1.\" $NetBSD: afterboot.8,v 1.62 2019/06/18 23:11:05 nia Exp $ 2.\" $OpenBSD: afterboot.8,v 1.72 2002/02/22 02:02:33 miod Exp $ 3.\" 4.\" Originally created by Marshall M. Midden -- 1997-10-20, m4@umn.edu 5.\" Adapted to NetBSD by Julio Merino -- 2002-05-10, jmmv@NetBSD.org 6.\" 7.\" 8.\" Copyright (c) 2002-2008 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. 9.\" All rights reserved. 10.\" 11.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 12.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 13.\" are met: 14.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 15.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 16.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 17.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 18.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS 21.\" ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED 22.\" TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR 23.\" PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS 24.\" BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR 25.\" CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF 26.\" SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS 27.\" INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN 28.\" CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) 29.\" ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE 30.\" POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" 33.\" Copyright (c) 1997 Marshall M. Midden 34.\" All rights reserved. 35.\" 36.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 37.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 38.\" are met: 39.\" 40.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 41.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 42.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 43.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 44.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 45.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 46.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 47.\" This product includes software developed by Marshall M. Midden. 48.\" 4. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products 49.\" derived from this software without specific prior written permission. 50.\" 51.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR 52.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES 53.\" OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. 54.\" IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, 55.\" INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT 56.\" NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, 57.\" DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY 58.\" THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT 59.\" (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF 60.\" THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 61.\" 62.Dd June 18, 2019 63.Dt AFTERBOOT 8 64.Os 65.Sh NAME 66.Nm afterboot 67.Nd things to check after the first complete boot 68.Sh DESCRIPTION 69.Ss Starting Out 70This document attempts to list items for the system administrator 71to check and set up after the installation and first complete boot of the 72system. 73The idea is to create a list of items that can be checked off so that you have 74a warm fuzzy feeling that something obvious has not been missed. 75A basic knowledge of 76.Ux 77is assumed. 78.Pp 79Complete instructions for correcting and fixing items is not provided. 80There are manual pages and other methodologies available for doing that. 81For example, to view the man page for the 82.Xr ls 1 83command, type: 84.Bd -literal -offset indent 85.Ic man 1 ls 86.Ed 87.Pp 88Administrators will rapidly become more familiar with 89.Nx 90if they get used to using the manual pages. 91.Ss Security alerts 92By the time that you have installed your system, it is quite likely that 93bugs in the release have been found. 94All significant and easily fixed problems will be reported at 95.Lk http://www.NetBSD.org/support/security/ . 96It is recommended that you check this page regularly. 97.Pp 98Additionally, you should set 99.Dq fetch_pkg_vulnerabilities=YES 100in 101.Pa /etc/daily.conf 102to allow your system to automatically update the local database of known 103vulnerable packages to the latest version available on-line. 104The system will later check, on a daily basis, if any of your installed 105packages are vulnerable based on the contents of this database. 106See 107.Xr daily.conf 5 108and 109.Xr security.conf 5 110for more details. 111.Ss Login 112Login as 113.Dq Ic root . 114You can do so on the console, or over the network using 115.Xr ssh 1 . 116If you have enabled the SSH daemon (see 117.Xr sshd 8 ) 118and wish to allow root logins over the network, edit the 119.Pa /etc/ssh/sshd_config 120file and set 121.Dq PermitRootLogin 122to 123.Dq yes 124(see 125.Xr sshd_config 5 ) . 126The default is to not permit root logins over the network 127after fresh install in 128.Nx . 129.Pp 130Upon successful login on the console, you may see the message 131.Dq We recommend creating a non-root account... . 132For security reasons, it is bad practice to login as root during 133regular use and maintenance of the system. 134In fact, the system will only let you login as root on a secure 135terminal. 136By default, only the console is considered to be a secure terminal. 137Instead, administrators are encouraged to add a 138.Dq regular 139user, add said user to the 140.Dq wheel 141group, then use the 142.Xr su 1 143command when root privileges are required. 144This process is described in more detail later. 145.Ss Root password 146Change the password for the root user. 147(Note that throughout the documentation, the term 148.Dq superuser 149is a synonym for the root user.) 150Choose a password that has numbers, digits, and special characters (not space) 151as well as from the upper and lower case alphabet. 152Do not choose any word in any language. 153It is common for an intruder to use dictionary attacks. 154Type the command 155.Ic /usr/bin/passwd 156to change it. 157.Pp 158It is a good idea to always specify the full path name for both the 159.Xr passwd 1 160and 161.Xr su 1 162commands as this inhibits the possibility of files placed in your execution 163.Ev PATH 164for most shells. 165Furthermore, the superuser's 166.Ev PATH 167should never contain the current directory 168.Po Dq \&. 169.Pc . 170.Ss System date 171Check the system date with the 172.Xr date 1 173command. 174If needed, change the date, and/or change the symbolic link of 175.Pa /etc/localtime 176to the correct time zone in the 177.Pa /usr/share/zoneinfo 178directory. 179.Pp 180Examples: 181.Bl -tag -width date 182.It Cm date 200205101820 183Set the current date to May 10th, 2002 6:20pm. 184.It Cm ln -fs /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Helsinki /etc/localtime 185Set the time zone to Eastern Europe Summer Time. 186.El 187.Ss Console settings 188One of the first things you will likely need to do is to set up your 189keyboard map (and maybe some other aspects about the system console). 190To change your keyboard encoding, edit the 191.Dq Va encoding 192variable found in 193.Pa /etc/wscons.conf . 194.Pp 195.Xr wscons.conf 5 196contains more information about this file. 197.Ss Check hostname 198Use the 199.Ic hostname 200command to verify that the name of your machine is correct. 201See the man page for 202.Xr hostname 1 203if it needs to be changed. 204You will also need to change the contents of the 205.Dq Va hostname 206variable in 207.Pa /etc/rc.conf 208or edit the 209.Pa /etc/myname 210file to have it stick around for the next reboot. 211Note that 212.Dq Va hostname 213is supposed include a domainname, and that this should 214not be confused with YP (NIS) 215.Xr domainname 1 . 216If you are using 217.Xr dhcpcd 8 218to configure network interfaces, it might override these local hostname 219settings if your DHCP server specifies client's hostname with other network 220configurations. 221.Ss Verify network interface configuration 222The first thing to do is an 223.Ic ifconfig -a 224to see if the network interfaces are properly configured. 225Correct by editing 226.Pa /etc/ifconfig. Ns Ar interface 227or the corresponding 228.Dq Va ifconfig_ Ns Ar interface 229variable in 230.Xr rc.conf 5 231(where 232.Ar interface 233is the interface name, e.g., 234.Dq le0 ) 235and then using 236.Xr ifconfig 8 237to manually configure it 238if you do not wish to reboot. 239.Pp 240Alternatively, you can configure interfaces automatically via DHCP with 241.Xr dhcpcd 8 242if you have a DHCP server running somewhere on your network. 243To get 244.Xr dhcpcd 8 245to start automatically on boot, 246you will need to have this line in 247.Pa /etc/rc.conf : 248.Pp 249.Dl dhcpcd=YES 250.Pp 251See 252.Xr dhcpcd 8 253and 254.Xr dhcpcd.conf 5 255for more information on setting up a DHCP client. 256.Pp 257You can add new 258.Dq virtual interfaces 259by adding the required entries to 260.Pa /etc/ifconfig. Ns Ar interface . 261Read the 262.Xr ifconfig.if 5 263man page for more information on the format of 264.Pa /etc/ifconfig. Ns Ar interface 265files. 266The loopback interface will look something like: 267.Bd -literal -offset indent 268lo0: flags=8009<UP,LOOPBACK,MULTICAST> mtu 32972 269 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000 270 inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x3 271 inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 272.Ed 273.Pp 274an Ethernet interface something like: 275.Bd -literal -offset indent 276le0: flags=9863<UP,BROADCAST,NOTRAILERS,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> 277 inet 192.168.4.52 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.4.255 278 inet6 fe80::5ef0:f0f0%le0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1 279.Ed 280.Pp 281and a PPP interface something like: 282.Bd -literal -offset indent 283ppp0: flags=8051<UP,POINTOPOINT,RUNNING,MULTICAST> 284 inet 203.3.131.108 --> 198.181.0.253 netmask 0xffff0000 285.Ed 286.Pp 287See 288.Xr mrouted 8 289for instructions on configuring multicast routing. 290.Ss Check routing tables 291Issue a 292.Ic netstat -rn 293command. 294The output will look something like: 295.Bd -literal -offset indent 296Routing tables 297 298Internet: 299Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Mtu Interface 300default 192.168.4.254 UGS 0 11098028 - le0 301127 127.0.0.1 UGRS 0 0 - lo0 302127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 UH 3 24 - lo0 303192.168.4 link#1 UC 0 0 - le0 304192.168.4.52 8:0:20:73:b8:4a UHL 1 6707 - le0 305192.168.4.254 0:60:3e:99:67:ea UHL 1 0 - le0 306 307Internet6: 308Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Mtu Interface 309::/96 ::1 UGRS 0 0 32972 lo0 => 310::1 ::1 UH 4 0 32972 lo0 311::ffff:0.0.0.0/96 ::1 UGRS 0 0 32972 lo0 312fc80::/10 ::1 UGRS 0 0 32972 lo0 313fe80::/10 ::1 UGRS 0 0 32972 lo0 314fe80::%le0/64 link#1 UC 0 0 1500 le0 315fe80::%lo0/64 fe80::1%lo0 U 0 0 32972 lo0 316ff01::/32 ::1 U 0 0 32972 lo0 317ff02::%le0/32 link#1 UC 0 0 1500 le0 318ff02::%lo0/32 fe80::1%lo0 UC 0 0 32972 lo0 319.Ed 320.Pp 321The default gateway address is stored in the 322.Dq Va defaultroute 323variable in 324.Pa /etc/rc.conf , 325or in the file 326.Pa /etc/mygate . 327If you need to edit this file, a painless way to reconfigure the network 328afterwards is to issue 329.Bd -literal -offset indent 330.Ic service network restart 331.Ed 332.Pp 333Or, you may prefer to manually configure using a series of 334.Ic route add 335and 336.Ic route delete 337commands (see 338.Xr route 8 ) . 339If you run 340.Xr dhcpcd 8 341you will have to kill it by running 342.Bd -literal -offset indent 343.Ic service dhcpcd stop 344.Ed 345.Pp 346before you flush the routes. 347.Pp 348If you wish to route packets between interfaces, add one or both 349of the following directives (depending on whether IPv4 or IPv6 routing 350is required) to 351.Pa /etc/sysctl.conf : 352.Pp 353.Dl net.inet.ip.forwarding=1 354.Dl net.inet6.ip6.forwarding=1 355.Pp 356As an alternative, compile a new kernel with the 357.Dq GATEWAY 358option. 359Packets are not forwarded by default, due to RFC requirements. 360.Ss Secure Shell (SSH) 361By default, all services are disabled in a fresh 362.Nx 363installation, and SSH is no exception. 364You may wish to enable it so you can remotely control your system. 365Set 366.Dq Va sshd=YES 367in 368.Pa /etc/rc.conf 369and then starting the server with the command 370.Bd -literal -offset indent 371.Ic service sshd start 372.Ed 373.Pp 374The first time the server is started, it will generate a new keypair, 375which will be stored inside the directory 376.Pa /etc/ssh . 377.Ss Host names and DNS 378The system resolves host names according the rules for hosts in the 379name service switch configuration at 380.Pa /etc/nsswitch.conf . 381By default, it will query 382.Pa /etc/hosts 383first, and then the DNS resolver specified in 384.Pa /etc/resolv.conf . 385.Pp 386If your network does not have a usable DNS resolver, e.g. one provided 387by DHCP, you can run a local caching recursive resolver by setting 388.Dq named=YES 389in 390.Pa /etc/rc.conf 391and either rebooting or running the following command: 392.Bd -literal -offset indent 393.Ic service named start 394.Ed 395.Pp 396.Xr named 8 397is configured in 398.Pa /etc/named.conf 399by default to run as a local caching recursive resolver. 400Then, to make the system use it, put the following in 401.Pa /etc/resolv.conf : 402.Bd -literal -offset indent 403nameserver 127.0.0.1 404.Ed 405.Ss Wireless networking 406You can scan for nearby wireless networks using: 407.Bd -literal -offset indent 408.Ic ifconfig iwm0 up list scan 409.Ic ifconfig iwm0 down 410.Ed 411.Pp 412To connect to a wireless network using WPA and DHCP: 413.Bd -literal -offset indent 414.Ic wpa_passphrase networkname password >> /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf 415.Ic service wpa_supplicant onestart 416.Ic service dhcpcd onestart 417.Ed 418.Pp 419To automatically connect at boot, add the following to 420.Pa /etc/rc.conf : 421.Pp 422.Dl dhcpcd=YES 423.Dl wpa_supplicant=YES 424.Ss RPC-based network services 425Several services depend on the RPC portmapper 426.Xr rpcbind 8 427- formerly known as 428.Ic portmap 429- being running for proper operation. 430This includes YP (NIS) and NFS exports, among other services. 431To get the RPC portmapper to start automatically on boot, 432you will need to have this line in 433.Pa /etc/rc.conf : 434.Pp 435.Dl rpcbind=YES 436.Ss YP (NIS) Setup 437Check the YP domain name with the 438.Xr domainname 1 439command. 440If necessary, correct it by editing the 441.Pa /etc/defaultdomain 442file or by setting the 443.Dq Va domainname 444variable in 445.Pa /etc/rc.conf . 446The 447.Pa /etc/rc.d/network 448script reads this file on bootup to determine and set the domain name. 449You may also set the running system's domain name with the 450.Xr domainname 1 451command. 452To start YP client services, simply run 453.Ic ypbind , 454then perform the remaining 455YP activation as described in 456.Xr passwd 5 457and 458.Xr group 5 . 459.Pp 460In particular, to enable YP passwd support, you'll need to update 461.Pa /etc/nsswitch.conf 462to include 463.Dq nis 464for the 465.Dq passwd 466and 467.Dq group 468entries. 469A traditional way to accomplish the same thing is to 470add following entry to local passwd database via 471.Xr vipw 8 : 472.Bd -literal -offset indent 473.Li +:*:::::::: 474.Ed 475.Pp 476Note this entry has to be the very last one. 477This traditional way works with the default 478.Xr nsswitch.conf 5 479setting of 480.Dq passwd , 481which is 482.Dq compat . 483.Pp 484There are many more YP man pages available to help you. 485You can find more information by starting with 486.Xr nis 8 . 487.Ss Check disk mounts 488Check that the disks are mounted correctly by 489comparing the 490.Pa /etc/fstab 491file against the output of the 492.Xr mount 8 493and 494.Xr df 1 495commands. 496Example: 497.Bd -literal -offset indent 498.Li # Ic cat /etc/fstab 499/dev/sd0a / ffs rw 1 1 500/dev/sd0b none swap sw 501/dev/sd0e /usr ffs rw 1 2 502/dev/sd0f /var ffs rw 1 3 503/dev/sd0g /tmp ffs rw 1 4 504/dev/sd0h /home ffs rw 1 5 505 506.Li # Ic mount 507/dev/sd0a on / type ffs (local) 508/dev/sd0e on /usr type ffs (local) 509/dev/sd0f on /var type ffs (local) 510/dev/sd0g on /tmp type ffs (local) 511/dev/sd0h on /home type ffs (local) 512 513.Li # Ic df 514Filesystem 1024-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on 515/dev/sd0a 22311 14589 6606 69% / 516/dev/sd0e 203399 150221 43008 78% /usr 517/dev/sd0f 10447 682 9242 7% /var 518/dev/sd0g 18823 2 17879 0% /tmp 519/dev/sd0h 7519 5255 1888 74% /home 520 521.Li # Ic pstat -s 522Device 512-blocks Used Avail Capacity Priority 523/dev/sd0b 131072 84656 46416 65% 0 524.Ed 525.Pp 526Edit 527.Pa /etc/fstab 528and use the 529.Xr mount 8 530and 531.Xr umount 8 532commands as appropriate. 533Refer to the above example and 534.Xr fstab 5 535for information on the format of this file. 536.Pp 537You may wish to do NFS mounts now too, or you can do them later. 538.Ss Concatenated disks (ccd) 539If you are using 540.Xr ccd 4 541concatenated disks, edit 542.Pa /etc/ccd.conf . 543You may wish to take a look to 544.Xr ccdconfig 8 545for more information about this file. 546Use the 547.Ic ccdconfig -U 548command to unload and the 549.Ic ccdconfig -C 550command to create tables internal to the kernel for the concatenated disks. 551You then 552.Xr mount 8 , 553.Xr umount 8 , 554and edit 555.Pa /etc/fstab 556as needed. 557.Ss Automounter daemon (AMD) 558To use the 559.Xr amd 8 560automounter, create the 561.Pa /etc/amd 562directory, copy example config files from 563.Pa /usr/share/examples/amd 564to 565.Pa /etc/amd 566and customize them as needed. 567Alternatively, you can get your maps with YP. 568.Ss Clock synchronization 569In order to make sure the system clock is synchronized 570to that of a publicly accessible NTP server, 571make sure that 572.Pa /etc/rc.conf 573contains the following: 574.Pp 575.Dl ntpdate=YES 576.Dl ntpd=YES 577.Pp 578See 579.Xr date 1 , 580.Xr ntpdate 8 , 581.Xr ntpd 8 , 582.Xr rdate 8 , 583and 584.Xr timed 8 585for more information on setting the system's date. 586.Sh CHANGING /etc FILES 587The system should be usable now, but you may wish to do more customizing, 588such as adding users, etc. 589Many of the following sections may be skipped 590if you are not using that package (for example, skip the 591.Sx Kerberos 592section if you won't be using Kerberos). 593We suggest that you 594.Ic cd /etc 595and edit most of the files in that directory. 596.Pp 597Note that the 598.Pa /etc/motd 599file is modified by 600.Pa /etc/rc.d/motd 601whenever the system is booted. 602To keep any custom message intact, ensure that you leave two blank lines 603at the top, or your message will be overwritten. 604.Ss Add new users 605To add new users and groups, there are 606.Xr useradd 8 607and 608.Xr groupadd 8 ; 609see also 610.Xr user 8 611for further programs for user and group manipulation. 612You may use 613.Xr vipw 8 614to add users to the 615.Pa /etc/passwd 616file 617and edit 618.Pa /etc/group 619by hand to add new groups. 620The manual page for 621.Xr su 1 , 622tells you to make sure to put people in 623the 624.Sq wheel 625group if they need root access (non-Kerberos). 626For example: 627.Bd -literal -offset indent 628wheel:*:0:root,myself 629.Ed 630.Pp 631Follow instructions for 632.Xr kerberos 8 633if using 634Kerberos 635for authentication. 636.Ss System boot scripts and /etc/rc.local 637.Pa /etc/rc 638and the 639.Pa /etc/rc.d/* 640scripts are invoked at boot time after single user mode has exited, 641and at shutdown. 642The whole process is controlled by the master script 643.Pa /etc/rc . 644This script should not be changed by administrators. 645.Pp 646The directory 647.Pa /etc/rc.d 648contains a series of scripts used at startup/shutdown, called by 649.Pa /etc/rc . 650.Pa /etc/rc 651is in turn influenced by the configuration variables present in 652.Pa /etc/rc.conf . 653.Pp 654The script 655.Pa /etc/rc.local 656is run as the last thing during multiuser boot, and is provided 657to allow any other local hooks necessary for the system. 658.Ss rc.conf 659To enable or disable various services on system startup, 660corresponding entries can be made in 661.Pa /etc/rc.conf . 662You can take a look at 663.Pa /etc/defaults/rc.conf 664to see a list of default system variables, which you can override in 665.Pa /etc/rc.conf . 666Note you are 667.Em not 668supposed to change 669.Pa /etc/defaults/rc.conf 670directly, edit only 671.Pa /etc/rc.conf . 672See 673.Xr rc.conf 5 674for further information. 675.Ss X Display Manager 676If you've installed X, you may want to turn on 677.Xr xdm 1 , 678the X Display Manager. 679To do this, set 680.Dq xdm=YES 681in 682.Pa /etc/rc.conf . 683.Ss Printers 684Edit 685.Pa /etc/printcap 686and 687.Pa /etc/hosts.lpd 688to get any printers set up. 689Consult 690.Xr lpd 8 691and 692.Xr printcap 5 693if needed. 694.Ss Tighten up security 695In 696.Pa /etc/inetd.conf 697comment out any extra entries you do not need, and only add things 698that are really needed. 699Note that by default all services are disabled for security reasons. 700.Ss Kerberos 701If you are going to use Kerberos for authentication, 702see 703.Xr kerberos 8 704and 705.Dq info heimdal 706for more information. 707If you already have a Kerberos master, change directory to 708.Pa /etc/kerberosV 709and configure. 710Remember to get a 711.Pa srvtab 712from the master so that the remote commands work. 713.Ss Mail Aliases 714Check 715.Pa /etc/mail/aliases 716and update appropriately if you want e-mail to be routed 717to non-local addresses or to different users. 718.Pp 719Run 720.Xr newaliases 1 721after changes. 722.Ss Postfix 723.Nx 724uses Postfix as its MTA. 725Postfix is started by default, but its initial configuration does not 726cause it to listen on the network for incoming connections. 727To configure Postfix, see 728.Pa /etc/postfix/main.cf 729and 730.Pa /etc/postfix/master.cf . 731If you wish to use a different MTA (e.g., sendmail), install your MTA of 732choice and edit 733.Pa /etc/mailer.conf 734to point to the proper binaries. 735.Ss DHCP server 736If this is a 737DHCP 738server, edit 739.Pa /etc/dhcpd.conf 740and 741.Pa /etc/dhcpd.interfaces 742as needed. 743You will have to make sure 744.Pa /etc/rc.conf 745has 746.Dq dhcpd=YES 747or run 748.Xr dhcpd 8 749manually. 750.Ss Bootparam server 751If this is a 752Bootparam 753server, edit 754.Pa /etc/bootparams 755as needed. 756You will have to turn it on in 757.Pa /etc/rc.conf 758by adding 759.Dq bootparamd=YES . 760.Ss NFS server 761If this is an NFS server, make sure 762.Pa /etc/rc.conf 763has: 764.Bd -literal -offset indent 765nfs_server=YES 766mountd=YES 767rpcbind=YES 768.Ed 769.Pp 770Edit 771.Pa /etc/exports 772and get it correct. 773After this, you can start the server by issuing: 774.Bd -literal -offset indent 775.Ic service rpcbind start 776.Ic service mountd start 777.Ic service nfsd start 778.Ed 779which will also start dependencies. 780.Ss HP remote boot server 781Edit 782.Pa /etc/rbootd.conf 783if needed for remote booting. 784If you do not have HP computers doing remote booting, do not enable this. 785.Ss Daily, weekly, monthly scripts 786Look at and possibly edit the 787.Pa /etc/daily.conf , /etc/weekly.conf , 788and 789.Pa /etc/monthly.conf 790configuration files. 791You can check which values you can set by looking 792to their matching files in 793.Pa /etc/defaults . 794Your site specific things should go into 795.Pa /etc/daily.local , /etc/weekly.local , 796and 797.Pa /etc/monthly.local . 798.Pp 799These scripts have been limited so as to keep the system running without 800filling up disk space from normal running processes and database updates. 801(You probably do not need to understand them.) 802.Ss Other files in /etc 803Look at the other files in 804.Pa /etc 805and edit them as needed. 806(Do not edit files ending in 807.Pa .db 808\(em like 809.Pa pwd.db , spwd.db , 810nor 811.Pa localtime , 812nor 813.Pa rmt , 814nor any directories.) 815.Ss Crontab (background running processes) 816Check what is running by typing 817.Ic crontab -l 818as root 819and see if anything unexpected is present. 820Do you need anything else? 821Do you wish to change things? 822For example, if you do not 823like root getting standard output of the daily scripts, and want only 824the security scripts that are mailed internally, you can type 825.Ic crontab -e 826and change some of the lines to read: 827.Bd -literal -offset indent 82830 1 * * * /bin/sh /etc/daily 2>&1 > /var/log/daily.out 82930 3 * * 6 /bin/sh /etc/weekly 2>&1 > /var/log/weekly.out 83030 5 1 * * /bin/sh /etc/monthly 2>&1 > /var/log/monthly.out 831.Ed 832.Pp 833See 834.Xr crontab 5 . 835.Ss Next day cleanup 836After the first night's security run, change ownerships and permissions 837on files, directories, and devices; root should have received mail 838with subject: "<hostname> daily insecurity output.". 839This mail contains 840a set of security recommendations, presented as a list looking like this: 841.Bd -literal -offset indent 842var/mail: 843 permissions (0755, 0775) 844etc/daily: 845 user (0, 3) 846.Ed 847.Pp 848The best bet is to follow the advice in that list. 849The recommended setting is the first item in parentheses, while 850the current setting is the second one. 851This list is generated by 852.Xr mtree 8 853using 854.Pa /etc/mtree/special . 855Use 856.Xr chmod 1 , 857.Xr chgrp 1 , 858and 859.Xr chown 8 860as needed. 861.Ss Packages 862Install your own packages. 863The 864.Nx 865packages collection, pkgsrc, includes a large set of third-party software. 866A lot of it is available as binary packages that you can download from 867.Lk https://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/ 868or a mirror, and install using 869.Xr pkg_add 1 . 870See 871.Lk https://www.NetBSD.org/docs/pkgsrc/ 872and 873.Pa pkgsrc/doc/pkgsrc.txt 874for more details. 875.Pp 876Copy vendor binaries and install them. 877You will need to install any shared libraries, etc. 878(Hint: 879.Ic man -k compat 880to find out how to install and use compatibility mode.) 881.Pp 882There is also other third-party software that is available 883in source form only, either because it has not been ported to 884.Nx 885yet, because licensing restrictions make binary redistribution 886impossible, or simply because you want to build your own binaries. 887Sometimes checking the mailing lists for 888past problems that people have encountered will result in a fix posted. 889.Ss Check the running system 890You can use 891.Xr ps 1 , 892.Xr netstat 1 , 893and 894.Xr fstat 1 895to check on running processes, network connections, and opened files, 896respectively. 897Other tools you may find useful are 898.Xr systat 1 899and 900.Xr top 1 . 901.Sh COMPILING A KERNEL 902Note: 903The standard 904.Nx 905kernel configuration (GENERIC) is suitable for most purposes. 906.Pp 907First, review the system message buffer in 908.Pa /var/run/dmesg.boot 909and by using the 910.Xr dmesg 8 911command to find out information on your system's devices as probed by the 912kernel at boot. 913In particular, note which devices were not configured. 914This information will prove useful when editing kernel configuration files. 915.Pp 916To compile a kernel inside a writable source tree, do the following: 917.Bd -literal -offset indent 918$ cd /usr/src/sys/arch/SOMEARCH/conf 919$ cp GENERIC SOMEFILE (only the first time) 920$ vi SOMEFILE (adapt to your needs) 921$ config SOMEFILE 922$ cd ../compile/SOMEFILE 923$ make depend 924$ make 925.Ed 926.Pp 927where 928.Ar SOMEARCH 929is the architecture (e.g., i386), and 930.Ar SOMEFILE 931should be a name indicative of a particular configuration (often 932that of the hostname). 933.Pp 934If you are building your kernel again, before you do a 935.Ic make 936you should do a 937.Ic make clean 938after making changes to your kernel options. 939.Pp 940After either of these two methods, you can place the new kernel (called 941.Pa netbsd ) 942in 943.Pa / 944(i.e., 945.Pa /netbsd ) 946by issuing 947.Ic make install 948and the system will boot it next time. 949The old kernel is stored as 950.Pa /onetbsd 951so you can boot it in case of failure. 952.Pp 953If you are using toolchain to build your kernel, you will also need to 954build a new set of toolchain binaries. 955You can do it by changing into 956.Pa /usr/src 957and issuing: 958.Bd -literal -offset indent 959$ cd /usr/src 960$ K=sys/arch/`uname -m`/conf 961$ cp $K/GENERIC $K/SOMEFILE 962$ vi $K/SOMEFILE (adapt to your needs) 963$ ./build.sh tools 964$ ./build.sh kernel=SOMEFILE 965.Ed 966.Sh SYSTEM TESTING 967At this point, the system should be fully configured to your liking. 968It is now a good time to ensure that the system behaves according to 969its specifications and that it is stable on your hardware. 970Please refer to 971.Xr tests 7 972for details on how to do so. 973.Sh SEE ALSO 974.Xr chgrp 1 , 975.Xr chmod 1 , 976.Xr config 1 , 977.Xr crontab 1 , 978.Xr date 1 , 979.Xr df 1 , 980.Xr domainname 1 , 981.Xr fstat 1 , 982.Xr hostname 1 , 983.Xr make 1 , 984.Xr man 1 , 985.Xr netstat 1 , 986.Xr newaliases 1 , 987.Xr passwd 1 , 988.Xr pkg_add 1 , 989.Xr ps 1 , 990.Xr ssh 1 , 991.Xr su 1 , 992.Xr systat 1 , 993.Xr top 1 , 994.Xr xdm 1 , 995.Xr ccd 4 , 996.Xr aliases 5 , 997.Xr crontab 5 , 998.Xr dhcpcd.conf 5 , 999.Xr exports 5 , 1000.Xr fstab 5 , 1001.Xr group 5 , 1002.Xr hosts 5 , 1003.Xr ifconfig.if 5 , 1004.Xr mailer.conf 5 , 1005.Xr named.conf 5 , 1006.Xr nsswitch.conf 5 , 1007.Xr passwd 5 , 1008.Xr printcap 5 , 1009.Xr rc.conf 5 , 1010.Xr resolv.conf 5 , 1011.Xr sshd_config 5 , 1012.Xr wpa_supplicant.conf 5 , 1013.Xr wscons.conf 5 , 1014.Xr hier 7 , 1015.Xr hostname 7 , 1016.Xr pkgsrc 7 , 1017.Xr tests 7 , 1018.Xr amd 8 , 1019.Xr ccdconfig 8 , 1020.Xr chown 8 , 1021.Xr dhcpcd 8 , 1022.Xr dhcpd 8 , 1023.Xr dmesg 8 , 1024.Xr groupadd 8 , 1025.Xr ifconfig 8 , 1026.Xr inetd 8 , 1027.Xr kerberos 8 , 1028.Xr lpd 8 , 1029.Xr mount 8 , 1030.Xr mrouted 8 , 1031.Xr mtree 8 , 1032.Xr named 8 , 1033.Xr nis 8 , 1034.Xr ntpd 8 , 1035.Xr ntpdate 8 , 1036.Xr rbootd 8 , 1037.Xr rc 8 , 1038.Xr rdate 8 , 1039.Xr rmt 8 , 1040.Xr route 8 , 1041.Xr rpc.bootparamd 8 , 1042.Xr rpcbind 8 , 1043.Xr sshd 8 , 1044.Xr timed 8 , 1045.Xr umount 8 , 1046.Xr useradd 8 , 1047.Xr vipw 8 , 1048.Xr wpa_supplicant 8 , 1049.Xr yp 8 , 1050.Xr ypbind 8 1051.Sh HISTORY 1052This document first appeared in 1053.Ox 2.2 . 1054It has been adapted to 1055.Nx 1056and first appeared in 1057.Nx 2.0 . 1058