1.\" $NetBSD: afterboot.8,v 1.60 2017/09/10 19:08:17 maya Exp $ 2.\" $OpenBSD: afterboot.8,v 1.72 2002/02/22 02:02:33 miod Exp $ 3.\" 4.\" Originally created by Marshall M. Midden -- 1997-10-20, m4@umn.edu 5.\" Adapted to NetBSD by Julio Merino -- 2002-05-10, jmmv@NetBSD.org 6.\" 7.\" 8.\" Copyright (c) 2002-2008 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. 9.\" All rights reserved. 10.\" 11.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 12.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 13.\" are met: 14.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 15.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 16.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 17.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 18.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS 21.\" ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED 22.\" TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR 23.\" PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS 24.\" BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR 25.\" CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF 26.\" SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS 27.\" INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN 28.\" CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) 29.\" ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE 30.\" POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" 33.\" Copyright (c) 1997 Marshall M. Midden 34.\" All rights reserved. 35.\" 36.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 37.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 38.\" are met: 39.\" 40.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 41.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 42.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 43.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 44.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 45.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 46.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 47.\" This product includes software developed by Marshall M. Midden. 48.\" 4. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products 49.\" derived from this software without specific prior written permission. 50.\" 51.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR 52.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES 53.\" OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. 54.\" IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, 55.\" INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT 56.\" NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, 57.\" DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY 58.\" THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT 59.\" (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF 60.\" THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 61.\" 62.Dd September 10, 2017 63.Dt AFTERBOOT 8 64.Os 65.Sh NAME 66.Nm afterboot 67.Nd things to check after the first complete boot 68.Sh DESCRIPTION 69.Ss Starting Out 70This document attempts to list items for the system administrator 71to check and set up after the installation and first complete boot of the 72system. 73The idea is to create a list of items that can be checked off so that you have 74a warm fuzzy feeling that something obvious has not been missed. 75A basic knowledge of 76.Ux 77is assumed. 78.Pp 79Complete instructions for correcting and fixing items is not provided. 80There are manual pages and other methodologies available for doing that. 81For example, to view the man page for the 82.Xr ls 1 83command, type: 84.Bd -literal -offset indent 85.Ic man 1 ls 86.Ed 87.Pp 88Administrators will rapidly become more familiar with 89.Nx 90if they get used to using the manual pages. 91.Ss Security alerts 92By the time that you have installed your system, it is quite likely that 93bugs in the release have been found. 94All significant and easily fixed problems will be reported at 95.Lk http://www.NetBSD.org/support/security/ . 96It is recommended that you check this page regularly. 97.Pp 98Additionally, you should set 99.Dq fetch_pkg_vulnerabilities=YES 100in 101.Pa /etc/daily.conf 102to allow your system to automatically update the local database of known 103vulnerable packages to the latest version available on-line. 104The system will later check, on a daily basis, if any of your installed 105packages are vulnerable based on the contents of this database. 106See 107.Xr daily.conf 5 108and 109.Xr security.conf 5 110for more details. 111.Ss Login 112Login as 113.Dq Ic root . 114You can do so on the console, or over the network using 115.Xr ssh 1 . 116If you have enabled the SSH daemon (see 117.Xr sshd 8 ) 118and wish to allow root logins over the network, edit the 119.Pa /etc/ssh/sshd_config 120file and set 121.Dq PermitRootLogin 122to 123.Dq yes 124(see 125.Xr sshd_config 5 ) . 126The default is to not permit root logins over the network 127after fresh install in 128.Nx . 129.Pp 130Upon successful login on the console, you may see the message 131.Dq We recommend creating a non-root account... . 132For security reasons, it is bad practice to login as root during 133regular use and maintenance of the system. 134In fact, the system will only let you login as root on a secure 135terminal. 136By default, only the console is considered to be a secure terminal. 137Instead, administrators are encouraged to add a 138.Dq regular 139user, add said user to the 140.Dq wheel 141group, then use the 142.Xr su 1 143command when root privileges are required. 144This process is described in more detail later. 145.Ss Root password 146Change the password for the root user. 147(Note that throughout the documentation, the term 148.Dq superuser 149is a synonym for the root user.) 150Choose a password that has numbers, digits, and special characters (not space) 151as well as from the upper and lower case alphabet. 152Do not choose any word in any language. 153It is common for an intruder to use dictionary attacks. 154Type the command 155.Ic /usr/bin/passwd 156to change it. 157.Pp 158It is a good idea to always specify the full path name for both the 159.Xr passwd 1 160and 161.Xr su 1 162commands as this inhibits the possibility of files placed in your execution 163.Ev PATH 164for most shells. 165Furthermore, the superuser's 166.Ev PATH 167should never contain the current directory 168.Po Dq \&. 169.Pc . 170.Ss System date 171Check the system date with the 172.Xr date 1 173command. 174If needed, change the date, and/or change the symbolic link of 175.Pa /etc/localtime 176to the correct time zone in the 177.Pa /usr/share/zoneinfo 178directory. 179.Pp 180Examples: 181.Bl -tag -width date 182.It Cm date 200205101820 183Set the current date to May 10th, 2002 6:20pm. 184.It Cm ln -fs /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Helsinki /etc/localtime 185Set the time zone to Eastern Europe Summer Time. 186.El 187.Ss Console settings 188One of the first things you will likely need to do is to set up your 189keyboard map (and maybe some other aspects about the system console). 190To change your keyboard encoding, edit the 191.Dq Va encoding 192variable found in 193.Pa /etc/wscons.conf . 194.Pp 195.Xr wscons.conf 5 196contains more information about this file. 197.Ss Check hostname 198Use the 199.Ic hostname 200command to verify that the name of your machine is correct. 201See the man page for 202.Xr hostname 1 203if it needs to be changed. 204You will also need to change the contents of the 205.Dq Va hostname 206variable in 207.Pa /etc/rc.conf 208or edit the 209.Pa /etc/myname 210file to have it stick around for the next reboot. 211Note that 212.Dq Va hostname 213is supposed include a domainname, and that this should 214not be confused with YP (NIS) 215.Xr domainname 1 . 216If you are using 217.Xr dhcpcd 8 218to configure network interfaces, it might override these local hostname 219settings if your DHCP server specifies client's hostname with other network 220configurations. 221.Ss Verify network interface configuration 222The first thing to do is an 223.Ic ifconfig -a 224to see if the network interfaces are properly configured. 225Correct by editing 226.Pa /etc/ifconfig. Ns Ar interface 227or the corresponding 228.Dq Va ifconfig_ Ns Ar interface 229variable in 230.Xr rc.conf 5 231(where 232.Ar interface 233is the interface name, e.g., 234.Dq le0 ) 235and then using 236.Xr ifconfig 8 237to manually configure it 238if you do not wish to reboot. 239.Pp 240Alternatively, you can configure interfaces automatically via DHCP with 241.Xr dhcpcd 8 242if you have a DHCP server running somewhere on your network. 243To get 244.Xr dhcpcd 8 245to start automatically on boot, 246you will need to have this line in 247.Pa /etc/rc.conf : 248.Pp 249.Dl dhcpcd=YES 250.Pp 251See 252.Xr dhcpcd 8 253and 254.Xr dhcpcd.conf 5 255for more information on setting up a DHCP client. 256.Pp 257You can add new 258.Dq virtual interfaces 259by adding the required entries to 260.Pa /etc/ifconfig. Ns Ar interface . 261Read the 262.Xr ifconfig.if 5 263man page for more information on the format of 264.Pa /etc/ifconfig. Ns Ar interface 265files. 266The loopback interface will look something like: 267.Bd -literal -offset indent 268lo0: flags=8009<UP,LOOPBACK,MULTICAST> mtu 32972 269 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000 270 inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x3 271 inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 272.Ed 273.Pp 274an Ethernet interface something like: 275.Bd -literal -offset indent 276le0: flags=9863<UP,BROADCAST,NOTRAILERS,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> 277 inet 192.168.4.52 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.4.255 278 inet6 fe80::5ef0:f0f0%le0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1 279.Ed 280.Pp 281and a PPP interface something like: 282.Bd -literal -offset indent 283ppp0: flags=8051<UP,POINTOPOINT,RUNNING,MULTICAST> 284 inet 203.3.131.108 --> 198.181.0.253 netmask 0xffff0000 285.Ed 286.Pp 287See 288.Xr mrouted 8 289for instructions on configuring multicast routing. 290.Ss Check routing tables 291Issue a 292.Ic netstat -rn 293command. 294The output will look something like: 295.Bd -literal -offset indent 296Routing tables 297 298Internet: 299Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Mtu Interface 300default 192.168.4.254 UGS 0 11098028 - le0 301127 127.0.0.1 UGRS 0 0 - lo0 302127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 UH 3 24 - lo0 303192.168.4 link#1 UC 0 0 - le0 304192.168.4.52 8:0:20:73:b8:4a UHL 1 6707 - le0 305192.168.4.254 0:60:3e:99:67:ea UHL 1 0 - le0 306 307Internet6: 308Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Mtu Interface 309::/96 ::1 UGRS 0 0 32972 lo0 => 310::1 ::1 UH 4 0 32972 lo0 311::ffff:0.0.0.0/96 ::1 UGRS 0 0 32972 lo0 312fc80::/10 ::1 UGRS 0 0 32972 lo0 313fe80::/10 ::1 UGRS 0 0 32972 lo0 314fe80::%le0/64 link#1 UC 0 0 1500 le0 315fe80::%lo0/64 fe80::1%lo0 U 0 0 32972 lo0 316ff01::/32 ::1 U 0 0 32972 lo0 317ff02::%le0/32 link#1 UC 0 0 1500 le0 318ff02::%lo0/32 fe80::1%lo0 UC 0 0 32972 lo0 319.Ed 320.Pp 321The default gateway address is stored in the 322.Dq Va defaultroute 323variable in 324.Pa /etc/rc.conf , 325or in the file 326.Pa /etc/mygate . 327If you need to edit this file, a painless way to reconfigure the network 328afterwards is to issue 329.Bd -literal -offset indent 330.Ic service network restart 331.Ed 332.Pp 333Or, you may prefer to manually configure using a series of 334.Ic route add 335and 336.Ic route delete 337commands (see 338.Xr route 8 ) . 339If you run 340.Xr dhcpcd 8 341you will have to kill it by running 342.Bd -literal -offset indent 343.Ic service dhcpcd stop 344.Ed 345.Pp 346before you flush the routes. 347.Pp 348If you wish to route packets between interfaces, add one or both 349of the following directives (depending on whether IPv4 or IPv6 routing 350is required) to 351.Pa /etc/sysctl.conf : 352.Pp 353.Dl net.inet.ip.forwarding=1 354.Dl net.inet6.ip6.forwarding=1 355.Pp 356As an alternative, compile a new kernel with the 357.Dq GATEWAY 358option. 359Packets are not forwarded by default, due to RFC requirements. 360.Ss Secure Shell (SSH) 361By default, all services are disabled in a fresh 362.Nx 363installation, and SSH is no exception. 364You may wish to enable it so you can remotely control your system. 365Set 366.Dq Va sshd=YES 367in 368.Pa /etc/rc.conf 369and then starting the server with the command 370.Bd -literal -offset indent 371.Ic service sshd start 372.Ed 373.Pp 374The first time the server is started, it will generate a new keypair, 375which will be stored inside the directory 376.Pa /etc/ssh . 377.Ss Host names and DNS 378The system resolves host names according the rules for hosts in the 379name service switch configuration at 380.Pa /etc/nsswitch.conf . 381By default, it will query 382.Pa /etc/hosts 383first, and then the DNS resolver specified in 384.Pa /etc/resolv.conf . 385.Pp 386If your network does not have a usable DNS resolver, e.g. one provided 387by DHCP, you can run a local caching recursive resolver by setting 388.Dq named=YES 389in 390.Pa /etc/rc.conf 391and either rebooting or running the following command: 392.Bd -literal -offset indent 393.Ic service named start 394.Ed 395.Pp 396.Xr named 8 397is configured in 398.Pa /etc/named.conf 399by default to run as a local caching recursive resolver. 400Then, to make the system use it, put the following in 401.Pa /etc/resolv.conf : 402.Bd -literal -offset indent 403nameserver 127.0.0.1 404.Ed 405.Ss Wireless networking 406You can scan for nearby wireless networks using: 407.Bd -literal -offset indent 408.Ic ifconfig iwm0 up list scan 409.Ic ifconfig iwm0 down 410.Ed 411.Pp 412To connect to a wireless network using WPA and DHCP: 413.Bd -literal -offset indent 414.Ic wpa_passphrase networkname password > /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf 415.Ic wpa_supplicant -i iwm0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf & 416.Ic dhcpcd iwm0 417.Ed 418.Pp 419To automatically connect at boot, add the following flags to 420.Pa /etc/rc.conf : 421.Pp 422.Dl dhcpcd=YES 423.Dl dhcpcd_flags="-b" 424.Dl wpa_supplicant=YES 425.Dl wpa_supplicant_flags="-i iwm0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf" 426.Ss RPC-based network services 427Several services depend on the RPC portmapper 428.Xr rpcbind 8 429- formerly known as 430.Ic portmap 431- being running for proper operation. 432This includes YP (NIS) and NFS exports, among other services. 433To get the RPC portmapper to start automatically on boot, 434you will need to have this line in 435.Pa /etc/rc.conf : 436.Pp 437.Dl rpcbind=YES 438.Ss YP (NIS) Setup 439Check the YP domain name with the 440.Xr domainname 1 441command. 442If necessary, correct it by editing the 443.Pa /etc/defaultdomain 444file or by setting the 445.Dq Va domainname 446variable in 447.Pa /etc/rc.conf . 448The 449.Pa /etc/rc.d/network 450script reads this file on bootup to determine and set the domain name. 451You may also set the running system's domain name with the 452.Xr domainname 1 453command. 454To start YP client services, simply run 455.Ic ypbind , 456then perform the remaining 457YP activation as described in 458.Xr passwd 5 459and 460.Xr group 5 . 461.Pp 462In particular, to enable YP passwd support, you'll need to update 463.Pa /etc/nsswitch.conf 464to include 465.Dq nis 466for the 467.Dq passwd 468and 469.Dq group 470entries. 471A traditional way to accomplish the same thing is to 472add following entry to local passwd database via 473.Xr vipw 8 : 474.Bd -literal -offset indent 475.Li +:*:::::::: 476.Ed 477.Pp 478Note this entry has to be the very last one. 479This traditional way works with the default 480.Xr nsswitch.conf 5 481setting of 482.Dq passwd , 483which is 484.Dq compat . 485.Pp 486There are many more YP man pages available to help you. 487You can find more information by starting with 488.Xr nis 8 . 489.Ss Check disk mounts 490Check that the disks are mounted correctly by 491comparing the 492.Pa /etc/fstab 493file against the output of the 494.Xr mount 8 495and 496.Xr df 1 497commands. 498Example: 499.Bd -literal -offset indent 500.Li # Ic cat /etc/fstab 501/dev/sd0a / ffs rw 1 1 502/dev/sd0b none swap sw 503/dev/sd0e /usr ffs rw 1 2 504/dev/sd0f /var ffs rw 1 3 505/dev/sd0g /tmp ffs rw 1 4 506/dev/sd0h /home ffs rw 1 5 507 508.Li # Ic mount 509/dev/sd0a on / type ffs (local) 510/dev/sd0e on /usr type ffs (local) 511/dev/sd0f on /var type ffs (local) 512/dev/sd0g on /tmp type ffs (local) 513/dev/sd0h on /home type ffs (local) 514 515.Li # Ic df 516Filesystem 1024-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on 517/dev/sd0a 22311 14589 6606 69% / 518/dev/sd0e 203399 150221 43008 78% /usr 519/dev/sd0f 10447 682 9242 7% /var 520/dev/sd0g 18823 2 17879 0% /tmp 521/dev/sd0h 7519 5255 1888 74% /home 522 523.Li # Ic pstat -s 524Device 512-blocks Used Avail Capacity Priority 525/dev/sd0b 131072 84656 46416 65% 0 526.Ed 527.Pp 528Edit 529.Pa /etc/fstab 530and use the 531.Xr mount 8 532and 533.Xr umount 8 534commands as appropriate. 535Refer to the above example and 536.Xr fstab 5 537for information on the format of this file. 538.Pp 539You may wish to do NFS mounts now too, or you can do them later. 540.Ss Concatenated disks (ccd) 541If you are using 542.Xr ccd 4 543concatenated disks, edit 544.Pa /etc/ccd.conf . 545You may wish to take a look to 546.Xr ccdconfig 8 547for more information about this file. 548Use the 549.Ic ccdconfig -U 550command to unload and the 551.Ic ccdconfig -C 552command to create tables internal to the kernel for the concatenated disks. 553You then 554.Xr mount 8 , 555.Xr umount 8 , 556and edit 557.Pa /etc/fstab 558as needed. 559.Ss Automounter daemon (AMD) 560To use the 561.Xr amd 8 562automounter, create the 563.Pa /etc/amd 564directory, copy example config files from 565.Pa /usr/share/examples/amd 566to 567.Pa /etc/amd 568and customize them as needed. 569Alternatively, you can get your maps with YP. 570.Ss Clock synchronization 571In order to make sure the system clock is synchronized 572to that of a publicly accessible NTP server, 573make sure that 574.Pa /etc/rc.conf 575contains the following: 576.Pp 577.Dl ntpdate=YES 578.Dl ntpd=YES 579.Pp 580See 581.Xr date 1 , 582.Xr ntpdate 8 , 583.Xr ntpd 8 , 584.Xr rdate 8 , 585and 586.Xr timed 8 587for more information on setting the system's date. 588.Sh CHANGING /etc FILES 589The system should be usable now, but you may wish to do more customizing, 590such as adding users, etc. 591Many of the following sections may be skipped 592if you are not using that package (for example, skip the 593.Sx Kerberos 594section if you won't be using Kerberos). 595We suggest that you 596.Ic cd /etc 597and edit most of the files in that directory. 598.Pp 599Note that the 600.Pa /etc/motd 601file is modified by 602.Pa /etc/rc.d/motd 603whenever the system is booted. 604To keep any custom message intact, ensure that you leave two blank lines 605at the top, or your message will be overwritten. 606.Ss Add new users 607To add new users and groups, there are 608.Xr useradd 8 609and 610.Xr groupadd 8 ; 611see also 612.Xr user 8 613for further programs for user and group manipulation. 614You may use 615.Xr vipw 8 616to add users to the 617.Pa /etc/passwd 618file 619and edit 620.Pa /etc/group 621by hand to add new groups. 622The manual page for 623.Xr su 1 , 624tells you to make sure to put people in 625the 626.Sq wheel 627group if they need root access (non-Kerberos). 628For example: 629.Bd -literal -offset indent 630wheel:*:0:root,myself 631.Ed 632.Pp 633Follow instructions for 634.Xr kerberos 8 635if using 636Kerberos 637for authentication. 638.Ss System boot scripts and /etc/rc.local 639.Pa /etc/rc 640and the 641.Pa /etc/rc.d/* 642scripts are invoked at boot time after single user mode has exited, 643and at shutdown. 644The whole process is controlled by the master script 645.Pa /etc/rc . 646This script should not be changed by administrators. 647.Pp 648The directory 649.Pa /etc/rc.d 650contains a series of scripts used at startup/shutdown, called by 651.Pa /etc/rc . 652.Pa /etc/rc 653is in turn influenced by the configuration variables present in 654.Pa /etc/rc.conf . 655.Pp 656The script 657.Pa /etc/rc.local 658is run as the last thing during multiuser boot, and is provided 659to allow any other local hooks necessary for the system. 660.Ss rc.conf 661To enable or disable various services on system startup, 662corresponding entries can be made in 663.Pa /etc/rc.conf . 664You can take a look at 665.Pa /etc/defaults/rc.conf 666to see a list of default system variables, which you can override in 667.Pa /etc/rc.conf . 668Note you are 669.Em not 670supposed to change 671.Pa /etc/defaults/rc.conf 672directly, edit only 673.Pa /etc/rc.conf . 674See 675.Xr rc.conf 5 676for further information. 677.Ss X Display Manager 678If you've installed X, you may want to turn on 679.Xr xdm 1 , 680the X Display Manager. 681To do this, set 682.Dq xdm=YES 683in 684.Pa /etc/rc.conf . 685.Ss Printers 686Edit 687.Pa /etc/printcap 688and 689.Pa /etc/hosts.lpd 690to get any printers set up. 691Consult 692.Xr lpd 8 693and 694.Xr printcap 5 695if needed. 696.Ss Tighten up security 697In 698.Pa /etc/inetd.conf 699comment out any extra entries you do not need, and only add things 700that are really needed. 701Note that by default all services are disabled for security reasons. 702.Ss Kerberos 703If you are going to use Kerberos for authentication, 704see 705.Xr kerberos 8 706and 707.Dq info heimdal 708for more information. 709If you already have a Kerberos master, change directory to 710.Pa /etc/kerberosV 711and configure. 712Remember to get a 713.Pa srvtab 714from the master so that the remote commands work. 715.Ss Mail Aliases 716Check 717.Pa /etc/mail/aliases 718and update appropriately if you want e-mail to be routed 719to non-local addresses or to different users. 720.Pp 721Run 722.Xr newaliases 1 723after changes. 724.Ss Postfix 725.Nx 726uses Postfix as its MTA. 727Postfix is started by default, but its initial configuration does not 728cause it to listen on the network for incoming connections. 729To configure Postfix, see 730.Pa /etc/postfix/main.cf 731and 732.Pa /etc/postfix/master.cf . 733If you wish to use a different MTA (e.g., sendmail), install your MTA of 734choice and edit 735.Pa /etc/mailer.conf 736to point to the proper binaries. 737.Ss DHCP server 738If this is a 739DHCP 740server, edit 741.Pa /etc/dhcpd.conf 742and 743.Pa /etc/dhcpd.interfaces 744as needed. 745You will have to make sure 746.Pa /etc/rc.conf 747has 748.Dq dhcpd=YES 749or run 750.Xr dhcpd 8 751manually. 752.Ss Bootparam server 753If this is a 754Bootparam 755server, edit 756.Pa /etc/bootparams 757as needed. 758You will have to turn it on in 759.Pa /etc/rc.conf 760by adding 761.Dq bootparamd=YES . 762.Ss NFS server 763If this is an NFS server, make sure 764.Pa /etc/rc.conf 765has: 766.Bd -literal -offset indent 767nfs_server=YES 768mountd=YES 769rpcbind=YES 770.Ed 771.Pp 772Edit 773.Pa /etc/exports 774and get it correct. 775After this, you can start the server by issuing: 776.Bd -literal -offset indent 777.Ic service rpcbind start 778.Ic service mountd start 779.Ic service nfsd start 780.Ed 781which will also start dependencies. 782.Ss HP remote boot server 783Edit 784.Pa /etc/rbootd.conf 785if needed for remote booting. 786If you do not have HP computers doing remote booting, do not enable this. 787.Ss Daily, weekly, monthly scripts 788Look at and possibly edit the 789.Pa /etc/daily.conf , /etc/weekly.conf , 790and 791.Pa /etc/monthly.conf 792configuration files. 793You can check which values you can set by looking 794to their matching files in 795.Pa /etc/defaults . 796Your site specific things should go into 797.Pa /etc/daily.local , /etc/weekly.local , 798and 799.Pa /etc/monthly.local . 800.Pp 801These scripts have been limited so as to keep the system running without 802filling up disk space from normal running processes and database updates. 803(You probably do not need to understand them.) 804.Ss Other files in /etc 805Look at the other files in 806.Pa /etc 807and edit them as needed. 808(Do not edit files ending in 809.Pa .db 810\(em like 811.Pa pwd.db , spwd.db , 812nor 813.Pa localtime , 814nor 815.Pa rmt , 816nor any directories.) 817.Ss Crontab (background running processes) 818Check what is running by typing 819.Ic crontab -l 820as root 821and see if anything unexpected is present. 822Do you need anything else? 823Do you wish to change things? 824For example, if you do not 825like root getting standard output of the daily scripts, and want only 826the security scripts that are mailed internally, you can type 827.Ic crontab -e 828and change some of the lines to read: 829.Bd -literal -offset indent 83030 1 * * * /bin/sh /etc/daily 2>&1 > /var/log/daily.out 83130 3 * * 6 /bin/sh /etc/weekly 2>&1 > /var/log/weekly.out 83230 5 1 * * /bin/sh /etc/monthly 2>&1 > /var/log/monthly.out 833.Ed 834.Pp 835See 836.Xr crontab 5 . 837.Ss Next day cleanup 838After the first night's security run, change ownerships and permissions 839on files, directories, and devices; root should have received mail 840with subject: "<hostname> daily insecurity output.". 841This mail contains 842a set of security recommendations, presented as a list looking like this: 843.Bd -literal -offset indent 844var/mail: 845 permissions (0755, 0775) 846etc/daily: 847 user (0, 3) 848.Ed 849.Pp 850The best bet is to follow the advice in that list. 851The recommended setting is the first item in parentheses, while 852the current setting is the second one. 853This list is generated by 854.Xr mtree 8 855using 856.Pa /etc/mtree/special . 857Use 858.Xr chmod 1 , 859.Xr chgrp 1 , 860and 861.Xr chown 8 862as needed. 863.Ss Packages 864Install your own packages. 865The 866.Nx 867packages collection, pkgsrc, includes a large set of third-party software. 868A lot of it is available as binary packages that you can download from 869.Lk https://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/ 870or a mirror, and install using 871.Xr pkg_add 1 . 872See 873.Lk https://www.NetBSD.org/docs/pkgsrc/ 874and 875.Pa pkgsrc/doc/pkgsrc.txt 876for more details. 877.Pp 878Copy vendor binaries and install them. 879You will need to install any shared libraries, etc. 880(Hint: 881.Ic man -k compat 882to find out how to install and use compatibility mode.) 883.Pp 884There is also other third-party software that is available 885in source form only, either because it has not been ported to 886.Nx 887yet, because licensing restrictions make binary redistribution 888impossible, or simply because you want to build your own binaries. 889Sometimes checking the mailing lists for 890past problems that people have encountered will result in a fix posted. 891.Ss Check the running system 892You can use 893.Xr ps 1 , 894.Xr netstat 1 , 895and 896.Xr fstat 1 897to check on running processes, network connections, and opened files, 898respectively. 899Other tools you may find useful are 900.Xr systat 1 901and 902.Xr top 1 . 903.Sh COMPILING A KERNEL 904Note: 905The standard 906.Nx 907kernel configuration (GENERIC) is suitable for most purposes. 908.Pp 909First, review the system message buffer in 910.Pa /var/run/dmesg.boot 911and by using the 912.Xr dmesg 8 913command to find out information on your system's devices as probed by the 914kernel at boot. 915In particular, note which devices were not configured. 916This information will prove useful when editing kernel configuration files. 917.Pp 918To compile a kernel inside a writable source tree, do the following: 919.Bd -literal -offset indent 920$ cd /usr/src/sys/arch/SOMEARCH/conf 921$ cp GENERIC SOMEFILE (only the first time) 922$ vi SOMEFILE (adapt to your needs) 923$ config SOMEFILE 924$ cd ../compile/SOMEFILE 925$ make depend 926$ make 927.Ed 928.Pp 929where 930.Ar SOMEARCH 931is the architecture (e.g., i386), and 932.Ar SOMEFILE 933should be a name indicative of a particular configuration (often 934that of the hostname). 935.Pp 936If you are building your kernel again, before you do a 937.Ic make 938you should do a 939.Ic make clean 940after making changes to your kernel options. 941.Pp 942After either of these two methods, you can place the new kernel (called 943.Pa netbsd ) 944in 945.Pa / 946(i.e., 947.Pa /netbsd ) 948by issuing 949.Ic make install 950and the system will boot it next time. 951The old kernel is stored as 952.Pa /onetbsd 953so you can boot it in case of failure. 954.Pp 955If you are using toolchain to build your kernel, you will also need to 956build a new set of toolchain binaries. 957You can do it by changing into 958.Pa /usr/src 959and issuing: 960.Bd -literal -offset indent 961$ cd /usr/src 962$ K=sys/arch/`uname -m`/conf 963$ cp $K/GENERIC $K/SOMEFILE 964$ vi $K/SOMEFILE (adapt to your needs) 965$ ./build.sh tools 966$ ./build.sh kernel=SOMEFILE 967.Ed 968.Sh SYSTEM TESTING 969At this point, the system should be fully configured to your liking. 970It is now a good time to ensure that the system behaves according to 971its specifications and that it is stable on your hardware. 972Please refer to 973.Xr tests 7 974for details on how to do so. 975.Sh SEE ALSO 976.Xr chgrp 1 , 977.Xr chmod 1 , 978.Xr config 1 , 979.Xr crontab 1 , 980.Xr date 1 , 981.Xr df 1 , 982.Xr domainname 1 , 983.Xr fstat 1 , 984.Xr hostname 1 , 985.Xr make 1 , 986.Xr man 1 , 987.Xr netstat 1 , 988.Xr newaliases 1 , 989.Xr passwd 1 , 990.Xr pkg_add 1 , 991.Xr ps 1 , 992.Xr ssh 1 , 993.Xr su 1 , 994.Xr systat 1 , 995.Xr top 1 , 996.Xr xdm 1 , 997.Xr ccd 4 , 998.Xr aliases 5 , 999.Xr crontab 5 , 1000.Xr dhcpcd.conf 5 , 1001.Xr exports 5 , 1002.Xr fstab 5 , 1003.Xr group 5 , 1004.Xr hosts 5 , 1005.Xr ifconfig.if 5 , 1006.Xr mailer.conf 5 , 1007.Xr named.conf 5 , 1008.Xr nsswitch.conf 5 , 1009.Xr passwd 5 , 1010.Xr printcap 5 , 1011.Xr rc.conf 5 , 1012.Xr resolv.conf 5 , 1013.Xr sshd_config 5 , 1014.Xr wpa_supplicant.conf 5 , 1015.Xr wscons.conf 5 , 1016.Xr hier 7 , 1017.Xr hostname 7 , 1018.Xr pkgsrc 7 , 1019.Xr tests 7 , 1020.Xr amd 8 , 1021.Xr ccdconfig 8 , 1022.Xr chown 8 , 1023.Xr dhcpcd 8 , 1024.Xr dhcpd 8 , 1025.Xr dmesg 8 , 1026.Xr groupadd 8 , 1027.Xr ifconfig 8 , 1028.Xr inetd 8 , 1029.Xr kerberos 8 , 1030.Xr lpd 8 , 1031.Xr mount 8 , 1032.Xr mrouted 8 , 1033.Xr mtree 8 , 1034.Xr named 8 , 1035.Xr nis 8 , 1036.Xr ntpd 8 , 1037.Xr ntpdate 8 , 1038.Xr rbootd 8 , 1039.Xr rc 8 , 1040.Xr rdate 8 , 1041.Xr rmt 8 , 1042.Xr route 8 , 1043.Xr rpc.bootparamd 8 , 1044.Xr rpcbind 8 , 1045.Xr sshd 8 , 1046.Xr timed 8 , 1047.Xr umount 8 , 1048.Xr useradd 8 , 1049.Xr vipw 8 , 1050.Xr wpa_supplicant 8 , 1051.Xr yp 8 , 1052.Xr ypbind 8 1053.Sh HISTORY 1054This document first appeared in 1055.Ox 2.2 . 1056It has been adapted to 1057.Nx 1058and first appeared in 1059.Nx 2.0 . 1060