))
1525 		return true;
1526 	if (t == DOUBLE && (val > DBL_MAX || val < -DBL_MAX))
1527 		return true;
1528 	return false;
1529 }
1530 
1531 static tnode_t *
1532 fold_constant_floating(tnode_t *tn)
1533 {
1534 
1535 	fpe = 0;
1536 
1537 	tspec_t t = tn->tn_type->t_tspec;
1538 
1539 	val_t *v = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*v));
1540 	v->v_tspec = t;
1541 
1542 	lint_assert(is_floating(t));
1543 	lint_assert(has_operands(tn));
1544 	lint_assert(t == tn->tn_left->tn_type->t_tspec);
1545 	lint_assert(!is_binary(tn) || t == tn->tn_right->tn_type->t_tspec);
1546 
1547 	long double lv = tn->tn_left->tn_val.u.floating;
1548 	long double rv = is_binary(tn) ? tn->tn_right->tn_val.u.floating : 0.0;
1549 
1550 	switch (tn->tn_op) {
1551 	case UPLUS:
1552 		v->u.floating = lv;
1553 		break;
1554 	case UMINUS:
1555 		v->u.floating = -lv;
1556 		break;
1557 	case MULT:
1558 		v->u.floating = lv * rv;
1559 		break;
1560 	case DIV:
1561 		if (rv == 0.0) {
1562 			/* division by 0 */
1563 			error(139);
1564 			v->u.floating = floating_error_value(t, lv);
1565 		} else {
1566 			v->u.floating = lv / rv;
1567 		}
1568 		break;
1569 	case PLUS:
1570 		v->u.floating = lv + rv;
1571 		break;
1572 	case MINUS:
1573 		v->u.floating = lv - rv;
1574 		break;
1575 	case LT:
1576 		v->u.integer = lv < rv ? 1 : 0;
1577 		break;
1578 	case LE:
1579 		v->u.integer = lv <= rv ? 1 : 0;
1580 		break;
1581 	case GE:
1582 		v->u.integer = lv >= rv ? 1 : 0;
1583 		break;
1584 	case GT:
1585 		v->u.integer = lv > rv ? 1 : 0;
1586 		break;
1587 	case EQ:
1588 		v->u.integer = lv == rv ? 1 : 0;
1589 		break;
1590 	case NE:
1591 		v->u.integer = lv != rv ? 1 : 0;
1592 		break;
1593 	default:
1594 		lint_assert(/*CONSTCOND*/false);
1595 	}
1596 
1597 	// XXX: Must not access u.floating after setting u.integer.
1598 	lint_assert(fpe != 0 || isnan(v->u.floating) == 0);
1599 	if (is_complex(v->v_tspec)) {
1600 		/*
1601 		 * Don't warn, as lint doesn't model the imaginary part of
1602 		 * complex numbers.
1603 		 */
1604 		fpe = 0;
1605 	} else if (is_floating_overflow(t, v->u.floating)) {
1606 		/* operator '%s' produces floating point overflow */
1607 		warning(142, op_name(tn->tn_op));
1608 		v->u.floating = floating_error_value(t, v->u.floating);
1609 		fpe = 0;
1610 	}
1611 
1612 	return build_constant(tn->tn_type, v);
1613 }
1614 
1615 static void
1616 use(const tnode_t *tn)
1617 {
1618 	if (tn == NULL)
1619 		return;
1620 	switch (tn->tn_op) {
1621 	case NAME:
1622 		mark_as_used(tn->tn_sym, false /* XXX */, false /* XXX */);
1623 		break;
1624 	case CON:
1625 	case STRING:
1626 		break;
1627 	default:
1628 		lint_assert(has_operands(tn));
1629 		use(tn->tn_left);
1630 		if (is_binary(tn) || tn->tn_op == PUSH)
1631 			use(tn->tn_right);
1632 	}
1633 }
1634 
1635 /*
1636  * Create a tree node for a binary operator and its two operands. Also called
1637  * for unary operators; in that case rn is NULL.
1638  *
1639  * Function calls, sizeof and casts are handled elsewhere.
1640  */
1641 tnode_t *
1642 build_binary(tnode_t *ln, op_t op, bool sys, tnode_t *rn)
1643 {
1644 	const mod_t *mp = &modtab[op];
1645 
1646 	/* If there was an error in one of the operands, return. */
1647 	if (ln == NULL || (mp->m_binary && rn == NULL))
1648 		return NULL;
1649 
1650 	if (mp->m_value_context || mp->m_compares_with_zero)
1651 		ln = cconv(ln);
1652 	if (mp->m_binary && op != ARROW && op != POINT)
1653 		rn = cconv(rn);
1654 
1655 	if (mp->m_comparison)
1656 		check_integer_comparison(op, ln, rn);
1657 
1658 	if (mp->m_value_context || mp->m_compares_with_zero)
1659 		ln = promote(op, false, ln);
1660 	if (mp->m_binary && op != ARROW && op != POINT &&
1661 	    op != ASSIGN && op != RETURN && op != INIT)
1662 		rn = promote(op, false, rn);
1663 
1664 	if (mp->m_warn_if_left_unsigned_in_c90 &&
1665 	    ln->tn_op == CON && ln->tn_val.v_unsigned_since_c90) {
1666 		/* C90 treats constant as unsigned, op '%s' */
1667 		warning(218, op_name(op));
1668 		ln->tn_val.v_unsigned_since_c90 = false;
1669 	}
1670 	if (mp->m_warn_if_right_unsigned_in_c90 &&
1671 	    rn->tn_op == CON && rn->tn_val.v_unsigned_since_c90) {
1672 		/* C90 treats constant as unsigned, op '%s' */
1673 		warning(218, op_name(op));
1674 		rn->tn_val.v_unsigned_since_c90 = false;
1675 	}
1676 
1677 	if (mp->m_balance_operands || (!allow_c90 && (op == SHL || op == SHR)))
1678 		balance(op, &ln, &rn);
1679 
1680 	if (!typeok(op, 0, ln, rn))
1681 		return NULL;
1682 
1683 	tnode_t *ntn;
1684 	switch (op) {
1685 	case POINT:
1686 	case ARROW:
1687 		ntn = build_struct_access(op, sys, ln, rn);
1688 		break;
1689 	case INCAFT:
1690 	case DECAFT:
1691 	case INCBEF:
1692 	case DECBEF:
1693 		ntn = build_prepost_incdec(op, sys, ln);
1694 		break;
1695 	case ADDR:
1696 		ntn = build_address(sys, ln, false);
1697 		break;
1698 	case INDIR:
1699 		ntn = build_op(INDIR, sys, ln->tn_type->t_subt, ln, NULL);
1700 		break;
1701 	case PLUS:
1702 	case MINUS:
1703 		ntn = build_plus_minus(op, sys, ln, rn);
1704 		break;
1705 	case SHL:
1706 	case SHR:
1707 		ntn = build_bit_shift(op, sys, ln, rn);
1708 		break;
1709 	case COLON:
1710 		ntn = build_colon(sys, ln, rn);
1711 		break;
1712 	case ASSIGN:
1713 	case MULASS:
1714 	case DIVASS:
1715 	case MODASS:
1716 	case ADDASS:
1717 	case SUBASS:
1718 	case SHLASS:
1719 	case SHRASS:
1720 	case ANDASS:
1721 	case XORASS:
1722 	case ORASS:
1723 	case RETURN:
1724 	case INIT:
1725 		ntn = build_assignment(op, sys, ln, rn);
1726 		break;
1727 	case COMMA:
1728 		if (any_query_enabled) {
1729 			/* comma operator with types '%s' and '%s' */
1730 			query_message(12,
1731 			    type_name(ln->tn_type), type_name(rn->tn_type));
1732 		}
1733 		/* FALLTHROUGH */
1734 	case QUEST:
1735 		ntn = build_op(op, sys, rn->tn_type, ln, rn);
1736 		break;
1737 	case REAL:
1738 	case IMAG:
1739 		ntn = build_real_imag(op, sys, ln);
1740 		break;
1741 	default:
1742 		lint_assert(mp->m_binary == (rn != NULL));
1743 		type_t *rettp = mp->m_returns_bool
1744 		    ? gettyp(Tflag ? BOOL : INT) : ln->tn_type;
1745 		ntn = build_op(op, sys, rettp, ln, rn);
1746 		break;
1747 	}
1748 
1749 	if (ntn == NULL)
1750 		return NULL;
1751 
1752 	if (mp->m_possible_precedence_confusion)
1753 		check_precedence_confusion(ntn);
1754 
1755 	if (hflag && !suppress_constcond &&
1756 	    mp->m_compares_with_zero &&
1757 	    (ln->tn_op == CON ||
1758 	     (mp->m_binary && op != QUEST && rn->tn_op == CON)) &&
1759 	    /* XXX: rn->tn_system_dependent should be checked as well */
1760 	    !ln->tn_system_dependent) {
1761 		/* constant in conditional context */
1762 		warning(161);
1763 	}
1764 
1765 	if (mp->m_fold_constant_operands && ln->tn_op == CON) {
1766 		if (!mp->m_binary || rn->tn_op == CON) {
1767 			if (mp->m_compares_with_zero)
1768 				ntn = fold_constant_compare_zero(ntn);
1769 			else if (is_floating(ntn->tn_type->t_tspec))
1770 				ntn = fold_constant_floating(ntn);
1771 			else
1772 				ntn = fold_constant_integer(ntn);
1773 		} else if (op == QUEST) {
1774 			lint_assert(has_operands(rn));
1775 			use(ln->tn_val.u.integer != 0
1776 			    ? rn->tn_right : rn->tn_left);
1777 			ntn = ln->tn_val.u.integer != 0
1778 			    ? rn->tn_left : rn->tn_right;
1779 		}
1780 	}
1781 
1782 	return ntn;
1783 }
1784 
1785 tnode_t *
1786 build_unary(op_t op, bool sys, tnode_t *tn)
1787 {
1788 	return build_binary(tn, op, sys, NULL);
1789 }
1790 
1791 static bool
1792 are_members_compatible(const sym_t *a, const sym_t *b)
1793 {
1794 	if (a->u.s_member.sm_offset_in_bits != b->u.s_member.sm_offset_in_bits)
1795 		return false;
1796 
1797 	const type_t *atp = a->s_type;
1798 	const type_t *btp = b->s_type;
1799 	bool w = false;
1800 	if (!types_compatible(atp, btp, false, false, &w) && !w)
1801 		return false;
1802 	if (a->s_bitfield != b->s_bitfield)
1803 		return false;
1804 	if (a->s_bitfield) {
1805 		if (atp->t_bit_field_width != btp->t_bit_field_width)
1806 			return false;
1807 		if (atp->t_bit_field_offset != btp->t_bit_field_offset)
1808 			return false;
1809 	}
1810 	return true;
1811 }
1812 
1813 /*
1814  * Return whether all struct/union members with the same name have the same
1815  * type and offset.
1816  */
1817 static bool
1818 all_members_compatible(const sym_t *msym)
1819 {
1820 	for (const sym_t *csym = msym;
1821 	    csym != NULL; csym = csym->s_symtab_next) {
1822 		if (!is_member(csym))
1823 			continue;
1824 		if (strcmp(msym->s_name, csym->s_name) != 0)
1825 			continue;
1826 
1827 		for (const sym_t *sym = csym->s_symtab_next;
1828 		    sym != NULL; sym = sym->s_symtab_next) {
1829 			if (is_member(sym)
1830 			    && strcmp(csym->s_name, sym->s_name) == 0
1831 			    && !are_members_compatible(csym, sym))
1832 				return false;
1833 		}
1834 	}
1835 	return true;
1836 }
1837 
1838 sym_t *
1839 find_member(const struct_or_union *sou, const char *name)
1840 {
1841 	for (sym_t *mem = sou->sou_first_member;
1842 	    mem != NULL; mem = mem->s_next) {
1843 		lint_assert(is_member(mem));
1844 		lint_assert(mem->u.s_member.sm_containing_type == sou);
1845 		if (strcmp(mem->s_name, name) == 0)
1846 			return mem;
1847 	}
1848 
1849 	for (sym_t *mem = sou->sou_first_member;
1850 	    mem != NULL; mem = mem->s_next) {
1851 		if (is_struct_or_union(mem->s_type->t_tspec)
1852 		    && mem->s_name == unnamed) {
1853 			sym_t *nested_mem =
1854 			    find_member(mem->s_type->t_sou, name);
1855 			if (nested_mem != NULL)
1856 				return nested_mem;
1857 		}
1858 	}
1859 	return NULL;
1860 }
1861 
1862 /*
1863  * Remove the member if it was unknown until now, which means
1864  * that no defined struct or union has a member with the same name.
1865  */
1866 static void
1867 remove_unknown_member(tnode_t *tn, sym_t *msym)
1868 {
1869 	/* type '%s' does not have member '%s' */
1870 	error(101, type_name(tn->tn_type), msym->s_name);
1871 	rmsym(msym);
1872 	msym->s_kind = FMEMBER;
1873 	msym->s_scl = STRUCT_MEMBER;
1874 
1875 	struct_or_union *sou = expr_zero_alloc(sizeof(*sou),
1876 	    "struct_or_union");
1877 	sou->sou_tag = expr_zero_alloc(sizeof(*sou->sou_tag), "sym");
1878 	sou->sou_tag->s_name = unnamed;
1879 
1880 	msym->u.s_member.sm_containing_type = sou;
1881 	/*
1882 	 * The member sm_offset_in_bits is not needed here since this symbol
1883 	 * can only be used for error reporting.
1884 	 */
1885 }
1886 
1887 /*
1888  * Returns a symbol which has the same name as 'msym' and is a member of the
1889  * struct or union specified by 'tn'.
1890  */
1891 static sym_t *
1892 struct_or_union_member(tnode_t *tn, op_t op, sym_t *msym)
1893 {
1894 
1895 	/* Determine the tag type of which msym is expected to be a member. */
1896 	const type_t *tp = NULL;
1897 	if (op == POINT && is_struct_or_union(tn->tn_type->t_tspec))
1898 		tp = tn->tn_type;
1899 	if (op == ARROW && tn->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR
1900 	    && is_struct_or_union(tn->tn_type->t_subt->t_tspec))
1901 		tp = tn->tn_type->t_subt;
1902 	struct_or_union *sou = tp != NULL ? tp->t_sou : NULL;
1903 
1904 	if (sou != NULL) {
1905 		sym_t *nested_mem = find_member(sou, msym->s_name);
1906 		if (nested_mem != NULL)
1907 			return nested_mem;
1908 	}
1909 
1910 	if (msym->s_scl == NO_SCL) {
1911 		remove_unknown_member(tn, msym);
1912 		return msym;
1913 	}
1914 
1915 	bool eq = all_members_compatible(msym);
1916 
1917 	/*
1918 	 * Now handle the case in which the left operand refers really to a
1919 	 * struct/union, but the right operand is not member of it.
1920 	 */
1921 	if (sou != NULL) {
1922 		if (eq && !allow_c90) {
1923 			/* illegal use of member '%s' */
1924 			warning(102, msym->s_name);
1925 		} else {
1926 			/* illegal use of member '%s' */
1927 			error(102, msym->s_name);
1928 		}
1929 		return msym;
1930 	}
1931 
1932 	if (eq) {
1933 		if (op == POINT) {
1934 			if (!allow_c90) {
1935 				/* left operand of '.' must be struct ... */
1936 				warning(103, type_name(tn->tn_type));
1937 			} else {
1938 				/* left operand of '.' must be struct ... */
1939 				error(103, type_name(tn->tn_type));
1940 			}
1941 		} else {
1942 			if (!allow_c90 && tn->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR) {
1943 				/* left operand of '->' must be pointer ... */
1944 				warning(104, type_name(tn->tn_type));
1945 			} else {
1946 				/* left operand of '->' must be pointer ... */
1947 				error(104, type_name(tn->tn_type));
1948 			}
1949 		}
1950 	} else {
1951 		if (!allow_c90) {
1952 			/* non-unique member requires struct/union %s */
1953 			error(105, op == POINT ? "object" : "pointer");
1954 		} else {
1955 			/* unacceptable operand of '%s' */
1956 			error(111, op_name(op));
1957 		}
1958 	}
1959 
1960 	return msym;
1961 }
1962 
1963 tnode_t *
1964 build_member_access(tnode_t *ln, op_t op, bool sys, sbuf_t *member)
1965 {
1966 	sym_t *msym;
1967 
1968 	if (ln == NULL)
1969 		return NULL;
1970 
1971 	if (op == ARROW) {
1972 		/* must do this before struct_or_union_member is called */
1973 		ln = cconv(ln);
1974 	}
1975 	msym = struct_or_union_member(ln, op, getsym(member));
1976 	return build_binary(ln, op, sys, build_name(msym, false));
1977 }
1978 
1979 /*
1980  * Perform class conversions.
1981  *
1982  * Arrays of type T are converted into pointers to type T.
1983  * Functions are converted to pointers to functions.
1984  * Lvalues are converted to rvalues.
1985  *
1986  * C99 6.3 "Conversions"
1987  * C99 6.3.2 "Other operands"
1988  * C99 6.3.2.1 "Lvalues, arrays, and function designators"
1989  */
1990 tnode_t *
1991 cconv(tnode_t *tn)
1992 {
1993 	if (tn->tn_type->t_tspec == ARRAY) {
1994 		if (!tn->tn_lvalue) {
1995 			/* XXX print correct operator */
1996 			/* %soperand of '%s' must be lvalue */
1997 			gnuism(114, "", op_name(ADDR));
1998 		}
1999 		tn = build_op(ADDR, tn->tn_sys,
2000 		    expr_derive_type(tn->tn_type->t_subt, PTR), tn, NULL);
2001 	}
2002 
2003 	if (tn->tn_type->t_tspec == FUNC)
2004 		tn = build_address(tn->tn_sys, tn, true);
2005 
2006 	if (tn->tn_lvalue) {
2007 		type_t *tp = expr_dup_type(tn->tn_type);
2008 		/* C99 6.3.2.1p2 sentence 2 says to remove the qualifiers. */
2009 		tp->t_const = tp->t_volatile = false;
2010 		tn = build_op(LOAD, tn->tn_sys, tp, tn, NULL);
2011 	}
2012 
2013 	return tn;
2014 }
2015 
2016 const tnode_t *
2017 before_conversion(const tnode_t *tn)
2018 {
2019 	while (tn->tn_op == CVT && !tn->tn_cast)
2020 		tn = tn->tn_left;
2021 	return tn;
2022 }
2023 
2024 /*
2025  * Most errors required by C90 are reported in struct_or_union_member().
2026  * Here we only check for totally wrong things.
2027  */
2028 static bool
2029 typeok_point(const tnode_t *ln, const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt)
2030 {
2031 	if (is_struct_or_union(lt))
2032 		return true;
2033 
2034 	if (lt == FUNC || lt == VOID || ltp->t_bitfield)
2035 		goto wrong;
2036 
2037 	/*
2038 	 * Some C dialects from before C90 tolerated any lvalue on the
2039 	 * left-hand side of the '.' operator, allowing things like 'char
2040 	 * st[100]; st.st_mtime', assuming that the member 'st_mtime' only
2041 	 * occurred in a single struct; see typeok_arrow.
2042 	 */
2043 	if (ln->tn_lvalue)
2044 		return true;
2045 
2046 wrong:
2047 	/* With allow_c90 we already got an error */
2048 	if (!allow_c90)
2049 		/* unacceptable operand of '%s' */
2050 		error(111, op_name(POINT));
2051 
2052 	return false;
2053 }
2054 
2055 static bool
2056 typeok_arrow(tspec_t lt)
2057 {
2058 	/*
2059 	 * C1978 Appendix A 14.1 says: <quote>In fact, any lvalue is allowed
2060 	 * before '.', and that lvalue is then assumed to have the form of the
2061 	 * structure of which the name of the right is a member. [...] Such
2062 	 * constructions are non-portable.</quote>
2063 	 */
2064 	if (lt == PTR || (!allow_c90 && is_integer(lt)))
2065 		return true;
2066 
2067 	/* With allow_c90 we already got an error */
2068 	if (!allow_c90)
2069 		/* unacceptable operand of '%s' */
2070 		error(111, op_name(ARROW));
2071 	return false;
2072 }
2073 
2074 static bool
2075 typeok_incdec(op_t op, const tnode_t *tn, const type_t *tp)
2076 {
2077 	/* operand has scalar type (checked in typeok) */
2078 	if (!tn->tn_lvalue) {
2079 		if (tn->tn_op == CVT && tn->tn_cast &&
2080 		    tn->tn_left->tn_op == LOAD) {
2081 			/* a cast does not yield an lvalue */
2082 			error(163);
2083 		}
2084 		/* %soperand of '%s' must be lvalue */
2085 		error(114, "", op_name(op));
2086 		return false;
2087 	}
2088 	if (tp->t_const && allow_c90) {
2089 		/* %soperand of '%s' must be modifiable lvalue */
2090 		warning(115, "", op_name(op));
2091 	}
2092 	return true;
2093 }
2094 
2095 static bool
2096 typeok_address(op_t op, const tnode_t *tn, const type_t *tp, tspec_t t)
2097 {
2098 	if (t == ARRAY || t == FUNC) {
2099 		/* ok, a warning comes later (in build_address()) */
2100 	} else if (!tn->tn_lvalue) {
2101 		if (tn->tn_op == CVT && tn->tn_cast &&
2102 		    tn->tn_left->tn_op == LOAD) {
2103 			/* a cast does not yield an lvalue */
2104 			error(163);
2105 		}
2106 		/* %soperand of '%s' must be lvalue */
2107 		error(114, "", op_name(op));
2108 		return false;
2109 	} else if (is_scalar(t)) {
2110 		if (tp->t_bitfield) {
2111 			/* cannot take address of bit-field */
2112 			error(112);
2113 			return false;
2114 		}
2115 	} else if (t != STRUCT && t != UNION) {
2116 		/* unacceptable operand of '%s' */
2117 		error(111, op_name(op));
2118 		return false;
2119 	}
2120 	if (tn->tn_op == NAME && tn->tn_sym->s_register) {
2121 		/* cannot take address of register '%s' */
2122 		error(113, tn->tn_sym->s_name);
2123 		return false;
2124 	}
2125 	return true;
2126 }
2127 
2128 static bool
2129 typeok_indir(const type_t *tp, tspec_t t)
2130 {
2131 
2132 	if (t != PTR) {
2133 		/* cannot dereference non-pointer type '%s' */
2134 		error(96, type_name(tp));
2135 		return false;
2136 	}
2137 	return true;
2138 }
2139 
2140 static void
2141 warn_incompatible_types(op_t op,
2142 			const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
2143 			const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
2144 {
2145 	bool binary = modtab[op].m_binary;
2146 
2147 	if (lt == VOID || (binary && rt == VOID)) {
2148 		/* void type illegal in expression */
2149 		error(109);
2150 	} else if (op == ASSIGN) {
2151 		/* cannot assign to '%s' from '%s' */
2152 		error(171, type_name(ltp), type_name(rtp));
2153 	} else if (binary) {
2154 		/* operands of '%s' have incompatible types '%s' and '%s' */
2155 		error(107, op_name(op), type_name(ltp), type_name(rtp));
2156 	} else {
2157 		lint_assert(rt == NO_TSPEC);
2158 		/* operand of '%s' has invalid type '%s' */
2159 		error(108, op_name(op), type_name(ltp));
2160 	}
2161 }
2162 
2163 static bool
2164 typeok_plus(op_t op,
2165 	    const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
2166 	    const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
2167 {
2168 	/* operands have scalar types (checked in typeok) */
2169 	if ((lt == PTR && !is_integer(rt)) || (rt == PTR && !is_integer(lt))) {
2170 		warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2171 		return false;
2172 	}
2173 	return true;
2174 }
2175 
2176 static bool
2177 typeok_minus(op_t op,
2178 	     const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
2179 	     const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
2180 {
2181 	/* operands have scalar types (checked in typeok) */
2182 	if ((lt == PTR && rt != PTR && !is_integer(rt)) ||
2183 	    (lt != PTR && rt == PTR)) {
2184 		warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2185 		return false;
2186 	}
2187 	if (lt == PTR && rt == PTR &&
2188 	    !types_compatible(ltp->t_subt, rtp->t_subt, true, false, NULL)) {
2189 		/* illegal pointer subtraction */
2190 		error(116);
2191 	}
2192 	return true;
2193 }
2194 
2195 static void
2196 typeok_shr(op_t op,
2197 	   const tnode_t *ln, tspec_t lt,
2198 	   const tnode_t *rn, tspec_t rt)
2199 {
2200 	tspec_t olt = before_conversion(ln)->tn_type->t_tspec;
2201 	tspec_t ort = before_conversion(rn)->tn_type->t_tspec;
2202 
2203 	/* operands have integer types (checked in typeok) */
2204 	if (pflag && !is_uinteger(olt)) {
2205 		integer_constraints lc = ic_expr(ln);
2206 		if (!ic_maybe_signed(ln->tn_type, &lc))
2207 			return;
2208 
2209 		if (ln->tn_op != CON) {
2210 			/* bitwise '%s' on signed value possibly nonportable */
2211 			warning(117, op_name(op));
2212 		} else if (ln->tn_val.u.integer < 0) {
2213 			/* bitwise '%s' on signed value nonportable */
2214 			warning(120, op_name(op));
2215 		}
2216 	} else if (allow_trad && allow_c90 &&
2217 	    !is_uinteger(olt) && is_uinteger(ort)) {
2218 		/* The left operand would become unsigned in traditional C. */
2219 		if (hflag && (ln->tn_op != CON || ln->tn_val.u.integer < 0)) {
2220 			/* semantics of '%s' change in C90; use ... */
2221 			warning(118, op_name(op));
2222 		}
2223 	} else if (allow_trad && allow_c90 &&
2224 	    !is_uinteger(olt) && !is_uinteger(ort) &&
2225 	    portable_rank_cmp(lt, rt) < 0) {
2226 		/*
2227 		 * In traditional C, the left operand would be extended
2228 		 * (possibly sign-extended) and then shifted.
2229 		 */
2230 		if (hflag && (ln->tn_op != CON || ln->tn_val.u.integer < 0)) {
2231 			/* semantics of '%s' change in C90; use ... */
2232 			warning(118, op_name(op));
2233 		}
2234 	}
2235 }
2236 
2237 static void
2238 typeok_shl(op_t op, tspec_t lt, tspec_t rt)
2239 {
2240 	/*
2241 	 * C90 does not perform balancing for shift operations, but traditional
2242 	 * C does. If the width of the right operand is greater than the width
2243 	 * of the left operand, then in traditional C the left operand would be
2244 	 * extended to the width of the right operand. For SHL this may result
2245 	 * in different results.
2246 	 */
2247 	if (portable_rank_cmp(lt, rt) < 0) {
2248 		/*
2249 		 * XXX If both operands are constant, make sure that there is
2250 		 * really a difference between C90 and traditional C.
2251 		 */
2252 		if (hflag && allow_trad && allow_c90)
2253 			/* semantics of '%s' change in C90; use ... */
2254 			warning(118, op_name(op));
2255 	}
2256 }
2257 
2258 static void
2259 typeok_shift(const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt, const tnode_t *rn, tspec_t rt)
2260 {
2261 	if (rn->tn_op != CON)
2262 		return;
2263 
2264 	if (!is_uinteger(rt) && rn->tn_val.u.integer < 0) {
2265 		/* negative shift */
2266 		warning(121);
2267 	} else if ((uint64_t)rn->tn_val.u.integer == size_in_bits(lt)) {
2268 		/* shift amount %u equals bit-size of '%s' */
2269 		warning(267, (unsigned)rn->tn_val.u.integer, type_name(ltp));
2270 	} else if ((uint64_t)rn->tn_val.u.integer > size_in_bits(lt)) {
2271 		/* shift amount %llu is greater than bit-size %llu of '%s' */
2272 		warning(122, (unsigned long long)rn->tn_val.u.integer,
2273 		    (unsigned long long)size_in_bits(lt),
2274 		    tspec_name(lt));
2275 	}
2276 }
2277 
2278 static bool
2279 is_typeok_eq(const tnode_t *ln, tspec_t lt, const tnode_t *rn, tspec_t rt)
2280 {
2281 	if (lt == PTR && is_null_pointer(rn))
2282 		return true;
2283 	if (rt == PTR && is_null_pointer(ln))
2284 		return true;
2285 	return false;
2286 }
2287 
2288 static void
2289 warn_incompatible_pointers(op_t op, const type_t *ltp, const type_t *rtp)
2290 {
2291 	lint_assert(ltp->t_tspec == PTR);
2292 	lint_assert(rtp->t_tspec == PTR);
2293 
2294 	tspec_t lt = ltp->t_subt->t_tspec;
2295 	tspec_t rt = rtp->t_subt->t_tspec;
2296 
2297 	if (is_struct_or_union(lt) && is_struct_or_union(rt)) {
2298 		if (op == RETURN) {
2299 			/* illegal structure pointer combination */
2300 			warning(244);
2301 		} else {
2302 			/* incompatible structure pointers: '%s' '%s' '%s' */
2303 			warning(245, type_name(ltp),
2304 			    op_name(op), type_name(rtp));
2305 		}
2306 	} else {
2307 		if (op == RETURN) {
2308 			/* illegal combination of '%s' and '%s' */
2309 			warning(184, type_name(ltp), type_name(rtp));
2310 		} else {
2311 			/* illegal combination of '%s' and '%s', op '%s' */
2312 			warning(124,
2313 			    type_name(ltp), type_name(rtp), op_name(op));
2314 		}
2315 	}
2316 }
2317 
2318 static void
2319 check_pointer_comparison(op_t op, const tnode_t *ln, const tnode_t *rn)
2320 {
2321 	type_t *ltp = ln->tn_type, *rtp = rn->tn_type;
2322 	tspec_t lst = ltp->t_subt->t_tspec, rst = rtp->t_subt->t_tspec;
2323 
2324 	if (lst == VOID || rst == VOID) {
2325 		/* TODO: C99 behaves like C90 here. */
2326 		if (!allow_trad && !allow_c99 &&
2327 		    (lst == FUNC || rst == FUNC)) {
2328 			/* (void *)0 is already handled in typeok() */
2329 			const char *lsts, *rsts;
2330 			*(lst == FUNC ? &lsts : &rsts) = "function pointer";
2331 			*(lst == VOID ? &lsts : &rsts) = "'void *'";
2332 			/* C90 or later forbid comparison of %s with %s */
2333 			warning(274, lsts, rsts);
2334 		}
2335 		return;
2336 	}
2337 
2338 	if (!types_compatible(ltp->t_subt, rtp->t_subt, true, false, NULL)) {
2339 		warn_incompatible_pointers(op, ltp, rtp);
2340 		return;
2341 	}
2342 
2343 	if (lst == FUNC && rst == FUNC) {
2344 		/* TODO: C99 behaves like C90 here, see C99 6.5.8p2. */
2345 		if (!allow_trad && !allow_c99 && op != EQ && op != NE)
2346 			/* pointers to functions can only be compared ... */
2347 			warning(125);
2348 	}
2349 }
2350 
2351 static bool
2352 typeok_compare(op_t op,
2353 	       const tnode_t *ln, const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
2354 	       const tnode_t *rn, const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
2355 {
2356 	if (lt == PTR && rt == PTR) {
2357 		check_pointer_comparison(op, ln, rn);
2358 		return true;
2359 	}
2360 
2361 	if (lt != PTR && rt != PTR)
2362 		return true;
2363 
2364 	if (!is_integer(lt) && !is_integer(rt)) {
2365 		warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2366 		return false;
2367 	}
2368 
2369 	const char *lx = lt == PTR ? "pointer" : "integer";
2370 	const char *rx = rt == PTR ? "pointer" : "integer";
2371 	/* illegal combination of %s '%s' and %s '%s', op '%s' */
2372 	warning(123, lx, type_name(ltp), rx, type_name(rtp), op_name(op));
2373 	return true;
2374 }
2375 
2376 static bool
2377 typeok_quest(tspec_t lt, const tnode_t *rn)
2378 {
2379 	if (!is_scalar(lt)) {
2380 		/* first operand of '?' must have scalar type */
2381 		error(170);
2382 		return false;
2383 	}
2384 	lint_assert(before_conversion(rn)->tn_op == COLON);
2385 	return true;
2386 }
2387 
2388 static void
2389 typeok_colon_pointer(const type_t *ltp, const type_t *rtp)
2390 {
2391 	type_t *lstp = ltp->t_subt;
2392 	type_t *rstp = rtp->t_subt;
2393 	tspec_t lst = lstp->t_tspec;
2394 	tspec_t rst = rstp->t_tspec;
2395 
2396 	if ((lst == VOID && rst == FUNC) || (lst == FUNC && rst == VOID)) {
2397 		/* (void *)0 is handled in typeok_colon */
2398 		/* TODO: C99 behaves like C90 here. */
2399 		if (!allow_trad && !allow_c99)
2400 			/* conversion of %s to %s requires a cast, op %s */
2401 			warning(305, "function pointer", "'void *'",
2402 			    op_name(COLON));
2403 		return;
2404 	}
2405 
2406 	if (pointer_types_are_compatible(lstp, rstp, true))
2407 		return;
2408 	if (!types_compatible(lstp, rstp, true, false, NULL))
2409 		warn_incompatible_pointers(COLON, ltp, rtp);
2410 }
2411 
2412 static bool
2413 typeok_colon(const tnode_t *ln, const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
2414 	     const tnode_t *rn, const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
2415 {
2416 
2417 	if (is_arithmetic(lt) && is_arithmetic(rt))
2418 		return true;
2419 	if (lt == BOOL && rt == BOOL)
2420 		return true;
2421 
2422 	if (lt == STRUCT && rt == STRUCT && ltp->t_sou == rtp->t_sou)
2423 		return true;
2424 	if (lt == UNION && rt == UNION && ltp->t_sou == rtp->t_sou)
2425 		return true;
2426 
2427 	if (lt == PTR && is_null_pointer(rn))
2428 		return true;
2429 	if (rt == PTR && is_null_pointer(ln))
2430 		return true;
2431 
2432 	if ((lt == PTR && is_integer(rt)) || (is_integer(lt) && rt == PTR)) {
2433 		const char *lx = lt == PTR ? "pointer" : "integer";
2434 		const char *rx = rt == PTR ? "pointer" : "integer";
2435 		/* illegal combination of %s '%s' and %s '%s', op '%s' */
2436 		warning(123, lx, type_name(ltp),
2437 		    rx, type_name(rtp), op_name(COLON));
2438 		return true;
2439 	}
2440 
2441 	if (lt == VOID || rt == VOID) {
2442 		if (lt != VOID || rt != VOID)
2443 			/* incompatible types '%s' and '%s' in conditional */
2444 			warning(126, type_name(ltp), type_name(rtp));
2445 		return true;
2446 	}
2447 
2448 	if (lt == PTR && rt == PTR) {
2449 		typeok_colon_pointer(ltp, rtp);
2450 		return true;
2451 	}
2452 
2453 	/* incompatible types '%s' and '%s' in conditional */
2454 	error(126, type_name(ltp), type_name(rtp));
2455 	return false;
2456 }
2457 
2458 static bool
2459 has_constant_member(const type_t *tp)
2460 {
2461 	lint_assert(is_struct_or_union(tp->t_tspec));
2462 
2463 	for (sym_t *m = tp->t_sou->sou_first_member;
2464 	    m != NULL; m = m->s_next) {
2465 		const type_t *mtp = m->s_type;
2466 		if (mtp->t_const)
2467 			return true;
2468 		if (is_struct_or_union(mtp->t_tspec) &&
2469 		    has_constant_member(mtp))
2470 			return true;
2471 	}
2472 	return false;
2473 }
2474 
2475 static bool
2476 typeok_assign(op_t op, const tnode_t *ln, const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt)
2477 {
2478 	if (op == RETURN || op == INIT || op == FARG)
2479 		return true;
2480 
2481 	if (!ln->tn_lvalue) {
2482 		if (ln->tn_op == CVT && ln->tn_cast &&
2483 		    ln->tn_left->tn_op == LOAD) {
2484 			/* a cast does not yield an lvalue */
2485 			error(163);
2486 		}
2487 		/* %soperand of '%s' must be lvalue */
2488 		error(114, "left ", op_name(op));
2489 		return false;
2490 	} else if (ltp->t_const
2491 	    || (is_struct_or_union(lt) && has_constant_member(ltp))) {
2492 		if (allow_c90)
2493 			/* %soperand of '%s' must be modifiable lvalue */
2494 			warning(115, "left ", op_name(op));
2495 	}
2496 	return true;
2497 }
2498 
2499 static bool
2500 typeok_scalar(op_t op, const mod_t *mp,
2501 	      const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
2502 	      const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
2503 {
2504 	if (mp->m_takes_bool && lt == BOOL && rt == BOOL)
2505 		return true;
2506 	if (mp->m_requires_integer) {
2507 		if (!is_integer(lt) || (mp->m_binary && !is_integer(rt))) {
2508 			warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2509 			return false;
2510 		}
2511 	} else if (mp->m_requires_integer_or_complex) {
2512 		if ((!is_integer(lt) && !is_complex(lt)) ||
2513 		    (mp->m_binary && (!is_integer(rt) && !is_complex(rt)))) {
2514 			warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2515 			return false;
2516 		}
2517 	} else if (mp->m_requires_scalar) {
2518 		if (!is_scalar(lt) || (mp->m_binary && !is_scalar(rt))) {
2519 			warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2520 			return false;
2521 		}
2522 	} else if (mp->m_requires_arith) {
2523 		if (!is_arithmetic(lt) ||
2524 		    (mp->m_binary && !is_arithmetic(rt))) {
2525 			warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2526 			return false;
2527 		}
2528 	}
2529 	return true;
2530 }
2531 
2532 static void
2533 check_assign_void_pointer(op_t op, int arg,
2534 			  tspec_t lt, tspec_t lst,
2535 			  tspec_t rt, tspec_t rst)
2536 {
2537 
2538 	if (!(lt == PTR && rt == PTR && (lst == VOID || rst == VOID)))
2539 		return;
2540 	/* two pointers, at least one pointer to void */
2541 
2542 	/* TODO: C99 behaves like C90 here. */
2543 	if (!(!allow_trad && !allow_c99 && (lst == FUNC || rst == FUNC)))
2544 		return;
2545 	/* comb. of ptr to func and ptr to void */
2546 
2547 	const char *lts, *rts;
2548 	*(lst == FUNC ? &lts : &rts) = "function pointer";
2549 	*(lst == VOID ? &lts : &rts) = "'void *'";
2550 
2551 	switch (op) {
2552 	case INIT:
2553 	case RETURN:
2554 		/* conversion of %s to %s requires a cast */
2555 		warning(303, rts, lts);
2556 		break;
2557 	case FARG:
2558 		/* conversion of %s to %s requires a cast, arg #%d */
2559 		warning(304, rts, lts, arg);
2560 		break;
2561 	default:
2562 		/* conversion of %s to %s requires a cast, op %s */
2563 		warning(305, rts, lts, op_name(op));
2564 		break;
2565 	}
2566 }
2567 
2568 static bool
2569 is_direct_function_call(const tnode_t *tn, const char **out_name)
2570 {
2571 
2572 	if (!(tn->tn_op == CALL &&
2573 	    tn->tn_left->tn_op == ADDR &&
2574 	    tn->tn_left->tn_left->tn_op == NAME))
2575 		return false;
2576 
2577 	*out_name = tn->tn_left->tn_left->tn_sym->s_name;
2578 	return true;
2579 }
2580 
2581 static bool
2582 is_unconst_function(const char *name)
2583 {
2584 
2585 	return strcmp(name, "memchr") == 0 ||
2586 	    strcmp(name, "strchr") == 0 ||
2587 	    strcmp(name, "strpbrk") == 0 ||
2588 	    strcmp(name, "strrchr") == 0 ||
2589 	    strcmp(name, "strstr") == 0;
2590 }
2591 
2592 static bool
2593 is_const_char_pointer(const tnode_t *tn)
2594 {
2595 	/*
2596 	 * For traditional reasons, C99 6.4.5p5 defines that string literals
2597 	 * have type 'char[]'.  They are often implicitly converted to 'char
2598 	 * *', for example when they are passed as function arguments.
2599 	 *
2600 	 * C99 6.4.5p6 further defines that modifying a string that is
2601 	 * constructed from a string literal invokes undefined behavior.
2602 	 *
2603 	 * Out of these reasons, string literals are treated as 'effectively
2604 	 * const' here.
2605 	 */
2606 	if (tn->tn_op == CVT &&
2607 	    tn->tn_left->tn_op == ADDR &&
2608 	    tn->tn_left->tn_left->tn_op == STRING)
2609 		return true;
2610 
2611 	const type_t *tp = before_conversion(tn)->tn_type;
2612 	return tp->t_tspec == PTR &&
2613 	    tp->t_subt->t_tspec == CHAR &&
2614 	    tp->t_subt->t_const;
2615 }
2616 
2617 static bool
2618 is_first_arg_const_char_pointer(const tnode_t *tn)
2619 {
2620 	lint_assert(has_operands(tn));
2621 	const tnode_t *an = tn->tn_right;
2622 	if (an == NULL)
2623 		return false;
2624 
2625 	while (tn_ck_right(an) != NULL)
2626 		an = an->tn_right;
2627 	return is_const_char_pointer(an->tn_left);
2628 }
2629 
2630 static bool
2631 is_const_pointer(const tnode_t *tn)
2632 {
2633 	const type_t *tp = before_conversion(tn)->tn_type;
2634 	return tp->t_tspec == PTR && tp->t_subt->t_const;
2635 }
2636 
2637 static bool
2638 is_second_arg_const_pointer(const tnode_t *tn)
2639 {
2640 	const tnode_t *an = tn_ck_right(tn);
2641 	if (an == NULL || tn_ck_right(an) == NULL)
2642 		return false;
2643 
2644 	while (tn_ck_right(an->tn_right) != NULL)
2645 		an = an->tn_right;
2646 	return is_const_pointer(an->tn_left);
2647 }
2648 
2649 static void
2650 check_unconst_function(const type_t *lstp, const tnode_t *rn)
2651 {
2652 	const char *function_name;
2653 
2654 	if (lstp->t_tspec == CHAR && !lstp->t_const &&
2655 	    is_direct_function_call(rn, &function_name) &&
2656 	    is_unconst_function(function_name) &&
2657 	    is_first_arg_const_char_pointer(rn)) {
2658 		/* call to '%s' effectively discards 'const' from argument */
2659 		warning(346, function_name);
2660 	}
2661 
2662 	if (!lstp->t_const &&
2663 	    is_direct_function_call(rn, &function_name) &&
2664 	    strcmp(function_name, "bsearch") == 0 &&
2665 	    is_second_arg_const_pointer(rn)) {
2666 		/* call to '%s' effectively discards 'const' from argument */
2667 		warning(346, function_name);
2668 	}
2669 }
2670 
2671 static bool
2672 check_assign_void_pointer_compat(op_t op, int arg,
2673 				 const type_t *const ltp, tspec_t const lt,
2674 				 const type_t *const lstp, tspec_t const lst,
2675 				 const tnode_t *const rn,
2676 				 const type_t *const rtp, tspec_t const rt,
2677 				 const type_t *const rstp, tspec_t const rst)
2678 {
2679 	if (!(lt == PTR && rt == PTR && (lst == VOID || rst == VOID ||
2680 					 types_compatible(lstp, rstp,
2681 					     true, false, NULL))))
2682 		return false;
2683 
2684 	/* compatible pointer types (qualifiers ignored) */
2685 	if (allow_c90 &&
2686 	    ((!lstp->t_const && rstp->t_const) ||
2687 	     (!lstp->t_volatile && rstp->t_volatile))) {
2688 		/* left side has not all qualifiers of right */
2689 		switch (op) {
2690 		case INIT:
2691 		case RETURN:
2692 			/* incompatible pointer types to '%s' and '%s' */
2693 			warning(182, type_name(lstp), type_name(rstp));
2694 			break;
2695 		case FARG:
2696 			/* converting '%s' to incompatible '%s' ... */
2697 			warning(153,
2698 			    type_name(rtp), type_name(ltp), arg);
2699 			break;
2700 		default:
2701 			/* operands of '%s' have incompatible pointer ... */
2702 			warning(128, op_name(op),
2703 			    type_name(lstp), type_name(rstp));
2704 			break;
2705 		}
2706 	}
2707 
2708 	if (allow_c90)
2709 		check_unconst_function(lstp, rn);
2710 
2711 	return true;
2712 }
2713 
2714 static bool
2715 check_assign_pointer_integer(op_t op, int arg,
2716 			     const type_t *const ltp, tspec_t const lt,
2717 			     const type_t *const rtp, tspec_t const rt)
2718 {
2719 
2720 	if (!((lt == PTR && is_integer(rt)) || (is_integer(lt) && rt == PTR)))
2721 		return false;
2722 
2723 	const char *lx = lt == PTR ? "pointer" : "integer";
2724 	const char *rx = rt == PTR ? "pointer" : "integer";
2725 
2726 	switch (op) {
2727 	case INIT:
2728 	case RETURN:
2729 		/* illegal combination of %s '%s' and %s '%s' */
2730 		warning(183, lx, type_name(ltp), rx, type_name(rtp));
2731 		break;
2732 	case FARG:
2733 		/* illegal combination of %s '%s' and %s '%s', arg #%d */
2734 		warning(154,
2735 		    lx, type_name(ltp), rx, type_name(rtp), arg);
2736 		break;
2737 	default:
2738 		/* illegal combination of %s '%s' and %s '%s', op '%s' */
2739 		warning(123,
2740 		    lx, type_name(ltp), rx, type_name(rtp), op_name(op));
2741 		break;
2742 	}
2743 	return true;
2744 }
2745 
2746 static bool
2747 check_assign_pointer(op_t op, int arg,
2748 		     const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
2749 		     const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
2750 {
2751 	if (!(lt == PTR && rt == PTR))
2752 		return false;
2753 
2754 	if (op == FARG)
2755 		/* converting '%s' to incompatible '%s' for ... */
2756 		warning(153, type_name(rtp), type_name(ltp), arg);
2757 	else
2758 		warn_incompatible_pointers(op, ltp, rtp);
2759 	return true;
2760 }
2761 
2762 static void
2763 warn_assign(op_t op, int arg,
2764 	    const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
2765 	    const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
2766 {
2767 	switch (op) {
2768 	case INIT:
2769 		/* cannot initialize '%s' from '%s' */
2770 		error(185, type_name(ltp), type_name(rtp));
2771 		break;
2772 	case RETURN:
2773 		/* function has return type '%s' but returns '%s' */
2774 		error(211, type_name(ltp), type_name(rtp));
2775 		break;
2776 	case FARG:
2777 		/* passing '%s' to incompatible '%s', arg #%d */
2778 		warning(155, type_name(rtp), type_name(ltp), arg);
2779 		break;
2780 	default:
2781 		warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2782 		break;
2783 	}
2784 }
2785 
2786 /*
2787  * Checks type compatibility for ASSIGN, INIT, FARG and RETURN
2788  * and prints warnings/errors if necessary.
2789  * Returns whether the types are (almost) compatible.
2790  */
2791 static bool
2792 check_assign_types_compatible(op_t op, int arg,
2793 			      const tnode_t *ln, const tnode_t *rn)
2794 {
2795 	tspec_t lt, rt, lst = NO_TSPEC, rst = NO_TSPEC;
2796 	type_t *ltp, *rtp, *lstp = NULL, *rstp = NULL;
2797 
2798 	if ((lt = (ltp = ln->tn_type)->t_tspec) == PTR)
2799 		lst = (lstp = ltp->t_subt)->t_tspec;
2800 	if ((rt = (rtp = rn->tn_type)->t_tspec) == PTR)
2801 		rst = (rstp = rtp->t_subt)->t_tspec;
2802 
2803 	if (lt == BOOL && is_scalar(rt))	/* C99 6.3.1.2 */
2804 		return true;
2805 
2806 	if (is_arithmetic(lt) && (is_arithmetic(rt) || rt == BOOL))
2807 		return true;
2808 
2809 	if (is_struct_or_union(lt) && is_struct_or_union(rt))
2810 		return ltp->t_sou == rtp->t_sou;
2811 
2812 	if (lt == PTR && is_null_pointer(rn)) {
2813 		if (is_integer(rn->tn_type->t_tspec))
2814 			/* implicit conversion from integer 0 to pointer ... */
2815 			query_message(15, type_name(ltp));
2816 		return true;
2817 	}
2818 
2819 	check_assign_void_pointer(op, arg, lt, lst, rt, rst);
2820 
2821 	if (check_assign_void_pointer_compat(op, arg,
2822 	    ltp, lt, lstp, lst, rn, rtp, rt, rstp, rst))
2823 		return true;
2824 
2825 	if (check_assign_pointer_integer(op, arg, ltp, lt, rtp, rt))
2826 		return true;
2827 
2828 	if (check_assign_pointer(op, arg, ltp, lt, rtp, rt))
2829 		return true;
2830 
2831 	warn_assign(op, arg, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2832 	return false;
2833 }
2834 
2835 static bool
2836 has_side_effect(const tnode_t *tn) /* NOLINT(misc-no-recursion) */
2837 {
2838 	op_t op = tn->tn_op;
2839 
2840 	if (modtab[op].m_has_side_effect)
2841 		return true;
2842 
2843 	if (op == CVT && tn->tn_type->t_tspec == VOID)
2844 		return has_side_effect(tn->tn_left);
2845 
2846 	/* XXX: Why not has_side_effect(tn->tn_left) as well? */
2847 	if (op == LOGAND || op == LOGOR)
2848 		return has_side_effect(tn->tn_right);
2849 
2850 	/* XXX: Why not has_side_effect(tn->tn_left) as well? */
2851 	if (op == QUEST)
2852 		return has_side_effect(tn->tn_right);
2853 
2854 	if (op == COLON || op == COMMA) {
2855 		return has_side_effect(tn->tn_left) ||
2856 		    has_side_effect(tn->tn_right);
2857 	}
2858 
2859 	return false;
2860 }
2861 
2862 static bool
2863 is_void_cast(const tnode_t *tn)
2864 {
2865 
2866 	return tn->tn_op == CVT && tn->tn_cast &&
2867 	    tn->tn_type->t_tspec == VOID;
2868 }
2869 
2870 static bool
2871 is_local_symbol(const tnode_t *tn)
2872 {
2873 
2874 	return tn->tn_op == LOAD &&
2875 	    tn->tn_left->tn_op == NAME &&
2876 	    tn->tn_left->tn_sym->s_scl == AUTO;
2877 }
2878 
2879 static bool
2880 is_int_constant_zero(const tnode_t *tn)
2881 {
2882 
2883 	return tn->tn_op == CON &&
2884 	    tn->tn_type->t_tspec == INT &&
2885 	    tn->tn_val.u.integer == 0;
2886 }
2887 
2888 static void
2889 check_null_effect(const tnode_t *tn)
2890 {
2891 
2892 	if (hflag &&
2893 	    !has_side_effect(tn) &&
2894 	    !(is_void_cast(tn) && is_local_symbol(tn->tn_left)) &&
2895 	    !(is_void_cast(tn) && is_int_constant_zero(tn->tn_left))) {
2896 		/* expression has null effect */
2897 		warning(129);
2898 	}
2899 }
2900 
2901 /*
2902  * Check the types for specific operators and type combinations.
2903  *
2904  * At this point, the operands already conform to the type requirements of
2905  * the operator, such as being integer, floating or scalar.
2906  */
2907 static bool
2908 typeok_op(op_t op, int arg,
2909 	  const tnode_t *ln, const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
2910 	  const tnode_t *rn, const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
2911 {
2912 	switch (op) {
2913 	case ARROW:
2914 		return typeok_arrow(lt);
2915 	case POINT:
2916 		return typeok_point(ln, ltp, lt);
2917 	case INCBEF:
2918 	case DECBEF:
2919 	case INCAFT:
2920 	case DECAFT:
2921 		return typeok_incdec(op, ln, ltp);
2922 	case INDIR:
2923 		return typeok_indir(ltp, lt);
2924 	case ADDR:
2925 		return typeok_address(op, ln, ltp, lt);
2926 	case PLUS:
2927 		return typeok_plus(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2928 	case MINUS:
2929 		return typeok_minus(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2930 	case SHL:
2931 		typeok_shl(op, lt, rt);
2932 		goto shift;
2933 	case SHR:
2934 		typeok_shr(op, ln, lt, rn, rt);
2935 	shift:
2936 		typeok_shift(ltp, lt, rn, rt);
2937 		break;
2938 	case LT:
2939 	case LE:
2940 	case GT:
2941 	case GE:
2942 	compare:
2943 		return typeok_compare(op, ln, ltp, lt, rn, rtp, rt);
2944 	case EQ:
2945 	case NE:
2946 		if (is_typeok_eq(ln, lt, rn, rt))
2947 			break;
2948 		goto compare;
2949 	case QUEST:
2950 		return typeok_quest(lt, rn);
2951 	case COLON:
2952 		return typeok_colon(ln, ltp, lt, rn, rtp, rt);
2953 	case ASSIGN:
2954 	case INIT:
2955 	case FARG:
2956 	case RETURN:
2957 		if (!check_assign_types_compatible(op, arg, ln, rn))
2958 			return false;
2959 		goto assign;
2960 	case MULASS:
2961 	case DIVASS:
2962 	case MODASS:
2963 		goto assign;
2964 	case ADDASS:
2965 	case SUBASS:
2966 		if ((lt == PTR && !is_integer(rt)) || rt == PTR) {
2967 			warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2968 			return false;
2969 		}
2970 		goto assign;
2971 	case SHLASS:
2972 		goto assign;
2973 	case SHRASS:
2974 		if (pflag && !is_uinteger(lt) &&
2975 		    !(!allow_c90 && is_uinteger(rt))) {
2976 			/* bitwise '%s' on signed value possibly nonportable */
2977 			warning(117, op_name(op));
2978 		}
2979 		goto assign;
2980 	case ANDASS:
2981 	case XORASS:
2982 	case ORASS:
2983 	assign:
2984 		return typeok_assign(op, ln, ltp, lt);
2985 	case COMMA:
2986 		if (!modtab[ln->tn_op].m_has_side_effect)
2987 			check_null_effect(ln);
2988 		break;
2989 	default:
2990 		break;
2991 	}
2992 	return true;
2993 }
2994 
2995 static void
2996 check_bad_enum_operation(op_t op, const tnode_t *ln, const tnode_t *rn)
2997 {
2998 
2999 	if (!eflag)
3000 		return;
3001 
3002 	/* Allow enum in array indices. */
3003 	if (op == PLUS &&
3004 	    ((ln->tn_type->t_is_enum && rn->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR) ||
3005 	     (rn->tn_type->t_is_enum && ln->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR))) {
3006 		return;
3007 	}
3008 
3009 	/* dubious operation '%s' on enum */
3010 	warning(241, op_name(op));
3011 }
3012 
3013 static void
3014 check_enum_type_mismatch(op_t op, int arg, const tnode_t *ln, const tnode_t *rn)
3015 {
3016 	const mod_t *mp = &modtab[op];
3017 
3018 	if (ln->tn_type->t_enum != rn->tn_type->t_enum) {
3019 		switch (op) {
3020 		case INIT:
3021 			/* enum type mismatch between '%s' and '%s' in ... */
3022 			warning(210,
3023 			    type_name(ln->tn_type), type_name(rn->tn_type));
3024 			break;
3025 		case FARG:
3026 			/* function expects '%s', passing '%s' for arg #%d */
3027 			warning(156,
3028 			    type_name(ln->tn_type), type_name(rn->tn_type),
3029 			    arg);
3030 			break;
3031 		case RETURN:
3032 			/* function has return type '%s' but returns '%s' */
3033 			warning(211,
3034 			    type_name(ln->tn_type), type_name(rn->tn_type));
3035 			break;
3036 		default:
3037 			/* enum type mismatch: '%s' '%s' '%s' */
3038 			warning(130, type_name(ln->tn_type), op_name(op),
3039 			    type_name(rn->tn_type));
3040 			break;
3041 		}
3042 	} else if (Pflag && eflag && mp->m_comparison && op != EQ && op != NE)
3043 		/* operator '%s' assumes that '%s' is ordered */
3044 		warning(243, op_name(op), type_name(ln->tn_type));
3045 }
3046 
3047 static void
3048 check_enum_int_mismatch(op_t op, int arg, const tnode_t *ln, const tnode_t *rn)
3049 {
3050 
3051 	if (!eflag)
3052 		return;
3053 
3054 	switch (op) {
3055 	case INIT:
3056 		/*
3057 		 * Initialization with 0 is allowed. Otherwise, all implicit
3058 		 * initializations would need to be warned upon as well.
3059 		 */
3060 		if (!rn->tn_type->t_is_enum && rn->tn_op == CON &&
3061 		    is_integer(rn->tn_type->t_tspec) &&
3062 		    rn->tn_val.u.integer == 0) {
3063 			return;
3064 		}
3065 		/* initialization of '%s' with '%s' */
3066 		warning(277, type_name(ln->tn_type), type_name(rn->tn_type));
3067 		break;
3068 	case FARG:
3069 		/* combination of '%s' and '%s', arg #%d */
3070 		warning(278,
3071 		    type_name(ln->tn_type), type_name(rn->tn_type), arg);
3072 		break;
3073 	case RETURN:
3074 		/* combination of '%s' and '%s' in return */
3075 		warning(279, type_name(ln->tn_type), type_name(rn->tn_type));
3076 		break;
3077 	default:
3078 		/* combination of '%s' and '%s', op '%s' */
3079 		warning(242, type_name(ln->tn_type), type_name(rn->tn_type),
3080 		    op_name(op));
3081 		break;
3082 	}
3083 }
3084 
3085 static void
3086 typeok_enum(op_t op, const mod_t *mp, int arg,
3087 	    const tnode_t *ln, const type_t *ltp,
3088 	    const tnode_t *rn, const type_t *rtp)
3089 {
3090 	if (mp->m_bad_on_enum &&
3091 	    (ltp->t_is_enum || (mp->m_binary && rtp->t_is_enum))) {
3092 		check_bad_enum_operation(op, ln, rn);
3093 	} else if (mp->m_valid_on_enum &&
3094 	    (ltp->t_is_enum && rtp != NULL && rtp->t_is_enum)) {
3095 		check_enum_type_mismatch(op, arg, ln, rn);
3096 	} else if (mp->m_valid_on_enum &&
3097 	    (ltp->t_is_enum || (rtp != NULL && rtp->t_is_enum))) {
3098 		check_enum_int_mismatch(op, arg, ln, rn);
3099 	}
3100 }
3101 
3102 /* Perform most type checks. Return whether the types are ok. */
3103 bool
3104 typeok(op_t op, int arg, const tnode_t *ln, const tnode_t *rn)
3105 {
3106 
3107 	const mod_t *mp = &modtab[op];
3108 
3109 	type_t *ltp = ln->tn_type;
3110 	tspec_t lt = ltp->t_tspec;
3111 
3112 	type_t *rtp = mp->m_binary ? rn->tn_type : NULL;
3113 	tspec_t rt = mp->m_binary ? rtp->t_tspec : NO_TSPEC;
3114 
3115 	if (Tflag && !typeok_scalar_strict_bool(op, mp, arg, ln, rn))
3116 		return false;
3117 	if (!typeok_scalar(op, mp, ltp, lt, rtp, rt))
3118 		return false;
3119 
3120 	if (!typeok_op(op, arg, ln, ltp, lt, rn, rtp, rt))
3121 		return false;
3122 
3123 	typeok_enum(op, mp, arg, ln, ltp, rn, rtp);
3124 	return true;
3125 }
3126 
3127 /* In traditional C, keep unsigned and promote FLOAT to DOUBLE. */
3128 static tspec_t
3129 promote_trad(tspec_t t)
3130 {
3131 
3132 	if (t == UCHAR || t == USHORT)
3133 		return UINT;
3134 	if (t == CHAR || t == SCHAR || t == SHORT)
3135 		return INT;
3136 	if (t == FLOAT)
3137 		return DOUBLE;
3138 	if (t == ENUM)
3139 		return INT;
3140 	return t;
3141 }
3142 
3143 /*
3144  * C99 6.3.1.1p2 requires for types with lower rank than int that "If an int
3145  * can represent all the values of the original type, the value is converted
3146  * to an int; otherwise it is converted to an unsigned int", and that "All
3147  * other types are unchanged by the integer promotions".
3148  */
3149 static tspec_t
3150 promote_c90(const tnode_t *tn, tspec_t t, bool farg)
3151 {
3152 	if (tn->tn_type->t_bitfield) {
3153 		unsigned int width = tn->tn_type->t_bit_field_width;
3154 		unsigned int int_width = size_in_bits(INT);
3155 		// XXX: What about _Bool bit-fields, since C99?
3156 		if (width < int_width)
3157 			return INT;
3158 		if (width == int_width)
3159 			return is_uinteger(t) ? UINT : INT;
3160 		return t;
3161 	}
3162 
3163 	if (t == CHAR || t == SCHAR)
3164 		return INT;
3165 	if (t == UCHAR)
3166 		return size_in_bits(CHAR) < size_in_bits(INT) ? INT : UINT;
3167 	if (t == SHORT)
3168 		return INT;
3169 	if (t == USHORT)
3170 		return size_in_bits(SHORT) < size_in_bits(INT) ? INT : UINT;
3171 	if (t == ENUM)
3172 		return INT;
3173 	if (farg && t == FLOAT)
3174 		return DOUBLE;
3175 	return t;
3176 }
3177 
3178 /*
3179  * Performs the "integer promotions" (C99 6.3.1.1p2), which convert small
3180  * integer types to either int or unsigned int.
3181  *
3182  * If allow_c90 is unset or the operand is a function argument with no type
3183  * information (no prototype or variable # of args), converts float to double.
3184  */
3185 tnode_t *
3186 promote(op_t op, bool farg, tnode_t *tn)
3187 {
3188 
3189 	tspec_t ot = tn->tn_type->t_tspec;
3190 	if (!is_arithmetic(ot))
3191 		return tn;
3192 
3193 	tspec_t nt = allow_c90 ? promote_c90(tn, ot, farg) : promote_trad(ot);
3194 	if (nt == ot)
3195 		return tn;
3196 
3197 	type_t *ntp = expr_dup_type(tn->tn_type);
3198 	ntp->t_tspec = nt;
3199 	/*
3200 	 * Keep t_is_enum even though t_tspec gets converted from ENUM to INT,
3201 	 * so we are later able to check compatibility of enum types.
3202 	 */
3203 	return convert(op, 0, ntp, tn);
3204 }
3205 
3206 static void
3207 convert_integer_from_floating(op_t op, const type_t *tp, const tnode_t *tn)
3208 {
3209 
3210 	if (op == CVT)
3211 		/* cast from floating point '%s' to integer '%s' */
3212 		query_message(2, type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(tp));
3213 	else
3214 		/* implicit conversion from floating point '%s' to ... */
3215 		query_message(1, type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(tp));
3216 }
3217 
3218 static bool
3219 should_warn_about_prototype_conversion(tspec_t nt,
3220 				       tspec_t ot, const tnode_t *ptn)
3221 {
3222 
3223 	if (nt == ot)
3224 		return false;
3225 
3226 	if (nt == ENUM && ot == INT)
3227 		return false;
3228 
3229 	if (is_floating(nt) != is_floating(ot) ||
3230 	    portable_rank_cmp(nt, ot) != 0) {
3231 		/* representation and/or width change */
3232 		if (!is_integer(ot))
3233 			return true;
3234 		/*
3235 		 * XXX: Investigate whether this rule makes sense; see
3236 		 * tests/usr.bin/xlint/lint1/platform_long.c.
3237 		 */
3238 		return portable_rank_cmp(ot, INT) > 0;
3239 	}
3240 
3241 	if (!hflag)
3242 		return false;
3243 
3244 	/*
3245 	 * If the types differ only in sign and the argument has the same
3246 	 * representation in both types, print no warning.
3247 	 */
3248 	if (ptn->tn_op == CON && is_integer(nt) &&
3249 	    signed_type(nt) == signed_type(ot) &&
3250 	    !msb(ptn->tn_val.u.integer, ot))
3251 		return false;
3252 
3253 	return true;
3254 }
3255 
3256 /*
3257  * Warn if a prototype causes a type conversion that is different from what
3258  * would happen to the same argument in the absence of a prototype.  This
3259  * check is intended for code that needs to stay compatible with pre-C90 C.
3260  *
3261  * Errors/warnings about illegal type combinations are already printed
3262  * in check_assign_types_compatible().
3263  */
3264 static void
3265 check_prototype_conversion(int arg, tspec_t nt, tspec_t ot, type_t *tp,
3266 			   tnode_t *tn)
3267 {
3268 
3269 	if (!is_arithmetic(nt) || !is_arithmetic(ot))
3270 		return;
3271 
3272 	/*
3273 	 * If the type of the formal parameter is char/short, a warning would
3274 	 * be useless, because functions declared the old style can't expect
3275 	 * char/short arguments.
3276 	 */
3277 	if (nt == CHAR || nt == SCHAR || nt == UCHAR ||
3278 	    nt == SHORT || nt == USHORT)
3279 		return;
3280 
3281 	tnode_t *ptn = promote(NOOP, true, tn);
3282 	ot = ptn->tn_type->t_tspec;
3283 
3284 	if (should_warn_about_prototype_conversion(nt, ot, ptn)) {
3285 		/* argument %d is converted from '%s' to '%s' ... */
3286 		warning(259, arg, type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(tp));
3287 	}
3288 }
3289 
3290 /*
3291  * When converting a large integer type to a small integer type, in some
3292  * cases the value of the actual expression is further restricted than the
3293  * type bounds, such as in (expr & 0xFF) or (expr % 100) or (expr >> 24).
3294  */
3295 static bool
3296 can_represent(const type_t *tp, const tnode_t *tn)
3297 {
3298 
3299 	debug_step("%s: type '%s'", __func__, type_name(tp));
3300 	debug_node(tn);
3301 
3302 	uint64_t nmask = value_bits(width_in_bits(tp));
3303 	if (!is_uinteger(tp->t_tspec))
3304 		nmask >>= 1;
3305 
3306 	integer_constraints c = ic_expr(tn);
3307 	if ((~c.bclr & ~nmask) == 0)
3308 		return true;
3309 
3310 	integer_constraints tpc = ic_any(tp);
3311 	if (is_uinteger(tp->t_tspec)
3312 	    ? tpc.umin <= c.umin && tpc.umax >= c.umax
3313 	    : tpc.smin <= c.smin && tpc.smax >= c.smax)
3314 		return true;
3315 
3316 	return false;
3317 }
3318 
3319 static bool
3320 should_warn_about_integer_conversion(const type_t *ntp, tspec_t nt,
3321 				     const tnode_t *otn, tspec_t ot)
3322 {
3323 
3324 	// XXX: The portable_rank_cmp aims at portable mode, independent of the
3325 	// current platform, while can_represent acts on the actual type sizes
3326 	// from the current platform.  This mix is inconsistent, but anything
3327 	// else would make the exact conditions too complicated to grasp.
3328 	if (aflag > 0 && portable_rank_cmp(nt, ot) < 0) {
3329 		if (ot == LONG || ot == ULONG
3330 		    || ot == LLONG || ot == ULLONG
3331 #ifdef INT128_SIZE
3332 		    || ot == INT128 || ot == UINT128
3333 #endif
3334 		    || aflag > 1)
3335 			return !can_represent(ntp, otn);
3336 	}
3337 	return false;
3338 }
3339 
3340 static void
3341 convert_integer_from_integer(op_t op, int arg, tspec_t nt, tspec_t ot,
3342 			     type_t *tp, tnode_t *tn)
3343 {
3344 
3345 	if (tn->tn_op == CON)
3346 		return;
3347 
3348 	if (op == CVT)
3349 		return;
3350 
3351 	if (Pflag && pflag && aflag > 0 &&
3352 	    portable_rank_cmp(nt, ot) > 0 &&
3353 	    is_uinteger(nt) != is_uinteger(ot)) {
3354 		if (op == FARG) {
3355 			/* conversion to '%s' may sign-extend ... */
3356 			warning(297, type_name(tp), arg);
3357 		} else {
3358 			/* conversion to '%s' may sign-extend ... */
3359 			warning(131, type_name(tp));
3360 		}
3361 	}
3362 
3363 	if (Pflag && portable_rank_cmp(nt, ot) > 0 &&
3364 	    (tn->tn_op == PLUS || tn->tn_op == MINUS || tn->tn_op == MULT ||
3365 	     tn->tn_op == SHL)) {
3366 		/* suggest cast from '%s' to '%s' on op '%s' to ... */
3367 		warning(324, type_name(gettyp(ot)), type_name(tp),
3368 		    op_name(tn->tn_op));
3369 	}
3370 
3371 	if (should_warn_about_integer_conversion(tp, nt, tn, ot)) {
3372 		if (op == FARG) {
3373 			/* conversion from '%s' to '%s' may lose ... */
3374 			warning(298,
3375 			    type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(tp), arg);
3376 		} else {
3377 			/* conversion from '%s' to '%s' may lose accuracy */
3378 			warning(132,
3379 			    type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(tp));
3380 		}
3381 	}
3382 
3383 	if (any_query_enabled && is_uinteger(nt) != is_uinteger(ot))
3384 		/* implicit conversion changes sign from '%s' to '%s' */
3385 		query_message(3, type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(tp));
3386 }
3387 
3388 static void
3389 convert_integer_from_pointer(op_t op, tspec_t nt, type_t *tp, tnode_t *tn)
3390 {
3391 
3392 	if (tn->tn_op == CON)
3393 		return;
3394 	if (op != CVT)
3395 		return;		/* We already got an error. */
3396 	if (portable_rank_cmp(nt, PTR) >= 0)
3397 		return;
3398 
3399 	if (pflag && size_in_bits(nt) >= size_in_bits(PTR)) {
3400 		/* conversion of pointer to '%s' may lose bits */
3401 		warning(134, type_name(tp));
3402 	} else {
3403 		/* conversion of pointer to '%s' loses bits */
3404 		warning(133, type_name(tp));
3405 	}
3406 }
3407 
3408 static bool
3409 struct_starts_with(const type_t *struct_tp, const type_t *member_tp)
3410 {
3411 
3412 	return struct_tp->t_sou->sou_first_member != NULL &&
3413 	    types_compatible(struct_tp->t_sou->sou_first_member->s_type,
3414 		member_tp, true, false, NULL);
3415 }
3416 
3417 static bool
3418 is_byte_array(const type_t *tp)
3419 {
3420 
3421 	return tp->t_tspec == ARRAY &&
3422 	    (tp->t_subt->t_tspec == CHAR || tp->t_subt->t_tspec == UCHAR);
3423 }
3424 
3425 static bool
3426 union_contains(const type_t *utp, const type_t *mtp)
3427 {
3428 	for (const sym_t *mem = utp->t_sou->sou_first_member;
3429 	    mem != NULL; mem = mem->s_next) {
3430 		if (types_compatible(mem->s_type, mtp, true, false, NULL))
3431 			return true;
3432 	}
3433 	return false;
3434 }
3435 
3436 static bool
3437 should_warn_about_pointer_cast(const type_t *nstp, tspec_t nst,
3438 			       const type_t *ostp, tspec_t ost)
3439 {
3440 
3441 	while (nst == ARRAY)
3442 		nstp = nstp->t_subt, nst = nstp->t_tspec;
3443 	while (ost == ARRAY)
3444 		ostp = ostp->t_subt, ost = ostp->t_tspec;
3445 
3446 	if (nst == STRUCT && ost == STRUCT &&
3447 	    (struct_starts_with(nstp, ostp) ||
3448 	     struct_starts_with(ostp, nstp)))
3449 		return false;
3450 
3451 	if (is_incomplete(nstp) || is_incomplete(ostp))
3452 		return false;
3453 
3454 	if (nst == CHAR || nst == UCHAR)
3455 		return false;	/* for the sake of traditional C code */
3456 	if (ost == CHAR || ost == UCHAR)
3457 		return false;	/* for the sake of traditional C code */
3458 
3459 	/* Allow cast between pointers to sockaddr variants. */
3460 	if (nst == STRUCT && ost == STRUCT) {
3461 		const sym_t *nmem = nstp->t_sou->sou_first_member;
3462 		const sym_t *omem = ostp->t_sou->sou_first_member;
3463 		while (nmem != NULL && omem != NULL &&
3464 		    types_compatible(nmem->s_type, omem->s_type,
3465 			true, false, NULL))
3466 			nmem = nmem->s_next, omem = omem->s_next;
3467 		if (nmem != NULL && is_byte_array(nmem->s_type))
3468 			return false;
3469 		if (omem != NULL && is_byte_array(omem->s_type))
3470 			return false;
3471 		if (nmem == NULL && omem == NULL)
3472 			return false;
3473 	}
3474 
3475 	if (nst == UNION || ost == UNION) {
3476 		const type_t *union_tp = nst == UNION ? nstp : ostp;
3477 		const type_t *other_tp = nst == UNION ? ostp : nstp;
3478 		if (union_contains(union_tp, other_tp))
3479 			return false;
3480 	}
3481 
3482 	if (is_struct_or_union(nst) && is_struct_or_union(ost))
3483 		return nstp->t_sou != ostp->t_sou;
3484 
3485 	enum rank_kind rk1 = type_properties(nst)->tt_rank_kind;
3486 	enum rank_kind rk2 = type_properties(ost)->tt_rank_kind;
3487 	if (rk1 != rk2 || rk1 == RK_NONE)
3488 		return true;
3489 
3490 	return portable_rank_cmp(nst, ost) != 0;
3491 }
3492 
3493 static void
3494 convert_pointer_from_pointer(type_t *ntp, tnode_t *tn)
3495 {
3496 	const type_t *nstp = ntp->t_subt;
3497 	const type_t *otp = tn->tn_type;
3498 	const type_t *ostp = otp->t_subt;
3499 	tspec_t nst = nstp->t_tspec;
3500 	tspec_t ost = ostp->t_tspec;
3501 
3502 	if (nst == VOID || ost == VOID) {
3503 		/* TODO: C99 behaves like C90 here. */
3504 		if (!allow_trad && !allow_c99 && (nst == FUNC || ost == FUNC)) {
3505 			const char *nts, *ots;
3506 			/* null pointers are already handled in convert() */
3507 			*(nst == FUNC ? &nts : &ots) = "function pointer";
3508 			*(nst == VOID ? &nts : &ots) = "'void *'";
3509 			/* conversion of %s to %s requires a cast */
3510 			warning(303, ots, nts);
3511 		}
3512 		return;
3513 	}
3514 	if (nst == FUNC && ost == FUNC)
3515 		return;
3516 	if (nst == FUNC || ost == FUNC) {
3517 		/* converting '%s' to '%s' is questionable */
3518 		warning(229, type_name(otp), type_name(ntp));
3519 		return;
3520 	}
3521 
3522 	if (hflag && alignment_in_bits(nstp) > alignment_in_bits(ostp) &&
3523 	    ost != CHAR && ost != UCHAR &&
3524 	    !is_incomplete(ostp) &&
3525 	    !(nst == UNION && union_contains(nstp, ostp))) {
3526 		/* converting '%s' to '%s' increases alignment ... */
3527 		warning(135, type_name(otp), type_name(ntp),
3528 		    alignment_in_bits(ostp) / CHAR_SIZE,
3529 		    alignment_in_bits(nstp) / CHAR_SIZE);
3530 	}
3531 
3532 	if (cflag && should_warn_about_pointer_cast(nstp, nst, ostp, ost)) {
3533 		/* pointer cast from '%s' to '%s' may be troublesome */
3534 		warning(247, type_name(otp), type_name(ntp));
3535 	}
3536 }
3537 
3538 /*
3539  * Insert a conversion operator, which converts the type of the node
3540  * to another given type.
3541  *
3542  * Possible values for 'op':
3543  *	CVT	a cast-expression
3544  *	binary	integer promotion for one of the operands, or a usual
3545  *		arithmetic conversion
3546  *	binary	plain or compound assignments to bit-fields
3547  *	FARG	'arg' is the number of the parameter (used for warnings)
3548  *	NOOP	several other implicit conversions
3549  *	...
3550  */
3551 tnode_t *
3552 convert(op_t op, int arg, type_t *tp, tnode_t *tn)
3553 {
3554 	tspec_t nt = tp->t_tspec;
3555 	tspec_t ot = tn->tn_type->t_tspec;
3556 
3557 	if (allow_trad && allow_c90 && op == FARG)
3558 		check_prototype_conversion(arg, nt, ot, tp, tn);
3559 
3560 	if (nt == BOOL) {
3561 		/* No further checks. */
3562 
3563 	} else if (is_integer(nt)) {
3564 		if (ot == BOOL) {
3565 			/* No further checks. */
3566 		} else if (is_integer(ot))
3567 			convert_integer_from_integer(op, arg, nt, ot, tp, tn);
3568 		else if (is_floating(ot))
3569 			convert_integer_from_floating(op, tp, tn);
3570 		else if (ot == PTR)
3571 			convert_integer_from_pointer(op, nt, tp, tn);
3572 
3573 	} else if (is_floating(nt)) {
3574 		/* No further checks. */
3575 
3576 	} else if (nt == PTR) {
3577 		if (is_null_pointer(tn)) {
3578 			/* a null pointer may be assigned to any pointer. */
3579 		} else if (ot == PTR && op == CVT)
3580 			convert_pointer_from_pointer(tp, tn);
3581 	}
3582 
3583 	tnode_t *ntn = expr_alloc_tnode();
3584 	ntn->tn_op = CVT;
3585 	ntn->tn_type = tp;
3586 	ntn->tn_cast = op == CVT;
3587 	ntn->tn_sys |= tn->tn_sys;
3588 	ntn->tn_right = NULL;
3589 	if (tn->tn_op != CON || nt == VOID) {
3590 		ntn->tn_left = tn;
3591 	} else {
3592 		ntn->tn_op = CON;
3593 		convert_constant(op, arg, ntn->tn_type, &ntn->tn_val,
3594 		    &tn->tn_val);
3595 	}
3596 
3597 	return ntn;
3598 }
3599 
3600 static void
3601 convert_constant_floating(op_t op, int arg, tspec_t ot, const type_t *tp,
3602 			  tspec_t nt, val_t *v, val_t *nv)
3603 {
3604 	long double max = 0.0, min = 0.0;
3605 
3606 	switch (nt) {
3607 	case CHAR:
3608 		max = TARG_CHAR_MAX;	min = TARG_CHAR_MIN;	break;
3609 	case UCHAR:
3610 		max = TARG_UCHAR_MAX;	min = 0;		break;
3611 	case SCHAR:
3612 		max = TARG_SCHAR_MAX;	min = TARG_SCHAR_MIN;	break;
3613 	case SHORT:
3614 		max = TARG_SHRT_MAX;	min = TARG_SHRT_MIN;	break;
3615 	case USHORT:
3616 		max = TARG_USHRT_MAX;	min = 0;		break;
3617 	case ENUM:
3618 	case INT:
3619 		max = TARG_INT_MAX;	min = TARG_INT_MIN;	break;
3620 	case UINT:
3621 		max = TARG_UINT_MAX;	min = 0;		break;
3622 	case LONG:
3623 		max = TARG_LONG_MAX;	min = TARG_LONG_MIN;	break;
3624 	case ULONG:
3625 		max = TARG_ULONG_MAX;	min = 0;		break;
3626 	case LLONG:
3627 		max = LLONG_MAX;	min = LLONG_MIN;	break;
3628 	case ULLONG:
3629 		max = ULLONG_MAX;	min = 0;		break;
3630 	case FLOAT:
3631 	case FCOMPLEX:
3632 		max = FLT_MAX;		min = -FLT_MAX;		break;
3633 	case DOUBLE:
3634 	case DCOMPLEX:
3635 		max = DBL_MAX;		min = -DBL_MAX;		break;
3636 	case PTR:
3637 		/* Already got an error because of float --> ptr */
3638 	case LDOUBLE:
3639 	case LCOMPLEX:
3640 		/* LINTED 248 */
3641 		max = LDBL_MAX;		min = -max;		break;
3642 	default:
3643 		lint_assert(/*CONSTCOND*/false);
3644 	}
3645 	if (v->u.floating > max || v->u.floating < min) {
3646 		lint_assert(nt != LDOUBLE);
3647 		if (op == FARG) {
3648 			/* conversion of '%s' to '%s' is out of range, ... */
3649 			warning(295,
3650 			    type_name(gettyp(ot)), type_name(tp), arg);
3651 		} else {
3652 			/* conversion of '%s' to '%s' is out of range */
3653 			warning(119, type_name(gettyp(ot)), type_name(tp));
3654 		}
3655 		v->u.floating = v->u.floating > 0 ? max : min;
3656 	}
3657 
3658 	if (nt == FLOAT || nt == FCOMPLEX)
3659 		nv->u.floating = (float)v->u.floating;
3660 	else if (nt == DOUBLE || nt == DCOMPLEX)
3661 		nv->u.floating = (double)v->u.floating;
3662 	else if (nt == LDOUBLE || nt == LCOMPLEX)
3663 		nv->u.floating = v->u.floating;
3664 	else
3665 		nv->u.integer = (int64_t)v->u.floating;
3666 }
3667 
3668 static bool
3669 convert_constant_to_floating(tspec_t nt, val_t *nv,
3670 			     tspec_t ot, const val_t *v)
3671 {
3672 	if (nt == FLOAT) {
3673 		nv->u.floating = (ot == PTR || is_uinteger(ot)) ?
3674 		    (float)(uint64_t)v->u.integer : (float)v->u.integer;
3675 	} else if (nt == DOUBLE) {
3676 		nv->u.floating = (ot == PTR || is_uinteger(ot)) ?
3677 		    (double)(uint64_t)v->u.integer : (double)v->u.integer;
3678 	} else if (nt == LDOUBLE) {
3679 		nv->u.floating = (ot == PTR || is_uinteger(ot))
3680 		    ? (long double)(uint64_t)v->u.integer
3681 		    : (long double)v->u.integer;
3682 	} else
3683 		return false;
3684 	return true;
3685 }
3686 
3687 /*
3688  * Print a warning if bits which were set are lost due to the conversion.
3689  * This can happen with operator ORASS only.
3690  */
3691 static void
3692 convert_constant_check_range_bitor(size_t nsz, size_t osz, const val_t *v,
3693 				   uint64_t xmask, op_t op)
3694 {
3695 	if (nsz < osz && (v->u.integer & xmask) != 0) {
3696 		/* constant truncated by conversion, op '%s' */
3697 		warning(306, op_name(op));
3698 	}
3699 }
3700 
3701 static void
3702 convert_constant_check_range_bitand(size_t nsz, size_t osz,
3703 				    uint64_t xmask, const val_t *nv,
3704 				    tspec_t ot, const val_t *v,
3705 				    const type_t *tp, op_t op)
3706 {
3707 	if (nsz > osz &&
3708 	    (nv->u.integer & bit((unsigned int)(osz - 1))) != 0 &&
3709 	    (nv->u.integer & xmask) != xmask) {
3710 		/* extra bits set to 0 in conversion of '%s' to '%s', ... */
3711 		warning(309, type_name(gettyp(ot)),
3712 		    type_name(tp), op_name(op));
3713 	} else if (nsz < osz &&
3714 	    (v->u.integer & xmask) != xmask &&
3715 	    (v->u.integer & xmask) != 0) {
3716 		/* constant truncated by conversion, op '%s' */
3717 		warning(306, op_name(op));
3718 	}
3719 }
3720 
3721 static void
3722 convert_constant_check_range_signed(op_t op, int arg)
3723 {
3724 	if (op == ASSIGN) {
3725 		/* assignment of negative constant to unsigned type */
3726 		warning(164);
3727 	} else if (op == INIT) {
3728 		/* initialization of unsigned with negative constant */
3729 		warning(221);
3730 	} else if (op == FARG) {
3731 		/* conversion of negative constant to unsigned type, ... */
3732 		warning(296, arg);
3733 	} else if (modtab[op].m_comparison) {
3734 		/* handled by check_integer_comparison() */
3735 	} else {
3736 		/* conversion of negative constant to unsigned type */
3737 		warning(222);
3738 	}
3739 }
3740 
3741 /*
3742  * Loss of significant bit(s). All truncated bits of unsigned types or all
3743  * truncated bits plus the msb of the target for signed types are considered
3744  * to be significant bits. Loss of significant bits means that at least one
3745  * of the bits was set in an unsigned type or that at least one but not all
3746  * of the bits was set in a signed type. Loss of significant bits means that
3747  * it is not possible, also not with necessary casts, to convert back to the
3748  * original type. An example for a necessary cast is:
3749  *	char c;	int	i; c = 128;
3750  *	i = c;			** yields -128 **
3751  *	i = (unsigned char)c;	** yields 128 **
3752  */
3753 static void
3754 warn_constant_check_range_truncated(op_t op, int arg, const type_t *tp,
3755 				    tspec_t ot)
3756 {
3757 	if (op == ASSIGN && tp->t_bitfield)
3758 		/* precision lost in bit-field assignment */
3759 		warning(166);
3760 	else if (op == ASSIGN)
3761 		/* constant truncated by assignment */
3762 		warning(165);
3763 	else if (op == INIT && tp->t_bitfield)
3764 		/* bit-field initializer does not fit */
3765 		warning(180);
3766 	else if (op == INIT)
3767 		/* initializer does not fit */
3768 		warning(178);
3769 	else if (op == CASE)
3770 		/* case label affected by conversion */
3771 		warning(196);
3772 	else if (op == FARG)
3773 		/* conversion of '%s' to '%s' is out of range, arg #%d */
3774 		warning(295, type_name(gettyp(ot)), type_name(tp), arg);
3775 	else
3776 		/* conversion of '%s' to '%s' is out of range */
3777 		warning(119, type_name(gettyp(ot)), type_name(tp));
3778 }
3779 
3780 static void
3781 warn_constant_check_range_loss(op_t op, int arg, const type_t *tp,
3782 				  tspec_t ot)
3783 {
3784 	if (op == ASSIGN && tp->t_bitfield)
3785 		/* precision lost in bit-field assignment */
3786 		warning(166);
3787 	else if (op == INIT && tp->t_bitfield)
3788 		/* bit-field initializer out of range */
3789 		warning(11);
3790 	else if (op == CASE)
3791 		/* case label affected by conversion */
3792 		warning(196);
3793 	else if (op == FARG)
3794 		/* conversion of '%s' to '%s' is out of range, arg #%d */
3795 		warning(295, type_name(gettyp(ot)), type_name(tp), arg);
3796 	else
3797 		/* conversion of '%s' to '%s' is out of range */
3798 		warning(119, type_name(gettyp(ot)), type_name(tp));
3799 }
3800 
3801 static void
3802 convert_constant_check_range(tspec_t ot, const type_t *tp, tspec_t nt,
3803 			     op_t op, int arg, const val_t *v, val_t *nv)
3804 {
3805 	unsigned int obitsz, nbitsz;
3806 	uint64_t xmask, xmsk1;
3807 
3808 	obitsz = size_in_bits(ot);
3809 	nbitsz = tp->t_bitfield ? tp->t_bit_field_width : size_in_bits(nt);
3810 	xmask = value_bits(nbitsz) ^ value_bits(obitsz);
3811 	xmsk1 = value_bits(nbitsz) ^ value_bits(obitsz - 1);
3812 	if (op == ORASS || op == BITOR || op == BITXOR) {
3813 		convert_constant_check_range_bitor(
3814 		    nbitsz, obitsz, v, xmask, op);
3815 	} else if (op == ANDASS || op == BITAND) {
3816 		convert_constant_check_range_bitand(
3817 		    nbitsz, obitsz, xmask, nv, ot, v, tp, op);
3818 	} else if (nt != PTR && is_uinteger(nt) &&
3819 	    ot != PTR && !is_uinteger(ot) &&
3820 	    v->u.integer < 0)
3821 		convert_constant_check_range_signed(op, arg);
3822 	else if (nv->u.integer != v->u.integer && nbitsz <= obitsz &&
3823 	    (v->u.integer & xmask) != 0 &&
3824 	    (is_uinteger(ot) || (v->u.integer & xmsk1) != xmsk1))
3825 		warn_constant_check_range_truncated(op, arg, tp, ot);
3826 	else if (nv->u.integer != v->u.integer)
3827 		warn_constant_check_range_loss(op, arg, tp, ot);
3828 }
3829 
3830 /*-
3831  * Converts a typed constant to a constant of another type.
3832  *
3833  * op		operator which requires conversion
3834  * arg		if op is FARG, # of parameter
3835  * tp		type to which to convert the constant
3836  * nv		new constant
3837  * v		old constant
3838  */
3839 void
3840 convert_constant(op_t op, int arg, const type_t *tp, val_t *nv, val_t *v)
3841 {
3842 	/*
3843 	 * TODO: make 'v' const; the name of this function does not suggest
3844 	 *  that it modifies 'v'.
3845 	 */
3846 	tspec_t ot = v->v_tspec;
3847 	tspec_t nt = nv->v_tspec = tp->t_tspec;
3848 	bool range_check = false;
3849 
3850 	if (nt == BOOL) {	/* C99 6.3.1.2 */
3851 		nv->v_unsigned_since_c90 = false;
3852 		nv->u.integer = is_nonzero_val(v) ? 1 : 0;
3853 		return;
3854 	}
3855 
3856 	if (ot == FLOAT || ot == DOUBLE || ot == LDOUBLE)
3857 		convert_constant_floating(op, arg, ot, tp, nt, v, nv);
3858 	else if (!convert_constant_to_floating(nt, nv, ot, v)) {
3859 		range_check = true;	/* Check for lost precision. */
3860 		nv->u.integer = v->u.integer;
3861 	}
3862 
3863 	if (allow_trad && allow_c90 && v->v_unsigned_since_c90 &&
3864 	    (is_floating(nt) || (
3865 		(is_integer(nt) && !is_uinteger(nt) &&
3866 		    portable_rank_cmp(nt, ot) > 0)))) {
3867 		/* C90 treats constant as unsigned */
3868 		warning(157);
3869 		v->v_unsigned_since_c90 = false;
3870 	}
3871 
3872 	if (is_integer(nt)) {
3873 		nv->u.integer = convert_integer(nv->u.integer, nt,
3874 		    tp->t_bitfield ? tp->t_bit_field_width : size_in_bits(nt));
3875 	}
3876 
3877 	if (range_check && op != CVT)
3878 		convert_constant_check_range(ot, tp, nt, op, arg, v, nv);
3879 }
3880 
3881 tnode_t *
3882 build_sizeof(const type_t *tp)
3883 {
3884 	unsigned int size_in_bytes = type_size_in_bits(tp) / CHAR_SIZE;
3885 	tnode_t *tn = build_integer_constant(SIZEOF_TSPEC, size_in_bytes);
3886 	tn->tn_system_dependent = true;
3887 	debug_step("build_sizeof '%s' = %u", type_name(tp), size_in_bytes);
3888 	return tn;
3889 }
3890 
3891 tnode_t *
3892 build_offsetof(const type_t *tp, designation dn)
3893 {
3894 	unsigned int offset_in_bits = 0;
3895 
3896 	if (!is_struct_or_union(tp->t_tspec)) {
3897 		/* unacceptable operand of '%s' */
3898 		error(111, "offsetof");
3899 		goto proceed;
3900 	}
3901 	for (size_t i = 0; i < dn.dn_len; i++) {
3902 		const designator *dr = dn.dn_items + i;
3903 		if (dr->dr_kind == DK_SUBSCRIPT) {
3904 			if (tp->t_tspec != ARRAY)
3905 				goto proceed;	/* silent error */
3906 			tp = tp->t_subt;
3907 			offset_in_bits += (unsigned) dr->dr_subscript
3908 			    * type_size_in_bits(tp);
3909 		} else {
3910 			if (!is_struct_or_union(tp->t_tspec))
3911 				goto proceed;	/* silent error */
3912 			const char *name = dr->dr_member->s_name;
3913 			sym_t *mem = find_member(tp->t_sou, name);
3914 			if (mem == NULL) {
3915 				/* type '%s' does not have member '%s' */
3916 				error(101, name, type_name(tp));
3917 				goto proceed;
3918 			}
3919 			tp = mem->s_type;
3920 			offset_in_bits += mem->u.s_member.sm_offset_in_bits;
3921 		}
3922 	}
3923 	free(dn.dn_items);
3924 
3925 proceed:;
3926 	unsigned int offset_in_bytes = offset_in_bits / CHAR_SIZE;
3927 	tnode_t *tn = build_integer_constant(SIZEOF_TSPEC, offset_in_bytes);
3928 	tn->tn_system_dependent = true;
3929 	return tn;
3930 }
3931 
3932 unsigned int
3933 type_size_in_bits(const type_t *tp)
3934 {
3935 
3936 	unsigned int elem = 1;
3937 	bool flex = false;
3938 	lint_assert(tp != NULL);
3939 	while (tp->t_tspec == ARRAY) {
3940 		flex = true;	/* allow c99 flex arrays [] [0] */
3941 		elem *= tp->t_dim;
3942 		tp = tp->t_subt;
3943 	}
3944 	if (elem == 0 && !flex) {
3945 		/* cannot take size/alignment of incomplete type */
3946 		error(143);
3947 		elem = 1;
3948 	}
3949 
3950 	unsigned int elsz;
3951 	switch (tp->t_tspec) {
3952 	case VOID:
3953 		/* cannot take size/alignment of void */
3954 		error(146);
3955 		elsz = 1;
3956 		break;
3957 	case FUNC:
3958 		/* cannot take size/alignment of function type '%s' */
3959 		error(144, type_name(tp));
3960 		elsz = 1;
3961 		break;
3962 	case STRUCT:
3963 	case UNION:
3964 		if (is_incomplete(tp)) {
3965 			/* cannot take size/alignment of incomplete type */
3966 			error(143);
3967 			elsz = 1;
3968 		} else {
3969 			elsz = tp->t_sou->sou_size_in_bits;
3970 		}
3971 		break;
3972 	case ENUM:
3973 		if (is_incomplete(tp)) {
3974 			/* cannot take size/alignment of incomplete type */
3975 			warning(143);
3976 		}
3977 		/* FALLTHROUGH */
3978 	default:
3979 		if (tp->t_bitfield) {
3980 			/* cannot take size/alignment of bit-field */
3981 			error(145);
3982 		}
3983 		elsz = size_in_bits(tp->t_tspec);
3984 		lint_assert(elsz > 0);
3985 		break;
3986 	}
3987 
3988 	return elem * elsz;
3989 }
3990 
3991 /* C11 6.5.3.4, GCC */
3992 tnode_t *
3993 build_alignof(const type_t *tp)
3994 {
3995 	if (tp->t_tspec == FUNC) {
3996 		/* cannot take size/alignment of function type '%s' */
3997 		error(144, type_name(tp));
3998 		return NULL;
3999 	}
4000 	if (tp->t_tspec == VOID) {
4001 		/* cannot take size/alignment of void */
4002 		error(146);
4003 		return NULL;
4004 	}
4005 	if (is_incomplete(tp)) {
4006 		/* cannot take size/alignment of incomplete type */
4007 		error(143);
4008 		return NULL;
4009 	}
4010 	if (tp->t_bitfield) {
4011 		/* cannot take size/alignment of bit-field */
4012 		error(145);
4013 		return NULL;
4014 	}
4015 	return build_integer_constant(SIZEOF_TSPEC,
4016 	    (int64_t)alignment_in_bits(tp) / CHAR_SIZE);
4017 }
4018 
4019 static tnode_t *
4020 cast_to_union(tnode_t *otn, bool sys, type_t *ntp)
4021 {
4022 
4023 	if (!allow_gcc) {
4024 		/* union cast is a GCC extension */
4025 		error(328);
4026 		return NULL;
4027 	}
4028 
4029 	for (const sym_t *m = ntp->t_sou->sou_first_member;
4030 	    m != NULL; m = m->s_next) {
4031 		if (types_compatible(m->s_type, otn->tn_type,
4032 		    false, false, NULL)) {
4033 			tnode_t *ntn = build_op(CVT, sys, ntp, otn, NULL);
4034 			ntn->tn_cast = true;
4035 			return ntn;
4036 		}
4037 	}
4038 
4039 	/* type '%s' is not a member of '%s' */
4040 	error(329, type_name(otn->tn_type), type_name(ntp));
4041 	return NULL;
4042 }
4043 
4044 tnode_t *
4045 cast(tnode_t *tn, bool sys, type_t *tp)
4046 {
4047 
4048 	if (tn == NULL)
4049 		return NULL;
4050 
4051 	tn = cconv(tn);
4052 
4053 	lint_assert(tp != NULL);
4054 	tspec_t nt = tp->t_tspec;
4055 	tspec_t ot = tn->tn_type->t_tspec;
4056 
4057 	if (nt == VOID) {
4058 		/*
4059 		 * C90 6.3.4, C99 6.5.4p2 and C11 6.5.4p2 allow any type to be
4060 		 * cast to void.  The only other allowed casts are from a
4061 		 * scalar type to a scalar type.
4062 		 */
4063 	} else if (nt == UNION)
4064 		return cast_to_union(tn, sys, tp);
4065 	else if (nt == STRUCT || nt == ARRAY || nt == FUNC) {
4066 		/* Casting to a struct is an undocumented GCC extension. */
4067 		if (!(allow_gcc && nt == STRUCT))
4068 			goto invalid_cast;
4069 	} else if (is_struct_or_union(ot))
4070 		goto invalid_cast;
4071 	else if (ot == VOID) {
4072 		/* improper cast of void expression */
4073 		error(148);
4074 		return NULL;
4075 	} else if (is_integer(nt) && is_scalar(ot)) {
4076 		/* ok */
4077 	} else if (is_floating(nt) && is_arithmetic(ot)) {
4078 		/* ok */
4079 	} else if (nt == PTR && is_integer(ot)) {
4080 		/* ok */
4081 	} else if (nt == PTR && ot == PTR) {
4082 		if (!tp->t_subt->t_const && tn->tn_type->t_subt->t_const) {
4083 			if (hflag)
4084 				/* cast discards 'const' from type '%s' */
4085 				warning(275, type_name(tn->tn_type));
4086 		}
4087 	} else
4088 		goto invalid_cast;
4089 
4090 	if (any_query_enabled && types_compatible(tp, tn->tn_type,
4091 	    false, false, NULL)) {
4092 		/* no-op cast from '%s' to '%s' */
4093 		query_message(6, type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(tp));
4094 	}
4095 
4096 	tn = convert(CVT, 0, tp, tn);
4097 	tn->tn_cast = true;
4098 	tn->tn_sys = sys;
4099 
4100 	return tn;
4101 
4102 invalid_cast:
4103 	/* invalid cast from '%s' to '%s' */
4104 	error(147, type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(tp));
4105 	return NULL;
4106 }
4107 
4108 /*
4109  * Create the node for a function argument.
4110  * All necessary conversions and type checks are done in
4111  * build_function_call because build_function_argument has no
4112  * information about the expected parameter types.
4113  */
4114 tnode_t *
4115 build_function_argument(tnode_t *args, tnode_t *arg)
4116 {
4117 	/*
4118 	 * If there was a serious error in the expression for the argument,
4119 	 * create a dummy argument so the positions of the remaining arguments
4120 	 * will not change.
4121 	 */
4122 	if (arg == NULL)
4123 		arg = build_integer_constant(INT, 0);
4124 
4125 	return build_op(PUSH, arg->tn_sys, arg->tn_type, arg, args);
4126 }
4127 
4128 /*
4129  * Compare the type of an argument with the corresponding type of a
4130  * prototype parameter. If it is a valid combination, but both types
4131  * are not the same, insert a conversion to convert the argument into
4132  * the type of the parameter.
4133  */
4134 static tnode_t *
4135 check_prototype_argument(
4136 	int n,		/* pos of arg */
4137 	type_t *tp,		/* expected type (from prototype) */
4138 	tnode_t *tn)		/* argument */
4139 {
4140 	tnode_t *ln = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*ln));
4141 	ln->tn_type = expr_unqualified_type(tp);
4142 	ln->tn_lvalue = true;
4143 	if (typeok(FARG, n, ln, tn)) {
4144 		bool dowarn;
4145 		if (!types_compatible(tp, tn->tn_type,
4146 		    true, false, (dowarn = false, &dowarn)) || dowarn)
4147 			tn = convert(FARG, n, tp, tn);
4148 	}
4149 	free(ln);
4150 	return tn;
4151 }
4152 
4153 /*
4154  * Check types of all function arguments and insert conversions,
4155  * if necessary.
4156  */
4157 static tnode_t *
4158 check_function_arguments(type_t *ftp, tnode_t *args)
4159 {
4160 	/* get # of parameters in the prototype */
4161 	int npar = 0;
4162 	for (const sym_t *p = ftp->t_params; p != NULL; p = p->s_next)
4163 		npar++;
4164 
4165 	/* get # of arguments in the function call */
4166 	int narg = 0;
4167 	for (const tnode_t *arg = args; arg != NULL; arg = tn_ck_right(arg))
4168 		narg++;
4169 
4170 	const sym_t *param = ftp->t_params;
4171 	if (ftp->t_proto && npar != narg && !(ftp->t_vararg && npar < narg)) {
4172 		/* argument mismatch: %d %s passed, %d expected */
4173 		error(150, narg, narg != 1 ? "arguments" : "argument", npar);
4174 		param = NULL;
4175 	}
4176 
4177 	for (int n = 1; n <= narg; n++) {
4178 
4179 		// The rightmost argument starts the argument list.
4180 		tnode_t *arg = args;
4181 		for (int i = narg; i > n; i--, arg = arg->tn_right)
4182 			continue;
4183 
4184 		/* some things which are always not allowed */
4185 		tspec_t at = arg->tn_left->tn_type->t_tspec;
4186 		if (at == VOID) {
4187 			/* void expressions may not be arguments, arg #%d */
4188 			error(151, n);
4189 			return NULL;
4190 		}
4191 		if (is_struct_or_union(at) &&
4192 		    is_incomplete(arg->tn_left->tn_type)) {
4193 			/* argument cannot have unknown size, arg #%d */
4194 			error(152, n);
4195 			return NULL;
4196 		}
4197 		if (is_integer(at) &&
4198 		    arg->tn_left->tn_type->t_is_enum &&
4199 		    is_incomplete(arg->tn_left->tn_type)) {
4200 			/* argument cannot have unknown size, arg #%d */
4201 			warning(152, n);
4202 		}
4203 
4204 		arg->tn_left = cconv(arg->tn_left);
4205 
4206 		if (param != NULL) {
4207 			arg->tn_left = check_prototype_argument(
4208 			    n, param->s_type, arg->tn_left);
4209 		} else
4210 			arg->tn_left = promote(NOOP, true, arg->tn_left);
4211 		arg->tn_type = arg->tn_left->tn_type;
4212 
4213 		if (param != NULL)
4214 			param = param->s_next;
4215 	}
4216 
4217 	return args;
4218 }
4219 
4220 tnode_t *
4221 build_function_call(tnode_t *func, bool sys, tnode_t *args)
4222 {
4223 
4224 	if (func == NULL)
4225 		return NULL;
4226 
4227 	op_t fcop = func->tn_op == NAME && func->tn_type->t_tspec == FUNC
4228 	    ? CALL : ICALL;
4229 
4230 	check_ctype_function_call(func, args);
4231 
4232 	func = cconv(func);
4233 
4234 	if (func->tn_type->t_tspec != PTR ||
4235 	    func->tn_type->t_subt->t_tspec != FUNC) {
4236 		/* cannot call '%s', must be a function */
4237 		error(149, type_name(func->tn_type));
4238 		return NULL;
4239 	}
4240 
4241 	args = check_function_arguments(func->tn_type->t_subt, args);
4242 
4243 	return build_op(fcop, sys, func->tn_type->t_subt->t_subt, func, args);
4244 }
4245 
4246 /*
4247  * Return the value of an integral constant expression.
4248  * If the expression is not constant or its type is not an integer
4249  * type, an error message is printed.
4250  */
4251 val_t *
4252 integer_constant(tnode_t *tn, bool required)
4253 {
4254 
4255 	if (tn != NULL)
4256 		tn = cconv(tn);
4257 	if (tn != NULL)
4258 		tn = promote(NOOP, false, tn);
4259 
4260 	val_t *v = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*v));
4261 
4262 	if (tn == NULL) {
4263 		lint_assert(seen_error);
4264 		debug_step("constant node is null; returning 1 instead");
4265 		v->v_tspec = INT;
4266 		v->u.integer = 1;
4267 		return v;
4268 	}
4269 
4270 	v->v_tspec = tn->tn_type->t_tspec;
4271 
4272 	if (tn->tn_op == CON) {
4273 		lint_assert(tn->tn_type->t_tspec == tn->tn_val.v_tspec);
4274 		if (is_integer(tn->tn_val.v_tspec)) {
4275 			v->v_unsigned_since_c90 =
4276 			    tn->tn_val.v_unsigned_since_c90;
4277 			v->u.integer = tn->tn_val.u.integer;
4278 			return v;
4279 		}
4280 		v->u.integer = (int64_t)tn->tn_val.u.floating;
4281 	} else {
4282 		v->u.integer = 1;
4283 	}
4284 
4285 	if (required)
4286 		/* integral constant expression expected */
4287 		error(55);
4288 	else
4289 		/* variable array dimension is a C99/GCC extension */
4290 		c99ism(318);
4291 
4292 	if (!is_integer(v->v_tspec))
4293 		v->v_tspec = INT;
4294 
4295 	return v;
4296 }
4297 
4298 static bool
4299 is_constcond_false(const tnode_t *tn, tspec_t t)
4300 {
4301 	return (t == BOOL || t == INT) &&
4302 	    tn->tn_op == CON && tn->tn_val.u.integer == 0;
4303 }
4304 
4305 /*
4306  * Perform some tests on expressions which can't be done in build_binary()
4307  * and functions called by build_binary(). These tests must be done here
4308  * because we need some information about the context in which the operations
4309  * are performed.
4310  * After all tests are performed and dofreeblk is true, expr() frees the
4311  * memory which is used for the expression.
4312  */
4313 void
4314 expr(tnode_t *tn, bool vctx, bool cond, bool dofreeblk, bool is_do_while)
4315 {
4316 
4317 	if (tn == NULL) {	/* in case of errors */
4318 		expr_free_all();
4319 		return;
4320 	}
4321 
4322 	/* expr() is also called in global initializations */
4323 	if (dcs->d_kind != DLK_EXTERN && !is_do_while)
4324 		check_statement_reachable();
4325 
4326 	check_expr_misc(tn, vctx, cond, !cond, false, false, false);
4327 	if (tn->tn_op == ASSIGN && !tn->tn_parenthesized) {
4328 		if (hflag && cond)
4329 			/* assignment in conditional context */
4330 			warning(159);
4331 	} else if (tn->tn_op == CON) {
4332 		if (hflag && cond && !suppress_constcond &&
4333 		    !tn->tn_system_dependent &&
4334 		    !(is_do_while &&
4335 		      is_constcond_false(tn, tn->tn_type->t_tspec)))
4336 			/* constant in conditional context */
4337 			warning(161);
4338 	}
4339 	if (!modtab[tn->tn_op].m_has_side_effect) {
4340 		/*
4341 		 * for left operands of COMMA this warning is already printed
4342 		 */
4343 		if (tn->tn_op != COMMA && !vctx && !cond)
4344 			check_null_effect(tn);
4345 	}
4346 	debug_node(tn);
4347 
4348 	if (dofreeblk)
4349 		expr_free_all();
4350 }
4351 
4352 /*
4353  * Checks the range of array indices, if possible.
4354  * amper is set if only the address of the element is used. This
4355  * means that the index is allowed to refer to the first element
4356  * after the array.
4357  */
4358 static void
4359 check_array_index(tnode_t *tn, bool amper)
4360 {
4361 	lint_assert(has_operands(tn));
4362 	const tnode_t *ln = tn->tn_left;
4363 	const tnode_t *rn = tn->tn_right;
4364 
4365 	/* We can only check constant indices. */
4366 	if (rn->tn_op != CON)
4367 		return;
4368 
4369 	/* Return if the left node does not stem from an array. */
4370 	if (ln->tn_op != ADDR)
4371 		return;
4372 	if (ln->tn_left->tn_op != STRING && ln->tn_left->tn_op != NAME)
4373 		return;
4374 	if (ln->tn_left->tn_type->t_tspec != ARRAY)
4375 		return;
4376 
4377 	/*
4378 	 * For incomplete array types, we can print a warning only if the index
4379 	 * is negative.
4380 	 */
4381 	if (is_incomplete(ln->tn_left->tn_type) && rn->tn_val.u.integer >= 0)
4382 		return;
4383 
4384 	int elsz = length_in_bits(ln->tn_type->t_subt, NULL);
4385 	if (elsz == 0)
4386 		return;
4387 	elsz /= CHAR_SIZE;
4388 
4389 	/* Change the unit of the index from bytes to element size. */
4390 	int64_t con = is_uinteger(rn->tn_type->t_tspec)
4391 	    ? (int64_t)((uint64_t)rn->tn_val.u.integer / elsz)
4392 	    : rn->tn_val.u.integer / elsz;
4393 
4394 	int dim = ln->tn_left->tn_type->t_dim + (amper ? 1 : 0);
4395 
4396 	if (!is_uinteger(rn->tn_type->t_tspec) && con < 0) {
4397 		/* array subscript cannot be negative: %ld */
4398 		warning(167, (long)con);
4399 	} else if (dim > 0 && (uint64_t)con >= (uint64_t)dim) {
4400 		/* array subscript cannot be > %d: %ld */
4401 		warning(168, dim - 1, (long)con);
4402 	}
4403 }
4404 
4405 static void
4406 check_expr_addr(const tnode_t *ln, bool szof, bool fcall)
4407 {
4408 	/* XXX: Taking warn_about_unreachable into account here feels wrong. */
4409 	if (ln->tn_op == NAME && (reached || !warn_about_unreachable)) {
4410 		if (!szof)
4411 			mark_as_set(ln->tn_sym);
4412 		mark_as_used(ln->tn_sym, fcall, szof);
4413 	}
4414 	if (ln->tn_op == INDIR && ln->tn_left->tn_op == PLUS)
4415 		check_array_index(ln->tn_left, true);
4416 }
4417 
4418 static void
4419 check_expr_load(const tnode_t *ln)
4420 {
4421 	if (ln->tn_op == INDIR && ln->tn_left->tn_op == PLUS)
4422 		check_array_index(ln->tn_left, false);
4423 }
4424 
4425 /*
4426  * If there is an asm statement in one of the compound statements around,
4427  * there may be other side effects, so don't warn.
4428  */
4429 static bool
4430 is_asm_around(void)
4431 {
4432 	for (decl_level *dl = dcs; dl != NULL; dl = dl->d_enclosing)
4433 		if (dl->d_asm)
4434 			return true;
4435 	return false;
4436 }
4437 
4438 static void
4439 check_expr_side_effect(const tnode_t *ln, bool szof)
4440 {
4441 
4442 	/* XXX: Taking warn_about_unreachable into account here feels wrong. */
4443 	if (ln->tn_op == NAME && (reached || !warn_about_unreachable)) {
4444 		scl_t sc = ln->tn_sym->s_scl;
4445 		if (sc != EXTERN && sc != STATIC &&
4446 		    !ln->tn_sym->s_set && !szof && !is_asm_around()) {
4447 			/* '%s' may be used before set */
4448 			warning(158, ln->tn_sym->s_name);
4449 			mark_as_set(ln->tn_sym);
4450 		}
4451 		mark_as_used(ln->tn_sym, false, false);
4452 	}
4453 }
4454 
4455 static void
4456 check_expr_assign(const tnode_t *ln, bool szof)
4457 {
4458 	/* XXX: Taking warn_about_unreachable into account here feels wrong. */
4459 	if (ln->tn_op == NAME && !szof && (reached || !warn_about_unreachable)) {
4460 		mark_as_set(ln->tn_sym);
4461 		if (ln->tn_sym->s_scl == EXTERN)
4462 			outusg(ln->tn_sym);
4463 	}
4464 	if (ln->tn_op == INDIR && ln->tn_left->tn_op == PLUS)
4465 		/* check the range of array indices */
4466 		check_array_index(ln->tn_left, false);
4467 }
4468 
4469 static void
4470 check_expr_call(const tnode_t *tn, const tnode_t *ln,
4471 		bool szof, bool vctx, bool cond, bool retval_discarded)
4472 {
4473 	lint_assert(ln->tn_op == ADDR);
4474 	lint_assert(ln->tn_left->tn_op == NAME);
4475 	if (!szof && !is_compiler_builtin(ln->tn_left->tn_sym->s_name))
4476 		outcall(tn, vctx || cond, retval_discarded);
4477 }
4478 
4479 static void
4480 check_expr_op(const tnode_t *tn, op_t op, const tnode_t *ln,
4481 	      bool szof, bool fcall, bool vctx, bool cond,
4482 	      bool retval_discarded, bool eqwarn)
4483 {
4484 	switch (op) {
4485 	case ADDR:
4486 		check_expr_addr(ln, szof, fcall);
4487 		break;
4488 	case LOAD:
4489 		check_expr_load(ln);
4490 		/* FALLTHROUGH */
4491 	case PUSH:
4492 	case INCBEF:
4493 	case DECBEF:
4494 	case INCAFT:
4495 	case DECAFT:
4496 	case ADDASS:
4497 	case SUBASS:
4498 	case MULASS:
4499 	case DIVASS:
4500 	case MODASS:
4501 	case ANDASS:
4502 	case ORASS:
4503 	case XORASS:
4504 	case SHLASS:
4505 	case SHRASS:
4506 	case REAL:
4507 	case IMAG:
4508 		check_expr_side_effect(ln, szof);
4509 		break;
4510 	case ASSIGN:
4511 		check_expr_assign(ln, szof);
4512 		break;
4513 	case CALL:
4514 		check_expr_call(tn, ln, szof, vctx, cond, retval_discarded);
4515 		break;
4516 	case EQ:
4517 		if (hflag && eqwarn)
4518 			/* operator '==' found where '=' was expected */
4519 			warning(160);
4520 		break;
4521 	default:
4522 		break;
4523 	}
4524 }
4525 
4526 /*
4527  *	vctx			???
4528  *	cond			whether the expression is a condition that
4529  *				will be compared with 0
4530  *	eqwarn			whether the operator '==' might be a
4531  *				misspelled '='
4532  *	fcall			whether the expression is a function call
4533  *	retval_discarded	whether the return value of a function call
4534  *				is discarded; such calls will be analyzed by
4535  *				lint2 in messages 4, 8 and 9
4536  *	szof			whether the expression is part of a sizeof
4537  *				expression, which means that its value is
4538  *				discarded since only the type is relevant
4539  */
4540 void
4541 check_expr_misc(const tnode_t *tn, bool vctx, bool cond,
4542 		bool eqwarn, bool fcall, bool retval_discarded, bool szof)
4543 {
4544 
4545 	if (tn == NULL)
4546 		return;
4547 	op_t op = tn->tn_op;
4548 	if (op == NAME || op == CON || op == STRING)
4549 		return;
4550 
4551 	lint_assert(has_operands(tn));
4552 	tnode_t *ln = tn->tn_left;
4553 	tnode_t *rn = tn->tn_right;
4554 	check_expr_op(tn, op, ln,
4555 	    szof, fcall, vctx, cond, retval_discarded, eqwarn);
4556 
4557 	const mod_t *mp = &modtab[op];
4558 	bool cvctx = mp->m_value_context;
4559 	bool ccond = mp->m_compares_with_zero;
4560 	bool eq = mp->m_warn_if_operand_eq &&
4561 	    !ln->tn_parenthesized &&
4562 	    rn != NULL && !rn->tn_parenthesized;
4563 
4564 	/*
4565 	 * Values of operands of ':' are not used if the type of at least
4566 	 * one of the operands (for GCC compatibility) is 'void'.
4567 	 *
4568 	 * XXX test/value context of QUEST should probably be used as
4569 	 * context for both operands of COLON.
4570 	 */
4571 	if (op == COLON && tn->tn_type->t_tspec == VOID)
4572 		cvctx = ccond = false;
4573 	bool discard = op == CVT && tn->tn_type->t_tspec == VOID;
4574 	check_expr_misc(ln, cvctx, ccond, eq, op == CALL, discard, szof);
4575 
4576 	switch (op) {
4577 	case PUSH:
4578 		if (rn != NULL)
4579 			check_expr_misc(rn, false, false, eq, false, false,
4580 			    szof);
4581 		break;
4582 	case LOGAND:
4583 	case LOGOR:
4584 		check_expr_misc(rn, false, true, eq, false, false, szof);
4585 		break;
4586 	case COLON:
4587 		check_expr_misc(rn, cvctx, ccond, eq, false, false, szof);
4588 		break;
4589 	case COMMA:
4590 		check_expr_misc(rn, vctx, cond, false, false, false, szof);
4591 		break;
4592 	default:
4593 		if (mp->m_binary)
4594 			check_expr_misc(rn, true, false, eq, false, false,
4595 			    szof);
4596 		break;
4597 	}
4598 }
4599 
4600 /*
4601  * Return whether the expression can be used for static initialization.
4602  *
4603  * Constant initialization expressions must be constant or an address
4604  * of a static object with an optional offset. In the first case,
4605  * the result is returned in *offsp. In the second case, the static
4606  * object is returned in *symp and the offset in *offsp.
4607  *
4608  * The expression can consist of PLUS, MINUS, ADDR, NAME, STRING and
4609  * CON. Type conversions are allowed if they do not change binary
4610  * representation (including width).
4611  *
4612  * C99 6.6 "Constant expressions"
4613  * C99 6.7.8p4 restricts initializers for static storage duration
4614  */
4615 bool
4616 constant_addr(const tnode_t *tn, const sym_t **symp, ptrdiff_t *offsp)
4617 {
4618 	const sym_t *sym;
4619 	ptrdiff_t offs1, offs2;
4620 	tspec_t t, ot;
4621 
4622 	switch (tn->tn_op) {
4623 	case MINUS:
4624 		if (tn->tn_right->tn_op == CVT)
4625 			return constant_addr(tn->tn_right, symp, offsp);
4626 		else if (tn->tn_right->tn_op != CON)
4627 			return false;
4628 		/* FALLTHROUGH */
4629 	case PLUS:
4630 		offs1 = offs2 = 0;
4631 		if (tn->tn_left->tn_op == CON) {
4632 			offs1 = (ptrdiff_t)tn->tn_left->tn_val.u.integer;
4633 			if (!constant_addr(tn->tn_right, &sym, &offs2))
4634 				return false;
4635 		} else if (tn->tn_right->tn_op == CON) {
4636 			offs2 = (ptrdiff_t)tn->tn_right->tn_val.u.integer;
4637 			if (tn->tn_op == MINUS)
4638 				offs2 = -offs2;
4639 			if (!constant_addr(tn->tn_left, &sym, &offs1))
4640 				return false;
4641 		} else {
4642 			return false;
4643 		}
4644 		*symp = sym;
4645 		*offsp = offs1 + offs2;
4646 		return true;
4647 	case ADDR:
4648 		if (tn->tn_left->tn_op == NAME) {
4649 			*symp = tn->tn_left->tn_sym;
4650 			*offsp = 0;
4651 			return true;
4652 		} else {
4653 			/*
4654 			 * If this were the front end of a compiler, we would
4655 			 * return a label instead of 0, at least if
4656 			 * 'tn->tn_left->tn_op == STRING'.
4657 			 */
4658 			*symp = NULL;
4659 			*offsp = 0;
4660 			return true;
4661 		}
4662 	case CVT:
4663 		t = tn->tn_type->t_tspec;
4664 		ot = tn->tn_left->tn_type->t_tspec;
4665 		if ((!is_integer(t) && t != PTR) ||
4666 		    (!is_integer(ot) && ot != PTR)) {
4667 			return false;
4668 		}
4669 #if 0
4670 		/*-
4671 		 * consider:
4672 		 *	struct foo {
4673 		 *		unsigned char a;
4674 		 *	} f = {
4675 		 *		(unsigned char)(unsigned long)
4676 		 *		    (&(((struct foo *)0)->a))
4677 		 *	};
4678 		 * since psize(unsigned long) != psize(unsigned char),
4679 		 * this fails.
4680 		 */
4681 		else if (psize(t) != psize(ot))
4682 			return -1;
4683 #endif
4684 		return constant_addr(tn->tn_left, symp, offsp);
4685 	default:
4686 		return false;
4687 	}
4688 }
4689 
4690 /* Append s2 to s1, then free s2. */
4691 strg_t *
4692 cat_strings(strg_t *s1, strg_t *s2)
4693 {
4694 
4695 	if (s1->st_char != s2->st_char) {
4696 		/* cannot concatenate wide and regular string literals */
4697 		error(292);
4698 		return s1;
4699 	}
4700 
4701 	size_t len1 = s1->st_len;
4702 	size_t len2 = s2->st_len;
4703 	size_t chsize = s1->st_char ? sizeof(char) : sizeof(wchar_t);
4704 	size_t size1 = len1 * chsize;
4705 	size_t size2 = (len2 + 1) * chsize;
4706 	s1->st_mem = xrealloc(s1->st_mem, size1 + size2);
4707 	memcpy((char *)s1->st_mem + size1, s2->st_mem, size2);
4708 	free(s2->st_mem);
4709 
4710 	s1->st_len = len1 + len2;
4711 	free(s2);
4712 
4713 	return s1;
4714 }
4715 
4716 
4717 typedef struct stmt_expr {
4718 	memory_pool se_mem;
4719 	sym_t *se_sym;
4720 	struct stmt_expr *se_enclosing;
4721 } stmt_expr;
4722 
4723 static stmt_expr *stmt_exprs;
4724 
4725 void
4726 begin_statement_expr(void)
4727 {
4728 	debug_enter();
4729 
4730 	stmt_expr *se = xmalloc(sizeof(*se));
4731 	se->se_mem = expr_save_memory();
4732 	se->se_sym = NULL;
4733 	se->se_enclosing = stmt_exprs;
4734 	stmt_exprs = se;
4735 }
4736 
4737 void
4738 do_statement_expr(tnode_t *tn)
4739 {
4740 	block_level--;
4741 	mem_block_level--;
4742 	stmt_exprs->se_sym = tn != NULL
4743 	    ? mktempsym(block_dup_type(tn->tn_type))
4744 	    : NULL;		/* after a syntax error */
4745 	mem_block_level++;
4746 	block_level++;
4747 	/* '({ ... })' is a GCC extension */
4748 	gnuism(320);
4749 }
4750 
4751 tnode_t *
4752 end_statement_expr(void)
4753 {
4754 	tnode_t *tn;
4755 
4756 	stmt_expr *se = stmt_exprs;
4757 	if (se->se_sym == NULL) {
4758 		tn = NULL;	/* after a syntax error */
4759 		goto end;
4760 	}
4761 
4762 	tn = build_name(se->se_sym, false);
4763 	(void)expr_save_memory();	/* leak */
4764 	expr_restore_memory(se->se_mem);
4765 	stmt_exprs = se->se_enclosing;
4766 	free(se);
4767 
4768 end:
4769 	debug_leave();
4770 	return tn;
4771 }
4772 
4773 bool
4774 in_statement_expr(void)
4775 {
4776 	return stmt_exprs != NULL;
4777 }
4778