xref: /netbsd-src/usr.bin/xlint/lint1/tree.c (revision 345cf9fb81bd0411c53e25d62cd93bdcaa865312)
1 /*	$NetBSD: tree.c,v 1.609 2024/03/03 16:09:01 rillig Exp $	*/
2 
3 /*
4  * Copyright (c) 1994, 1995 Jochen Pohl
5  * All Rights Reserved.
6  *
7  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
8  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
9  * are met:
10  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
11  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
12  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
13  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
14  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
15  * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
16  *    must display the following acknowledgement:
17  *	This product includes software developed by Jochen Pohl for
18  *	The NetBSD Project.
19  * 4. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
20  *    derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
21  *
22  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
23  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
24  * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
25  * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
26  * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
27  * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
28  * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
29  * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
30  * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
31  * THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
32  */
33 
34 #if HAVE_NBTOOL_CONFIG_H
35 #include "nbtool_config.h"
36 #endif
37 
38 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
39 #if defined(__RCSID)
40 __RCSID("$NetBSD: tree.c,v 1.609 2024/03/03 16:09:01 rillig Exp $");
41 #endif
42 
43 #include <float.h>
44 #include <limits.h>
45 #include <math.h>
46 #include <signal.h>
47 #include <stdlib.h>
48 #include <string.h>
49 
50 #include "lint1.h"
51 
52 
53 typedef struct integer_constraints {
54 	int64_t		smin;	/* signed minimum */
55 	int64_t		smax;	/* signed maximum */
56 	uint64_t	umin;	/* unsigned minimum */
57 	uint64_t	umax;	/* unsigned maximum */
58 	uint64_t	bset;	/* bits that are definitely set */
59 	uint64_t	bclr;	/* bits that are definitely clear */
60 } integer_constraints;
61 
62 
63 static uint64_t
64 u64_fill_right(uint64_t x)
65 {
66 	x |= x >> 1;
67 	x |= x >> 2;
68 	x |= x >> 4;
69 	x |= x >> 8;
70 	x |= x >> 16;
71 	x |= x >> 32;
72 	return x;
73 }
74 
75 static bool
76 str_ends_with(const char *haystack, const char *needle)
77 {
78 	size_t hlen = strlen(haystack);
79 	size_t nlen = strlen(needle);
80 
81 	return nlen <= hlen &&
82 	    memcmp(haystack + hlen - nlen, needle, nlen) == 0;
83 }
84 
85 static unsigned
86 width_in_bits(const type_t *tp)
87 {
88 
89 	lint_assert(is_integer(tp->t_tspec));
90 	return tp->t_bitfield
91 	    ? tp->t_bit_field_width
92 	    : size_in_bits(tp->t_tspec);
93 }
94 
95 static int
96 portable_rank_cmp(tspec_t t1, tspec_t t2)
97 {
98 	const ttab_t *p1 = type_properties(t1), *p2 = type_properties(t2);
99 	lint_assert(p1->tt_rank_kind == p2->tt_rank_kind);
100 	lint_assert(p1->tt_rank_value > 0);
101 	lint_assert(p2->tt_rank_value > 0);
102 	return (int)p1->tt_rank_value - (int)p2->tt_rank_value;
103 }
104 
105 static bool
106 ic_maybe_signed(const type_t *tp, const integer_constraints *ic)
107 {
108 	return !is_uinteger(tp->t_tspec) && ic->bclr >> 63 == 0;
109 }
110 
111 static integer_constraints
112 ic_any(const type_t *tp)
113 {
114 	integer_constraints c;
115 
116 	uint64_t vbits = value_bits(width_in_bits(tp));
117 	if (is_uinteger(tp->t_tspec)) {
118 		c.smin = INT64_MIN;
119 		c.smax = INT64_MAX;
120 		c.umin = 0;
121 		c.umax = vbits;
122 		c.bset = 0;
123 		c.bclr = ~c.umax;
124 	} else {
125 		c.smin = (int64_t)-1 - (int64_t)(vbits >> 1);
126 		c.smax = (int64_t)(vbits >> 1);
127 		c.umin = 0;
128 		c.umax = UINT64_MAX;
129 		c.bset = 0;
130 		c.bclr = 0;
131 	}
132 	return c;
133 }
134 
135 static integer_constraints
136 ic_con(const type_t *tp, const val_t *v)
137 {
138 	integer_constraints c;
139 
140 	lint_assert(is_integer(tp->t_tspec));
141 	int64_t si = v->u.integer;
142 	uint64_t ui = (uint64_t)si;
143 	c.smin = si;
144 	c.smax = si;
145 	c.umin = ui;
146 	c.umax = ui;
147 	c.bset = ui;
148 	c.bclr = ~ui;
149 	return c;
150 }
151 
152 static integer_constraints
153 ic_cvt(const type_t *ntp, const type_t *otp, integer_constraints a)
154 {
155 	unsigned nw = width_in_bits(ntp);
156 	unsigned ow = width_in_bits(otp);
157 	bool nu = is_uinteger(ntp->t_tspec);
158 	bool ou = is_uinteger(otp->t_tspec);
159 
160 	if (nw >= ow && nu == ou)
161 		return a;
162 	if (nw > ow && ou)
163 		return a;
164 	return ic_any(ntp);
165 }
166 
167 static integer_constraints
168 ic_bitand(integer_constraints a, integer_constraints b)
169 {
170 	integer_constraints c;
171 
172 	c.smin = INT64_MIN;
173 	c.smax = INT64_MAX;
174 	c.umin = 0;
175 	c.umax = UINT64_MAX;
176 	c.bset = a.bset & b.bset;
177 	c.bclr = a.bclr | b.bclr;
178 	return c;
179 }
180 
181 static integer_constraints
182 ic_bitor(integer_constraints a, integer_constraints b)
183 {
184 	integer_constraints c;
185 
186 	c.smin = INT64_MIN;
187 	c.smax = INT64_MAX;
188 	c.umin = 0;
189 	c.umax = UINT64_MAX;
190 	c.bset = a.bset | b.bset;
191 	c.bclr = a.bclr & b.bclr;
192 	return c;
193 }
194 
195 static integer_constraints
196 ic_mod(const type_t *tp, integer_constraints a, integer_constraints b)
197 {
198 	integer_constraints c;
199 
200 	if (ic_maybe_signed(tp, &a) || ic_maybe_signed(tp, &b))
201 		return ic_any(tp);
202 
203 	c.smin = INT64_MIN;
204 	c.smax = INT64_MAX;
205 	c.umin = 0;
206 	c.umax = b.umax - 1;
207 	c.bset = 0;
208 	c.bclr = ~u64_fill_right(c.umax);
209 	return c;
210 }
211 
212 static integer_constraints
213 ic_shl(const type_t *tp, integer_constraints a, integer_constraints b)
214 {
215 	integer_constraints c;
216 	unsigned int amount;
217 
218 	if (ic_maybe_signed(tp, &a))
219 		return ic_any(tp);
220 
221 	if (b.smin == b.smax && b.smin >= 0 && b.smin < 64)
222 		amount = (unsigned int)b.smin;
223 	else if (b.umin == b.umax && b.umin < 64)
224 		amount = (unsigned int)b.umin;
225 	else
226 		return ic_any(tp);
227 
228 	c.smin = INT64_MIN;
229 	c.smax = INT64_MAX;
230 	c.umin = 0;
231 	c.umax = UINT64_MAX;
232 	c.bset = a.bset << amount;
233 	c.bclr = a.bclr << amount | (((uint64_t)1 << amount) - 1);
234 	return c;
235 }
236 
237 static integer_constraints
238 ic_shr(const type_t *tp, integer_constraints a, integer_constraints b)
239 {
240 	integer_constraints c;
241 	unsigned int amount;
242 
243 	if (ic_maybe_signed(tp, &a))
244 		return ic_any(tp);
245 
246 	if (b.smin == b.smax && b.smin >= 0 && b.smin < 64)
247 		amount = (unsigned int)b.smin;
248 	else if (b.umin == b.umax && b.umin < 64)
249 		amount = (unsigned int)b.umin;
250 	else
251 		return ic_any(tp);
252 
253 	c.smin = INT64_MIN;
254 	c.smax = INT64_MAX;
255 	c.umin = 0;
256 	c.umax = UINT64_MAX;
257 	c.bset = a.bset >> amount;
258 	c.bclr = a.bclr >> amount | ~(~(uint64_t)0 >> amount);
259 	return c;
260 }
261 
262 static integer_constraints
263 ic_cond(integer_constraints a, integer_constraints b)
264 {
265 	integer_constraints c;
266 
267 	c.smin = a.smin < b.smin ? a.smin : b.smin;
268 	c.smax = a.smax > b.smax ? a.smax : b.smax;
269 	c.umin = a.umin < b.umin ? a.umin : b.umin;
270 	c.umax = a.umax > b.umax ? a.umax : b.umax;
271 	c.bset = a.bset | b.bset;
272 	c.bclr = a.bclr & b.bclr;
273 	return c;
274 }
275 
276 static integer_constraints
277 ic_expr(const tnode_t *tn)
278 {
279 	integer_constraints lc, rc;
280 
281 	lint_assert(is_integer(tn->tn_type->t_tspec));
282 
283 	switch (tn->tn_op) {
284 	case CON:
285 		return ic_con(tn->tn_type, &tn->tn_val);
286 	case CVT:
287 		if (!is_integer(tn->tn_left->tn_type->t_tspec))
288 			return ic_any(tn->tn_type);
289 		lc = ic_expr(tn->tn_left);
290 		return ic_cvt(tn->tn_type, tn->tn_left->tn_type, lc);
291 	case MOD:
292 		lc = ic_expr(before_conversion(tn->tn_left));
293 		rc = ic_expr(before_conversion(tn->tn_right));
294 		return ic_mod(tn->tn_type, lc, rc);
295 	case SHL:
296 		lc = ic_expr(tn->tn_left);
297 		rc = ic_expr(tn->tn_right);
298 		return ic_shl(tn->tn_type, lc, rc);
299 	case SHR:
300 		lc = ic_expr(tn->tn_left);
301 		rc = ic_expr(tn->tn_right);
302 		return ic_shr(tn->tn_type, lc, rc);
303 	case BITAND:
304 		lc = ic_expr(tn->tn_left);
305 		rc = ic_expr(tn->tn_right);
306 		return ic_bitand(lc, rc);
307 	case BITOR:
308 		lc = ic_expr(tn->tn_left);
309 		rc = ic_expr(tn->tn_right);
310 		return ic_bitor(lc, rc);
311 	case QUEST:
312 		lc = ic_expr(tn->tn_right->tn_left);
313 		rc = ic_expr(tn->tn_right->tn_right);
314 		return ic_cond(lc, rc);
315 	default:
316 		return ic_any(tn->tn_type);
317 	}
318 }
319 
320 uint64_t
321 possible_bits(const tnode_t *tn)
322 {
323 	return ~ic_expr(tn).bclr;
324 }
325 
326 /* Build 'pointer to tp', 'array of tp' or 'function returning tp'. */
327 type_t *
328 block_derive_type(type_t *tp, tspec_t t)
329 {
330 
331 	type_t *tp2 = block_zero_alloc(sizeof(*tp2), "type");
332 	tp2->t_tspec = t;
333 	tp2->t_subt = tp;
334 	return tp2;
335 }
336 
337 /*
338  * Derive 'pointer to tp' or 'function returning tp'.
339  * The memory is freed at the end of the current expression.
340  */
341 type_t *
342 expr_derive_type(type_t *tp, tspec_t t)
343 {
344 
345 	type_t *tp2 = expr_zero_alloc(sizeof(*tp2), "type");
346 	tp2->t_tspec = t;
347 	tp2->t_subt = tp;
348 	return tp2;
349 }
350 
351 /* Create an expression from a unary or binary operator and its operands. */
352 static tnode_t *
353 build_op(op_t op, bool sys, type_t *type, tnode_t *ln, tnode_t *rn)
354 {
355 
356 	tnode_t *ntn = expr_alloc_tnode();
357 	ntn->tn_op = op;
358 	ntn->tn_type = type;
359 	ntn->tn_sys = sys;
360 	ntn->tn_left = ln;
361 	ntn->tn_right = rn;
362 
363 	if (op == INDIR || op == FSEL) {
364 		lint_assert(ln->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR);
365 		tspec_t t = ln->tn_type->t_subt->t_tspec;
366 		ntn->tn_lvalue = t != FUNC && t != VOID;
367 	}
368 
369 	return ntn;
370 }
371 
372 tnode_t *
373 build_constant(type_t *tp, val_t *v)
374 {
375 
376 	tnode_t *n = expr_alloc_tnode();
377 	n->tn_op = CON;
378 	n->tn_type = tp;
379 	n->tn_val = *v;
380 	n->tn_val.v_tspec = tp->t_tspec;
381 	free(v);
382 	return n;
383 }
384 
385 static tnode_t *
386 build_integer_constant(tspec_t t, int64_t si)
387 {
388 
389 	tnode_t *n = expr_alloc_tnode();
390 	n->tn_op = CON;
391 	n->tn_type = gettyp(t);
392 	n->tn_val.v_tspec = t;
393 	n->tn_val.v_unsigned_since_c90 = false;
394 	n->tn_val.v_char_constant = false;
395 	n->tn_val.u.integer = si;
396 	return n;
397 }
398 
399 static void
400 fallback_symbol(sym_t *sym)
401 {
402 
403 	if (Tflag && fallback_symbol_strict_bool(sym))
404 		return;
405 
406 	if (block_level > 0 && (strcmp(sym->s_name, "__FUNCTION__") == 0 ||
407 			   strcmp(sym->s_name, "__PRETTY_FUNCTION__") == 0)) {
408 		/* __FUNCTION__/__PRETTY_FUNCTION__ is a GCC extension */
409 		gnuism(316);
410 		// XXX: Should probably be ARRAY instead of PTR.
411 		sym->s_type = block_derive_type(gettyp(CHAR), PTR);
412 		sym->s_type->t_const = true;
413 		return;
414 	}
415 
416 	if (funcsym != NULL && strcmp(sym->s_name, "__func__") == 0) {
417 		if (!allow_c99)
418 			/* __func__ is a C99 feature */
419 			warning(317);
420 		/* C11 6.4.2.2 */
421 		sym->s_type = block_derive_type(gettyp(CHAR), ARRAY);
422 		sym->s_type->t_const = true;
423 		sym->s_type->t_dim = (int)strlen(funcsym->s_name) + 1;
424 		return;
425 	}
426 
427 	/* '%s' undefined */
428 	error(99, sym->s_name);
429 }
430 
431 /*
432  * Functions that are predeclared by GCC or other compilers can be called
433  * with arbitrary arguments.  Since lint usually runs after a successful
434  * compilation, it's the compiler's job to catch any errors.
435  */
436 bool
437 is_compiler_builtin(const char *name)
438 {
439 	/* https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/C-Extensions.html */
440 	if (allow_gcc) {
441 		if (strncmp(name, "__atomic_", 9) == 0 ||
442 		    strncmp(name, "__builtin_", 10) == 0 ||
443 		    strcmp(name, "alloca") == 0 ||
444 		    /* obsolete but still in use, as of 2021 */
445 		    strncmp(name, "__sync_", 7) == 0)
446 			return true;
447 	}
448 
449 	/* https://software.intel.com/sites/landingpage/IntrinsicsGuide/ */
450 	if (strncmp(name, "_mm_", 4) == 0)
451 		return true;
452 
453 	return false;
454 }
455 
456 /* https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Integer-Overflow-Builtins.html */
457 static bool
458 is_gcc_bool_builtin(const char *name)
459 {
460 	return strncmp(name, "__builtin_", 10) == 0 &&
461 	    (str_ends_with(name, "_overflow") ||
462 		str_ends_with(name, "_overflow_p"));
463 }
464 
465 static void
466 build_name_call(sym_t *sym)
467 {
468 
469 	if (is_compiler_builtin(sym->s_name)) {
470 		/*
471 		 * Do not warn about these, just assume that they are regular
472 		 * functions compatible with non-prototype calling conventions.
473 		 */
474 		if (allow_gcc && is_gcc_bool_builtin(sym->s_name))
475 			sym->s_type = gettyp(BOOL);
476 	} else if (allow_c99)
477 		/* function '%s' implicitly declared to return int */
478 		error(215, sym->s_name);
479 	else if (!allow_trad)
480 		/* function '%s' implicitly declared to return int */
481 		warning(215, sym->s_name);
482 
483 	/* XXX if !allow_c90, the symbol should be exported to level 0 */
484 	sym->s_type = block_derive_type(sym->s_type, FUNC);
485 }
486 
487 /* Create a node for a name (symbol table entry). */
488 tnode_t *
489 build_name(sym_t *sym, bool is_funcname)
490 {
491 
492 	if (sym->s_scl == NO_SCL && !in_gcc_attribute) {
493 		sym->s_scl = EXTERN;
494 		sym->s_def = DECL;
495 		if (is_funcname)
496 			build_name_call(sym);
497 		else
498 			fallback_symbol(sym);
499 	}
500 
501 	lint_assert(sym->s_kind == SK_VCFT || sym->s_kind == SK_MEMBER);
502 
503 	tnode_t *n = expr_alloc_tnode();
504 	n->tn_type = sym->s_type;
505 	if (sym->s_scl == BOOL_CONST) {
506 		n->tn_op = CON;
507 		n->tn_val.v_tspec = BOOL;
508 		n->tn_val.v_unsigned_since_c90 = false;
509 		n->tn_val.v_char_constant = false;
510 		n->tn_val.u.integer = sym->u.s_bool_constant ? 1 : 0;
511 	} else if (sym->s_scl == ENUM_CONST) {
512 		n->tn_op = CON;
513 		n->tn_val.v_tspec = INT;	/* ENUM is in n->tn_type */
514 		n->tn_val.v_unsigned_since_c90 = false;
515 		n->tn_val.v_char_constant = false;
516 		n->tn_val.u.integer = sym->u.s_enum_constant;
517 	} else {
518 		n->tn_op = NAME;
519 		n->tn_sym = sym;
520 		if (sym->s_kind == SK_VCFT && sym->s_type->t_tspec != FUNC)
521 			n->tn_lvalue = true;
522 	}
523 
524 	return n;
525 }
526 
527 tnode_t *
528 build_string(buffer *lit)
529 {
530 	size_t value_len = lit->len;
531 	if (lit->data != NULL) {
532 		quoted_iterator it = { .end = 0 };
533 		for (value_len = 0; quoted_next(lit, &it); value_len++)
534 			continue;
535 	}
536 
537 	type_t *tp = expr_zero_alloc(sizeof(*tp), "type");
538 	tp->t_tspec = ARRAY;
539 	tp->t_subt = gettyp(lit->data != NULL ? CHAR : WCHAR_TSPEC);
540 	tp->t_dim = (int)(value_len + 1);
541 
542 	tnode_t *n = expr_alloc_tnode();
543 	n->tn_op = STRING;
544 	n->tn_type = tp;
545 	n->tn_lvalue = true;
546 
547 	n->tn_string = expr_zero_alloc(sizeof(*n->tn_string), "tnode.string");
548 	n->tn_string->len = lit->len;
549 
550 	if (lit->data != NULL) {
551 		n->tn_string->data = expr_zero_alloc(lit->len + 1,
552 		    "tnode.string.data");
553 		(void)memcpy(n->tn_string->data, lit->data, lit->len + 1);
554 		free(lit->data);
555 	}
556 	free(lit);
557 
558 	return n;
559 }
560 
561 tnode_t *
562 build_generic_selection(const tnode_t *expr,
563 			struct generic_association *sel)
564 {
565 	tnode_t *default_result = NULL;
566 
567 	for (; sel != NULL; sel = sel->ga_prev) {
568 		if (expr != NULL &&
569 		    types_compatible(sel->ga_arg, expr->tn_type,
570 			false, false, NULL))
571 			return sel->ga_result;
572 		else if (sel->ga_arg == NULL)
573 			default_result = sel->ga_result;
574 	}
575 	return default_result;
576 }
577 
578 static bool
579 is_out_of_char_range(const tnode_t *tn)
580 {
581 	return tn->tn_op == CON &&
582 	    !tn->tn_val.v_char_constant &&
583 	    !(0 <= tn->tn_val.u.integer &&
584 		tn->tn_val.u.integer < 1 << (CHAR_SIZE - 1));
585 }
586 
587 static bool
588 check_nonportable_char_comparison(op_t op,
589 				  const tnode_t *ln, tspec_t lt,
590 				  const tnode_t *rn, tspec_t rt)
591 {
592 	if (!(hflag || pflag))
593 		return true;
594 
595 	if (lt == CHAR && is_out_of_char_range(rn)) {
596 		char buf[128];
597 		(void)snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s %d",
598 		    op_name(op), (int)rn->tn_val.u.integer);
599 		/* nonportable character comparison '%s' */
600 		warning(230, buf);
601 		return false;
602 	}
603 	if (rt == CHAR && is_out_of_char_range(ln)) {
604 		char buf[128];
605 		(void)snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%d %s ?",
606 		    (int)ln->tn_val.u.integer, op_name(op));
607 		/* nonportable character comparison '%s' */
608 		warning(230, buf);
609 		return false;
610 	}
611 	return true;
612 }
613 
614 static void
615 check_integer_comparison(op_t op, tnode_t *ln, tnode_t *rn)
616 {
617 
618 	tspec_t lt = ln->tn_type->t_tspec;
619 	tspec_t rt = rn->tn_type->t_tspec;
620 
621 	if (ln->tn_op != CON && rn->tn_op != CON)
622 		return;
623 
624 	if (!is_integer(lt) || !is_integer(rt))
625 		return;
626 
627 	if (any_query_enabled && !in_system_header) {
628 		if (lt == CHAR && rn->tn_op == CON &&
629 		    !rn->tn_val.v_char_constant) {
630 			/* comparison '%s' of 'char' with plain integer %d */
631 			query_message(14,
632 			    op_name(op), (int)rn->tn_val.u.integer);
633 		}
634 		if (rt == CHAR && ln->tn_op == CON &&
635 		    !ln->tn_val.v_char_constant) {
636 			/* comparison '%s' of 'char' with plain integer %d */
637 			query_message(14,
638 			    op_name(op), (int)ln->tn_val.u.integer);
639 		}
640 	}
641 
642 	if (!check_nonportable_char_comparison(op, ln, lt, rn, rt))
643 		return;
644 
645 	if (is_uinteger(lt) && !is_uinteger(rt) &&
646 	    rn->tn_op == CON && rn->tn_val.u.integer <= 0) {
647 		if (rn->tn_val.u.integer < 0) {
648 			/* operator '%s' compares '%s' with '%s' */
649 			warning(162, op_name(op),
650 			    type_name(ln->tn_type), "negative constant");
651 		} else if (op == LT || op == GE)
652 			/* operator '%s' compares '%s' with '%s' */
653 			warning(162, op_name(op), type_name(ln->tn_type), "0");
654 		return;
655 	}
656 	if (is_uinteger(rt) && !is_uinteger(lt) &&
657 	    ln->tn_op == CON && ln->tn_val.u.integer <= 0) {
658 		if (ln->tn_val.u.integer < 0) {
659 			/* operator '%s' compares '%s' with '%s' */
660 			warning(162, op_name(op),
661 			    "negative constant", type_name(rn->tn_type));
662 		} else if (op == GT || op == LE)
663 			/* operator '%s' compares '%s' with '%s' */
664 			warning(162, op_name(op), "0", type_name(rn->tn_type));
665 		return;
666 	}
667 }
668 
669 static const tspec_t arith_rank[] = {
670 	LDOUBLE, DOUBLE, FLOAT,
671 #ifdef INT128_SIZE
672 	UINT128, INT128,
673 #endif
674 	ULLONG, LLONG,
675 	ULONG, LONG,
676 	UINT, INT,
677 };
678 
679 /* Keep unsigned in traditional C */
680 static tspec_t
681 usual_arithmetic_conversion_trad(tspec_t lt, tspec_t rt)
682 {
683 
684 	size_t i;
685 	for (i = 0; arith_rank[i] != INT; i++)
686 		if (lt == arith_rank[i] || rt == arith_rank[i])
687 			break;
688 
689 	tspec_t t = arith_rank[i];
690 	if (is_uinteger(lt) || is_uinteger(rt))
691 		if (is_integer(t) && !is_uinteger(t))
692 			return unsigned_type(t);
693 	return t;
694 }
695 
696 static tspec_t
697 usual_arithmetic_conversion_c90(tspec_t lt, tspec_t rt)
698 {
699 
700 	if (lt == rt)
701 		return lt;
702 
703 	if (lt == LCOMPLEX || rt == LCOMPLEX)
704 		return LCOMPLEX;
705 	if (lt == DCOMPLEX || rt == DCOMPLEX)
706 		return DCOMPLEX;
707 	if (lt == FCOMPLEX || rt == FCOMPLEX)
708 		return FCOMPLEX;
709 	if (lt == LDOUBLE || rt == LDOUBLE)
710 		return LDOUBLE;
711 	if (lt == DOUBLE || rt == DOUBLE)
712 		return DOUBLE;
713 	if (lt == FLOAT || rt == FLOAT)
714 		return FLOAT;
715 
716 	if (size_in_bits(lt) > size_in_bits(rt))
717 		return lt;
718 	if (size_in_bits(lt) < size_in_bits(rt))
719 		return rt;
720 
721 	size_t i;
722 	for (i = 3; arith_rank[i] != INT; i++)
723 		if (arith_rank[i] == lt || arith_rank[i] == rt)
724 			break;
725 	if ((is_uinteger(lt) || is_uinteger(rt)) &&
726 	    !is_uinteger(arith_rank[i]))
727 		i--;
728 	return arith_rank[i];
729 }
730 
731 static tnode_t *
732 apply_usual_arithmetic_conversions(op_t op, tnode_t *tn, tspec_t t)
733 {
734 	type_t *ntp = expr_dup_type(tn->tn_type);
735 	ntp->t_tspec = t;
736 	if (tn->tn_op != CON) {
737 		/* usual arithmetic conversion for '%s' from '%s' to '%s' */
738 		query_message(4, op_name(op),
739 		    type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(ntp));
740 	}
741 	return convert(op, 0, ntp, tn);
742 }
743 
744 /*
745  * Apply the "usual arithmetic conversions" (C99 6.3.1.8), which gives both
746  * operands the same type.
747  */
748 static void
749 balance(op_t op, tnode_t **lnp, tnode_t **rnp)
750 {
751 
752 	tspec_t lt = (*lnp)->tn_type->t_tspec;
753 	tspec_t rt = (*rnp)->tn_type->t_tspec;
754 	if (!is_arithmetic(lt) || !is_arithmetic(rt))
755 		return;
756 
757 	tspec_t t = allow_c90
758 	    ? usual_arithmetic_conversion_c90(lt, rt)
759 	    : usual_arithmetic_conversion_trad(lt, rt);
760 
761 	if (t != lt)
762 		*lnp = apply_usual_arithmetic_conversions(op, *lnp, t);
763 	if (t != rt)
764 		*rnp = apply_usual_arithmetic_conversions(op, *rnp, t);
765 }
766 
767 static tnode_t *
768 build_address(bool sys, tnode_t *tn, bool force)
769 {
770 	tspec_t t;
771 
772 	if (!force && ((t = tn->tn_type->t_tspec) == ARRAY || t == FUNC)) {
773 		if (!allow_c90)
774 			/* '&' before array or function: ignored */
775 			warning(127);
776 		return tn;
777 	}
778 
779 	/* eliminate '&*' */
780 	if (tn->tn_op == INDIR &&
781 	    tn->tn_left->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR &&
782 	    tn->tn_left->tn_type->t_subt == tn->tn_type) {
783 		return tn->tn_left;
784 	}
785 
786 	return build_op(ADDR, sys, expr_derive_type(tn->tn_type, PTR),
787 	    tn, NULL);
788 }
789 
790 /*
791  * XXX
792  * Note: There appear to be a number of bugs in detecting overflow in
793  * this function. An audit and a set of proper regression tests are needed.
794  *     --Perry Metzger, Nov. 16, 2001
795  */
796 static tnode_t *
797 fold_constant_integer(tnode_t *tn)
798 {
799 
800 	val_t *v = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*v));
801 	v->v_tspec = tn->tn_type->t_tspec;
802 
803 	lint_assert(has_operands(tn));
804 	tspec_t t = tn->tn_left->tn_type->t_tspec;
805 	bool utyp = !is_integer(t) || is_uinteger(t);
806 	int64_t sl = tn->tn_left->tn_val.u.integer, sr = 0;
807 	uint64_t ul = sl, ur = 0;
808 	if (is_binary(tn))
809 		ur = sr = tn->tn_right->tn_val.u.integer;
810 
811 	uint64_t mask = value_bits(size_in_bits(t));
812 	bool ovfl = false;
813 
814 	int64_t si;
815 	switch (tn->tn_op) {
816 	case UPLUS:
817 		si = sl;
818 		break;
819 	case UMINUS:
820 		si = sl == INT64_MIN ? sl : -sl;
821 		if (sl != 0 && msb(si, t) == msb(sl, t))
822 			ovfl = true;
823 		break;
824 	case COMPL:
825 		si = ~sl;
826 		break;
827 	case MULT:
828 		if (utyp) {
829 			si = (int64_t)(ul * ur);
830 			if (si != (si & (int64_t)mask))
831 				ovfl = true;
832 			else if (ul != 0 && si / ul != ur)
833 				ovfl = true;
834 		} else {
835 			si = sl * sr;
836 			if (msb(si, t) != (msb(sl, t) ^ msb(sr, t)))
837 				ovfl = true;
838 		}
839 		break;
840 	case DIV:
841 		if (sr == 0) {
842 			/* division by 0 */
843 			error(139);
844 			si = utyp ? -1 : INT64_MAX;
845 		} else if (!utyp
846 		    && (sl & mask) == (mask ^ (mask >> 1)) && sr == -1) {
847 			/* operator '%s' produces integer overflow */
848 			warning(141, op_name(DIV));
849 			si = sl;
850 		} else
851 			si = utyp ? (int64_t)(ul / ur) : sl / sr;
852 		break;
853 	case MOD:
854 		if (sr == 0) {
855 			/* modulus by 0 */
856 			error(140);
857 			si = 0;
858 		} else
859 			si = utyp ? (int64_t)(ul % ur) : sl % sr;
860 		break;
861 	case PLUS:
862 		si = utyp ? (int64_t)(ul + ur) : sl + sr;
863 		if (msb(sl, t) && msb(sr, t) && !msb(si, t))
864 			ovfl = true;
865 		if (!utyp && !msb(sl, t) && !msb(sr, t) && msb(si, t))
866 			ovfl = true;
867 		break;
868 	case MINUS:
869 		si = utyp ? (int64_t)(ul - ur) : sl - sr;
870 		if (!utyp && msb(sl, t) && !msb(sr, t) && !msb(si, t))
871 			ovfl = true;
872 		if (!msb(sl, t) && msb(sr, t) && msb(si, t))
873 			ovfl = true;
874 		break;
875 	case SHL:
876 		/* TODO: warn about out-of-bounds 'sr'. */
877 		/* TODO: warn about overflow in signed '<<'. */
878 		si = utyp ? (int64_t)(ul << (sr & 63)) : sl << (sr & 63);
879 		break;
880 	case SHR:
881 		/*
882 		 * The sign must be explicitly extended because shifts of
883 		 * signed values are implementation dependent.
884 		 */
885 		/* TODO: warn about out-of-bounds 'sr'. */
886 		si = (int64_t)(ul >> (sr & 63));
887 		si = convert_integer(si, t, size_in_bits(t) - (int)sr);
888 		break;
889 	case LT:
890 		si = (utyp ? ul < ur : sl < sr) ? 1 : 0;
891 		break;
892 	case LE:
893 		si = (utyp ? ul <= ur : sl <= sr) ? 1 : 0;
894 		break;
895 	case GE:
896 		si = (utyp ? ul >= ur : sl >= sr) ? 1 : 0;
897 		break;
898 	case GT:
899 		si = (utyp ? ul > ur : sl > sr) ? 1 : 0;
900 		break;
901 	case EQ:
902 		si = (utyp ? ul == ur : sl == sr) ? 1 : 0;
903 		break;
904 	case NE:
905 		si = (utyp ? ul != ur : sl != sr) ? 1 : 0;
906 		break;
907 	case BITAND:
908 		si = utyp ? (int64_t)(ul & ur) : sl & sr;
909 		break;
910 	case BITXOR:
911 		si = utyp ? (int64_t)(ul ^ ur) : sl ^ sr;
912 		break;
913 	case BITOR:
914 		si = utyp ? (int64_t)(ul | ur) : sl | sr;
915 		break;
916 	default:
917 		lint_assert(/*CONSTCOND*/false);
918 	}
919 
920 	/* XXX: The overflow check does not work for 64-bit integers. */
921 	if (ovfl ||
922 	    ((si | mask) != ~(uint64_t)0 && (si & ~mask) != 0)) {
923 		if (hflag)
924 			/* operator '%s' produces integer overflow */
925 			warning(141, op_name(tn->tn_op));
926 	}
927 
928 	v->u.integer = convert_integer(si, t, 0);
929 
930 	tnode_t *cn = build_constant(tn->tn_type, v);
931 	if (tn->tn_left->tn_system_dependent)
932 		cn->tn_system_dependent = true;
933 	if (is_binary(tn) && tn->tn_right->tn_system_dependent)
934 		cn->tn_system_dependent = true;
935 
936 	return cn;
937 }
938 
939 static tnode_t *
940 build_struct_access(op_t op, bool sys, tnode_t *ln, tnode_t *rn)
941 {
942 
943 	lint_assert(rn->tn_op == NAME);
944 	lint_assert(is_member(rn->tn_sym));
945 
946 	bool lvalue = op == ARROW || ln->tn_lvalue;
947 
948 	if (op == POINT)
949 		ln = build_address(sys, ln, true);
950 	else if (ln->tn_type->t_tspec != PTR) {
951 		lint_assert(!allow_c90);
952 		lint_assert(is_integer(ln->tn_type->t_tspec));
953 		ln = convert(NOOP, 0, expr_derive_type(gettyp(VOID), PTR), ln);
954 	}
955 
956 	tnode_t *ctn = build_integer_constant(PTRDIFF_TSPEC,
957 	    rn->tn_sym->u.s_member.sm_offset_in_bits / CHAR_SIZE);
958 
959 	type_t *ptr_tp = expr_derive_type(rn->tn_type, PTR);
960 	tnode_t *ntn = build_op(PLUS, sys, ptr_tp, ln, ctn);
961 	if (ln->tn_op == CON)
962 		ntn = fold_constant_integer(ntn);
963 
964 	op_t nop = rn->tn_type->t_bitfield ? FSEL : INDIR;
965 	ntn = build_op(nop, sys, ntn->tn_type->t_subt, ntn, NULL);
966 	if (!lvalue)
967 		ntn->tn_lvalue = false;
968 
969 	return ntn;
970 }
971 
972 /*
973  * Get the size in bytes of type tp->t_subt, as a constant expression of type
974  * ptrdiff_t as seen from the target platform.
975  */
976 static tnode_t *
977 subt_size_in_bytes(type_t *tp)
978 {
979 
980 	lint_assert(tp->t_tspec == PTR);
981 	tp = tp->t_subt;
982 
983 	int elem = 1;
984 	while (tp->t_tspec == ARRAY) {
985 		elem *= tp->t_dim;
986 		tp = tp->t_subt;
987 	}
988 
989 	int elsz_in_bits = 0;
990 	switch (tp->t_tspec) {
991 	case FUNC:
992 		/* pointer to function is not allowed here */
993 		error(110);
994 		break;
995 	case VOID:
996 		/* cannot do pointer arithmetic on operand of unknown size */
997 		gnuism(136);
998 		break;
999 	case STRUCT:
1000 	case UNION:
1001 		if ((elsz_in_bits = (int)tp->t_sou->sou_size_in_bits) == 0)
1002 			/* cannot do pointer arithmetic on operand of ... */
1003 			error(136);
1004 		break;
1005 	case ENUM:
1006 		if (is_incomplete(tp))
1007 			/* cannot do pointer arithmetic on operand of ... */
1008 			warning(136);
1009 		/* FALLTHROUGH */
1010 	default:
1011 		if ((elsz_in_bits = size_in_bits(tp->t_tspec)) == 0)
1012 			/* cannot do pointer arithmetic on operand of ... */
1013 			error(136);
1014 		else
1015 			lint_assert(elsz_in_bits != -1);
1016 		break;
1017 	}
1018 
1019 	if (elem == 0 && elsz_in_bits != 0)
1020 		/* cannot do pointer arithmetic on operand of unknown size */
1021 		error(136);
1022 
1023 	if (elsz_in_bits == 0)
1024 		elsz_in_bits = CHAR_SIZE;
1025 
1026 	return build_integer_constant(PTRDIFF_TSPEC,
1027 	    (int64_t)(elem * elsz_in_bits / CHAR_SIZE));
1028 }
1029 
1030 static tnode_t *
1031 build_prepost_incdec(op_t op, bool sys, tnode_t *ln)
1032 {
1033 
1034 	lint_assert(ln != NULL);
1035 	tnode_t *cn = ln->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR
1036 	    ? subt_size_in_bytes(ln->tn_type)
1037 	    : build_integer_constant(INT, 1);
1038 	return build_op(op, sys, ln->tn_type, ln, cn);
1039 }
1040 
1041 static void
1042 check_enum_array_index(const tnode_t *ln, const tnode_t *rn)
1043 {
1044 
1045 	if (ln->tn_op != ADDR || ln->tn_left->tn_op != NAME)
1046 		return;
1047 
1048 	const type_t *ltp = ln->tn_left->tn_type;
1049 	if (ltp->t_tspec != ARRAY || ltp->t_incomplete_array)
1050 		return;
1051 
1052 	if (rn->tn_op != CVT || !rn->tn_type->t_is_enum)
1053 		return;
1054 	if (rn->tn_left->tn_op != LOAD)
1055 		return;
1056 
1057 	const type_t *rtp = rn->tn_left->tn_type;
1058 	const sym_t *ec = rtp->t_enum->en_first_enumerator;
1059 	const sym_t *max_ec = ec;
1060 	lint_assert(ec != NULL);
1061 	for (ec = ec->s_next; ec != NULL; ec = ec->s_next)
1062 		if (ec->u.s_enum_constant > max_ec->u.s_enum_constant)
1063 			max_ec = ec;
1064 
1065 	int64_t max_enum_value = max_ec->u.s_enum_constant;
1066 	lint_assert(INT_MIN <= max_enum_value && max_enum_value <= INT_MAX);
1067 
1068 	int max_array_index = ltp->t_dim - 1;
1069 	if (max_enum_value == max_array_index)
1070 		return;
1071 
1072 	if (max_enum_value == max_array_index + 1 &&
1073 	    (strstr(max_ec->s_name, "MAX") != NULL ||
1074 	     strstr(max_ec->s_name, "max") != NULL ||
1075 	     strstr(max_ec->s_name, "NUM") != NULL ||
1076 	     strstr(max_ec->s_name, "num") != NULL))
1077 		return;
1078 
1079 	/* maximum value %d of '%s' does not match maximum array index %d */
1080 	warning(348, (int)max_enum_value, type_name(rtp), max_array_index);
1081 	print_previous_declaration(max_ec);
1082 }
1083 
1084 static tnode_t *
1085 build_plus_minus(op_t op, bool sys, tnode_t *ln, tnode_t *rn)
1086 {
1087 
1088 	if (rn->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR && is_integer(ln->tn_type->t_tspec)) {
1089 		tnode_t *tmp = ln;
1090 		ln = rn;
1091 		rn = tmp;
1092 		/* pointer addition has integer on the left-hand side */
1093 		query_message(5);
1094 	}
1095 
1096 	/* pointer +- integer */
1097 	if (ln->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR && rn->tn_type->t_tspec != PTR) {
1098 		lint_assert(is_integer(rn->tn_type->t_tspec));
1099 
1100 		check_ctype_macro_invocation(ln, rn);
1101 		check_enum_array_index(ln, rn);
1102 
1103 		tnode_t *elsz = subt_size_in_bytes(ln->tn_type);
1104 		if (rn->tn_type->t_tspec != elsz->tn_type->t_tspec)
1105 			rn = convert(NOOP, 0, elsz->tn_type, rn);
1106 
1107 		tnode_t *prod = build_op(MULT, sys, rn->tn_type, rn, elsz);
1108 		if (rn->tn_op == CON)
1109 			prod = fold_constant_integer(prod);
1110 
1111 		return build_op(op, sys, ln->tn_type, ln, prod);
1112 	}
1113 
1114 	/* pointer - pointer */
1115 	if (rn->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR) {
1116 		lint_assert(ln->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR);
1117 		lint_assert(op == MINUS);
1118 
1119 		type_t *ptrdiff = gettyp(PTRDIFF_TSPEC);
1120 		tnode_t *raw_diff = build_op(op, sys, ptrdiff, ln, rn);
1121 		if (ln->tn_op == CON && rn->tn_op == CON)
1122 			raw_diff = fold_constant_integer(raw_diff);
1123 
1124 		tnode_t *elsz = subt_size_in_bytes(ln->tn_type);
1125 		balance(NOOP, &raw_diff, &elsz);
1126 
1127 		return build_op(DIV, sys, ptrdiff, raw_diff, elsz);
1128 	}
1129 
1130 	return build_op(op, sys, ln->tn_type, ln, rn);
1131 }
1132 
1133 static tnode_t *
1134 build_bit_shift(op_t op, bool sys, tnode_t *ln, tnode_t *rn)
1135 {
1136 
1137 	if (!allow_c90 && rn->tn_type->t_tspec != INT)
1138 		// XXX: C1978 7.5 says: "Both [operators] perform the usual
1139 		// arithmetic conversions on their operands."
1140 		// TODO: Add a test to exercise this part of the code.
1141 		rn = convert(NOOP, 0, gettyp(INT), rn);
1142 	return build_op(op, sys, ln->tn_type, ln, rn);
1143 }
1144 
1145 static bool
1146 is_null_pointer(const tnode_t *tn)
1147 {
1148 	tspec_t t = tn->tn_type->t_tspec;
1149 
1150 	// TODO: Investigate how other pointers are stored, in particular,
1151 	// whether a pointer constant can have a non-zero value.
1152 	// If not, simplify the code below.
1153 	return ((t == PTR && tn->tn_type->t_subt->t_tspec == VOID)
1154 		|| is_integer(t))
1155 	    && (tn->tn_op == CON && tn->tn_val.u.integer == 0);
1156 }
1157 
1158 /* Return a type based on tp1, with added qualifiers from tp2. */
1159 static type_t *
1160 merge_qualifiers(type_t *tp1, const type_t *tp2)
1161 {
1162 
1163 	lint_assert(tp1->t_tspec == PTR);
1164 	lint_assert(tp2->t_tspec == PTR);
1165 
1166 	bool c1 = tp1->t_subt->t_const;
1167 	bool c2 = tp2->t_subt->t_const;
1168 	bool v1 = tp1->t_subt->t_volatile;
1169 	bool v2 = tp2->t_subt->t_volatile;
1170 
1171 	if (c1 == (c1 | c2) && v1 == (v1 | v2))
1172 		return tp1;
1173 
1174 	type_t *nstp = expr_dup_type(tp1->t_subt);
1175 	nstp->t_const |= c2;
1176 	nstp->t_volatile |= v2;
1177 
1178 	type_t *ntp = expr_dup_type(tp1);
1179 	ntp->t_subt = nstp;
1180 	return ntp;
1181 }
1182 
1183 /* See C99 6.5.15 "Conditional operator". */
1184 static tnode_t *
1185 build_colon(bool sys, tnode_t *ln, tnode_t *rn)
1186 {
1187 	tspec_t lt = ln->tn_type->t_tspec;
1188 	tspec_t rt = rn->tn_type->t_tspec;
1189 
1190 	type_t *tp;
1191 	if (is_arithmetic(lt) && is_arithmetic(rt))
1192 		/* The operands were already balanced in build_binary. */
1193 		tp = ln->tn_type;
1194 	else if (lt == BOOL && rt == BOOL)
1195 		tp = ln->tn_type;
1196 	else if (lt == VOID || rt == VOID)
1197 		tp = gettyp(VOID);
1198 	else if (is_struct_or_union(lt)) {
1199 		lint_assert(is_struct_or_union(rt));
1200 		lint_assert(ln->tn_type->t_sou == rn->tn_type->t_sou);
1201 		if (is_incomplete(ln->tn_type)) {
1202 			/* unknown operand size, op '%s' */
1203 			error(138, op_name(COLON));
1204 			return NULL;
1205 		}
1206 		tp = ln->tn_type;
1207 	} else if (lt == PTR && is_integer(rt)) {
1208 		if (rt != PTRDIFF_TSPEC)
1209 			rn = convert(NOOP, 0, gettyp(PTRDIFF_TSPEC), rn);
1210 		tp = ln->tn_type;
1211 	} else if (rt == PTR && is_integer(lt)) {
1212 		if (lt != PTRDIFF_TSPEC)
1213 			ln = convert(NOOP, 0, gettyp(PTRDIFF_TSPEC), ln);
1214 		tp = rn->tn_type;
1215 	} else if (lt == PTR && is_null_pointer(rn))
1216 		tp = merge_qualifiers(ln->tn_type, rn->tn_type);
1217 	else if (rt == PTR && is_null_pointer(ln))
1218 		tp = merge_qualifiers(rn->tn_type, ln->tn_type);
1219 	else if (lt == PTR && ln->tn_type->t_subt->t_tspec == VOID)
1220 		tp = merge_qualifiers(ln->tn_type, rn->tn_type);
1221 	else if (rt == PTR && rn->tn_type->t_subt->t_tspec == VOID)
1222 		tp = merge_qualifiers(rn->tn_type, ln->tn_type);
1223 	else {
1224 		/*
1225 		 * XXX For now we simply take the left type. This is probably
1226 		 * wrong, if one type contains a function prototype and the
1227 		 * other one, at the same place, only an old-style declaration.
1228 		 */
1229 		tp = merge_qualifiers(ln->tn_type, rn->tn_type);
1230 	}
1231 
1232 	return build_op(COLON, sys, tp, ln, rn);
1233 }
1234 
1235 /* TODO: check for varargs */
1236 static bool
1237 is_cast_redundant(const tnode_t *tn)
1238 {
1239 	const type_t *ntp = tn->tn_type, *otp = tn_ck_left(tn)->tn_type;
1240 	tspec_t nt = ntp->t_tspec, ot = otp->t_tspec;
1241 
1242 	if (nt == BOOL || ot == BOOL)
1243 		return nt == BOOL && ot == BOOL;
1244 
1245 	if (is_integer(nt) && is_integer(ot)) {
1246 		unsigned int nw = width_in_bits(ntp), ow = width_in_bits(otp);
1247 		if (is_uinteger(nt) == is_uinteger(ot))
1248 			return nw >= ow;
1249 		return is_uinteger(ot) && nw > ow;
1250 	}
1251 
1252 	if (is_complex(nt) || is_complex(ot))
1253 		return is_complex(nt) && is_complex(ot) &&
1254 		    size_in_bits(nt) >= size_in_bits(ot);
1255 
1256 	if (is_floating(nt) && is_floating(ot))
1257 		return size_in_bits(nt) >= size_in_bits(ot);
1258 
1259 	if (nt == PTR && ot == PTR) {
1260 		if (!ntp->t_subt->t_const && otp->t_subt->t_const)
1261 			return false;
1262 		if (!ntp->t_subt->t_volatile && otp->t_subt->t_volatile)
1263 			return false;
1264 
1265 		if (ntp->t_subt->t_tspec == VOID ||
1266 		    otp->t_subt->t_tspec == VOID ||
1267 		    types_compatible(ntp->t_subt, otp->t_subt,
1268 			false, false, NULL))
1269 			return true;
1270 	}
1271 
1272 	return false;
1273 }
1274 
1275 static bool
1276 is_assignment(op_t op)
1277 {
1278 
1279 	return op == ASSIGN ||
1280 	    op == MULASS ||
1281 	    op == DIVASS ||
1282 	    op == MODASS ||
1283 	    op == ADDASS ||
1284 	    op == SUBASS ||
1285 	    op == SHLASS ||
1286 	    op == SHRASS ||
1287 	    op == ANDASS ||
1288 	    op == XORASS ||
1289 	    op == ORASS ||
1290 	    op == RETURN ||
1291 	    op == INIT;
1292 }
1293 
1294 static tnode_t *
1295 build_assignment(op_t op, bool sys, tnode_t *ln, tnode_t *rn)
1296 {
1297 
1298 	tspec_t lt = ln->tn_type->t_tspec;
1299 	tspec_t rt = rn->tn_type->t_tspec;
1300 
1301 	if (any_query_enabled && is_assignment(rn->tn_op)) {
1302 		/* chained assignment with '%s' and '%s' */
1303 		query_message(10, op_name(op), op_name(rn->tn_op));
1304 	}
1305 
1306 	if ((op == ADDASS || op == SUBASS) && lt == PTR) {
1307 		lint_assert(is_integer(rt));
1308 		tnode_t *ctn = subt_size_in_bytes(ln->tn_type);
1309 		if (rn->tn_type->t_tspec != ctn->tn_type->t_tspec)
1310 			rn = convert(NOOP, 0, ctn->tn_type, rn);
1311 		rn = build_op(MULT, sys, rn->tn_type, rn, ctn);
1312 		if (rn->tn_left->tn_op == CON)
1313 			rn = fold_constant_integer(rn);
1314 	}
1315 
1316 	if ((op == ASSIGN || op == RETURN || op == INIT) &&
1317 	    (lt == STRUCT || rt == STRUCT)) {
1318 		lint_assert(lt == rt);
1319 		lint_assert(ln->tn_type->t_sou == rn->tn_type->t_sou);
1320 		if (is_incomplete(ln->tn_type)) {
1321 			if (op == RETURN)
1322 				/* cannot return incomplete type */
1323 				error(212);
1324 			else
1325 				/* unknown operand size, op '%s' */
1326 				error(138, op_name(op));
1327 			return NULL;
1328 		}
1329 	}
1330 
1331 	if (op == SHLASS && hflag && allow_trad && allow_c90
1332 	    && portable_rank_cmp(lt, rt) < 0)
1333 		/* semantics of '%s' change in C90; ... */
1334 		warning(118, "<<=");
1335 
1336 	if (op != SHLASS && op != SHRASS
1337 	    && (op == ASSIGN || lt != PTR)
1338 	    && (lt != rt || (ln->tn_type->t_bitfield && rn->tn_op == CON))) {
1339 		rn = convert(op, 0, ln->tn_type, rn);
1340 		rt = lt;
1341 	}
1342 
1343 	if (any_query_enabled && rn->tn_op == CVT && rn->tn_cast &&
1344 	    types_compatible(ln->tn_type, rn->tn_type, false, false, NULL) &&
1345 	    is_cast_redundant(rn)) {
1346 		/* redundant cast from '%s' to '%s' before assignment */
1347 		query_message(7,
1348 		    type_name(rn->tn_left->tn_type), type_name(rn->tn_type));
1349 	}
1350 
1351 	return build_op(op, sys, ln->tn_type, ln, rn);
1352 }
1353 
1354 static tnode_t *
1355 build_real_imag(op_t op, bool sys, tnode_t *ln)
1356 {
1357 
1358 	lint_assert(ln != NULL);
1359 	if (ln->tn_op == NAME) {
1360 		/*
1361 		 * This may be too much, but it avoids wrong warnings. See
1362 		 * d_c99_complex_split.c.
1363 		 */
1364 		mark_as_used(ln->tn_sym, false, false);
1365 		mark_as_set(ln->tn_sym);
1366 	}
1367 
1368 	tspec_t t;
1369 	switch (ln->tn_type->t_tspec) {
1370 	case LCOMPLEX:
1371 		t = LDOUBLE;
1372 		break;
1373 	case DCOMPLEX:
1374 		t = DOUBLE;
1375 		break;
1376 	case FCOMPLEX:
1377 		t = FLOAT;
1378 		break;
1379 	default:
1380 		/* '__%s__' is illegal for type '%s' */
1381 		error(276, op == REAL ? "real" : "imag",
1382 		    type_name(ln->tn_type));
1383 		return NULL;
1384 	}
1385 
1386 	tnode_t *ntn = build_op(op, sys, gettyp(t), ln, NULL);
1387 	ntn->tn_lvalue = true;
1388 	return ntn;
1389 }
1390 
1391 static bool
1392 is_confusing_precedence(op_t op, op_t lop, bool lparen, op_t rop, bool rparen)
1393 {
1394 
1395 	if (op == SHL || op == SHR) {
1396 		if (!lparen && (lop == PLUS || lop == MINUS))
1397 			return true;
1398 		if (!rparen && (rop == PLUS || rop == MINUS))
1399 			return true;
1400 		return false;
1401 	}
1402 
1403 	if (op == LOGOR) {
1404 		if (!lparen && lop == LOGAND)
1405 			return true;
1406 		if (!rparen && rop == LOGAND)
1407 			return true;
1408 		return false;
1409 	}
1410 
1411 	lint_assert(op == BITAND || op == BITXOR || op == BITOR);
1412 	if (!lparen && lop != op) {
1413 		if (lop == PLUS || lop == MINUS)
1414 			return true;
1415 		if (lop == BITAND || lop == BITXOR)
1416 			return true;
1417 	}
1418 	if (!rparen && rop != op) {
1419 		if (rop == PLUS || rop == MINUS)
1420 			return true;
1421 		if (rop == BITAND || rop == BITXOR)
1422 			return true;
1423 	}
1424 	return false;
1425 }
1426 
1427 /*
1428  * Print a warning if the given node has operands which should be
1429  * parenthesized.
1430  *
1431  * XXX Does not work if an operand is a constant expression. Constant
1432  * expressions are already folded.
1433  */
1434 static void
1435 check_precedence_confusion(tnode_t *tn)
1436 {
1437 	tnode_t *ln, *rn;
1438 
1439 	if (!hflag)
1440 		return;
1441 
1442 	debug_node(tn);
1443 
1444 	lint_assert(is_binary(tn));
1445 	for (ln = tn->tn_left; ln->tn_op == CVT; ln = ln->tn_left)
1446 		continue;
1447 	for (rn = tn->tn_right; rn->tn_op == CVT; rn = rn->tn_left)
1448 		continue;
1449 
1450 	if (is_confusing_precedence(tn->tn_op,
1451 	    ln->tn_op, ln->tn_parenthesized,
1452 	    rn->tn_op, rn->tn_parenthesized)) {
1453 		/* precedence confusion possible: parenthesize! */
1454 		warning(169);
1455 	}
1456 }
1457 
1458 static tnode_t *
1459 fold_constant_compare_zero(tnode_t *tn)
1460 {
1461 
1462 	val_t *v = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*v));
1463 	v->v_tspec = tn->tn_type->t_tspec;
1464 	lint_assert(v->v_tspec == INT || (Tflag && v->v_tspec == BOOL));
1465 
1466 	lint_assert(has_operands(tn));
1467 	bool l = constant_is_nonzero(tn->tn_left);
1468 	bool r = is_binary(tn) && constant_is_nonzero(tn->tn_right);
1469 
1470 	switch (tn->tn_op) {
1471 	case NOT:
1472 		if (hflag && !suppress_constcond)
1473 			/* constant operand to '!' */
1474 			warning(239);
1475 		v->u.integer = !l ? 1 : 0;
1476 		break;
1477 	case LOGAND:
1478 		v->u.integer = l && r ? 1 : 0;
1479 		break;
1480 	case LOGOR:
1481 		v->u.integer = l || r ? 1 : 0;
1482 		break;
1483 	default:
1484 		lint_assert(/*CONSTCOND*/false);
1485 	}
1486 
1487 	return build_constant(tn->tn_type, v);
1488 }
1489 
1490 static long double
1491 floating_error_value(tspec_t t, long double lv)
1492 {
1493 	if (t == FLOAT)
1494 		return lv < 0 ? -FLT_MAX : FLT_MAX;
1495 	if (t == DOUBLE)
1496 		return lv < 0 ? -DBL_MAX : DBL_MAX;
1497 	/*
1498 	 * When NetBSD is cross-built in MKLINT=yes mode on x86_64 for sparc64,
1499 	 * tools/lint checks this code while building usr.bin/xlint. In that
1500 	 * situation, lint uses the preprocessor for sparc64, in which the type
1501 	 * 'long double' is IEEE-754-binary128, affecting the macro LDBL_MAX
1502 	 * below. The type 'long double', as well as the strtold
1503 	 * implementation, comes from the host platform x86_64 though, where
1504 	 * 'long double' consumes 128 bits as well but only uses 80 of them.
1505 	 * The exponent range of the two 'long double' types is the same, but
1506 	 * the maximum finite value differs due to the extended precision on
1507 	 * sparc64.
1508 	 *
1509 	 * To properly handle the data types of the target platform, lint would
1510 	 * have to implement the floating-point types in a platform-independent
1511 	 * way, which is not worth the effort, given how few programs
1512 	 * practically use 'long double'.
1513 	 */
1514 	/* LINTED 248: floating-point constant out of range */
1515 	long double max = LDBL_MAX;
1516 	return lv < 0 ? -max : max;
1517 }
1518 
1519 static bool
1520 is_floating_overflow(tspec_t t, long double val)
1521 {
1522 	if (fpe != 0 || isfinite(val) == 0)
1523 		return true;
1524 	if (t == FLOAT && (val > FLT_MAX || val < -FLT_MAX))
1525 		return true;
1526 	if (t == DOUBLE && (val > DBL_MAX || val < -DBL_MAX))
1527 		return true;
1528 	return false;
1529 }
1530 
1531 static tnode_t *
1532 fold_constant_floating(tnode_t *tn)
1533 {
1534 
1535 	fpe = 0;
1536 
1537 	tspec_t t = tn->tn_type->t_tspec;
1538 
1539 	val_t *v = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*v));
1540 	v->v_tspec = t;
1541 
1542 	lint_assert(is_floating(t));
1543 	lint_assert(has_operands(tn));
1544 	lint_assert(t == tn->tn_left->tn_type->t_tspec);
1545 	lint_assert(!is_binary(tn) || t == tn->tn_right->tn_type->t_tspec);
1546 
1547 	long double lv = tn->tn_left->tn_val.u.floating;
1548 	long double rv = is_binary(tn) ? tn->tn_right->tn_val.u.floating : 0.0;
1549 
1550 	switch (tn->tn_op) {
1551 	case UPLUS:
1552 		v->u.floating = lv;
1553 		break;
1554 	case UMINUS:
1555 		v->u.floating = -lv;
1556 		break;
1557 	case MULT:
1558 		v->u.floating = lv * rv;
1559 		break;
1560 	case DIV:
1561 		if (rv == 0.0) {
1562 			/* division by 0 */
1563 			error(139);
1564 			v->u.floating = floating_error_value(t, lv);
1565 		} else {
1566 			v->u.floating = lv / rv;
1567 		}
1568 		break;
1569 	case PLUS:
1570 		v->u.floating = lv + rv;
1571 		break;
1572 	case MINUS:
1573 		v->u.floating = lv - rv;
1574 		break;
1575 	case LT:
1576 		v->u.integer = lv < rv ? 1 : 0;
1577 		break;
1578 	case LE:
1579 		v->u.integer = lv <= rv ? 1 : 0;
1580 		break;
1581 	case GE:
1582 		v->u.integer = lv >= rv ? 1 : 0;
1583 		break;
1584 	case GT:
1585 		v->u.integer = lv > rv ? 1 : 0;
1586 		break;
1587 	case EQ:
1588 		v->u.integer = lv == rv ? 1 : 0;
1589 		break;
1590 	case NE:
1591 		v->u.integer = lv != rv ? 1 : 0;
1592 		break;
1593 	default:
1594 		lint_assert(/*CONSTCOND*/false);
1595 	}
1596 
1597 	// XXX: Must not access u.floating after setting u.integer.
1598 	lint_assert(fpe != 0 || isnan(v->u.floating) == 0);
1599 	if (is_complex(v->v_tspec)) {
1600 		/*
1601 		 * Don't warn, as lint doesn't model the imaginary part of
1602 		 * complex numbers.
1603 		 */
1604 		fpe = 0;
1605 	} else if (is_floating_overflow(t, v->u.floating)) {
1606 		/* operator '%s' produces floating point overflow */
1607 		warning(142, op_name(tn->tn_op));
1608 		v->u.floating = floating_error_value(t, v->u.floating);
1609 		fpe = 0;
1610 	}
1611 
1612 	return build_constant(tn->tn_type, v);
1613 }
1614 
1615 static void
1616 use(const tnode_t *tn)
1617 {
1618 	if (tn == NULL)
1619 		return;
1620 	switch (tn->tn_op) {
1621 	case NAME:
1622 		mark_as_used(tn->tn_sym, false /* XXX */, false /* XXX */);
1623 		break;
1624 	case CON:
1625 	case STRING:
1626 		break;
1627 	case CALL:
1628 	case ICALL:;
1629 		const function_call *call = tn->tn_call;
1630 		if (call->args != NULL)
1631 			for (size_t i = 0, n = call->args_len; i < n; i++)
1632 				use(call->args[i]);
1633 		break;
1634 	default:
1635 		lint_assert(has_operands(tn));
1636 		use(tn->tn_left);
1637 		if (is_binary(tn))
1638 			use(tn->tn_right);
1639 	}
1640 }
1641 
1642 /*
1643  * Create a tree node for a binary operator and its two operands. Also called
1644  * for unary operators; in that case rn is NULL.
1645  *
1646  * Function calls, sizeof and casts are handled elsewhere.
1647  */
1648 tnode_t *
1649 build_binary(tnode_t *ln, op_t op, bool sys, tnode_t *rn)
1650 {
1651 	const mod_t *mp = &modtab[op];
1652 
1653 	/* If there was an error in one of the operands, return. */
1654 	if (ln == NULL || (mp->m_binary && rn == NULL))
1655 		return NULL;
1656 
1657 	if (mp->m_value_context || mp->m_compares_with_zero)
1658 		ln = cconv(ln);
1659 	if (mp->m_binary && op != ARROW && op != POINT)
1660 		rn = cconv(rn);
1661 
1662 	if (mp->m_comparison)
1663 		check_integer_comparison(op, ln, rn);
1664 
1665 	if (mp->m_value_context || mp->m_compares_with_zero)
1666 		ln = promote(op, false, ln);
1667 	if (mp->m_binary && op != ARROW && op != POINT &&
1668 	    op != ASSIGN && op != RETURN && op != INIT)
1669 		rn = promote(op, false, rn);
1670 
1671 	if (mp->m_warn_if_left_unsigned_in_c90 &&
1672 	    ln->tn_op == CON && ln->tn_val.v_unsigned_since_c90) {
1673 		/* C90 treats constant as unsigned, op '%s' */
1674 		warning(218, op_name(op));
1675 		ln->tn_val.v_unsigned_since_c90 = false;
1676 	}
1677 	if (mp->m_warn_if_right_unsigned_in_c90 &&
1678 	    rn->tn_op == CON && rn->tn_val.v_unsigned_since_c90) {
1679 		/* C90 treats constant as unsigned, op '%s' */
1680 		warning(218, op_name(op));
1681 		rn->tn_val.v_unsigned_since_c90 = false;
1682 	}
1683 
1684 	if (mp->m_balance_operands || (!allow_c90 && (op == SHL || op == SHR)))
1685 		balance(op, &ln, &rn);
1686 
1687 	if (!typeok(op, 0, ln, rn))
1688 		return NULL;
1689 
1690 	tnode_t *ntn;
1691 	switch (op) {
1692 	case POINT:
1693 	case ARROW:
1694 		ntn = build_struct_access(op, sys, ln, rn);
1695 		break;
1696 	case INCAFT:
1697 	case DECAFT:
1698 	case INCBEF:
1699 	case DECBEF:
1700 		ntn = build_prepost_incdec(op, sys, ln);
1701 		break;
1702 	case ADDR:
1703 		ntn = build_address(sys, ln, false);
1704 		break;
1705 	case INDIR:
1706 		ntn = build_op(INDIR, sys, ln->tn_type->t_subt, ln, NULL);
1707 		break;
1708 	case PLUS:
1709 	case MINUS:
1710 		ntn = build_plus_minus(op, sys, ln, rn);
1711 		break;
1712 	case SHL:
1713 	case SHR:
1714 		ntn = build_bit_shift(op, sys, ln, rn);
1715 		break;
1716 	case COLON:
1717 		ntn = build_colon(sys, ln, rn);
1718 		break;
1719 	case ASSIGN:
1720 	case MULASS:
1721 	case DIVASS:
1722 	case MODASS:
1723 	case ADDASS:
1724 	case SUBASS:
1725 	case SHLASS:
1726 	case SHRASS:
1727 	case ANDASS:
1728 	case XORASS:
1729 	case ORASS:
1730 	case RETURN:
1731 	case INIT:
1732 		ntn = build_assignment(op, sys, ln, rn);
1733 		break;
1734 	case COMMA:
1735 		if (any_query_enabled) {
1736 			/* comma operator with types '%s' and '%s' */
1737 			query_message(12,
1738 			    type_name(ln->tn_type), type_name(rn->tn_type));
1739 		}
1740 		/* FALLTHROUGH */
1741 	case QUEST:
1742 		ntn = build_op(op, sys, rn->tn_type, ln, rn);
1743 		break;
1744 	case REAL:
1745 	case IMAG:
1746 		ntn = build_real_imag(op, sys, ln);
1747 		break;
1748 	default:
1749 		lint_assert(mp->m_binary == (rn != NULL));
1750 		type_t *rettp = mp->m_returns_bool
1751 		    ? gettyp(Tflag ? BOOL : INT) : ln->tn_type;
1752 		ntn = build_op(op, sys, rettp, ln, rn);
1753 		break;
1754 	}
1755 
1756 	if (ntn == NULL)
1757 		return NULL;
1758 
1759 	if (mp->m_possible_precedence_confusion)
1760 		check_precedence_confusion(ntn);
1761 
1762 	if (hflag && !suppress_constcond &&
1763 	    mp->m_compares_with_zero &&
1764 	    (ln->tn_op == CON ||
1765 	     (mp->m_binary && op != QUEST && rn->tn_op == CON)) &&
1766 	    /* XXX: rn->tn_system_dependent should be checked as well */
1767 	    !ln->tn_system_dependent)
1768 		/* constant in conditional context */
1769 		warning(161);
1770 
1771 	if (mp->m_fold_constant_operands && ln->tn_op == CON) {
1772 		if (!mp->m_binary || rn->tn_op == CON) {
1773 			if (mp->m_compares_with_zero)
1774 				ntn = fold_constant_compare_zero(ntn);
1775 			else if (is_floating(ntn->tn_type->t_tspec))
1776 				ntn = fold_constant_floating(ntn);
1777 			else
1778 				ntn = fold_constant_integer(ntn);
1779 		} else if (op == QUEST) {
1780 			lint_assert(has_operands(rn));
1781 			use(ln->tn_val.u.integer != 0
1782 			    ? rn->tn_right : rn->tn_left);
1783 			ntn = ln->tn_val.u.integer != 0
1784 			    ? rn->tn_left : rn->tn_right;
1785 		}
1786 	}
1787 
1788 	return ntn;
1789 }
1790 
1791 tnode_t *
1792 build_unary(op_t op, bool sys, tnode_t *tn)
1793 {
1794 	return build_binary(tn, op, sys, NULL);
1795 }
1796 
1797 static bool
1798 are_members_compatible(const sym_t *a, const sym_t *b)
1799 {
1800 	if (a->u.s_member.sm_offset_in_bits != b->u.s_member.sm_offset_in_bits)
1801 		return false;
1802 
1803 	const type_t *atp = a->s_type;
1804 	const type_t *btp = b->s_type;
1805 	bool w = false;
1806 	if (!types_compatible(atp, btp, false, false, &w) && !w)
1807 		return false;
1808 	if (a->s_bitfield != b->s_bitfield)
1809 		return false;
1810 	if (a->s_bitfield) {
1811 		if (atp->t_bit_field_width != btp->t_bit_field_width)
1812 			return false;
1813 		if (atp->t_bit_field_offset != btp->t_bit_field_offset)
1814 			return false;
1815 	}
1816 	return true;
1817 }
1818 
1819 /*
1820  * Return whether all struct/union members with the same name have the same
1821  * type and offset.
1822  */
1823 static bool
1824 all_members_compatible(const sym_t *msym)
1825 {
1826 	for (const sym_t *csym = msym;
1827 	    csym != NULL; csym = csym->s_symtab_next) {
1828 		if (!is_member(csym))
1829 			continue;
1830 		if (strcmp(msym->s_name, csym->s_name) != 0)
1831 			continue;
1832 
1833 		for (const sym_t *sym = csym->s_symtab_next;
1834 		    sym != NULL; sym = sym->s_symtab_next) {
1835 			if (is_member(sym)
1836 			    && strcmp(csym->s_name, sym->s_name) == 0
1837 			    && !are_members_compatible(csym, sym))
1838 				return false;
1839 		}
1840 	}
1841 	return true;
1842 }
1843 
1844 sym_t *
1845 find_member(const struct_or_union *sou, const char *name)
1846 {
1847 	for (sym_t *mem = sou->sou_first_member;
1848 	    mem != NULL; mem = mem->s_next) {
1849 		lint_assert(is_member(mem));
1850 		lint_assert(mem->u.s_member.sm_containing_type == sou);
1851 		if (strcmp(mem->s_name, name) == 0)
1852 			return mem;
1853 	}
1854 
1855 	for (sym_t *mem = sou->sou_first_member;
1856 	    mem != NULL; mem = mem->s_next) {
1857 		if (is_struct_or_union(mem->s_type->t_tspec)
1858 		    && mem->s_name == unnamed) {
1859 			sym_t *nested_mem =
1860 			    find_member(mem->s_type->t_sou, name);
1861 			if (nested_mem != NULL)
1862 				return nested_mem;
1863 		}
1864 	}
1865 	return NULL;
1866 }
1867 
1868 /*
1869  * Remove the member if it was unknown until now, which means
1870  * that no defined struct or union has a member with the same name.
1871  */
1872 static void
1873 remove_unknown_member(tnode_t *tn, sym_t *msym)
1874 {
1875 	/* type '%s' does not have member '%s' */
1876 	error(101, type_name(tn->tn_type), msym->s_name);
1877 	rmsym(msym);
1878 	msym->s_kind = SK_MEMBER;
1879 	msym->s_scl = STRUCT_MEMBER;
1880 
1881 	struct_or_union *sou = expr_zero_alloc(sizeof(*sou),
1882 	    "struct_or_union");
1883 	sou->sou_tag = expr_zero_alloc(sizeof(*sou->sou_tag), "sym");
1884 	sou->sou_tag->s_name = unnamed;
1885 
1886 	msym->u.s_member.sm_containing_type = sou;
1887 	/*
1888 	 * The member sm_offset_in_bits is not needed here since this symbol
1889 	 * can only be used for error reporting.
1890 	 */
1891 }
1892 
1893 /*
1894  * Returns a symbol which has the same name as 'msym' and is a member of the
1895  * struct or union specified by 'tn'.
1896  */
1897 static sym_t *
1898 struct_or_union_member(tnode_t *tn, op_t op, sym_t *msym)
1899 {
1900 
1901 	/* Determine the tag type of which msym is expected to be a member. */
1902 	const type_t *tp = NULL;
1903 	if (op == POINT && is_struct_or_union(tn->tn_type->t_tspec))
1904 		tp = tn->tn_type;
1905 	if (op == ARROW && tn->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR
1906 	    && is_struct_or_union(tn->tn_type->t_subt->t_tspec))
1907 		tp = tn->tn_type->t_subt;
1908 	struct_or_union *sou = tp != NULL ? tp->t_sou : NULL;
1909 
1910 	if (sou != NULL) {
1911 		sym_t *nested_mem = find_member(sou, msym->s_name);
1912 		if (nested_mem != NULL)
1913 			return nested_mem;
1914 	}
1915 
1916 	if (msym->s_scl == NO_SCL) {
1917 		remove_unknown_member(tn, msym);
1918 		return msym;
1919 	}
1920 
1921 	bool eq = all_members_compatible(msym);
1922 
1923 	/*
1924 	 * Now handle the case in which the left operand refers really to a
1925 	 * struct/union, but the right operand is not member of it.
1926 	 */
1927 	if (sou != NULL) {
1928 		if (eq && !allow_c90)
1929 			/* illegal use of member '%s' */
1930 			warning(102, msym->s_name);
1931 		else
1932 			/* illegal use of member '%s' */
1933 			error(102, msym->s_name);
1934 		return msym;
1935 	}
1936 
1937 	if (eq) {
1938 		if (op == POINT) {
1939 			if (!allow_c90)
1940 				/* left operand of '.' must be struct ... */
1941 				warning(103, type_name(tn->tn_type));
1942 			else
1943 				/* left operand of '.' must be struct ... */
1944 				error(103, type_name(tn->tn_type));
1945 		} else {
1946 			if (!allow_c90 && tn->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR)
1947 				/* left operand of '->' must be pointer ... */
1948 				warning(104, type_name(tn->tn_type));
1949 			else
1950 				/* left operand of '->' must be pointer ... */
1951 				error(104, type_name(tn->tn_type));
1952 		}
1953 	} else {
1954 		if (!allow_c90)
1955 			/* non-unique member requires struct/union %s */
1956 			error(105, op == POINT ? "object" : "pointer");
1957 		else
1958 			/* unacceptable operand of '%s' */
1959 			error(111, op_name(op));
1960 	}
1961 
1962 	return msym;
1963 }
1964 
1965 tnode_t *
1966 build_member_access(tnode_t *ln, op_t op, bool sys, sbuf_t *member)
1967 {
1968 	sym_t *msym;
1969 
1970 	if (ln == NULL)
1971 		return NULL;
1972 
1973 	if (op == ARROW)
1974 		/* must do this before struct_or_union_member is called */
1975 		ln = cconv(ln);
1976 	msym = struct_or_union_member(ln, op, getsym(member));
1977 	return build_binary(ln, op, sys, build_name(msym, false));
1978 }
1979 
1980 /*
1981  * Perform class conversions.
1982  *
1983  * Arrays of type T are converted into pointers to type T.
1984  * Functions are converted to pointers to functions.
1985  * Lvalues are converted to rvalues.
1986  *
1987  * C99 6.3 "Conversions"
1988  * C99 6.3.2 "Other operands"
1989  * C99 6.3.2.1 "Lvalues, arrays, and function designators"
1990  */
1991 tnode_t *
1992 cconv(tnode_t *tn)
1993 {
1994 	if (tn->tn_type->t_tspec == ARRAY) {
1995 		if (!tn->tn_lvalue) {
1996 			/* XXX print correct operator */
1997 			/* %soperand of '%s' must be lvalue */
1998 			gnuism(114, "", op_name(ADDR));
1999 		}
2000 		tn = build_op(ADDR, tn->tn_sys,
2001 		    expr_derive_type(tn->tn_type->t_subt, PTR), tn, NULL);
2002 	}
2003 
2004 	if (tn->tn_type->t_tspec == FUNC)
2005 		tn = build_address(tn->tn_sys, tn, true);
2006 
2007 	if (tn->tn_lvalue) {
2008 		type_t *tp = expr_dup_type(tn->tn_type);
2009 		/* C99 6.3.2.1p2 sentence 2 says to remove the qualifiers. */
2010 		tp->t_const = tp->t_volatile = false;
2011 		tn = build_op(LOAD, tn->tn_sys, tp, tn, NULL);
2012 	}
2013 
2014 	return tn;
2015 }
2016 
2017 const tnode_t *
2018 before_conversion(const tnode_t *tn)
2019 {
2020 	while (tn->tn_op == CVT && !tn->tn_cast)
2021 		tn = tn->tn_left;
2022 	return tn;
2023 }
2024 
2025 /*
2026  * Most errors required by C90 are reported in struct_or_union_member().
2027  * Here we only check for totally wrong things.
2028  */
2029 static bool
2030 typeok_point(const tnode_t *ln, const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt)
2031 {
2032 	if (is_struct_or_union(lt))
2033 		return true;
2034 
2035 	if (lt == FUNC || lt == VOID || ltp->t_bitfield)
2036 		goto wrong;
2037 
2038 	/*
2039 	 * Some C dialects from before C90 tolerated any lvalue on the
2040 	 * left-hand side of the '.' operator, allowing things like 'char
2041 	 * st[100]; st.st_mtime', assuming that the member 'st_mtime' only
2042 	 * occurred in a single struct; see typeok_arrow.
2043 	 */
2044 	if (ln->tn_lvalue)
2045 		return true;
2046 
2047 wrong:
2048 	/* With allow_c90 we already got an error */
2049 	if (!allow_c90)
2050 		/* unacceptable operand of '%s' */
2051 		error(111, op_name(POINT));
2052 
2053 	return false;
2054 }
2055 
2056 static bool
2057 typeok_arrow(tspec_t lt)
2058 {
2059 	/*
2060 	 * C1978 Appendix A 14.1 says: <quote>In fact, any lvalue is allowed
2061 	 * before '.', and that lvalue is then assumed to have the form of the
2062 	 * structure of which the name of the right is a member. [...] Such
2063 	 * constructions are non-portable.</quote>
2064 	 */
2065 	if (lt == PTR || (!allow_c90 && is_integer(lt)))
2066 		return true;
2067 
2068 	/* With allow_c90 we already got an error */
2069 	if (!allow_c90)
2070 		/* unacceptable operand of '%s' */
2071 		error(111, op_name(ARROW));
2072 	return false;
2073 }
2074 
2075 static bool
2076 typeok_incdec(op_t op, const tnode_t *tn, const type_t *tp)
2077 {
2078 	/* operand has scalar type (checked in typeok) */
2079 	if (!tn->tn_lvalue) {
2080 		if (tn->tn_op == CVT && tn->tn_cast &&
2081 		    tn->tn_left->tn_op == LOAD)
2082 			/* a cast does not yield an lvalue */
2083 			error(163);
2084 		/* %soperand of '%s' must be lvalue */
2085 		error(114, "", op_name(op));
2086 		return false;
2087 	}
2088 	if (tp->t_const && allow_c90)
2089 		/* %soperand of '%s' must be modifiable lvalue */
2090 		warning(115, "", op_name(op));
2091 	return true;
2092 }
2093 
2094 static bool
2095 typeok_address(op_t op, const tnode_t *tn, const type_t *tp, tspec_t t)
2096 {
2097 	if (t == ARRAY || t == FUNC) {
2098 		/* ok, a warning comes later (in build_address()) */
2099 	} else if (!tn->tn_lvalue) {
2100 		if (tn->tn_op == CVT && tn->tn_cast &&
2101 		    tn->tn_left->tn_op == LOAD)
2102 			/* a cast does not yield an lvalue */
2103 			error(163);
2104 		/* %soperand of '%s' must be lvalue */
2105 		error(114, "", op_name(op));
2106 		return false;
2107 	} else if (is_scalar(t)) {
2108 		if (tp->t_bitfield) {
2109 			/* cannot take address of bit-field */
2110 			error(112);
2111 			return false;
2112 		}
2113 	} else if (t != STRUCT && t != UNION) {
2114 		/* unacceptable operand of '%s' */
2115 		error(111, op_name(op));
2116 		return false;
2117 	}
2118 	if (tn->tn_op == NAME && tn->tn_sym->s_register) {
2119 		/* cannot take address of register '%s' */
2120 		error(113, tn->tn_sym->s_name);
2121 		return false;
2122 	}
2123 	return true;
2124 }
2125 
2126 static bool
2127 typeok_indir(const type_t *tp, tspec_t t)
2128 {
2129 
2130 	if (t != PTR) {
2131 		/* cannot dereference non-pointer type '%s' */
2132 		error(96, type_name(tp));
2133 		return false;
2134 	}
2135 	return true;
2136 }
2137 
2138 static void
2139 warn_incompatible_types(op_t op,
2140 			const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
2141 			const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
2142 {
2143 	bool binary = modtab[op].m_binary;
2144 
2145 	if (lt == VOID || (binary && rt == VOID)) {
2146 		/* void type illegal in expression */
2147 		error(109);
2148 	} else if (op == ASSIGN)
2149 		/* cannot assign to '%s' from '%s' */
2150 		error(171, type_name(ltp), type_name(rtp));
2151 	else if (binary)
2152 		/* operands of '%s' have incompatible types '%s' and '%s' */
2153 		error(107, op_name(op), type_name(ltp), type_name(rtp));
2154 	else {
2155 		lint_assert(rt == NO_TSPEC);
2156 		/* operand of '%s' has invalid type '%s' */
2157 		error(108, op_name(op), type_name(ltp));
2158 	}
2159 }
2160 
2161 static bool
2162 typeok_plus(op_t op,
2163 	    const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
2164 	    const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
2165 {
2166 	/* operands have scalar types (checked in typeok) */
2167 	if ((lt == PTR && !is_integer(rt)) || (rt == PTR && !is_integer(lt))) {
2168 		warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2169 		return false;
2170 	}
2171 	return true;
2172 }
2173 
2174 static bool
2175 typeok_minus(op_t op,
2176 	     const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
2177 	     const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
2178 {
2179 	/* operands have scalar types (checked in typeok) */
2180 	if ((lt == PTR && rt != PTR && !is_integer(rt)) ||
2181 	    (lt != PTR && rt == PTR)) {
2182 		warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2183 		return false;
2184 	}
2185 	if (lt == PTR && rt == PTR &&
2186 	    !types_compatible(ltp->t_subt, rtp->t_subt, true, false, NULL)) {
2187 		/* illegal pointer subtraction */
2188 		error(116);
2189 	}
2190 	return true;
2191 }
2192 
2193 static void
2194 typeok_shr(op_t op,
2195 	   const tnode_t *ln, tspec_t lt,
2196 	   const tnode_t *rn, tspec_t rt)
2197 {
2198 	tspec_t olt = before_conversion(ln)->tn_type->t_tspec;
2199 	tspec_t ort = before_conversion(rn)->tn_type->t_tspec;
2200 
2201 	/* operands have integer types (checked in typeok) */
2202 	if (pflag && !is_uinteger(olt)) {
2203 		integer_constraints lc = ic_expr(ln);
2204 		if (!ic_maybe_signed(ln->tn_type, &lc))
2205 			return;
2206 
2207 		if (ln->tn_op != CON)
2208 			/* bitwise '%s' on signed value possibly nonportable */
2209 			warning(117, op_name(op));
2210 		else if (ln->tn_val.u.integer < 0)
2211 			/* bitwise '%s' on signed value nonportable */
2212 			warning(120, op_name(op));
2213 	} else if (allow_trad && allow_c90 &&
2214 	    !is_uinteger(olt) && is_uinteger(ort)) {
2215 		/* The left operand would become unsigned in traditional C. */
2216 		if (hflag && (ln->tn_op != CON || ln->tn_val.u.integer < 0)) {
2217 			/* semantics of '%s' change in C90; use ... */
2218 			warning(118, op_name(op));
2219 		}
2220 	} else if (allow_trad && allow_c90 &&
2221 	    !is_uinteger(olt) && !is_uinteger(ort) &&
2222 	    portable_rank_cmp(lt, rt) < 0) {
2223 		/*
2224 		 * In traditional C, the left operand would be extended
2225 		 * (possibly sign-extended) and then shifted.
2226 		 */
2227 		if (hflag && (ln->tn_op != CON || ln->tn_val.u.integer < 0)) {
2228 			/* semantics of '%s' change in C90; use ... */
2229 			warning(118, op_name(op));
2230 		}
2231 	}
2232 }
2233 
2234 static void
2235 typeok_shl(op_t op, tspec_t lt, tspec_t rt)
2236 {
2237 	/*
2238 	 * C90 does not perform balancing for shift operations, but traditional
2239 	 * C does. If the width of the right operand is greater than the width
2240 	 * of the left operand, then in traditional C the left operand would be
2241 	 * extended to the width of the right operand. For SHL this may result
2242 	 * in different results.
2243 	 */
2244 	if (portable_rank_cmp(lt, rt) < 0) {
2245 		/*
2246 		 * XXX If both operands are constant, make sure that there is
2247 		 * really a difference between C90 and traditional C.
2248 		 */
2249 		if (hflag && allow_trad && allow_c90)
2250 			/* semantics of '%s' change in C90; use ... */
2251 			warning(118, op_name(op));
2252 	}
2253 }
2254 
2255 static void
2256 typeok_shift(const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt, const tnode_t *rn, tspec_t rt)
2257 {
2258 	if (rn->tn_op != CON)
2259 		return;
2260 
2261 	if (!is_uinteger(rt) && rn->tn_val.u.integer < 0)
2262 		/* negative shift */
2263 		warning(121);
2264 	else if ((uint64_t)rn->tn_val.u.integer == size_in_bits(lt))
2265 		/* shift amount %u equals bit-size of '%s' */
2266 		warning(267, (unsigned)rn->tn_val.u.integer, type_name(ltp));
2267 	else if ((uint64_t)rn->tn_val.u.integer > size_in_bits(lt)) {
2268 		/* shift amount %llu is greater than bit-size %llu of '%s' */
2269 		warning(122, (unsigned long long)rn->tn_val.u.integer,
2270 		    (unsigned long long)size_in_bits(lt),
2271 		    tspec_name(lt));
2272 	}
2273 }
2274 
2275 static bool
2276 is_typeok_eq(const tnode_t *ln, tspec_t lt, const tnode_t *rn, tspec_t rt)
2277 {
2278 	if (lt == PTR && is_null_pointer(rn))
2279 		return true;
2280 	if (rt == PTR && is_null_pointer(ln))
2281 		return true;
2282 	return false;
2283 }
2284 
2285 static void
2286 warn_incompatible_pointers(op_t op, const type_t *ltp, const type_t *rtp)
2287 {
2288 	lint_assert(ltp->t_tspec == PTR);
2289 	lint_assert(rtp->t_tspec == PTR);
2290 
2291 	tspec_t lt = ltp->t_subt->t_tspec;
2292 	tspec_t rt = rtp->t_subt->t_tspec;
2293 
2294 	if (is_struct_or_union(lt) && is_struct_or_union(rt)) {
2295 		if (op == RETURN)
2296 			/* illegal structure pointer combination */
2297 			warning(244);
2298 		else {
2299 			/* incompatible structure pointers: '%s' '%s' '%s' */
2300 			warning(245, type_name(ltp),
2301 			    op_name(op), type_name(rtp));
2302 		}
2303 	} else {
2304 		if (op == RETURN)
2305 			/* illegal combination of '%s' and '%s' */
2306 			warning(184, type_name(ltp), type_name(rtp));
2307 		else {
2308 			/* illegal combination of '%s' and '%s', op '%s' */
2309 			warning(124,
2310 			    type_name(ltp), type_name(rtp), op_name(op));
2311 		}
2312 	}
2313 }
2314 
2315 static void
2316 check_pointer_comparison(op_t op, const tnode_t *ln, const tnode_t *rn)
2317 {
2318 	type_t *ltp = ln->tn_type, *rtp = rn->tn_type;
2319 	tspec_t lst = ltp->t_subt->t_tspec, rst = rtp->t_subt->t_tspec;
2320 
2321 	if (lst == VOID || rst == VOID) {
2322 		/* TODO: C99 behaves like C90 here. */
2323 		if (!allow_trad && !allow_c99 &&
2324 		    (lst == FUNC || rst == FUNC)) {
2325 			/* (void *)0 is already handled in typeok() */
2326 			const char *lsts, *rsts;
2327 			*(lst == FUNC ? &lsts : &rsts) = "function pointer";
2328 			*(lst == VOID ? &lsts : &rsts) = "'void *'";
2329 			/* C90 or later forbid comparison of %s with %s */
2330 			warning(274, lsts, rsts);
2331 		}
2332 		return;
2333 	}
2334 
2335 	if (!types_compatible(ltp->t_subt, rtp->t_subt, true, false, NULL)) {
2336 		warn_incompatible_pointers(op, ltp, rtp);
2337 		return;
2338 	}
2339 
2340 	if (lst == FUNC && rst == FUNC) {
2341 		/* TODO: C99 behaves like C90 here, see C99 6.5.8p2. */
2342 		if (!allow_trad && !allow_c99 && op != EQ && op != NE)
2343 			/* pointers to functions can only be compared ... */
2344 			warning(125);
2345 	}
2346 }
2347 
2348 static bool
2349 typeok_compare(op_t op,
2350 	       const tnode_t *ln, const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
2351 	       const tnode_t *rn, const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
2352 {
2353 	if (lt == PTR && rt == PTR) {
2354 		check_pointer_comparison(op, ln, rn);
2355 		return true;
2356 	}
2357 
2358 	if (lt != PTR && rt != PTR)
2359 		return true;
2360 
2361 	if (!is_integer(lt) && !is_integer(rt)) {
2362 		warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2363 		return false;
2364 	}
2365 
2366 	const char *lx = lt == PTR ? "pointer" : "integer";
2367 	const char *rx = rt == PTR ? "pointer" : "integer";
2368 	/* illegal combination of %s '%s' and %s '%s', op '%s' */
2369 	warning(123, lx, type_name(ltp), rx, type_name(rtp), op_name(op));
2370 	return true;
2371 }
2372 
2373 static bool
2374 typeok_quest(tspec_t lt, const tnode_t *rn)
2375 {
2376 	if (!is_scalar(lt)) {
2377 		/* first operand of '?' must have scalar type */
2378 		error(170);
2379 		return false;
2380 	}
2381 	lint_assert(before_conversion(rn)->tn_op == COLON);
2382 	return true;
2383 }
2384 
2385 static void
2386 typeok_colon_pointer(const type_t *ltp, const type_t *rtp)
2387 {
2388 	type_t *lstp = ltp->t_subt;
2389 	type_t *rstp = rtp->t_subt;
2390 	tspec_t lst = lstp->t_tspec;
2391 	tspec_t rst = rstp->t_tspec;
2392 
2393 	if ((lst == VOID && rst == FUNC) || (lst == FUNC && rst == VOID)) {
2394 		/* (void *)0 is handled in typeok_colon */
2395 		/* TODO: C99 behaves like C90 here. */
2396 		if (!allow_trad && !allow_c99)
2397 			/* conversion of %s to %s requires a cast, op %s */
2398 			warning(305, "function pointer", "'void *'",
2399 			    op_name(COLON));
2400 		return;
2401 	}
2402 
2403 	if (pointer_types_are_compatible(lstp, rstp, true))
2404 		return;
2405 	if (!types_compatible(lstp, rstp, true, false, NULL))
2406 		warn_incompatible_pointers(COLON, ltp, rtp);
2407 }
2408 
2409 static bool
2410 typeok_colon(const tnode_t *ln, const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
2411 	     const tnode_t *rn, const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
2412 {
2413 
2414 	if (is_arithmetic(lt) && is_arithmetic(rt))
2415 		return true;
2416 	if (lt == BOOL && rt == BOOL)
2417 		return true;
2418 
2419 	if (lt == STRUCT && rt == STRUCT && ltp->t_sou == rtp->t_sou)
2420 		return true;
2421 	if (lt == UNION && rt == UNION && ltp->t_sou == rtp->t_sou)
2422 		return true;
2423 
2424 	if (lt == PTR && is_null_pointer(rn))
2425 		return true;
2426 	if (rt == PTR && is_null_pointer(ln))
2427 		return true;
2428 
2429 	if ((lt == PTR && is_integer(rt)) || (is_integer(lt) && rt == PTR)) {
2430 		const char *lx = lt == PTR ? "pointer" : "integer";
2431 		const char *rx = rt == PTR ? "pointer" : "integer";
2432 		/* illegal combination of %s '%s' and %s '%s', op '%s' */
2433 		warning(123, lx, type_name(ltp),
2434 		    rx, type_name(rtp), op_name(COLON));
2435 		return true;
2436 	}
2437 
2438 	if (lt == VOID || rt == VOID) {
2439 		if (lt != VOID || rt != VOID)
2440 			/* incompatible types '%s' and '%s' in conditional */
2441 			warning(126, type_name(ltp), type_name(rtp));
2442 		return true;
2443 	}
2444 
2445 	if (lt == PTR && rt == PTR) {
2446 		typeok_colon_pointer(ltp, rtp);
2447 		return true;
2448 	}
2449 
2450 	/* incompatible types '%s' and '%s' in conditional */
2451 	error(126, type_name(ltp), type_name(rtp));
2452 	return false;
2453 }
2454 
2455 static bool
2456 has_constant_member(const type_t *tp)
2457 {
2458 	lint_assert(is_struct_or_union(tp->t_tspec));
2459 
2460 	for (sym_t *m = tp->t_sou->sou_first_member;
2461 	    m != NULL; m = m->s_next) {
2462 		const type_t *mtp = m->s_type;
2463 		if (mtp->t_const)
2464 			return true;
2465 		if (is_struct_or_union(mtp->t_tspec) &&
2466 		    has_constant_member(mtp))
2467 			return true;
2468 	}
2469 	return false;
2470 }
2471 
2472 static bool
2473 typeok_assign(op_t op, const tnode_t *ln, const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt)
2474 {
2475 	if (op == RETURN || op == INIT || op == FARG)
2476 		return true;
2477 
2478 	if (!ln->tn_lvalue) {
2479 		if (ln->tn_op == CVT && ln->tn_cast &&
2480 		    ln->tn_left->tn_op == LOAD)
2481 			/* a cast does not yield an lvalue */
2482 			error(163);
2483 		/* %soperand of '%s' must be lvalue */
2484 		error(114, "left ", op_name(op));
2485 		return false;
2486 	} else if (ltp->t_const
2487 	    || (is_struct_or_union(lt) && has_constant_member(ltp))) {
2488 		if (allow_c90)
2489 			/* %soperand of '%s' must be modifiable lvalue */
2490 			warning(115, "left ", op_name(op));
2491 	}
2492 	return true;
2493 }
2494 
2495 static bool
2496 typeok_scalar(op_t op, const mod_t *mp,
2497 	      const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
2498 	      const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
2499 {
2500 	if (mp->m_takes_bool && lt == BOOL && rt == BOOL)
2501 		return true;
2502 	if (mp->m_requires_integer) {
2503 		if (!is_integer(lt) || (mp->m_binary && !is_integer(rt))) {
2504 			warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2505 			return false;
2506 		}
2507 	} else if (mp->m_requires_integer_or_complex) {
2508 		if ((!is_integer(lt) && !is_complex(lt)) ||
2509 		    (mp->m_binary && (!is_integer(rt) && !is_complex(rt)))) {
2510 			warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2511 			return false;
2512 		}
2513 	} else if (mp->m_requires_scalar) {
2514 		if (!is_scalar(lt) || (mp->m_binary && !is_scalar(rt))) {
2515 			warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2516 			return false;
2517 		}
2518 	} else if (mp->m_requires_arith) {
2519 		if (!is_arithmetic(lt) ||
2520 		    (mp->m_binary && !is_arithmetic(rt))) {
2521 			warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2522 			return false;
2523 		}
2524 	}
2525 	return true;
2526 }
2527 
2528 static void
2529 check_assign_void_pointer(op_t op, int arg,
2530 			  tspec_t lt, tspec_t lst,
2531 			  tspec_t rt, tspec_t rst)
2532 {
2533 
2534 	if (!(lt == PTR && rt == PTR && (lst == VOID || rst == VOID)))
2535 		return;
2536 	/* two pointers, at least one pointer to void */
2537 
2538 	/* TODO: C99 behaves like C90 here. */
2539 	if (!(!allow_trad && !allow_c99 && (lst == FUNC || rst == FUNC)))
2540 		return;
2541 	/* comb. of ptr to func and ptr to void */
2542 
2543 	const char *lts, *rts;
2544 	*(lst == FUNC ? &lts : &rts) = "function pointer";
2545 	*(lst == VOID ? &lts : &rts) = "'void *'";
2546 
2547 	switch (op) {
2548 	case INIT:
2549 	case RETURN:
2550 		/* conversion of %s to %s requires a cast */
2551 		warning(303, rts, lts);
2552 		break;
2553 	case FARG:
2554 		/* conversion of %s to %s requires a cast, arg #%d */
2555 		warning(304, rts, lts, arg);
2556 		break;
2557 	default:
2558 		/* conversion of %s to %s requires a cast, op %s */
2559 		warning(305, rts, lts, op_name(op));
2560 		break;
2561 	}
2562 }
2563 
2564 static bool
2565 is_direct_function_call(const tnode_t *tn, const char **out_name)
2566 {
2567 
2568 	if (tn->tn_op == CALL
2569 	    && tn->tn_call->func->tn_op == ADDR
2570 	    && tn->tn_call->func->tn_left->tn_op == NAME) {
2571 		*out_name = tn->tn_call->func->tn_left->tn_sym->s_name;
2572 		return true;
2573 	}
2574 	return false;
2575 }
2576 
2577 static bool
2578 is_unconst_function(const char *name)
2579 {
2580 
2581 	return strcmp(name, "memchr") == 0 ||
2582 	    strcmp(name, "strchr") == 0 ||
2583 	    strcmp(name, "strpbrk") == 0 ||
2584 	    strcmp(name, "strrchr") == 0 ||
2585 	    strcmp(name, "strstr") == 0;
2586 }
2587 
2588 static bool
2589 is_const_char_pointer(const tnode_t *tn)
2590 {
2591 	/*
2592 	 * For traditional reasons, C99 6.4.5p5 defines that string literals
2593 	 * have type 'char[]'.  They are often implicitly converted to 'char
2594 	 * *', for example when they are passed as function arguments.
2595 	 *
2596 	 * C99 6.4.5p6 further defines that modifying a string that is
2597 	 * constructed from a string literal invokes undefined behavior.
2598 	 *
2599 	 * Out of these reasons, string literals are treated as 'effectively
2600 	 * const' here.
2601 	 */
2602 	if (tn->tn_op == CVT &&
2603 	    tn->tn_left->tn_op == ADDR &&
2604 	    tn->tn_left->tn_left->tn_op == STRING)
2605 		return true;
2606 
2607 	const type_t *tp = before_conversion(tn)->tn_type;
2608 	return tp->t_tspec == PTR &&
2609 	    tp->t_subt->t_tspec == CHAR &&
2610 	    tp->t_subt->t_const;
2611 }
2612 
2613 static bool
2614 is_first_arg_const_char_pointer(const tnode_t *tn)
2615 {
2616 	return tn->tn_call->args != NULL
2617 	    && tn->tn_call->args_len >= 1
2618 	    && is_const_char_pointer(tn->tn_call->args[0]);
2619 }
2620 
2621 static bool
2622 is_const_pointer(const tnode_t *tn)
2623 {
2624 	const type_t *tp = before_conversion(tn)->tn_type;
2625 	return tp->t_tspec == PTR && tp->t_subt->t_const;
2626 }
2627 
2628 static bool
2629 is_second_arg_const_pointer(const tnode_t *tn)
2630 {
2631 	return tn->tn_call->args_len >= 2
2632 	    && tn->tn_call->args != NULL
2633 	    && is_const_pointer(tn->tn_call->args[1]);
2634 }
2635 
2636 static void
2637 check_unconst_function(const type_t *lstp, const tnode_t *rn)
2638 {
2639 	const char *function_name;
2640 
2641 	if (lstp->t_tspec == CHAR && !lstp->t_const &&
2642 	    is_direct_function_call(rn, &function_name) &&
2643 	    is_unconst_function(function_name) &&
2644 	    is_first_arg_const_char_pointer(rn)) {
2645 		/* call to '%s' effectively discards 'const' from argument */
2646 		warning(346, function_name);
2647 	}
2648 
2649 	if (!lstp->t_const &&
2650 	    is_direct_function_call(rn, &function_name) &&
2651 	    strcmp(function_name, "bsearch") == 0 &&
2652 	    is_second_arg_const_pointer(rn)) {
2653 		/* call to '%s' effectively discards 'const' from argument */
2654 		warning(346, function_name);
2655 	}
2656 }
2657 
2658 static bool
2659 check_assign_void_pointer_compat(op_t op, int arg,
2660 				 const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
2661 				 const type_t *lstp, tspec_t lst,
2662 				 const tnode_t *rn,
2663 				 const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt,
2664 				 const type_t *rstp, tspec_t rst)
2665 {
2666 	if (!(lt == PTR && rt == PTR && (lst == VOID || rst == VOID ||
2667 					 types_compatible(lstp, rstp,
2668 					     true, false, NULL))))
2669 		return false;
2670 
2671 	/* compatible pointer types (qualifiers ignored) */
2672 	if (allow_c90 &&
2673 	    ((!lstp->t_const && rstp->t_const) ||
2674 	     (!lstp->t_volatile && rstp->t_volatile))) {
2675 		/* left side has not all qualifiers of right */
2676 		switch (op) {
2677 		case INIT:
2678 		case RETURN:
2679 			/* incompatible pointer types to '%s' and '%s' */
2680 			warning(182, type_name(lstp), type_name(rstp));
2681 			break;
2682 		case FARG:
2683 			/* converting '%s' to incompatible '%s' ... */
2684 			warning(153,
2685 			    type_name(rtp), type_name(ltp), arg);
2686 			break;
2687 		default:
2688 			/* operands of '%s' have incompatible pointer ... */
2689 			warning(128, op_name(op),
2690 			    type_name(lstp), type_name(rstp));
2691 			break;
2692 		}
2693 	}
2694 
2695 	if (allow_c90)
2696 		check_unconst_function(lstp, rn);
2697 
2698 	return true;
2699 }
2700 
2701 static bool
2702 check_assign_pointer_integer(op_t op, int arg,
2703 			     const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
2704 			     const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
2705 {
2706 
2707 	if (!((lt == PTR && is_integer(rt)) || (is_integer(lt) && rt == PTR)))
2708 		return false;
2709 
2710 	const char *lx = lt == PTR ? "pointer" : "integer";
2711 	const char *rx = rt == PTR ? "pointer" : "integer";
2712 
2713 	switch (op) {
2714 	case INIT:
2715 	case RETURN:
2716 		/* illegal combination of %s '%s' and %s '%s' */
2717 		warning(183, lx, type_name(ltp), rx, type_name(rtp));
2718 		break;
2719 	case FARG:
2720 		/* illegal combination of %s '%s' and %s '%s', arg #%d */
2721 		warning(154,
2722 		    lx, type_name(ltp), rx, type_name(rtp), arg);
2723 		break;
2724 	default:
2725 		/* illegal combination of %s '%s' and %s '%s', op '%s' */
2726 		warning(123,
2727 		    lx, type_name(ltp), rx, type_name(rtp), op_name(op));
2728 		break;
2729 	}
2730 	return true;
2731 }
2732 
2733 static bool
2734 check_assign_pointer(op_t op, int arg,
2735 		     const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
2736 		     const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
2737 {
2738 	if (!(lt == PTR && rt == PTR))
2739 		return false;
2740 
2741 	if (op == FARG)
2742 		/* converting '%s' to incompatible '%s' for ... */
2743 		warning(153, type_name(rtp), type_name(ltp), arg);
2744 	else
2745 		warn_incompatible_pointers(op, ltp, rtp);
2746 	return true;
2747 }
2748 
2749 static void
2750 warn_assign(op_t op, int arg,
2751 	    const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
2752 	    const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
2753 {
2754 	switch (op) {
2755 	case INIT:
2756 		/* cannot initialize '%s' from '%s' */
2757 		error(185, type_name(ltp), type_name(rtp));
2758 		break;
2759 	case RETURN:
2760 		/* function has return type '%s' but returns '%s' */
2761 		error(211, type_name(ltp), type_name(rtp));
2762 		break;
2763 	case FARG:
2764 		/* passing '%s' to incompatible '%s', arg #%d */
2765 		warning(155, type_name(rtp), type_name(ltp), arg);
2766 		break;
2767 	default:
2768 		warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2769 		break;
2770 	}
2771 }
2772 
2773 /*
2774  * Checks type compatibility for ASSIGN, INIT, FARG and RETURN
2775  * and prints warnings/errors if necessary.
2776  * Returns whether the types are (almost) compatible.
2777  */
2778 static bool
2779 check_assign_types_compatible(op_t op, int arg,
2780 			      const tnode_t *ln, const tnode_t *rn)
2781 {
2782 	tspec_t lt, rt, lst = NO_TSPEC, rst = NO_TSPEC;
2783 	type_t *ltp, *rtp, *lstp = NULL, *rstp = NULL;
2784 
2785 	if ((lt = (ltp = ln->tn_type)->t_tspec) == PTR)
2786 		lst = (lstp = ltp->t_subt)->t_tspec;
2787 	if ((rt = (rtp = rn->tn_type)->t_tspec) == PTR)
2788 		rst = (rstp = rtp->t_subt)->t_tspec;
2789 
2790 	if (lt == BOOL && is_scalar(rt))	/* C99 6.3.1.2 */
2791 		return true;
2792 
2793 	if (is_arithmetic(lt) && (is_arithmetic(rt) || rt == BOOL))
2794 		return true;
2795 
2796 	if (is_struct_or_union(lt) && is_struct_or_union(rt))
2797 		return ltp->t_sou == rtp->t_sou;
2798 
2799 	if (lt == PTR && is_null_pointer(rn)) {
2800 		if (is_integer(rn->tn_type->t_tspec))
2801 			/* implicit conversion from integer 0 to pointer ... */
2802 			query_message(15, type_name(ltp));
2803 		return true;
2804 	}
2805 
2806 	check_assign_void_pointer(op, arg, lt, lst, rt, rst);
2807 
2808 	if (check_assign_void_pointer_compat(op, arg,
2809 	    ltp, lt, lstp, lst, rn, rtp, rt, rstp, rst))
2810 		return true;
2811 
2812 	if (check_assign_pointer_integer(op, arg, ltp, lt, rtp, rt))
2813 		return true;
2814 
2815 	if (check_assign_pointer(op, arg, ltp, lt, rtp, rt))
2816 		return true;
2817 
2818 	warn_assign(op, arg, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2819 	return false;
2820 }
2821 
2822 static bool
2823 has_side_effect(const tnode_t *tn) /* NOLINT(misc-no-recursion) */
2824 {
2825 	op_t op = tn->tn_op;
2826 
2827 	if (modtab[op].m_has_side_effect)
2828 		return true;
2829 
2830 	if (op == CVT && tn->tn_type->t_tspec == VOID)
2831 		return has_side_effect(tn->tn_left);
2832 
2833 	/* XXX: Why not has_side_effect(tn->tn_left) as well? */
2834 	if (op == LOGAND || op == LOGOR)
2835 		return has_side_effect(tn->tn_right);
2836 
2837 	/* XXX: Why not has_side_effect(tn->tn_left) as well? */
2838 	if (op == QUEST)
2839 		return has_side_effect(tn->tn_right);
2840 
2841 	if (op == COLON || op == COMMA) {
2842 		return has_side_effect(tn->tn_left) ||
2843 		    has_side_effect(tn->tn_right);
2844 	}
2845 
2846 	return false;
2847 }
2848 
2849 static bool
2850 is_void_cast(const tnode_t *tn)
2851 {
2852 
2853 	return tn->tn_op == CVT && tn->tn_cast &&
2854 	    tn->tn_type->t_tspec == VOID;
2855 }
2856 
2857 static bool
2858 is_local_symbol(const tnode_t *tn)
2859 {
2860 
2861 	return tn->tn_op == LOAD &&
2862 	    tn->tn_left->tn_op == NAME &&
2863 	    tn->tn_left->tn_sym->s_scl == AUTO;
2864 }
2865 
2866 static bool
2867 is_int_constant_zero(const tnode_t *tn)
2868 {
2869 
2870 	return tn->tn_op == CON &&
2871 	    tn->tn_type->t_tspec == INT &&
2872 	    tn->tn_val.u.integer == 0;
2873 }
2874 
2875 static void
2876 check_null_effect(const tnode_t *tn)
2877 {
2878 
2879 	if (hflag &&
2880 	    !has_side_effect(tn) &&
2881 	    !(is_void_cast(tn) && is_local_symbol(tn->tn_left)) &&
2882 	    !(is_void_cast(tn) && is_int_constant_zero(tn->tn_left))) {
2883 		/* expression has null effect */
2884 		warning(129);
2885 	}
2886 }
2887 
2888 /*
2889  * Check the types for specific operators and type combinations.
2890  *
2891  * At this point, the operands already conform to the type requirements of
2892  * the operator, such as being integer, floating or scalar.
2893  */
2894 static bool
2895 typeok_op(op_t op, int arg,
2896 	  const tnode_t *ln, const type_t *ltp, tspec_t lt,
2897 	  const tnode_t *rn, const type_t *rtp, tspec_t rt)
2898 {
2899 	switch (op) {
2900 	case ARROW:
2901 		return typeok_arrow(lt);
2902 	case POINT:
2903 		return typeok_point(ln, ltp, lt);
2904 	case INCBEF:
2905 	case DECBEF:
2906 	case INCAFT:
2907 	case DECAFT:
2908 		return typeok_incdec(op, ln, ltp);
2909 	case INDIR:
2910 		return typeok_indir(ltp, lt);
2911 	case ADDR:
2912 		return typeok_address(op, ln, ltp, lt);
2913 	case PLUS:
2914 		return typeok_plus(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2915 	case MINUS:
2916 		return typeok_minus(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2917 	case SHL:
2918 		typeok_shl(op, lt, rt);
2919 		goto shift;
2920 	case SHR:
2921 		typeok_shr(op, ln, lt, rn, rt);
2922 	shift:
2923 		typeok_shift(ltp, lt, rn, rt);
2924 		break;
2925 	case LT:
2926 	case LE:
2927 	case GT:
2928 	case GE:
2929 	compare:
2930 		return typeok_compare(op, ln, ltp, lt, rn, rtp, rt);
2931 	case EQ:
2932 	case NE:
2933 		if (is_typeok_eq(ln, lt, rn, rt))
2934 			break;
2935 		goto compare;
2936 	case QUEST:
2937 		return typeok_quest(lt, rn);
2938 	case COLON:
2939 		return typeok_colon(ln, ltp, lt, rn, rtp, rt);
2940 	case ASSIGN:
2941 	case INIT:
2942 	case FARG:
2943 	case RETURN:
2944 		if (!check_assign_types_compatible(op, arg, ln, rn))
2945 			return false;
2946 		goto assign;
2947 	case MULASS:
2948 	case DIVASS:
2949 	case MODASS:
2950 		goto assign;
2951 	case ADDASS:
2952 	case SUBASS:
2953 		if ((lt == PTR && !is_integer(rt)) || rt == PTR) {
2954 			warn_incompatible_types(op, ltp, lt, rtp, rt);
2955 			return false;
2956 		}
2957 		goto assign;
2958 	case SHLASS:
2959 		goto assign;
2960 	case SHRASS:
2961 		if (pflag && !is_uinteger(lt) &&
2962 		    !(!allow_c90 && is_uinteger(rt))) {
2963 			/* bitwise '%s' on signed value possibly nonportable */
2964 			warning(117, op_name(op));
2965 		}
2966 		goto assign;
2967 	case ANDASS:
2968 	case XORASS:
2969 	case ORASS:
2970 	assign:
2971 		return typeok_assign(op, ln, ltp, lt);
2972 	case COMMA:
2973 		if (!modtab[ln->tn_op].m_has_side_effect)
2974 			check_null_effect(ln);
2975 		break;
2976 	default:
2977 		break;
2978 	}
2979 	return true;
2980 }
2981 
2982 static void
2983 check_bad_enum_operation(op_t op, const tnode_t *ln, const tnode_t *rn)
2984 {
2985 
2986 	if (!eflag)
2987 		return;
2988 
2989 	/* Allow enum in array indices. */
2990 	if (op == PLUS &&
2991 	    ((ln->tn_type->t_is_enum && rn->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR) ||
2992 	     (rn->tn_type->t_is_enum && ln->tn_type->t_tspec == PTR))) {
2993 		return;
2994 	}
2995 
2996 	/* dubious operation '%s' on enum */
2997 	warning(241, op_name(op));
2998 }
2999 
3000 static void
3001 check_enum_type_mismatch(op_t op, int arg, const tnode_t *ln, const tnode_t *rn)
3002 {
3003 	const mod_t *mp = &modtab[op];
3004 
3005 	if (ln->tn_type->t_enum != rn->tn_type->t_enum) {
3006 		switch (op) {
3007 		case INIT:
3008 			/* enum type mismatch between '%s' and '%s' in ... */
3009 			warning(210,
3010 			    type_name(ln->tn_type), type_name(rn->tn_type));
3011 			break;
3012 		case FARG:
3013 			/* function expects '%s', passing '%s' for arg #%d */
3014 			warning(156,
3015 			    type_name(ln->tn_type), type_name(rn->tn_type),
3016 			    arg);
3017 			break;
3018 		case RETURN:
3019 			/* function has return type '%s' but returns '%s' */
3020 			warning(211,
3021 			    type_name(ln->tn_type), type_name(rn->tn_type));
3022 			break;
3023 		default:
3024 			/* enum type mismatch: '%s' '%s' '%s' */
3025 			warning(130, type_name(ln->tn_type), op_name(op),
3026 			    type_name(rn->tn_type));
3027 			break;
3028 		}
3029 	} else if (Pflag && eflag && mp->m_comparison && op != EQ && op != NE)
3030 		/* operator '%s' assumes that '%s' is ordered */
3031 		warning(243, op_name(op), type_name(ln->tn_type));
3032 }
3033 
3034 static void
3035 check_enum_int_mismatch(op_t op, int arg, const tnode_t *ln, const tnode_t *rn)
3036 {
3037 
3038 	if (!eflag)
3039 		return;
3040 
3041 	switch (op) {
3042 	case INIT:
3043 		/*
3044 		 * Initialization with 0 is allowed. Otherwise, all implicit
3045 		 * initializations would need to be warned upon as well.
3046 		 */
3047 		if (!rn->tn_type->t_is_enum && rn->tn_op == CON &&
3048 		    is_integer(rn->tn_type->t_tspec) &&
3049 		    rn->tn_val.u.integer == 0) {
3050 			return;
3051 		}
3052 		/* initialization of '%s' with '%s' */
3053 		warning(277, type_name(ln->tn_type), type_name(rn->tn_type));
3054 		break;
3055 	case FARG:
3056 		/* combination of '%s' and '%s', arg #%d */
3057 		warning(278,
3058 		    type_name(ln->tn_type), type_name(rn->tn_type), arg);
3059 		break;
3060 	case RETURN:
3061 		/* combination of '%s' and '%s' in return */
3062 		warning(279, type_name(ln->tn_type), type_name(rn->tn_type));
3063 		break;
3064 	default:
3065 		/* combination of '%s' and '%s', op '%s' */
3066 		warning(242, type_name(ln->tn_type), type_name(rn->tn_type),
3067 		    op_name(op));
3068 		break;
3069 	}
3070 }
3071 
3072 static void
3073 typeok_enum(op_t op, const mod_t *mp, int arg,
3074 	    const tnode_t *ln, const type_t *ltp,
3075 	    const tnode_t *rn, const type_t *rtp)
3076 {
3077 	if (mp->m_bad_on_enum &&
3078 	    (ltp->t_is_enum || (mp->m_binary && rtp->t_is_enum))) {
3079 		check_bad_enum_operation(op, ln, rn);
3080 	} else if (mp->m_valid_on_enum &&
3081 	    (ltp->t_is_enum && rtp != NULL && rtp->t_is_enum)) {
3082 		check_enum_type_mismatch(op, arg, ln, rn);
3083 	} else if (mp->m_valid_on_enum &&
3084 	    (ltp->t_is_enum || (rtp != NULL && rtp->t_is_enum))) {
3085 		check_enum_int_mismatch(op, arg, ln, rn);
3086 	}
3087 }
3088 
3089 /* Perform most type checks. Return whether the types are ok. */
3090 bool
3091 typeok(op_t op, int arg, const tnode_t *ln, const tnode_t *rn)
3092 {
3093 
3094 	const mod_t *mp = &modtab[op];
3095 
3096 	type_t *ltp = ln->tn_type;
3097 	tspec_t lt = ltp->t_tspec;
3098 
3099 	type_t *rtp = mp->m_binary ? rn->tn_type : NULL;
3100 	tspec_t rt = mp->m_binary ? rtp->t_tspec : NO_TSPEC;
3101 
3102 	if (Tflag && !typeok_scalar_strict_bool(op, mp, arg, ln, rn))
3103 		return false;
3104 	if (!typeok_scalar(op, mp, ltp, lt, rtp, rt))
3105 		return false;
3106 
3107 	if (!typeok_op(op, arg, ln, ltp, lt, rn, rtp, rt))
3108 		return false;
3109 
3110 	typeok_enum(op, mp, arg, ln, ltp, rn, rtp);
3111 	return true;
3112 }
3113 
3114 /* In traditional C, keep unsigned and promote FLOAT to DOUBLE. */
3115 static tspec_t
3116 promote_trad(tspec_t t)
3117 {
3118 
3119 	if (t == UCHAR || t == USHORT)
3120 		return UINT;
3121 	if (t == CHAR || t == SCHAR || t == SHORT)
3122 		return INT;
3123 	if (t == FLOAT)
3124 		return DOUBLE;
3125 	if (t == ENUM)
3126 		return INT;
3127 	return t;
3128 }
3129 
3130 /*
3131  * C99 6.3.1.1p2 requires for types with lower rank than int that "If an int
3132  * can represent all the values of the original type, the value is converted
3133  * to an int; otherwise it is converted to an unsigned int", and that "All
3134  * other types are unchanged by the integer promotions".
3135  */
3136 static tspec_t
3137 promote_c90(const tnode_t *tn, tspec_t t, bool farg)
3138 {
3139 	if (tn->tn_type->t_bitfield) {
3140 		unsigned int width = tn->tn_type->t_bit_field_width;
3141 		unsigned int int_width = size_in_bits(INT);
3142 		// XXX: What about _Bool bit-fields, since C99?
3143 		if (width < int_width)
3144 			return INT;
3145 		if (width == int_width)
3146 			return is_uinteger(t) ? UINT : INT;
3147 		return t;
3148 	}
3149 
3150 	if (t == CHAR || t == SCHAR)
3151 		return INT;
3152 	if (t == UCHAR)
3153 		return size_in_bits(CHAR) < size_in_bits(INT) ? INT : UINT;
3154 	if (t == SHORT)
3155 		return INT;
3156 	if (t == USHORT)
3157 		return size_in_bits(SHORT) < size_in_bits(INT) ? INT : UINT;
3158 	if (t == ENUM)
3159 		return INT;
3160 	if (farg && t == FLOAT)
3161 		return DOUBLE;
3162 	return t;
3163 }
3164 
3165 /*
3166  * Performs the "integer promotions" (C99 6.3.1.1p2), which convert small
3167  * integer types to either int or unsigned int.
3168  *
3169  * If allow_c90 is unset or the operand is a function argument with no type
3170  * information (no prototype or variable # of args), converts float to double.
3171  */
3172 tnode_t *
3173 promote(op_t op, bool farg, tnode_t *tn)
3174 {
3175 
3176 	tspec_t ot = tn->tn_type->t_tspec;
3177 	if (!is_arithmetic(ot))
3178 		return tn;
3179 
3180 	tspec_t nt = allow_c90 ? promote_c90(tn, ot, farg) : promote_trad(ot);
3181 	if (nt == ot)
3182 		return tn;
3183 
3184 	type_t *ntp = expr_dup_type(tn->tn_type);
3185 	ntp->t_tspec = nt;
3186 	/*
3187 	 * Keep t_is_enum even though t_tspec gets converted from ENUM to INT,
3188 	 * so we are later able to check compatibility of enum types.
3189 	 */
3190 	return convert(op, 0, ntp, tn);
3191 }
3192 
3193 static void
3194 convert_integer_from_floating(op_t op, const type_t *tp, const tnode_t *tn)
3195 {
3196 
3197 	if (op == CVT)
3198 		/* cast from floating point '%s' to integer '%s' */
3199 		query_message(2, type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(tp));
3200 	else
3201 		/* implicit conversion from floating point '%s' to ... */
3202 		query_message(1, type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(tp));
3203 }
3204 
3205 static bool
3206 should_warn_about_prototype_conversion(tspec_t nt,
3207 				       tspec_t ot, const tnode_t *ptn)
3208 {
3209 
3210 	if (nt == ot)
3211 		return false;
3212 
3213 	if (nt == ENUM && ot == INT)
3214 		return false;
3215 
3216 	if (is_floating(nt) != is_floating(ot) ||
3217 	    portable_rank_cmp(nt, ot) != 0) {
3218 		/* representation and/or width change */
3219 		if (!is_integer(ot))
3220 			return true;
3221 		/*
3222 		 * XXX: Investigate whether this rule makes sense; see
3223 		 * tests/usr.bin/xlint/lint1/platform_long.c.
3224 		 */
3225 		return portable_rank_cmp(ot, INT) > 0;
3226 	}
3227 
3228 	if (!hflag)
3229 		return false;
3230 
3231 	/*
3232 	 * If the types differ only in sign and the argument has the same
3233 	 * representation in both types, print no warning.
3234 	 */
3235 	if (ptn->tn_op == CON && is_integer(nt) &&
3236 	    signed_type(nt) == signed_type(ot) &&
3237 	    !msb(ptn->tn_val.u.integer, ot))
3238 		return false;
3239 
3240 	return true;
3241 }
3242 
3243 /*
3244  * Warn if a prototype causes a type conversion that is different from what
3245  * would happen to the same argument in the absence of a prototype.  This
3246  * check is intended for code that needs to stay compatible with pre-C90 C.
3247  *
3248  * Errors/warnings about illegal type combinations are already printed
3249  * in check_assign_types_compatible().
3250  */
3251 static void
3252 check_prototype_conversion(int arg, tspec_t nt, tspec_t ot, type_t *tp,
3253 			   tnode_t *tn)
3254 {
3255 
3256 	if (!is_arithmetic(nt) || !is_arithmetic(ot))
3257 		return;
3258 
3259 	/*
3260 	 * If the type of the formal parameter is char/short, a warning would
3261 	 * be useless, because functions declared the old style can't expect
3262 	 * char/short arguments.
3263 	 */
3264 	if (nt == CHAR || nt == SCHAR || nt == UCHAR ||
3265 	    nt == SHORT || nt == USHORT)
3266 		return;
3267 
3268 	tnode_t *ptn = promote(NOOP, true, tn);
3269 	ot = ptn->tn_type->t_tspec;
3270 
3271 	if (should_warn_about_prototype_conversion(nt, ot, ptn)) {
3272 		/* argument %d is converted from '%s' to '%s' ... */
3273 		warning(259, arg, type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(tp));
3274 	}
3275 }
3276 
3277 /*
3278  * When converting a large integer type to a small integer type, in some
3279  * cases the value of the actual expression is further restricted than the
3280  * type bounds, such as in (expr & 0xFF) or (expr % 100) or (expr >> 24).
3281  */
3282 static bool
3283 can_represent(const type_t *tp, const tnode_t *tn)
3284 {
3285 
3286 	debug_step("%s: type '%s'", __func__, type_name(tp));
3287 	debug_node(tn);
3288 
3289 	uint64_t nmask = value_bits(width_in_bits(tp));
3290 	if (!is_uinteger(tp->t_tspec))
3291 		nmask >>= 1;
3292 
3293 	integer_constraints c = ic_expr(tn);
3294 	if ((~c.bclr & ~nmask) == 0)
3295 		return true;
3296 
3297 	integer_constraints tpc = ic_any(tp);
3298 	if (is_uinteger(tp->t_tspec)
3299 	    ? tpc.umin <= c.umin && tpc.umax >= c.umax
3300 	    : tpc.smin <= c.smin && tpc.smax >= c.smax)
3301 		return true;
3302 
3303 	return false;
3304 }
3305 
3306 static bool
3307 should_warn_about_integer_conversion(const type_t *ntp, tspec_t nt,
3308 				     const tnode_t *otn, tspec_t ot)
3309 {
3310 
3311 	// XXX: The portable_rank_cmp aims at portable mode, independent of the
3312 	// current platform, while can_represent acts on the actual type sizes
3313 	// from the current platform.  This mix is inconsistent, but anything
3314 	// else would make the exact conditions too complicated to grasp.
3315 	if (aflag > 0 && portable_rank_cmp(nt, ot) < 0) {
3316 		if (ot == LONG || ot == ULONG
3317 		    || ot == LLONG || ot == ULLONG
3318 #ifdef INT128_SIZE
3319 		    || ot == INT128 || ot == UINT128
3320 #endif
3321 		    || aflag > 1)
3322 			return !can_represent(ntp, otn);
3323 	}
3324 	return false;
3325 }
3326 
3327 static void
3328 convert_integer_from_integer(op_t op, int arg, tspec_t nt, tspec_t ot,
3329 			     type_t *tp, tnode_t *tn)
3330 {
3331 
3332 	if (tn->tn_op == CON)
3333 		return;
3334 
3335 	if (op == CVT)
3336 		return;
3337 
3338 	if (Pflag && pflag && aflag > 0 &&
3339 	    portable_rank_cmp(nt, ot) > 0 &&
3340 	    is_uinteger(nt) != is_uinteger(ot)) {
3341 		if (op == FARG)
3342 			/* conversion to '%s' may sign-extend ... */
3343 			warning(297, type_name(tp), arg);
3344 		else
3345 			/* conversion to '%s' may sign-extend ... */
3346 			warning(131, type_name(tp));
3347 	}
3348 
3349 	if (Pflag && portable_rank_cmp(nt, ot) > 0 &&
3350 	    (tn->tn_op == PLUS || tn->tn_op == MINUS || tn->tn_op == MULT ||
3351 	     tn->tn_op == SHL)) {
3352 		/* suggest cast from '%s' to '%s' on op '%s' to ... */
3353 		warning(324, type_name(gettyp(ot)), type_name(tp),
3354 		    op_name(tn->tn_op));
3355 	}
3356 
3357 	if (should_warn_about_integer_conversion(tp, nt, tn, ot)) {
3358 		if (op == FARG) {
3359 			/* conversion from '%s' to '%s' may lose ... */
3360 			warning(298,
3361 			    type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(tp), arg);
3362 		} else {
3363 			/* conversion from '%s' to '%s' may lose accuracy */
3364 			warning(132,
3365 			    type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(tp));
3366 		}
3367 	}
3368 
3369 	if (any_query_enabled && is_uinteger(nt) != is_uinteger(ot))
3370 		/* implicit conversion changes sign from '%s' to '%s' */
3371 		query_message(3, type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(tp));
3372 }
3373 
3374 static void
3375 convert_integer_from_pointer(op_t op, tspec_t nt, type_t *tp, tnode_t *tn)
3376 {
3377 
3378 	if (tn->tn_op == CON)
3379 		return;
3380 	if (op != CVT)
3381 		return;		/* We already got an error. */
3382 	if (portable_rank_cmp(nt, PTR) >= 0)
3383 		return;
3384 
3385 	if (pflag && size_in_bits(nt) >= size_in_bits(PTR)) {
3386 		/* conversion of pointer to '%s' may lose bits */
3387 		warning(134, type_name(tp));
3388 	} else {
3389 		/* conversion of pointer to '%s' loses bits */
3390 		warning(133, type_name(tp));
3391 	}
3392 }
3393 
3394 static bool
3395 struct_starts_with(const type_t *struct_tp, const type_t *member_tp)
3396 {
3397 
3398 	return struct_tp->t_sou->sou_first_member != NULL &&
3399 	    types_compatible(struct_tp->t_sou->sou_first_member->s_type,
3400 		member_tp, true, false, NULL);
3401 }
3402 
3403 static bool
3404 is_byte_array(const type_t *tp)
3405 {
3406 
3407 	return tp->t_tspec == ARRAY &&
3408 	    (tp->t_subt->t_tspec == CHAR || tp->t_subt->t_tspec == UCHAR);
3409 }
3410 
3411 static bool
3412 union_contains(const type_t *utp, const type_t *mtp)
3413 {
3414 	for (const sym_t *mem = utp->t_sou->sou_first_member;
3415 	    mem != NULL; mem = mem->s_next) {
3416 		if (types_compatible(mem->s_type, mtp, true, false, NULL))
3417 			return true;
3418 	}
3419 	return false;
3420 }
3421 
3422 static bool
3423 should_warn_about_pointer_cast(const type_t *nstp, tspec_t nst,
3424 			       const type_t *ostp, tspec_t ost)
3425 {
3426 
3427 	while (nst == ARRAY)
3428 		nstp = nstp->t_subt, nst = nstp->t_tspec;
3429 	while (ost == ARRAY)
3430 		ostp = ostp->t_subt, ost = ostp->t_tspec;
3431 
3432 	if (nst == STRUCT && ost == STRUCT &&
3433 	    (struct_starts_with(nstp, ostp) ||
3434 	     struct_starts_with(ostp, nstp)))
3435 		return false;
3436 
3437 	if (is_incomplete(nstp) || is_incomplete(ostp))
3438 		return false;
3439 
3440 	if (nst == CHAR || nst == UCHAR)
3441 		return false;	/* for the sake of traditional C code */
3442 	if (ost == CHAR || ost == UCHAR)
3443 		return false;	/* for the sake of traditional C code */
3444 
3445 	/* Allow cast between pointers to sockaddr variants. */
3446 	if (nst == STRUCT && ost == STRUCT) {
3447 		const sym_t *nmem = nstp->t_sou->sou_first_member;
3448 		const sym_t *omem = ostp->t_sou->sou_first_member;
3449 		while (nmem != NULL && omem != NULL &&
3450 		    types_compatible(nmem->s_type, omem->s_type,
3451 			true, false, NULL))
3452 			nmem = nmem->s_next, omem = omem->s_next;
3453 		if (nmem != NULL && is_byte_array(nmem->s_type))
3454 			return false;
3455 		if (omem != NULL && is_byte_array(omem->s_type))
3456 			return false;
3457 		if (nmem == NULL && omem == NULL)
3458 			return false;
3459 	}
3460 
3461 	if (nst == UNION || ost == UNION) {
3462 		const type_t *union_tp = nst == UNION ? nstp : ostp;
3463 		const type_t *other_tp = nst == UNION ? ostp : nstp;
3464 		if (union_contains(union_tp, other_tp))
3465 			return false;
3466 	}
3467 
3468 	if (is_struct_or_union(nst) && is_struct_or_union(ost))
3469 		return nstp->t_sou != ostp->t_sou;
3470 
3471 	enum rank_kind rk1 = type_properties(nst)->tt_rank_kind;
3472 	enum rank_kind rk2 = type_properties(ost)->tt_rank_kind;
3473 	if (rk1 != rk2 || rk1 == RK_NONE)
3474 		return true;
3475 
3476 	return portable_rank_cmp(nst, ost) != 0;
3477 }
3478 
3479 static void
3480 convert_pointer_from_pointer(type_t *ntp, tnode_t *tn)
3481 {
3482 	const type_t *nstp = ntp->t_subt;
3483 	const type_t *otp = tn->tn_type;
3484 	const type_t *ostp = otp->t_subt;
3485 	tspec_t nst = nstp->t_tspec;
3486 	tspec_t ost = ostp->t_tspec;
3487 
3488 	if (nst == VOID || ost == VOID) {
3489 		/* TODO: C99 behaves like C90 here. */
3490 		if (!allow_trad && !allow_c99 && (nst == FUNC || ost == FUNC)) {
3491 			const char *nts, *ots;
3492 			/* null pointers are already handled in convert() */
3493 			*(nst == FUNC ? &nts : &ots) = "function pointer";
3494 			*(nst == VOID ? &nts : &ots) = "'void *'";
3495 			/* conversion of %s to %s requires a cast */
3496 			warning(303, ots, nts);
3497 		}
3498 		return;
3499 	}
3500 	if (nst == FUNC && ost == FUNC)
3501 		return;
3502 	if (nst == FUNC || ost == FUNC) {
3503 		/* converting '%s' to '%s' is questionable */
3504 		warning(229, type_name(otp), type_name(ntp));
3505 		return;
3506 	}
3507 
3508 	if (hflag && alignment_in_bits(nstp) > alignment_in_bits(ostp) &&
3509 	    ost != CHAR && ost != UCHAR &&
3510 	    !is_incomplete(ostp) &&
3511 	    !(nst == UNION && union_contains(nstp, ostp))) {
3512 		/* converting '%s' to '%s' increases alignment ... */
3513 		warning(135, type_name(otp), type_name(ntp),
3514 		    alignment_in_bits(ostp) / CHAR_SIZE,
3515 		    alignment_in_bits(nstp) / CHAR_SIZE);
3516 	}
3517 
3518 	if (cflag && should_warn_about_pointer_cast(nstp, nst, ostp, ost)) {
3519 		/* pointer cast from '%s' to '%s' may be troublesome */
3520 		warning(247, type_name(otp), type_name(ntp));
3521 	}
3522 }
3523 
3524 /*
3525  * Insert a conversion operator, which converts the type of the node
3526  * to another given type.
3527  *
3528  * Possible values for 'op':
3529  *	CVT	a cast-expression
3530  *	binary	integer promotion for one of the operands, or a usual
3531  *		arithmetic conversion
3532  *	binary	plain or compound assignments to bit-fields
3533  *	FARG	'arg' is the number of the parameter (used for warnings)
3534  *	NOOP	several other implicit conversions
3535  *	...
3536  */
3537 tnode_t *
3538 convert(op_t op, int arg, type_t *tp, tnode_t *tn)
3539 {
3540 	tspec_t nt = tp->t_tspec;
3541 	tspec_t ot = tn->tn_type->t_tspec;
3542 
3543 	if (allow_trad && allow_c90 && op == FARG)
3544 		check_prototype_conversion(arg, nt, ot, tp, tn);
3545 
3546 	if (nt == BOOL) {
3547 		/* No further checks. */
3548 
3549 	} else if (is_integer(nt)) {
3550 		if (ot == BOOL) {
3551 			/* No further checks. */
3552 		} else if (is_integer(ot))
3553 			convert_integer_from_integer(op, arg, nt, ot, tp, tn);
3554 		else if (is_floating(ot))
3555 			convert_integer_from_floating(op, tp, tn);
3556 		else if (ot == PTR)
3557 			convert_integer_from_pointer(op, nt, tp, tn);
3558 
3559 	} else if (is_floating(nt)) {
3560 		/* No further checks. */
3561 
3562 	} else if (nt == PTR) {
3563 		if (is_null_pointer(tn)) {
3564 			/* a null pointer may be assigned to any pointer. */
3565 		} else if (ot == PTR && op == CVT)
3566 			convert_pointer_from_pointer(tp, tn);
3567 	}
3568 
3569 	tnode_t *ntn = expr_alloc_tnode();
3570 	ntn->tn_op = CVT;
3571 	ntn->tn_type = tp;
3572 	ntn->tn_cast = op == CVT;
3573 	ntn->tn_sys |= tn->tn_sys;
3574 	ntn->tn_right = NULL;
3575 	if (tn->tn_op != CON || nt == VOID) {
3576 		ntn->tn_left = tn;
3577 	} else {
3578 		ntn->tn_op = CON;
3579 		convert_constant(op, arg, ntn->tn_type, &ntn->tn_val,
3580 		    &tn->tn_val);
3581 	}
3582 
3583 	return ntn;
3584 }
3585 
3586 static void
3587 convert_constant_floating(op_t op, int arg, tspec_t ot, const type_t *tp,
3588 			  tspec_t nt, val_t *v, val_t *nv)
3589 {
3590 	long double max = 0.0, min = 0.0;
3591 
3592 	switch (nt) {
3593 	case CHAR:
3594 		max = TARG_CHAR_MAX;	min = TARG_CHAR_MIN;	break;
3595 	case UCHAR:
3596 		max = TARG_UCHAR_MAX;	min = 0;		break;
3597 	case SCHAR:
3598 		max = TARG_SCHAR_MAX;	min = TARG_SCHAR_MIN;	break;
3599 	case SHORT:
3600 		max = TARG_SHRT_MAX;	min = TARG_SHRT_MIN;	break;
3601 	case USHORT:
3602 		max = TARG_USHRT_MAX;	min = 0;		break;
3603 	case ENUM:
3604 	case INT:
3605 		max = TARG_INT_MAX;	min = TARG_INT_MIN;	break;
3606 	case UINT:
3607 		max = TARG_UINT_MAX;	min = 0;		break;
3608 	case LONG:
3609 		max = TARG_LONG_MAX;	min = TARG_LONG_MIN;	break;
3610 	case ULONG:
3611 		max = TARG_ULONG_MAX;	min = 0;		break;
3612 	case LLONG:
3613 		max = LLONG_MAX;	min = LLONG_MIN;	break;
3614 	case ULLONG:
3615 		max = ULLONG_MAX;	min = 0;		break;
3616 	case FLOAT:
3617 	case FCOMPLEX:
3618 		max = FLT_MAX;		min = -FLT_MAX;		break;
3619 	case DOUBLE:
3620 	case DCOMPLEX:
3621 		max = DBL_MAX;		min = -DBL_MAX;		break;
3622 	case PTR:
3623 		/* Already got an error because of float --> ptr */
3624 	case LDOUBLE:
3625 	case LCOMPLEX:
3626 		/* LINTED 248 */
3627 		max = LDBL_MAX;		min = -max;		break;
3628 	default:
3629 		lint_assert(/*CONSTCOND*/false);
3630 	}
3631 	if (v->u.floating > max || v->u.floating < min) {
3632 		lint_assert(nt != LDOUBLE);
3633 		if (op == FARG) {
3634 			/* conversion of '%s' to '%s' is out of range, ... */
3635 			warning(295,
3636 			    type_name(gettyp(ot)), type_name(tp), arg);
3637 		} else {
3638 			/* conversion of '%s' to '%s' is out of range */
3639 			warning(119, type_name(gettyp(ot)), type_name(tp));
3640 		}
3641 		v->u.floating = v->u.floating > 0 ? max : min;
3642 	}
3643 
3644 	if (nt == FLOAT || nt == FCOMPLEX)
3645 		nv->u.floating = (float)v->u.floating;
3646 	else if (nt == DOUBLE || nt == DCOMPLEX)
3647 		nv->u.floating = (double)v->u.floating;
3648 	else if (nt == LDOUBLE || nt == LCOMPLEX)
3649 		nv->u.floating = v->u.floating;
3650 	else
3651 		nv->u.integer = (int64_t)v->u.floating;
3652 }
3653 
3654 static bool
3655 convert_constant_to_floating(tspec_t nt, val_t *nv,
3656 			     tspec_t ot, const val_t *v)
3657 {
3658 	if (nt == FLOAT) {
3659 		nv->u.floating = (ot == PTR || is_uinteger(ot)) ?
3660 		    (float)(uint64_t)v->u.integer : (float)v->u.integer;
3661 	} else if (nt == DOUBLE) {
3662 		nv->u.floating = (ot == PTR || is_uinteger(ot)) ?
3663 		    (double)(uint64_t)v->u.integer : (double)v->u.integer;
3664 	} else if (nt == LDOUBLE) {
3665 		nv->u.floating = (ot == PTR || is_uinteger(ot))
3666 		    ? (long double)(uint64_t)v->u.integer
3667 		    : (long double)v->u.integer;
3668 	} else
3669 		return false;
3670 	return true;
3671 }
3672 
3673 /*
3674  * Print a warning if bits which were set are lost due to the conversion.
3675  * This can happen with operator ORASS only.
3676  */
3677 static void
3678 convert_constant_check_range_bitor(size_t nsz, size_t osz, const val_t *v,
3679 				   uint64_t xmask, op_t op)
3680 {
3681 	if (nsz < osz && (v->u.integer & xmask) != 0)
3682 		/* constant truncated by conversion, op '%s' */
3683 		warning(306, op_name(op));
3684 }
3685 
3686 static void
3687 convert_constant_check_range_bitand(size_t nsz, size_t osz,
3688 				    uint64_t xmask, const val_t *nv,
3689 				    tspec_t ot, const val_t *v,
3690 				    const type_t *tp, op_t op)
3691 {
3692 	if (nsz > osz &&
3693 	    (nv->u.integer & bit((unsigned int)(osz - 1))) != 0 &&
3694 	    (nv->u.integer & xmask) != xmask) {
3695 		/* extra bits set to 0 in conversion of '%s' to '%s', ... */
3696 		warning(309, type_name(gettyp(ot)),
3697 		    type_name(tp), op_name(op));
3698 	} else if (nsz < osz &&
3699 	    (v->u.integer & xmask) != xmask &&
3700 	    (v->u.integer & xmask) != 0)
3701 		/* constant truncated by conversion, op '%s' */
3702 		warning(306, op_name(op));
3703 }
3704 
3705 static void
3706 convert_constant_check_range_signed(op_t op, int arg)
3707 {
3708 	if (op == ASSIGN)
3709 		/* assignment of negative constant to unsigned type */
3710 		warning(164);
3711 	else if (op == INIT)
3712 		/* initialization of unsigned with negative constant */
3713 		warning(221);
3714 	else if (op == FARG)
3715 		/* conversion of negative constant to unsigned type, ... */
3716 		warning(296, arg);
3717 	else if (modtab[op].m_comparison) {
3718 		/* handled by check_integer_comparison() */
3719 	} else
3720 		/* conversion of negative constant to unsigned type */
3721 		warning(222);
3722 }
3723 
3724 /*
3725  * Loss of significant bit(s). All truncated bits of unsigned types or all
3726  * truncated bits plus the msb of the target for signed types are considered
3727  * to be significant bits. Loss of significant bits means that at least one
3728  * of the bits was set in an unsigned type or that at least one but not all
3729  * of the bits was set in a signed type. Loss of significant bits means that
3730  * it is not possible, also not with necessary casts, to convert back to the
3731  * original type. An example for a necessary cast is:
3732  *	char c;	int	i; c = 128;
3733  *	i = c;			** yields -128 **
3734  *	i = (unsigned char)c;	** yields 128 **
3735  */
3736 static void
3737 warn_constant_check_range_truncated(op_t op, int arg, const type_t *tp,
3738 				    tspec_t ot)
3739 {
3740 	if (op == ASSIGN && tp->t_bitfield)
3741 		/* precision lost in bit-field assignment */
3742 		warning(166);
3743 	else if (op == ASSIGN)
3744 		/* constant truncated by assignment */
3745 		warning(165);
3746 	else if (op == INIT && tp->t_bitfield)
3747 		/* bit-field initializer does not fit */
3748 		warning(180);
3749 	else if (op == INIT)
3750 		/* initializer does not fit */
3751 		warning(178);
3752 	else if (op == CASE)
3753 		/* case label affected by conversion */
3754 		warning(196);
3755 	else if (op == FARG)
3756 		/* conversion of '%s' to '%s' is out of range, arg #%d */
3757 		warning(295, type_name(gettyp(ot)), type_name(tp), arg);
3758 	else
3759 		/* conversion of '%s' to '%s' is out of range */
3760 		warning(119, type_name(gettyp(ot)), type_name(tp));
3761 }
3762 
3763 static void
3764 warn_constant_check_range_loss(op_t op, int arg, const type_t *tp,
3765 				  tspec_t ot)
3766 {
3767 	if (op == ASSIGN && tp->t_bitfield)
3768 		/* precision lost in bit-field assignment */
3769 		warning(166);
3770 	else if (op == INIT && tp->t_bitfield)
3771 		/* bit-field initializer out of range */
3772 		warning(11);
3773 	else if (op == CASE)
3774 		/* case label affected by conversion */
3775 		warning(196);
3776 	else if (op == FARG)
3777 		/* conversion of '%s' to '%s' is out of range, arg #%d */
3778 		warning(295, type_name(gettyp(ot)), type_name(tp), arg);
3779 	else
3780 		/* conversion of '%s' to '%s' is out of range */
3781 		warning(119, type_name(gettyp(ot)), type_name(tp));
3782 }
3783 
3784 static void
3785 convert_constant_check_range(tspec_t ot, const type_t *tp, tspec_t nt,
3786 			     op_t op, int arg, const val_t *v, val_t *nv)
3787 {
3788 	unsigned int obitsz, nbitsz;
3789 	uint64_t xmask, xmsk1;
3790 
3791 	obitsz = size_in_bits(ot);
3792 	nbitsz = tp->t_bitfield ? tp->t_bit_field_width : size_in_bits(nt);
3793 	xmask = value_bits(nbitsz) ^ value_bits(obitsz);
3794 	xmsk1 = value_bits(nbitsz) ^ value_bits(obitsz - 1);
3795 	if (op == ORASS || op == BITOR || op == BITXOR) {
3796 		convert_constant_check_range_bitor(
3797 		    nbitsz, obitsz, v, xmask, op);
3798 	} else if (op == ANDASS || op == BITAND) {
3799 		convert_constant_check_range_bitand(
3800 		    nbitsz, obitsz, xmask, nv, ot, v, tp, op);
3801 	} else if (nt != PTR && is_uinteger(nt) &&
3802 	    ot != PTR && !is_uinteger(ot) &&
3803 	    v->u.integer < 0)
3804 		convert_constant_check_range_signed(op, arg);
3805 	else if (nv->u.integer != v->u.integer && nbitsz <= obitsz &&
3806 	    (v->u.integer & xmask) != 0 &&
3807 	    (is_uinteger(ot) || (v->u.integer & xmsk1) != xmsk1))
3808 		warn_constant_check_range_truncated(op, arg, tp, ot);
3809 	else if (nv->u.integer != v->u.integer)
3810 		warn_constant_check_range_loss(op, arg, tp, ot);
3811 }
3812 
3813 /* Converts a typed constant to a constant of another type. */
3814 void
3815 convert_constant(op_t op, int arg, const type_t *ntp, val_t *nv, val_t *ov)
3816 {
3817 	/*
3818 	 * TODO: make 'ov' const; the name of this function does not suggest
3819 	 *  that it modifies 'ov'.
3820 	 */
3821 	tspec_t ot = ov->v_tspec;
3822 	tspec_t nt = nv->v_tspec = ntp->t_tspec;
3823 	bool range_check = false;
3824 
3825 	if (nt == BOOL) {	/* C99 6.3.1.2 */
3826 		nv->v_unsigned_since_c90 = false;
3827 		nv->u.integer = is_nonzero_val(ov) ? 1 : 0;
3828 		return;
3829 	}
3830 
3831 	if (ot == FLOAT || ot == DOUBLE || ot == LDOUBLE)
3832 		convert_constant_floating(op, arg, ot, ntp, nt, ov, nv);
3833 	else if (!convert_constant_to_floating(nt, nv, ot, ov)) {
3834 		range_check = true;	/* Check for lost precision. */
3835 		nv->u.integer = ov->u.integer;
3836 	}
3837 
3838 	if (allow_trad && allow_c90 && ov->v_unsigned_since_c90 &&
3839 	    (is_floating(nt) || (
3840 		(is_integer(nt) && !is_uinteger(nt) &&
3841 		    portable_rank_cmp(nt, ot) > 0)))) {
3842 		/* C90 treats constant as unsigned */
3843 		warning(157);
3844 		ov->v_unsigned_since_c90 = false;
3845 	}
3846 
3847 	if (is_integer(nt)) {
3848 		unsigned int size = ntp->t_bitfield
3849 		    ? ntp->t_bit_field_width : size_in_bits(nt);
3850 		nv->u.integer = convert_integer(nv->u.integer, nt, size);
3851 	}
3852 
3853 	if (range_check && op != CVT)
3854 		convert_constant_check_range(ot, ntp, nt, op, arg, ov, nv);
3855 }
3856 
3857 tnode_t *
3858 build_sizeof(const type_t *tp)
3859 {
3860 	unsigned int size_in_bytes = type_size_in_bits(tp) / CHAR_SIZE;
3861 	tnode_t *tn = build_integer_constant(SIZEOF_TSPEC, size_in_bytes);
3862 	tn->tn_system_dependent = true;
3863 	debug_step("build_sizeof '%s' = %u", type_name(tp), size_in_bytes);
3864 	return tn;
3865 }
3866 
3867 tnode_t *
3868 build_offsetof(const type_t *tp, designation dn)
3869 {
3870 	unsigned int offset_in_bits = 0;
3871 
3872 	if (!is_struct_or_union(tp->t_tspec)) {
3873 		/* unacceptable operand of '%s' */
3874 		error(111, "offsetof");
3875 		goto proceed;
3876 	}
3877 	for (size_t i = 0; i < dn.dn_len; i++) {
3878 		const designator *dr = dn.dn_items + i;
3879 		if (dr->dr_kind == DK_SUBSCRIPT) {
3880 			if (tp->t_tspec != ARRAY)
3881 				goto proceed;	/* silent error */
3882 			tp = tp->t_subt;
3883 			offset_in_bits += (unsigned) dr->dr_subscript
3884 			    * type_size_in_bits(tp);
3885 		} else {
3886 			if (!is_struct_or_union(tp->t_tspec))
3887 				goto proceed;	/* silent error */
3888 			const char *name = dr->dr_member->s_name;
3889 			sym_t *mem = find_member(tp->t_sou, name);
3890 			if (mem == NULL) {
3891 				/* type '%s' does not have member '%s' */
3892 				error(101, name, type_name(tp));
3893 				goto proceed;
3894 			}
3895 			tp = mem->s_type;
3896 			offset_in_bits += mem->u.s_member.sm_offset_in_bits;
3897 		}
3898 	}
3899 	free(dn.dn_items);
3900 
3901 proceed:;
3902 	unsigned int offset_in_bytes = offset_in_bits / CHAR_SIZE;
3903 	tnode_t *tn = build_integer_constant(SIZEOF_TSPEC, offset_in_bytes);
3904 	tn->tn_system_dependent = true;
3905 	return tn;
3906 }
3907 
3908 unsigned int
3909 type_size_in_bits(const type_t *tp)
3910 {
3911 
3912 	unsigned int elem = 1;
3913 	bool flex = false;
3914 	lint_assert(tp != NULL);
3915 	while (tp->t_tspec == ARRAY) {
3916 		flex = true;	/* allow c99 flex arrays [] [0] */
3917 		elem *= tp->t_dim;
3918 		tp = tp->t_subt;
3919 	}
3920 	if (elem == 0 && !flex) {
3921 		/* cannot take size/alignment of incomplete type */
3922 		error(143);
3923 		elem = 1;
3924 	}
3925 
3926 	unsigned int elsz;
3927 	switch (tp->t_tspec) {
3928 	case VOID:
3929 		/* cannot take size/alignment of void */
3930 		error(146);
3931 		elsz = 1;
3932 		break;
3933 	case FUNC:
3934 		/* cannot take size/alignment of function type '%s' */
3935 		error(144, type_name(tp));
3936 		elsz = 1;
3937 		break;
3938 	case STRUCT:
3939 	case UNION:
3940 		if (is_incomplete(tp)) {
3941 			/* cannot take size/alignment of incomplete type */
3942 			error(143);
3943 			elsz = 1;
3944 		} else
3945 			elsz = tp->t_sou->sou_size_in_bits;
3946 		break;
3947 	case ENUM:
3948 		if (is_incomplete(tp)) {
3949 			/* cannot take size/alignment of incomplete type */
3950 			warning(143);
3951 		}
3952 		/* FALLTHROUGH */
3953 	default:
3954 		if (tp->t_bitfield)
3955 			/* cannot take size/alignment of bit-field */
3956 			error(145);
3957 		elsz = size_in_bits(tp->t_tspec);
3958 		lint_assert(elsz > 0);
3959 		break;
3960 	}
3961 
3962 	return elem * elsz;
3963 }
3964 
3965 /* C11 6.5.3.4, GCC */
3966 tnode_t *
3967 build_alignof(const type_t *tp)
3968 {
3969 	if (tp->t_tspec == FUNC) {
3970 		/* cannot take size/alignment of function type '%s' */
3971 		error(144, type_name(tp));
3972 		return NULL;
3973 	}
3974 	if (tp->t_tspec == VOID) {
3975 		/* cannot take size/alignment of void */
3976 		error(146);
3977 		return NULL;
3978 	}
3979 	if (is_incomplete(tp)) {
3980 		/* cannot take size/alignment of incomplete type */
3981 		error(143);
3982 		return NULL;
3983 	}
3984 	if (tp->t_bitfield) {
3985 		/* cannot take size/alignment of bit-field */
3986 		error(145);
3987 		return NULL;
3988 	}
3989 	return build_integer_constant(SIZEOF_TSPEC,
3990 	    (int64_t)alignment_in_bits(tp) / CHAR_SIZE);
3991 }
3992 
3993 static tnode_t *
3994 cast_to_union(tnode_t *otn, bool sys, type_t *ntp)
3995 {
3996 
3997 	if (!allow_gcc) {
3998 		/* union cast is a GCC extension */
3999 		error(328);
4000 		return NULL;
4001 	}
4002 
4003 	for (const sym_t *m = ntp->t_sou->sou_first_member;
4004 	    m != NULL; m = m->s_next) {
4005 		if (types_compatible(m->s_type, otn->tn_type,
4006 		    false, false, NULL)) {
4007 			tnode_t *ntn = build_op(CVT, sys, ntp, otn, NULL);
4008 			ntn->tn_cast = true;
4009 			return ntn;
4010 		}
4011 	}
4012 
4013 	/* type '%s' is not a member of '%s' */
4014 	error(329, type_name(otn->tn_type), type_name(ntp));
4015 	return NULL;
4016 }
4017 
4018 tnode_t *
4019 cast(tnode_t *tn, bool sys, type_t *tp)
4020 {
4021 
4022 	if (tn == NULL)
4023 		return NULL;
4024 
4025 	tn = cconv(tn);
4026 
4027 	lint_assert(tp != NULL);
4028 	tspec_t nt = tp->t_tspec;
4029 	tspec_t ot = tn->tn_type->t_tspec;
4030 
4031 	if (nt == VOID) {
4032 		/*
4033 		 * C90 6.3.4, C99 6.5.4p2 and C11 6.5.4p2 allow any type to be
4034 		 * cast to void.  The only other allowed casts are from a
4035 		 * scalar type to a scalar type.
4036 		 */
4037 	} else if (nt == UNION)
4038 		return cast_to_union(tn, sys, tp);
4039 	else if (nt == STRUCT || nt == ARRAY || nt == FUNC) {
4040 		/* Casting to a struct is an undocumented GCC extension. */
4041 		if (!(allow_gcc && nt == STRUCT))
4042 			goto invalid_cast;
4043 	} else if (is_struct_or_union(ot))
4044 		goto invalid_cast;
4045 	else if (ot == VOID) {
4046 		/* improper cast of void expression */
4047 		error(148);
4048 		return NULL;
4049 	} else if (is_integer(nt) && is_scalar(ot)) {
4050 		/* ok */
4051 	} else if (is_floating(nt) && is_arithmetic(ot)) {
4052 		/* ok */
4053 	} else if (nt == PTR && is_integer(ot)) {
4054 		/* ok */
4055 	} else if (nt == PTR && ot == PTR) {
4056 		if (!tp->t_subt->t_const && tn->tn_type->t_subt->t_const) {
4057 			if (hflag)
4058 				/* cast discards 'const' from type '%s' */
4059 				warning(275, type_name(tn->tn_type));
4060 		}
4061 	} else
4062 		goto invalid_cast;
4063 
4064 	if (any_query_enabled
4065 	    && types_compatible(tp, tn->tn_type, false, false, NULL))
4066 		/* no-op cast from '%s' to '%s' */
4067 		query_message(6, type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(tp));
4068 
4069 	tn = convert(CVT, 0, tp, tn);
4070 	tn->tn_cast = true;
4071 	tn->tn_sys = sys;
4072 
4073 	return tn;
4074 
4075 invalid_cast:
4076 	/* invalid cast from '%s' to '%s' */
4077 	error(147, type_name(tn->tn_type), type_name(tp));
4078 	return NULL;
4079 }
4080 
4081 void
4082 add_function_argument(function_call *call, tnode_t *arg)
4083 {
4084 	/*
4085 	 * If there was a serious error in the expression for the argument,
4086 	 * create a dummy argument so the positions of the remaining arguments
4087 	 * will not change.
4088 	 */
4089 	if (arg == NULL)
4090 		arg = build_integer_constant(INT, 0);
4091 
4092 	if (call->args_len >= call->args_cap) {
4093 		call->args_cap += 8;
4094 		tnode_t **new_args = expr_zero_alloc(
4095 		    call->args_cap * sizeof(*call->args),
4096 		    "function_call.args");
4097 		memcpy(new_args, call->args,
4098 		    call->args_len * sizeof(*call->args));
4099 		call->args = new_args;
4100 	}
4101 	call->args[call->args_len++] = arg;
4102 }
4103 
4104 /*
4105  * Compare the type of an argument with the corresponding type of a
4106  * prototype parameter. If it is a valid combination, but both types
4107  * are not the same, insert a conversion to convert the argument into
4108  * the type of the parameter.
4109  */
4110 static tnode_t *
4111 check_prototype_argument(
4112 	int n,		/* pos of arg */
4113 	type_t *tp,		/* expected type (from prototype) */
4114 	tnode_t *tn)		/* argument */
4115 {
4116 	tnode_t *ln = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*ln));
4117 	ln->tn_type = expr_unqualified_type(tp);
4118 	ln->tn_lvalue = true;
4119 	if (typeok(FARG, n, ln, tn)) {
4120 		bool dowarn;
4121 		if (!types_compatible(tp, tn->tn_type,
4122 		    true, false, (dowarn = false, &dowarn)) || dowarn)
4123 			tn = convert(FARG, n, tp, tn);
4124 	}
4125 	free(ln);
4126 	return tn;
4127 }
4128 
4129 /*
4130  * Check types of all function arguments and insert conversions,
4131  * if necessary.
4132  */
4133 static bool
4134 check_function_arguments(const function_call *call)
4135 {
4136 	type_t *ftp = call->func->tn_type->t_subt;
4137 
4138 	/* get # of parameters in the prototype */
4139 	int npar = 0;
4140 	for (const sym_t *p = ftp->t_params; p != NULL; p = p->s_next)
4141 		npar++;
4142 
4143 	int narg = (int)call->args_len;
4144 
4145 	const sym_t *param = ftp->t_params;
4146 	if (ftp->t_proto && npar != narg && !(ftp->t_vararg && npar < narg)) {
4147 		/* argument mismatch: %d %s passed, %d expected */
4148 		error(150, narg, narg != 1 ? "arguments" : "argument", npar);
4149 		param = NULL;
4150 	}
4151 
4152 	for (int n = 1; n <= narg; n++) {
4153 		tnode_t *arg = call->args[n - 1];
4154 
4155 		/* some things which are always not allowed */
4156 		tspec_t at = arg->tn_type->t_tspec;
4157 		if (at == VOID) {
4158 			/* void expressions may not be arguments, arg #%d */
4159 			error(151, n);
4160 			return false;
4161 		}
4162 		if (is_struct_or_union(at) &&
4163 		    is_incomplete(arg->tn_type)) {
4164 			/* argument cannot have unknown size, arg #%d */
4165 			error(152, n);
4166 			return false;
4167 		}
4168 		if (is_integer(at) &&
4169 		    arg->tn_type->t_is_enum &&
4170 		    is_incomplete(arg->tn_type)) {
4171 			/* argument cannot have unknown size, arg #%d */
4172 			warning(152, n);
4173 		}
4174 
4175 		arg = cconv(arg);
4176 		call->args[n - 1] = arg;
4177 
4178 		arg = param != NULL
4179 		    ? check_prototype_argument(n, param->s_type, arg)
4180 		    : promote(NOOP, true, arg);
4181 		call->args[n - 1] = arg;
4182 
4183 		if (param != NULL)
4184 			param = param->s_next;
4185 	}
4186 
4187 	return true;
4188 }
4189 
4190 tnode_t *
4191 build_function_call(tnode_t *func, bool sys, function_call *call)
4192 {
4193 
4194 	if (func == NULL)
4195 		return NULL;
4196 
4197 	op_t fcop = func->tn_op == NAME && func->tn_type->t_tspec == FUNC
4198 	    ? CALL : ICALL;
4199 
4200 	call->func = func;
4201 	check_ctype_function_call(call);
4202 
4203 	func = cconv(func);
4204 	call->func = func;
4205 
4206 	if (func->tn_type->t_tspec != PTR ||
4207 	    func->tn_type->t_subt->t_tspec != FUNC) {
4208 		/* cannot call '%s', must be a function */
4209 		error(149, type_name(func->tn_type));
4210 		return NULL;
4211 	}
4212 
4213 	if (!check_function_arguments(call))
4214 		call->args = NULL;
4215 
4216 	tnode_t *ntn = expr_alloc_tnode();
4217 	ntn->tn_op = fcop;
4218 	ntn->tn_type = func->tn_type->t_subt->t_subt;
4219 	ntn->tn_sys = sys;
4220 	ntn->tn_call = call;
4221 	return ntn;
4222 }
4223 
4224 /*
4225  * Return the value of an integral constant expression.
4226  * If the expression is not constant or its type is not an integer
4227  * type, an error message is printed.
4228  */
4229 val_t *
4230 integer_constant(tnode_t *tn, bool required)
4231 {
4232 
4233 	if (tn != NULL)
4234 		tn = cconv(tn);
4235 	if (tn != NULL)
4236 		tn = promote(NOOP, false, tn);
4237 
4238 	val_t *v = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*v));
4239 
4240 	if (tn == NULL) {
4241 		lint_assert(seen_error);
4242 		debug_step("constant node is null; returning 1 instead");
4243 		v->v_tspec = INT;
4244 		v->u.integer = 1;
4245 		return v;
4246 	}
4247 
4248 	v->v_tspec = tn->tn_type->t_tspec;
4249 
4250 	if (tn->tn_op == CON) {
4251 		lint_assert(tn->tn_type->t_tspec == tn->tn_val.v_tspec);
4252 		if (is_integer(tn->tn_val.v_tspec)) {
4253 			v->v_unsigned_since_c90 =
4254 			    tn->tn_val.v_unsigned_since_c90;
4255 			v->u.integer = tn->tn_val.u.integer;
4256 			return v;
4257 		}
4258 		v->u.integer = (int64_t)tn->tn_val.u.floating;
4259 	} else
4260 		v->u.integer = 1;
4261 
4262 	if (required)
4263 		/* integral constant expression expected */
4264 		error(55);
4265 	else
4266 		/* variable array dimension is a C99/GCC extension */
4267 		c99ism(318);
4268 
4269 	if (!is_integer(v->v_tspec))
4270 		v->v_tspec = INT;
4271 
4272 	return v;
4273 }
4274 
4275 static bool
4276 is_constcond_false(const tnode_t *tn, tspec_t t)
4277 {
4278 	return (t == BOOL || t == INT) &&
4279 	    tn->tn_op == CON && tn->tn_val.u.integer == 0;
4280 }
4281 
4282 /*
4283  * Perform some tests on expressions which can't be done in build_binary()
4284  * and functions called by build_binary(). These tests must be done here
4285  * because we need some information about the context in which the operations
4286  * are performed.
4287  * After all tests are performed and dofreeblk is true, expr() frees the
4288  * memory which is used for the expression.
4289  */
4290 void
4291 expr(tnode_t *tn, bool vctx, bool cond, bool dofreeblk, bool is_do_while)
4292 {
4293 
4294 	if (tn == NULL) {	/* in case of errors */
4295 		expr_free_all();
4296 		return;
4297 	}
4298 
4299 	/* expr() is also called in global initializations */
4300 	if (dcs->d_kind != DLK_EXTERN && !is_do_while)
4301 		check_statement_reachable();
4302 
4303 	check_expr_misc(tn, vctx, cond, !cond, false, false, false);
4304 	if (tn->tn_op == ASSIGN && !tn->tn_parenthesized) {
4305 		if (hflag && cond)
4306 			/* assignment in conditional context */
4307 			warning(159);
4308 	} else if (tn->tn_op == CON) {
4309 		if (hflag && cond && !suppress_constcond &&
4310 		    !tn->tn_system_dependent &&
4311 		    !(is_do_while &&
4312 		      is_constcond_false(tn, tn->tn_type->t_tspec)))
4313 			/* constant in conditional context */
4314 			warning(161);
4315 	}
4316 	if (!modtab[tn->tn_op].m_has_side_effect) {
4317 		/*
4318 		 * for left operands of COMMA this warning is already printed
4319 		 */
4320 		if (tn->tn_op != COMMA && !vctx && !cond)
4321 			check_null_effect(tn);
4322 	}
4323 	debug_node(tn);
4324 
4325 	if (dofreeblk)
4326 		expr_free_all();
4327 }
4328 
4329 /*
4330  * Checks the range of array indices, if possible.
4331  * amper is set if only the address of the element is used. This
4332  * means that the index is allowed to refer to the first element
4333  * after the array.
4334  */
4335 static void
4336 check_array_index(tnode_t *tn, bool amper)
4337 {
4338 	lint_assert(has_operands(tn));
4339 	const tnode_t *ln = tn->tn_left;
4340 	const tnode_t *rn = tn->tn_right;
4341 
4342 	/* We can only check constant indices. */
4343 	if (rn->tn_op != CON)
4344 		return;
4345 
4346 	/* Return if the left node does not stem from an array. */
4347 	if (ln->tn_op != ADDR)
4348 		return;
4349 	if (ln->tn_left->tn_op != STRING && ln->tn_left->tn_op != NAME)
4350 		return;
4351 	if (ln->tn_left->tn_type->t_tspec != ARRAY)
4352 		return;
4353 
4354 	/*
4355 	 * For incomplete array types, we can print a warning only if the index
4356 	 * is negative.
4357 	 */
4358 	if (is_incomplete(ln->tn_left->tn_type) && rn->tn_val.u.integer >= 0)
4359 		return;
4360 
4361 	int elsz = length_in_bits(ln->tn_type->t_subt, NULL);
4362 	if (elsz == 0)
4363 		return;
4364 	elsz /= CHAR_SIZE;
4365 
4366 	/* Change the unit of the index from bytes to element size. */
4367 	int64_t con = is_uinteger(rn->tn_type->t_tspec)
4368 	    ? (int64_t)((uint64_t)rn->tn_val.u.integer / elsz)
4369 	    : rn->tn_val.u.integer / elsz;
4370 
4371 	int dim = ln->tn_left->tn_type->t_dim + (amper ? 1 : 0);
4372 
4373 	if (!is_uinteger(rn->tn_type->t_tspec) && con < 0)
4374 		/* array subscript cannot be negative: %ld */
4375 		warning(167, (long)con);
4376 	else if (dim > 0 && (uint64_t)con >= (uint64_t)dim)
4377 		/* array subscript cannot be > %d: %ld */
4378 		warning(168, dim - 1, (long)con);
4379 }
4380 
4381 static void
4382 check_expr_addr(const tnode_t *ln, bool szof, bool fcall)
4383 {
4384 	/* XXX: Taking warn_about_unreachable into account here feels wrong. */
4385 	if (ln->tn_op == NAME && (reached || !warn_about_unreachable)) {
4386 		if (!szof)
4387 			mark_as_set(ln->tn_sym);
4388 		mark_as_used(ln->tn_sym, fcall, szof);
4389 	}
4390 	if (ln->tn_op == INDIR && ln->tn_left->tn_op == PLUS)
4391 		check_array_index(ln->tn_left, true);
4392 }
4393 
4394 static void
4395 check_expr_load(const tnode_t *ln)
4396 {
4397 	if (ln->tn_op == INDIR && ln->tn_left->tn_op == PLUS)
4398 		check_array_index(ln->tn_left, false);
4399 }
4400 
4401 /*
4402  * If there is an asm statement in one of the compound statements around,
4403  * there may be other side effects, so don't warn.
4404  */
4405 static bool
4406 is_asm_around(void)
4407 {
4408 	for (decl_level *dl = dcs; dl != NULL; dl = dl->d_enclosing)
4409 		if (dl->d_asm)
4410 			return true;
4411 	return false;
4412 }
4413 
4414 static void
4415 check_expr_side_effect(const tnode_t *ln, bool szof)
4416 {
4417 
4418 	/* XXX: Taking warn_about_unreachable into account here feels wrong. */
4419 	if (ln->tn_op == NAME && (reached || !warn_about_unreachable)) {
4420 		scl_t sc = ln->tn_sym->s_scl;
4421 		if (sc != EXTERN && sc != STATIC &&
4422 		    !ln->tn_sym->s_set && !szof && !is_asm_around()) {
4423 			/* '%s' may be used before set */
4424 			warning(158, ln->tn_sym->s_name);
4425 			mark_as_set(ln->tn_sym);
4426 		}
4427 		mark_as_used(ln->tn_sym, false, false);
4428 	}
4429 }
4430 
4431 static void
4432 check_expr_assign(const tnode_t *ln, bool szof)
4433 {
4434 	/* XXX: Taking warn_about_unreachable into account here feels wrong. */
4435 	if (ln->tn_op == NAME && !szof && (reached || !warn_about_unreachable)) {
4436 		mark_as_set(ln->tn_sym);
4437 		if (ln->tn_sym->s_scl == EXTERN)
4438 			outusg(ln->tn_sym);
4439 	}
4440 	if (ln->tn_op == INDIR && ln->tn_left->tn_op == PLUS)
4441 		/* check the range of array indices */
4442 		check_array_index(ln->tn_left, false);
4443 }
4444 
4445 static void
4446 check_expr_call(const tnode_t *tn, const tnode_t *ln,
4447 		bool szof, bool vctx, bool cond, bool retval_discarded)
4448 {
4449 	lint_assert(ln->tn_op == ADDR);
4450 	lint_assert(ln->tn_left->tn_op == NAME);
4451 	if (!szof && !is_compiler_builtin(ln->tn_left->tn_sym->s_name))
4452 		outcall(tn, vctx || cond, retval_discarded);
4453 	check_snprintb(tn);
4454 }
4455 
4456 static void
4457 check_expr_op(op_t op, const tnode_t *ln, bool szof, bool fcall, bool eqwarn)
4458 {
4459 	switch (op) {
4460 	case ADDR:
4461 		check_expr_addr(ln, szof, fcall);
4462 		break;
4463 	case LOAD:
4464 		check_expr_load(ln);
4465 		/* FALLTHROUGH */
4466 	case INCBEF:
4467 	case DECBEF:
4468 	case INCAFT:
4469 	case DECAFT:
4470 	case ADDASS:
4471 	case SUBASS:
4472 	case MULASS:
4473 	case DIVASS:
4474 	case MODASS:
4475 	case ANDASS:
4476 	case ORASS:
4477 	case XORASS:
4478 	case SHLASS:
4479 	case SHRASS:
4480 	case REAL:
4481 	case IMAG:
4482 		check_expr_side_effect(ln, szof);
4483 		break;
4484 	case ASSIGN:
4485 		check_expr_assign(ln, szof);
4486 		break;
4487 	case EQ:
4488 		if (hflag && eqwarn)
4489 			/* operator '==' found where '=' was expected */
4490 			warning(160);
4491 		break;
4492 	default:
4493 		break;
4494 	}
4495 }
4496 
4497 /*
4498  *	vctx			???
4499  *	cond			whether the expression is a condition that
4500  *				will be compared with 0
4501  *	eqwarn			whether the operator '==' might be a
4502  *				misspelled '='
4503  *	fcall			whether the expression is a function call
4504  *	retval_discarded	whether the return value of a function call
4505  *				is discarded; such calls will be analyzed by
4506  *				lint2 in messages 4, 8 and 9
4507  *	szof			whether the expression is part of a sizeof
4508  *				expression, which means that its value is
4509  *				discarded since only the type is relevant
4510  */
4511 void
4512 check_expr_misc(const tnode_t *tn, bool vctx, bool cond,
4513 		bool eqwarn, bool fcall, bool retval_discarded, bool szof)
4514 {
4515 
4516 	if (tn == NULL)
4517 		return;
4518 	op_t op = tn->tn_op;
4519 	if (op == NAME || op == CON || op == STRING)
4520 		return;
4521 	if (op == CALL || op == ICALL) {
4522 		const function_call *call = tn->tn_call;
4523 		if (op == CALL)
4524 			check_expr_call(tn, call->func,
4525 			    szof, vctx, cond, retval_discarded);
4526 		bool discard = op == CVT && tn->tn_type->t_tspec == VOID;
4527 		check_expr_misc(call->func, false, false, false, op == CALL,
4528 		    discard, szof);
4529 		if (call->args != NULL) {
4530 			for (size_t i = 0, n = call->args_len; i < n; i++)
4531 				check_expr_misc(call->args[i],
4532 				    false, false, false, false, false, szof);
4533 		}
4534 		return;
4535 	}
4536 
4537 	lint_assert(has_operands(tn));
4538 	tnode_t *ln = tn->tn_left;
4539 	tnode_t *rn = tn->tn_right;
4540 	check_expr_op(op, ln, szof, fcall, eqwarn);
4541 
4542 	const mod_t *mp = &modtab[op];
4543 	bool cvctx = mp->m_value_context;
4544 	bool ccond = mp->m_compares_with_zero;
4545 	bool eq = mp->m_warn_if_operand_eq &&
4546 	    !ln->tn_parenthesized &&
4547 	    rn != NULL && !rn->tn_parenthesized;
4548 
4549 	/*
4550 	 * Values of operands of ':' are not used if the type of at least
4551 	 * one of the operands (for GCC compatibility) is 'void'.
4552 	 *
4553 	 * XXX test/value context of QUEST should probably be used as
4554 	 * context for both operands of COLON.
4555 	 */
4556 	if (op == COLON && tn->tn_type->t_tspec == VOID)
4557 		cvctx = ccond = false;
4558 	bool discard = op == CVT && tn->tn_type->t_tspec == VOID;
4559 	check_expr_misc(ln, cvctx, ccond, eq, op == CALL, discard, szof);
4560 
4561 	switch (op) {
4562 	case LOGAND:
4563 	case LOGOR:
4564 		check_expr_misc(rn, false, true, eq, false, false, szof);
4565 		break;
4566 	case COLON:
4567 		check_expr_misc(rn, cvctx, ccond, eq, false, false, szof);
4568 		break;
4569 	case COMMA:
4570 		check_expr_misc(rn, vctx, cond, false, false, false, szof);
4571 		break;
4572 	default:
4573 		if (mp->m_binary)
4574 			check_expr_misc(rn, true, false, eq, false, false,
4575 			    szof);
4576 		break;
4577 	}
4578 }
4579 
4580 /*
4581  * Return whether the expression can be used for static initialization.
4582  *
4583  * Constant initialization expressions must be constant or an address
4584  * of a static object with an optional offset. In the first case,
4585  * the result is returned in *offsp. In the second case, the static
4586  * object is returned in *symp and the offset in *offsp.
4587  *
4588  * The expression can consist of PLUS, MINUS, ADDR, NAME, STRING and
4589  * CON. Type conversions are allowed if they do not change binary
4590  * representation (including width).
4591  *
4592  * C99 6.6 "Constant expressions"
4593  * C99 6.7.8p4 restricts initializers for static storage duration
4594  */
4595 bool
4596 constant_addr(const tnode_t *tn, const sym_t **symp, ptrdiff_t *offsp)
4597 {
4598 	const sym_t *sym;
4599 	ptrdiff_t offs1, offs2;
4600 	tspec_t t, ot;
4601 
4602 	switch (tn->tn_op) {
4603 	case MINUS:
4604 		if (tn->tn_right->tn_op == CVT)
4605 			return constant_addr(tn->tn_right, symp, offsp);
4606 		else if (tn->tn_right->tn_op != CON)
4607 			return false;
4608 		/* FALLTHROUGH */
4609 	case PLUS:
4610 		offs1 = offs2 = 0;
4611 		if (tn->tn_left->tn_op == CON) {
4612 			offs1 = (ptrdiff_t)tn->tn_left->tn_val.u.integer;
4613 			if (!constant_addr(tn->tn_right, &sym, &offs2))
4614 				return false;
4615 		} else if (tn->tn_right->tn_op == CON) {
4616 			offs2 = (ptrdiff_t)tn->tn_right->tn_val.u.integer;
4617 			if (tn->tn_op == MINUS)
4618 				offs2 = -offs2;
4619 			if (!constant_addr(tn->tn_left, &sym, &offs1))
4620 				return false;
4621 		} else {
4622 			return false;
4623 		}
4624 		*symp = sym;
4625 		*offsp = offs1 + offs2;
4626 		return true;
4627 	case ADDR:
4628 		if (tn->tn_left->tn_op == NAME) {
4629 			*symp = tn->tn_left->tn_sym;
4630 			*offsp = 0;
4631 			return true;
4632 		} else {
4633 			/*
4634 			 * If this were the front end of a compiler, we would
4635 			 * return a label instead of 0, at least if
4636 			 * 'tn->tn_left->tn_op == STRING'.
4637 			 */
4638 			*symp = NULL;
4639 			*offsp = 0;
4640 			return true;
4641 		}
4642 	case CVT:
4643 		t = tn->tn_type->t_tspec;
4644 		ot = tn->tn_left->tn_type->t_tspec;
4645 		if ((!is_integer(t) && t != PTR) ||
4646 		    (!is_integer(ot) && ot != PTR)) {
4647 			return false;
4648 		}
4649 #if 0
4650 		/*-
4651 		 * consider:
4652 		 *	struct foo {
4653 		 *		unsigned char a;
4654 		 *	} f = {
4655 		 *		(unsigned char)(unsigned long)
4656 		 *		    (&(((struct foo *)0)->a))
4657 		 *	};
4658 		 * since psize(unsigned long) != psize(unsigned char),
4659 		 * this fails.
4660 		 */
4661 		else if (psize(t) != psize(ot))
4662 			return -1;
4663 #endif
4664 		return constant_addr(tn->tn_left, symp, offsp);
4665 	default:
4666 		return false;
4667 	}
4668 }
4669 
4670 /* Append s2 to s1, then free s2. */
4671 buffer *
4672 cat_strings(buffer *s1, buffer *s2)
4673 {
4674 
4675 	if ((s1->data != NULL) != (s2->data != NULL)) {
4676 		/* cannot concatenate wide and regular string literals */
4677 		error(292);
4678 		return s1;
4679 	}
4680 
4681 	if (s1->data != NULL) {
4682 		while (s1->len + s2->len + 1 > s1->cap)
4683 			s1->cap *= 2;
4684 		s1->data = xrealloc(s1->data, s1->cap);
4685 		memcpy(s1->data + s1->len, s2->data, s2->len + 1);
4686 		free(s2->data);
4687 	}
4688 	s1->len += s2->len;
4689 	free(s2);
4690 
4691 	return s1;
4692 }
4693 
4694 
4695 typedef struct stmt_expr {
4696 	memory_pool se_mem;
4697 	sym_t *se_sym;
4698 	struct stmt_expr *se_enclosing;
4699 } stmt_expr;
4700 
4701 static stmt_expr *stmt_exprs;
4702 
4703 void
4704 begin_statement_expr(void)
4705 {
4706 	debug_enter();
4707 
4708 	stmt_expr *se = xmalloc(sizeof(*se));
4709 	se->se_mem = expr_save_memory();
4710 	se->se_sym = NULL;
4711 	se->se_enclosing = stmt_exprs;
4712 	stmt_exprs = se;
4713 }
4714 
4715 void
4716 do_statement_expr(tnode_t *tn)
4717 {
4718 	block_level--;
4719 	mem_block_level--;
4720 	stmt_exprs->se_sym = tn != NULL
4721 	    ? mktempsym(block_dup_type(tn->tn_type))
4722 	    : NULL;		/* after a syntax error */
4723 	mem_block_level++;
4724 	block_level++;
4725 	/* '({ ... })' is a GCC extension */
4726 	gnuism(320);
4727 }
4728 
4729 tnode_t *
4730 end_statement_expr(void)
4731 {
4732 	tnode_t *tn;
4733 
4734 	stmt_expr *se = stmt_exprs;
4735 	if (se->se_sym == NULL) {
4736 		tn = NULL;	/* after a syntax error */
4737 		goto end;
4738 	}
4739 
4740 	tn = build_name(se->se_sym, false);
4741 	(void)expr_save_memory();	/* leak */
4742 	expr_restore_memory(se->se_mem);
4743 	stmt_exprs = se->se_enclosing;
4744 	free(se);
4745 
4746 end:
4747 	debug_leave();
4748 	return tn;
4749 }
4750 
4751 bool
4752 in_statement_expr(void)
4753 {
4754 	return stmt_exprs != NULL;
4755 }
4756