1 /* $NetBSD: machdep.c,v 1.42 2004/03/08 06:35:23 jmc Exp $ */ 2 3 /* 4 * Copyright (c) 1992, 1993 5 * The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 6 * 7 * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by 8 * the Systems Programming Group of the University of Utah Computer 9 * Science Department, The Mach Operating System project at 10 * Carnegie-Mellon University and Ralph Campbell. 11 * 12 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 13 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 14 * are met: 15 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 16 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 17 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 18 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 19 * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 20 * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 21 * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 22 * without specific prior written permission. 23 * 24 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 25 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 26 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 27 * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 28 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 29 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 30 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 31 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 32 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 33 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 34 * SUCH DAMAGE. 35 * 36 * @(#)machdep.c 8.3 (Berkeley) 1/12/94 37 */ 38 /* 39 * Copyright (c) 1988 University of Utah. 40 * 41 * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by 42 * the Systems Programming Group of the University of Utah Computer 43 * Science Department, The Mach Operating System project at 44 * Carnegie-Mellon University and Ralph Campbell. 45 * 46 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 47 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 48 * are met: 49 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 50 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 51 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 52 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 53 * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 54 * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 55 * must display the following acknowledgement: 56 * This product includes software developed by the University of 57 * California, Berkeley and its contributors. 58 * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 59 * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 60 * without specific prior written permission. 61 * 62 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 63 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 64 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 65 * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 66 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 67 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 68 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 69 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 70 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 71 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 72 * SUCH DAMAGE. 73 * 74 * @(#)machdep.c 8.3 (Berkeley) 1/12/94 75 */ 76 77 #include <sys/cdefs.h> /* RCS ID & Copyright macro defns */ 78 79 __KERNEL_RCSID(0, "$NetBSD: machdep.c,v 1.42 2004/03/08 06:35:23 jmc Exp $"); 80 81 /* from: Utah Hdr: machdep.c 1.63 91/04/24 */ 82 83 #include "opt_ddb.h" 84 #include "opt_kgdb.h" 85 86 #include <sys/param.h> 87 #include <sys/signalvar.h> 88 #include <sys/kernel.h> 89 #include <sys/proc.h> 90 #include <sys/buf.h> 91 #include <sys/reboot.h> 92 #include <sys/conf.h> 93 #include <sys/file.h> 94 #include <sys/callout.h> 95 #include <sys/malloc.h> 96 #include <sys/mbuf.h> 97 #include <sys/msgbuf.h> 98 #include <sys/ioctl.h> 99 #include <sys/device.h> 100 #include <sys/user.h> 101 #include <sys/exec.h> 102 #include <sys/mount.h> 103 #include <sys/sa.h> 104 #include <sys/syscallargs.h> 105 #include <sys/kcore.h> 106 #include <sys/ksyms.h> 107 108 #include <uvm/uvm_extern.h> 109 110 #include <ufs/mfs/mfs_extern.h> /* mfs_initminiroot() */ 111 112 #include <machine/cpu.h> 113 #include <machine/reg.h> 114 #include <machine/psl.h> 115 #include <machine/pte.h> 116 117 #ifdef DDB 118 #include <machine/db_machdep.h> 119 #include <ddb/db_extern.h> 120 #endif 121 122 #include <machine/intr.h> 123 #include <machine/mainboard.h> 124 #include <machine/sysconf.h> 125 #include <machine/autoconf.h> 126 #include <machine/bootinfo.h> 127 #include <machine/prom.h> 128 #include <dev/clock_subr.h> 129 #include <dev/cons.h> 130 131 #include <sys/boot_flag.h> 132 133 #include "fs_mfs.h" 134 #include "opt_ddb.h" 135 #include "opt_execfmt.h" 136 137 #include "zsc.h" /* XXX */ 138 #include "com.h" /* XXX */ 139 #include "ksyms.h" 140 141 /* the following is used externally (sysctl_hw) */ 142 extern char cpu_model[]; 143 144 /* Our exported CPU info; we can have only one. */ 145 struct cpu_info cpu_info_store; 146 147 /* maps for VM objects */ 148 149 struct vm_map *exec_map = NULL; 150 struct vm_map *mb_map = NULL; 151 struct vm_map *phys_map = NULL; 152 153 int physmem; /* max supported memory, changes to actual */ 154 char *bootinfo = NULL; /* pointer to bootinfo structure */ 155 156 phys_ram_seg_t mem_clusters[VM_PHYSSEG_MAX]; 157 int mem_cluster_cnt; 158 159 void to_monitor __P((int)) __attribute__((__noreturn__)); 160 void prom_halt __P((int)) __attribute__((__noreturn__)); 161 162 #ifdef KGDB 163 void zs_kgdb_init __P((void)); 164 void kgdb_connect __P((int)); 165 #endif 166 167 struct evcnt soft_evcnt[IPL_NSOFT]; 168 169 /* 170 * Local functions. 171 */ 172 int initcpu __P((void)); 173 void configure __P((void)); 174 175 void mach_init __P((int, char *[], char*[], u_int, char *)); 176 int memsize_scan __P((caddr_t)); 177 178 #ifdef DEBUG 179 /* stacktrace code violates prototypes to get callee's registers */ 180 extern void stacktrace __P((void)); /*XXX*/ 181 #endif 182 183 /* 184 * safepri is a safe priority for sleep to set for a spin-wait 185 * during autoconfiguration or after a panic. Used as an argument to splx(). 186 * XXX disables interrupt 5 to disable mips3 on-chip clock, which also 187 * disables mips1 FPU interrupts. 188 */ 189 int safepri = MIPS3_PSL_LOWIPL; /* XXX */ 190 extern struct user *proc0paddr; 191 192 /* locore callback-vector setup */ 193 extern void mips_vector_init __P((void)); 194 extern void prom_init __P((void)); 195 extern void pizazz_init __P((void)); 196 197 /* platform-specific initialization vector */ 198 static void unimpl_cons_init __P((void)); 199 static void unimpl_iointr __P((unsigned, unsigned, unsigned, unsigned)); 200 static int unimpl_memsize __P((caddr_t)); 201 static unsigned unimpl_clkread __P((void)); 202 static void unimpl_todr __P((struct clock_ymdhms *)); 203 static void unimpl_intr_establish __P((int, int (*)__P((void *)), void *)); 204 205 struct platform platform = { 206 "iobus not set", 207 unimpl_cons_init, 208 unimpl_iointr, 209 unimpl_memsize, 210 unimpl_clkread, 211 unimpl_todr, 212 unimpl_todr, 213 unimpl_intr_establish, 214 }; 215 216 struct consdev *cn_tab = NULL; 217 extern struct consdev consdev_prom; 218 extern struct consdev consdev_zs; 219 220 static void null_cnprobe __P((struct consdev *)); 221 static void prom_cninit __P((struct consdev *)); 222 static int prom_cngetc __P((dev_t)); 223 static void prom_cnputc __P((dev_t, int)); 224 static void null_cnpollc __P((dev_t, int)); 225 226 struct consdev consdev_prom = { 227 null_cnprobe, 228 prom_cninit, 229 prom_cngetc, 230 prom_cnputc, 231 null_cnpollc, 232 }; 233 234 235 /* 236 * Do all the stuff that locore normally does before calling main(). 237 * Process arguments passed to us by the prom monitor. 238 * Return the first page address following the system. 239 */ 240 void 241 mach_init(argc, argv, envp, bim, bip) 242 int argc; 243 char *argv[]; 244 char *envp[]; 245 u_int bim; 246 char *bip; 247 { 248 u_long first, last; 249 caddr_t kernend, v; 250 char *cp; 251 int i, howto; 252 extern char edata[], end[]; 253 char *bi_msg; 254 #if NKSYMS || defined(DDB) || defined(LKM) 255 int nsym = 0; 256 caddr_t ssym = 0; 257 caddr_t esym = 0; 258 struct btinfo_symtab *bi_syms; 259 #endif 260 261 262 /* Check for valid bootinfo passed from bootstrap */ 263 if (bim == BOOTINFO_MAGIC) { 264 struct btinfo_magic *bi_magic; 265 266 bootinfo = (char *)BOOTINFO_ADDR; /* XXX */ 267 bi_magic = lookup_bootinfo(BTINFO_MAGIC); 268 if (bi_magic == NULL || bi_magic->magic != BOOTINFO_MAGIC) 269 bi_msg = "invalid bootinfo structure.\n"; 270 else 271 bi_msg = NULL; 272 } else 273 bi_msg = "invalid bootinfo (standalone boot?)\n"; 274 275 /* clear the BSS segment */ 276 kernend = (caddr_t)mips_round_page(end); 277 memset(edata, 0, end - edata); 278 279 #if NKSYMS || defined(DDB) || defined(LKM) 280 bi_syms = lookup_bootinfo(BTINFO_SYMTAB); 281 282 /* Load sysmbol table if present */ 283 if (bi_syms != NULL) { 284 nsym = bi_syms->nsym; 285 ssym = (caddr_t)bi_syms->ssym; 286 esym = (caddr_t)bi_syms->esym; 287 kernend = (caddr_t)mips_round_page(esym); 288 } 289 #endif 290 291 prom_init(); 292 consinit(); 293 294 if (bi_msg != NULL) 295 printf(bi_msg); 296 297 /* 298 * Set the VM page size. 299 */ 300 uvm_setpagesize(); 301 302 /* Find out how much memory is available. */ 303 physmem = memsize_scan(kernend); 304 305 /* 306 * Now that we know how much memory we have, initialize the 307 * mem cluster array. 308 */ 309 mem_clusters[0].start = 0; /* XXX is this correct? */ 310 mem_clusters[0].size = ctob(physmem); 311 mem_cluster_cnt = 1; 312 313 /* 314 * Copy exception-dispatch code down to exception vector. 315 * Initialize locore-function vector. 316 * Clear out the I and D caches. 317 */ 318 mips_vector_init(); 319 320 /* Look at argv[0] and compute bootdev */ 321 makebootdev(argv[0]); 322 323 /* 324 * Look at arguments passed to us and compute boothowto. 325 */ 326 boothowto = RB_AUTOBOOT; 327 for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) { 328 for (cp = argv[i]; *cp; cp++) { 329 /* Ignore superfluous '-', if there is one */ 330 if (*cp == '-') 331 continue; 332 333 howto = 0; 334 BOOT_FLAG(*cp, howto); 335 if (! howto) 336 printf("bootflag '%c' not recognised\n", *cp); 337 else 338 boothowto |= howto; 339 } 340 } 341 342 343 #if NKSYMS || defined(DDB) || defined(LKM) 344 /* init symbols if present */ 345 if (esym) 346 ksyms_init(esym - ssym, ssym, esym); 347 #endif 348 #ifdef DDB 349 if (boothowto & RB_KDB) 350 Debugger(); 351 #endif 352 #ifdef KGDB 353 zs_kgdb_init(); /* XXX */ 354 if (boothowto & RB_KDB) 355 kgdb_connect(0); 356 #endif 357 358 #ifdef MFS 359 /* 360 * Check to see if a mini-root was loaded into memory. It resides 361 * at the start of the next page just after the end of BSS. 362 */ 363 if (boothowto & RB_MINIROOT) 364 kernend += round_page(mfs_initminiroot(kernend)); 365 #endif 366 367 /* 368 * Load the rest of the available pages into the VM system. 369 */ 370 first = round_page(MIPS_KSEG0_TO_PHYS(kernend)); 371 last = mem_clusters[0].start + mem_clusters[0].size; 372 uvm_page_physload(atop(first), atop(last), atop(first), atop(last), 373 VM_FREELIST_DEFAULT); 374 375 /* 376 * Initialize error message buffer (at end of core). 377 */ 378 mips_init_msgbuf(); 379 380 /* 381 * Initialize the virtual memory system. 382 */ 383 pmap_bootstrap(); 384 385 /* 386 * Allocate space for proc0's USPACE. 387 */ 388 v = (caddr_t)uvm_pageboot_alloc(USPACE); 389 lwp0.l_addr = proc0paddr = (struct user *)v; 390 lwp0.l_md.md_regs = (struct frame *)(v + USPACE) - 1; 391 curpcb = &lwp0.l_addr->u_pcb; 392 curpcb->pcb_context[11] = MIPS_INT_MASK | MIPS_SR_INT_IE; /* SR */ 393 394 /* 395 * Set up interrupt handling and I/O addresses. 396 */ 397 pizazz_init(); 398 } 399 400 401 402 /* 403 * cpu_startup: allocate memory for variable-sized tables, 404 * initialize CPU, and do autoconfiguration. 405 */ 406 void 407 cpu_startup() 408 { 409 vaddr_t minaddr, maxaddr; 410 char pbuf[9]; 411 #ifdef DEBUG 412 extern int pmapdebug; 413 int opmapdebug = pmapdebug; 414 415 pmapdebug = 0; 416 #endif 417 418 /* 419 * Good {morning,afternoon,evening,night}. 420 */ 421 printf(version); 422 printf("%s\n", cpu_model); 423 format_bytes(pbuf, sizeof(pbuf), ctob(physmem)); 424 printf("total memory = %s\n", pbuf); 425 426 minaddr = 0; 427 /* 428 * Allocate a submap for exec arguments. This map effectively 429 * limits the number of processes exec'ing at any time. 430 */ 431 exec_map = uvm_km_suballoc(kernel_map, &minaddr, &maxaddr, 432 16 * NCARGS, TRUE, FALSE, NULL); 433 /* 434 * Allocate a submap for physio 435 */ 436 phys_map = uvm_km_suballoc(kernel_map, &minaddr, &maxaddr, 437 VM_PHYS_SIZE, TRUE, FALSE, NULL); 438 439 /* 440 * No need to allocate an mbuf cluster submap. Mbuf clusters 441 * are allocated via the pool allocator, and we use KSEG to 442 * map those pages. 443 */ 444 445 #ifdef DEBUG 446 pmapdebug = opmapdebug; 447 #endif 448 format_bytes(pbuf, sizeof(pbuf), ptoa(uvmexp.free)); 449 printf("avail memory = %s\n", pbuf); 450 } 451 452 /* 453 * Look up information in bootinfo of boot loader. 454 */ 455 void * 456 lookup_bootinfo(type) 457 int type; 458 { 459 struct btinfo_common *bt; 460 char *help = bootinfo; 461 462 /* Check for a bootinfo record first. */ 463 if (help == NULL) 464 return (NULL); 465 466 do { 467 bt = (struct btinfo_common *)help; 468 if (bt->type == type) 469 return ((void *)help); 470 help += bt->next; 471 } while (bt->next != 0 && 472 (size_t)help < (size_t)bootinfo + BOOTINFO_SIZE); 473 474 return (NULL); 475 } 476 477 int waittime = -1; 478 479 /* 480 * call PROM to halt or reboot. 481 */ 482 void 483 prom_halt(howto) 484 int howto; 485 { 486 if (howto & RB_HALT) 487 MIPS_PROM(reinit)(); 488 MIPS_PROM(reboot)(); 489 /* NOTREACHED */ 490 } 491 492 void 493 cpu_reboot(howto, bootstr) 494 volatile int howto; 495 char *bootstr; 496 { 497 /* take a snap shot before clobbering any registers */ 498 if (curlwp) 499 savectx((struct user *)curpcb); 500 501 #ifdef DEBUG 502 if (panicstr) 503 stacktrace(); 504 #endif 505 506 /* If system is cold, just halt. */ 507 if (cold) { 508 howto |= RB_HALT; 509 goto haltsys; 510 } 511 512 /* If "always halt" was specified as a boot flag, obey. */ 513 if ((boothowto & RB_HALT) != 0) 514 howto |= RB_HALT; 515 516 boothowto = howto; 517 if ((howto & RB_NOSYNC) == 0 && waittime < 0) { 518 /* 519 * Synchronize the disks.... 520 */ 521 waittime = 0; 522 vfs_shutdown(); 523 524 /* 525 * If we've been adjusting the clock, the todr 526 * will be out of synch; adjust it now. 527 */ 528 resettodr(); 529 } 530 531 /* Disable interrupts. */ 532 splhigh(); 533 534 /* If rebooting and a dump is requested do it. */ 535 #if 0 536 if ((howto & (RB_DUMP | RB_HALT)) == RB_DUMP) 537 #else 538 if (howto & RB_DUMP) 539 #endif 540 dumpsys(); 541 542 haltsys: 543 544 /* run any shutdown hooks */ 545 doshutdownhooks(); 546 547 if ((howto & RB_POWERDOWN) == RB_POWERDOWN) 548 prom_halt(0x80); /* rom monitor RB_PWOFF */ 549 550 /* Finally, halt/reboot the system. */ 551 printf("%s\n\n", howto & RB_HALT ? "halted." : "rebooting..."); 552 prom_halt(howto & RB_HALT); 553 /*NOTREACHED*/ 554 } 555 556 /* 557 * Return the best possible estimate of the time in the timeval 558 * to which tvp points. Unfortunately, we can't read the hardware registers. 559 * We guarantee that the time will be greater than the value obtained by a 560 * previous call. 561 */ 562 void 563 microtime(tvp) 564 register struct timeval *tvp; 565 { 566 static struct timeval lasttime; 567 int s = splclock(); 568 569 *tvp = time; 570 571 tvp->tv_usec += (*platform.clkread)(); 572 573 while (tvp->tv_usec >= 1000000) { 574 tvp->tv_usec -= 1000000; 575 tvp->tv_sec++; 576 } 577 578 if (tvp->tv_sec == lasttime.tv_sec && 579 tvp->tv_usec <= lasttime.tv_usec && 580 (tvp->tv_usec = lasttime.tv_usec + 1) > 1000000) { 581 tvp->tv_sec++; 582 tvp->tv_usec -= 1000000; 583 } 584 lasttime = *tvp; 585 splx(s); 586 } 587 588 int 589 initcpu() 590 { 591 spl0(); /* safe to turn interrupts on now */ 592 return 0; 593 } 594 595 static void 596 unimpl_cons_init() 597 { 598 599 panic("sysconf.init didn't set cons_init"); 600 } 601 602 static void 603 unimpl_iointr(mask, pc, statusreg, causereg) 604 u_int mask; 605 u_int pc; 606 u_int statusreg; 607 u_int causereg; 608 { 609 610 panic("sysconf.init didn't set intr"); 611 } 612 613 static int 614 unimpl_memsize(first) 615 caddr_t first; 616 { 617 618 panic("sysconf.init didn't set memsize"); 619 } 620 621 static unsigned 622 unimpl_clkread() 623 { 624 return 0; /* No microtime available */ 625 } 626 627 static void 628 unimpl_todr(dt) 629 struct clock_ymdhms *dt; 630 { 631 panic("sysconf.init didn't init TOD"); 632 } 633 634 void 635 unimpl_intr_establish(level, func, arg) 636 int level; 637 int (*func) __P((void *)); 638 void *arg; 639 { 640 panic("sysconf.init didn't init intr_establish"); 641 } 642 643 void 644 delay(n) 645 int n; 646 { 647 DELAY(n); 648 } 649 650 /* 651 * Find out how much memory is available by testing memory. 652 * Be careful to save and restore the original contents for msgbuf. 653 */ 654 int 655 memsize_scan(first) 656 caddr_t first; 657 { 658 volatile int *vp, *vp0; 659 int mem, tmp, tmp0; 660 661 #define PATTERN1 0xa5a5a5a5 662 #define PATTERN2 ~PATTERN1 663 664 /* 665 * Non destructive scan of memory to determine the size 666 * Use the first page to test for memory aliases. This 667 * also has the side effect of flushing the bus alignment 668 * buffer 669 */ 670 mem = btoc((paddr_t)first - MIPS_KSEG0_START); 671 vp = (int *)MIPS_PHYS_TO_KSEG1(mem << PGSHIFT); 672 vp0 = (int *)MIPS_PHYS_TO_KSEG1(0); /* Start of physical memory */ 673 tmp0 = *vp0; 674 while (vp < (int *)MIPS_MAX_MEM_ADDR) { 675 tmp = *vp; 676 *vp = PATTERN1; 677 *vp0 = PATTERN2; 678 wbflush(); 679 if (*vp != PATTERN1) 680 break; 681 *vp = PATTERN2; 682 *vp0 = PATTERN1; 683 wbflush(); 684 if (*vp != PATTERN2) 685 break; 686 *vp = tmp; 687 vp += PAGE_SIZE/sizeof(int); 688 mem++; 689 } 690 *vp0 = tmp0; 691 return mem; 692 } 693 694 /* 695 * Console initialization: called early on from main, 696 * before vm init or startup. Do enough configuration 697 * to choose and initialize a console. 698 */ 699 700 static void 701 null_cnprobe(cn) 702 struct consdev *cn; 703 { 704 } 705 706 static void 707 prom_cninit(cn) 708 struct consdev *cn; 709 { 710 extern const struct cdevsw cons_cdevsw; 711 712 cn->cn_dev = makedev(cdevsw_lookup_major(&cons_cdevsw), 0); 713 cn->cn_pri = CN_REMOTE; 714 } 715 716 static int 717 prom_cngetc(dev) 718 dev_t dev; 719 { 720 return MIPS_PROM(getchar)(); 721 } 722 723 static void 724 prom_cnputc(dev, c) 725 dev_t dev; 726 int c; 727 { 728 MIPS_PROM(putchar)(c); 729 } 730 731 static void 732 null_cnpollc(dev, on) 733 dev_t dev; 734 int on; 735 { 736 } 737 738 void 739 consinit() 740 { 741 int zs_unit; 742 743 zs_unit = 0; 744 cn_tab = &consdev_zs; 745 746 (*cn_tab->cn_init)(cn_tab); 747 } 748