1.\" $NetBSD: afterboot.8,v 1.52 2012/10/05 21:28:38 wiz Exp $ 2.\" $OpenBSD: afterboot.8,v 1.72 2002/02/22 02:02:33 miod Exp $ 3.\" 4.\" Originally created by Marshall M. Midden -- 1997-10-20, m4@umn.edu 5.\" Adapted to NetBSD by Julio Merino -- 2002-05-10, jmmv@NetBSD.org 6.\" 7.\" 8.\" Copyright (c) 2002-2008 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. 9.\" All rights reserved. 10.\" 11.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 12.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 13.\" are met: 14.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 15.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 16.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 17.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 18.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS 21.\" ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED 22.\" TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR 23.\" PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS 24.\" BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR 25.\" CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF 26.\" SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS 27.\" INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN 28.\" CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) 29.\" ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE 30.\" POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" 33.\" Copyright (c) 1997 Marshall M. Midden 34.\" All rights reserved. 35.\" 36.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 37.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 38.\" are met: 39.\" 40.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 41.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 42.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 43.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 44.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 45.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 46.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 47.\" This product includes software developed by Marshall M. Midden. 48.\" 4. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products 49.\" derived from this software without specific prior written permission. 50.\" 51.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR 52.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES 53.\" OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. 54.\" IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, 55.\" INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT 56.\" NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, 57.\" DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY 58.\" THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT 59.\" (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF 60.\" THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 61.\" 62.Dd October 2, 2012 63.Dt AFTERBOOT 8 64.Os 65.Sh NAME 66.Nm afterboot 67.Nd things to check after the first complete boot 68.Sh DESCRIPTION 69.Ss Starting Out 70This document attempts to list items for the system administrator 71to check and set up after the installation and first complete boot of the 72system. 73The idea is to create a list of items that can be checked off so that you have 74a warm fuzzy feeling that something obvious has not been missed. 75A basic knowledge of 76.Ux 77is assumed. 78.Pp 79Complete instructions for correcting and fixing items is not provided. 80There are manual pages and other methodologies available for doing that. 81For example, to view the man page for the 82.Xr ls 1 83command, type: 84.Bd -literal -offset indent 85.Ic man 1 ls 86.Ed 87.Pp 88Administrators will rapidly become more familiar with 89.Nx 90if they get used to using the manual pages. 91.Ss Security alerts 92By the time that you have installed your system, it is quite likely that 93bugs in the release have been found. 94All significant and easily fixed problems will be reported at 95.Lk http://www.NetBSD.org/support/security/ . 96It is recommended that you check this page regularly. 97.Pp 98Additionally, you should set 99.Dq fetch_pkg_vulnerabilities=YES 100in 101.Pa /etc/daily.conf 102to allow your system to automatically update the local database of known 103vulnerable packages to the latest version available on-line. 104The system will later check, on a daily basis, if any of your installed 105packages are vulnerable based on the contents of this database. 106See 107.Xr daily.conf 5 108and 109.Xr security.conf 5 110for more details. 111.Ss Login 112Login as 113.Dq Ic root . 114You can do so on the console, or over the network using 115.Xr ssh 1 . 116If you have enabled the SSH daemon (see 117.Xr sshd 8 ) 118and wish to allow root logins over the network, edit the 119.Pa /etc/ssh/sshd_config 120file and set 121.Dq PermitRootLogin 122to 123.Dq yes 124(see 125.Xr sshd_config 5 ) . 126The default is to not permit root logins over the network 127after fresh install in 128.Nx . 129.Pp 130Upon successful login on the console, you may see the message 131.Dq We recommend creating a non-root account... . 132For security reasons, it is bad practice to login as root during 133regular use and maintenance of the system. 134In fact, the system will only let you login as root on a secure 135terminal. 136By default, only the console is considered to be a secure terminal. 137Instead, administrators are encouraged to add a 138.Dq regular 139user, add said user to the 140.Dq wheel 141group, then use the 142.Xr su 1 143command when root privileges are required. 144This process is described in more detail later. 145.Ss Root password 146Change the password for the root user. 147(Note that throughout the documentation, the term 148.Dq superuser 149is a synonym for the root user.) 150Choose a password that has numbers, digits, and special characters (not space) 151as well as from the upper and lower case alphabet. 152Do not choose any word in any language. 153It is common for an intruder to use dictionary attacks. 154Type the command 155.Ic /usr/bin/passwd 156to change it. 157.Pp 158It is a good idea to always specify the full path name for both the 159.Xr passwd 1 160and 161.Xr su 1 162commands as this inhibits the possibility of files placed in your execution 163.Ev PATH 164for most shells. 165Furthermore, the superuser's 166.Ev PATH 167should never contain the current directory 168.Po Dq \&. 169.Pc . 170.Ss System date 171Check the system date with the 172.Xr date 1 173command. 174If needed, change the date, and/or change the symbolic link of 175.Pa /etc/localtime 176to the correct time zone in the 177.Pa /usr/share/zoneinfo 178directory. 179.Pp 180Examples: 181.Bl -tag -width date 182.It Cm date 200205101820 183Set the current date to May 10th, 2002 6:20pm. 184.It Cm ln -fs /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Helsinki /etc/localtime 185Set the time zone to Eastern Europe Summer Time. 186.El 187.Ss Console settings 188One of the first things you will likely need to do is to set up your 189keyboard map (and maybe some other aspects about the system console). 190To change your keyboard encoding, edit the 191.Dq Va encoding 192variable found in 193.Pa /etc/wscons.conf . 194.Pp 195.Xr wscons.conf 5 196contains more information about this file. 197.Ss Check hostname 198Use the 199.Ic hostname 200command to verify that the name of your machine is correct. 201See the man page for 202.Xr hostname 1 203if it needs to be changed. 204You will also need to change the contents of the 205.Dq Va hostname 206variable in 207.Pa /etc/rc.conf 208or edit the 209.Pa /etc/myname 210file to have it stick around for the next reboot. 211Note that 212.Dq Va hostname 213is supposed include a domainname, and that this should 214not be confused with YP (NIS) 215.Xr domainname 1 . 216If you are using 217.Xr dhcpcd 8 218to configure network interfaces, it might override these local hostname 219settings if your DHCP server specifies client's hostname with other network 220configurations. 221.Ss Verify network interface configuration 222The first thing to do is an 223.Ic ifconfig -a 224to see if the network interfaces are properly configured. 225Correct by editing 226.Pa /etc/ifconfig. Ns Ar interface 227or the corresponding 228.Dq Va ifconfig_ Ns Ar interface 229variable in 230.Xr rc.conf 5 231(where 232.Ar interface 233is the interface name, e.g., 234.Dq le0 ) 235and then using 236.Xr ifconfig 8 237to manually configure it 238if you do not wish to reboot. 239.Pp 240Alternatively, you can configure interfaces automatically via DHCP with 241.Xr dhcpcd 8 242if you have a DHCP server running somewhere on your network. 243To get 244.Xr dhcpcd 8 245to start automatically on boot, 246you will need to have this line in 247.Pa /etc/rc.conf : 248.Pp 249.Dl dhcpcd=YES 250.Pp 251See 252.Xr dhcpcd 8 253and 254.Xr dhcpcd.conf 5 255for more information on setting up a DHCP client. 256.Pp 257You can add new 258.Dq virtual interfaces 259by adding the required entries to 260.Pa /etc/ifconfig. Ns Ar interface . 261Read the 262.Xr ifconfig.if 5 263man page for more information on the format of 264.Pa /etc/ifconfig. Ns Ar interface 265files. 266The loopback interface will look something like: 267.Bd -literal -offset indent 268lo0: flags=8009\*[Lt]UP,LOOPBACK,MULTICAST\*[Gt] mtu 32972 269 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000 270 inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x3 271 inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 272.Ed 273.Pp 274an Ethernet interface something like: 275.Bd -literal -offset indent 276le0: flags=9863\*[Lt]UP,BROADCAST,NOTRAILERS,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST\*[Gt] 277 inet 192.168.4.52 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.4.255 278 inet6 fe80::5ef0:f0f0%le0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1 279.Ed 280.Pp 281and a PPP interface something like: 282.Bd -literal -offset indent 283ppp0: flags=8051\*[Lt]UP,POINTOPOINT,RUNNING,MULTICAST\*[Gt] 284 inet 203.3.131.108 --\*[Gt] 198.181.0.253 netmask 0xffff0000 285.Ed 286.Pp 287See 288.Xr mrouted 8 289for instructions on configuring multicast routing. 290.Ss Check routing tables 291Issue a 292.Ic netstat -rn 293command. 294The output will look something like: 295.Bd -literal -offset indent 296Routing tables 297 298Internet: 299Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Mtu Interface 300default 192.168.4.254 UGS 0 11098028 - le0 301127 127.0.0.1 UGRS 0 0 - lo0 302127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 UH 3 24 - lo0 303192.168.4 link#1 UC 0 0 - le0 304192.168.4.52 8:0:20:73:b8:4a UHL 1 6707 - le0 305192.168.4.254 0:60:3e:99:67:ea UHL 1 0 - le0 306 307Internet6: 308Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Mtu Interface 309::/96 ::1 UGRS 0 0 32972 lo0 =\*[Gt] 310::1 ::1 UH 4 0 32972 lo0 311::ffff:0.0.0.0/96 ::1 UGRS 0 0 32972 lo0 312fc80::/10 ::1 UGRS 0 0 32972 lo0 313fe80::/10 ::1 UGRS 0 0 32972 lo0 314fe80::%le0/64 link#1 UC 0 0 1500 le0 315fe80::%lo0/64 fe80::1%lo0 U 0 0 32972 lo0 316ff01::/32 ::1 U 0 0 32972 lo0 317ff02::%le0/32 link#1 UC 0 0 1500 le0 318ff02::%lo0/32 fe80::1%lo0 UC 0 0 32972 lo0 319.Ed 320.Pp 321The default gateway address is stored in the 322.Dq Va defaultroute 323variable in 324.Pa /etc/rc.conf , 325or in the file 326.Pa /etc/mygate . 327If you need to edit this file, a painless way to reconfigure the network 328afterwards is to issue 329.Bd -literal -offset indent 330.Ic /etc/rc.d/network restart 331.Ed 332.Pp 333Or, you may prefer to manually configure using a series of 334.Ic route add 335and 336.Ic route delete 337commands (see 338.Xr route 8 ) . 339If you run 340.Xr dhclient 8 341you will have to kill it by running 342.Bd -literal -offset indent 343.Ic /etc/rc.d/dhclient stop 344.Ed 345.Pp 346If you run 347.Xr dhcpcd 8 348you will have to kill it by running 349.Bd -literal -offset indent 350.Ic /etc/rc.d/dhcpcd stop 351.Ed 352.Pp 353before you flush the routes. 354.Pp 355If you wish to route packets between interfaces, add one or both 356of the following directives (depending on whether IPv4 or IPv6 routing 357is required) to 358.Pa /etc/sysctl.conf : 359.Pp 360.Dl net.inet.ip.forwarding=1 361.Dl net.inet6.ip6.forwarding=1 362.Pp 363As an alternative, compile a new kernel with the 364.Dq GATEWAY 365option. 366Packets are not forwarded by default, due to RFC requirements. 367.Ss Secure Shell (SSH) 368By default, all services are disabled in a fresh 369.Nx 370installation, and SSH is no exception. 371You may wish to enable it so you can remotely control your system. 372Set 373.Dq Va sshd=YES 374in 375.Pa /etc/rc.conf 376and then starting the server with the command 377.Bd -literal -offset indent 378.Ic /etc/rc.d/sshd start 379.Ed 380.Pp 381The first time the server is started, it will generate a new keypair, 382which will be stored inside the directory 383.Pa /etc/ssh . 384.Ss Host names and DNS 385The system resolves host names according the rules for hosts in the 386name service switch configuration at 387.Pa /etc/nsswitch.conf . 388By default, it will query 389.Pa /etc/hosts 390first, and then the DNS resolver specified in 391.Pa /etc/resolv.conf . 392.Pp 393If your network does not have a usable DNS resolver, e.g. one provided 394by DHCP, you can run a local caching recursive resolver by setting 395.Dq named=YES 396in 397.Pa /etc/rc.conf 398and either rebooting or running the following command: 399.Bd -literal -offset indent 400.Ic /etc/rc.d/named start 401.Ed 402.Pp 403.Xr named 8 404is configured in 405.Pa /etc/named.conf 406by default to run as a local caching recursive resolver. 407Then, to make the system use it, put the following in 408.Pa /etc/resolv.conf : 409.Bd -literal -offset indent 410nameserver 127.0.0.1 411.Ed 412.Ss RPC-based network services 413Several services depend on the RPC portmapper 414.Xr rpcbind 8 415- formerly known as 416.Ic portmap 417- being running for proper operation. 418This includes YP (NIS) and NFS exports, among other services. 419To get the RPC portmapper to start automatically on boot, 420you will need to have this line in 421.Pa /etc/rc.conf : 422.Pp 423.Dl rpcbind=YES 424.Ss YP (NIS) Setup 425Check the YP domain name with the 426.Xr domainname 1 427command. 428If necessary, correct it by editing the 429.Pa /etc/defaultdomain 430file or by setting the 431.Dq Va domainname 432variable in 433.Pa /etc/rc.conf . 434The 435.Pa /etc/rc.d/network 436script reads this file on bootup to determine and set the domain name. 437You may also set the running system's domain name with the 438.Xr domainname 1 439command. 440To start YP client services, simply run 441.Ic ypbind , 442then perform the remaining 443YP activation as described in 444.Xr passwd 5 445and 446.Xr group 5 . 447.Pp 448In particular, to enable YP passwd support, you'll need to update 449.Pa /etc/nsswitch.conf 450to include 451.Dq nis 452for the 453.Dq passwd 454and 455.Dq group 456entries. 457A traditional way to accomplish the same thing is to 458add following entry to local passwd database via 459.Xr vipw 8 : 460.Bd -literal -offset indent 461.Li +:*:::::::: 462.Ed 463.Pp 464Note this entry has to be the very last one. 465This traditional way works with the default 466.Xr nsswitch.conf 5 467setting of 468.Dq passwd , 469which is 470.Dq compat . 471.Pp 472There are many more YP man pages available to help you. 473You can find more information by starting with 474.Xr nis 8 . 475.Ss Check disk mounts 476Check that the disks are mounted correctly by 477comparing the 478.Pa /etc/fstab 479file against the output of the 480.Xr mount 8 481and 482.Xr df 1 483commands. 484Example: 485.Bd -literal -offset indent 486.Li # Ic cat /etc/fstab 487/dev/sd0a / ffs rw 1 1 488/dev/sd0b none swap sw 489/dev/sd0e /usr ffs rw 1 2 490/dev/sd0f /var ffs rw 1 3 491/dev/sd0g /tmp ffs rw 1 4 492/dev/sd0h /home ffs rw 1 5 493 494.Li # Ic mount 495/dev/sd0a on / type ffs (local) 496/dev/sd0e on /usr type ffs (local) 497/dev/sd0f on /var type ffs (local) 498/dev/sd0g on /tmp type ffs (local) 499/dev/sd0h on /home type ffs (local) 500 501.Li # Ic df 502Filesystem 1024-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on 503/dev/sd0a 22311 14589 6606 69% / 504/dev/sd0e 203399 150221 43008 78% /usr 505/dev/sd0f 10447 682 9242 7% /var 506/dev/sd0g 18823 2 17879 0% /tmp 507/dev/sd0h 7519 5255 1888 74% /home 508 509.Li # Ic pstat -s 510Device 512-blocks Used Avail Capacity Priority 511/dev/sd0b 131072 84656 46416 65% 0 512.Ed 513.Pp 514Edit 515.Pa /etc/fstab 516and use the 517.Xr mount 8 518and 519.Xr umount 8 520commands as appropriate. 521Refer to the above example and 522.Xr fstab 5 523for information on the format of this file. 524.Pp 525You may wish to do NFS mounts now too, or you can do them later. 526.Ss Concatenated disks (ccd) 527If you are using 528.Xr ccd 4 529concatenated disks, edit 530.Pa /etc/ccd.conf . 531You may wish to take a look to 532.Xr ccdconfig 8 533for more information about this file. 534Use the 535.Ic ccdconfig -U 536command to unload and the 537.Ic ccdconfig -C 538command to create tables internal to the kernel for the concatenated disks. 539You then 540.Xr mount 8 , 541.Xr umount 8 , 542and edit 543.Pa /etc/fstab 544as needed. 545.Ss Automounter daemon (AMD) 546To use the 547.Xr amd 8 548automounter, create the 549.Pa /etc/amd 550directory, copy example config files from 551.Pa /usr/share/examples/amd 552to 553.Pa /etc/amd 554and customize them as needed. 555Alternatively, you can get your maps with YP. 556.Ss Clock synchronization 557In order to make sure the system clock is synchronized 558to that of a publicly accessible NTP server, 559make sure that 560.Pa /etc/rc.conf 561contains the following: 562.Pp 563.Dl ntpdate=YES 564.Dl ntpd=YES 565.Pp 566See 567.Xr date 1 , 568.Xr ntpdate 8 , 569.Xr ntpd 8 , 570.Xr rdate 8 , 571and 572.Xr timed 8 573for more information on setting the system's date. 574.Sh CHANGING /etc FILES 575The system should be usable now, but you may wish to do more customizing, 576such as adding users, etc. 577Many of the following sections may be skipped 578if you are not using that package (for example, skip the 579.Sx Kerberos 580section if you won't be using Kerberos). 581We suggest that you 582.Ic cd /etc 583and edit most of the files in that directory. 584.Pp 585Note that the 586.Pa /etc/motd 587file is modified by 588.Pa /etc/rc.d/motd 589whenever the system is booted. 590To keep any custom message intact, ensure that you leave two blank lines 591at the top, or your message will be overwritten. 592.Ss Add new users 593To add new users and groups, there are 594.Xr useradd 8 595and 596.Xr groupadd 8 ; 597see also 598.Xr user 8 599for further programs for user and group manipulation. 600You may use 601.Xr vipw 8 602to add users to the 603.Pa /etc/passwd 604file 605and edit 606.Pa /etc/group 607by hand to add new groups. 608The manual page for 609.Xr su 1 , 610tells you to make sure to put people in 611the 612.Sq wheel 613group if they need root access (non-Kerberos). 614For example: 615.Bd -literal -offset indent 616wheel:*:0:root,myself 617.Ed 618.Pp 619Follow instructions for 620.Xr kerberos 8 621if using 622Kerberos 623for authentication. 624.Ss System boot scripts and /etc/rc.local 625.Pa /etc/rc 626and the 627.Pa /etc/rc.d/* 628scripts are invoked at boot time after single user mode has exited, 629and at shutdown. 630The whole process is controlled by the master script 631.Pa /etc/rc . 632This script should not be changed by administrators. 633.Pp 634The directory 635.Pa /etc/rc.d 636contains a series of scripts used at startup/shutdown, called by 637.Pa /etc/rc . 638.Pa /etc/rc 639is in turn influenced by the configuration variables present in 640.Pa /etc/rc.conf . 641.Pp 642The script 643.Pa /etc/rc.local 644is run as the last thing during multiuser boot, and is provided 645to allow any other local hooks necessary for the system. 646.Ss rc.conf 647To enable or disable various services on system startup, 648corresponding entries can be made in 649.Pa /etc/rc.conf . 650You can take a look at 651.Pa /etc/defaults/rc.conf 652to see a list of default system variables, which you can override in 653.Pa /etc/rc.conf . 654Note you are 655.Em not 656supposed to change 657.Pa /etc/defaults/rc.conf 658directly, edit only 659.Pa /etc/rc.conf . 660See 661.Xr rc.conf 5 662for further information. 663.Ss X Display Manager 664If you've installed X, you may want to turn on 665.Xr xdm 1 , 666the X Display Manager. 667To do this, set 668.Dq xdm=YES 669in 670.Pa /etc/rc.conf . 671.Ss Printers 672Edit 673.Pa /etc/printcap 674and 675.Pa /etc/hosts.lpd 676to get any printers set up. 677Consult 678.Xr lpd 8 679and 680.Xr printcap 5 681if needed. 682.Ss Tighten up security 683In 684.Pa /etc/inetd.conf 685comment out any extra entries you do not need, and only add things 686that are really needed. 687Note that by default all services are disabled for security reasons. 688.Ss Kerberos 689If you are going to use Kerberos for authentication, 690see 691.Xr kerberos 8 692and 693.Dq info heimdal 694for more information. 695If you already have a Kerberos master, change directory to 696.Pa /etc/kerberosV 697and configure. 698Remember to get a 699.Pa srvtab 700from the master so that the remote commands work. 701.Ss Mail Aliases 702Check 703.Pa /etc/mail/aliases 704and update appropriately if you want e-mail to be routed 705to non-local addresses or to different users. 706.Pp 707Run 708.Xr newaliases 1 709after changes. 710.Ss Postfix 711.Nx 712uses Postfix as its MTA. 713Postfix is started by default, but its initial configuration does not 714cause it to listen on the network for incoming connections. 715To configure Postfix, see 716.Pa /etc/postfix/main.cf 717and 718.Pa /etc/postfix/master.cf . 719If you wish to use a different MTA (e.g., sendmail), install your MTA of 720choice and edit 721.Pa /etc/mailer.conf 722to point to the proper binaries. 723.Ss DHCP server 724If this is a 725DHCP 726server, edit 727.Pa /etc/dhcpd.conf 728and 729.Pa /etc/dhcpd.interfaces 730as needed. 731You will have to make sure 732.Pa /etc/rc.conf 733has 734.Dq dhcpd=YES 735or run 736.Xr dhcpd 8 737manually. 738.Ss Bootparam server 739If this is a 740Bootparam 741server, edit 742.Pa /etc/bootparams 743as needed. 744You will have to turn it on in 745.Pa /etc/rc.conf 746by adding 747.Dq bootparamd=YES . 748.Ss NFS server 749If this is an NFS server, make sure 750.Pa /etc/rc.conf 751has: 752.Bd -literal -offset indent 753nfs_server=YES 754mountd=YES 755rpcbind=YES 756.Ed 757.Pp 758Edit 759.Pa /etc/exports 760and get it correct. 761After this, you can start the server by issuing: 762.Bd -literal -offset indent 763.Ic /etc/rc.d/rpcbind start 764.Ic /etc/rc.d/mountd start 765.Ic /etc/rc.d/nfsd start 766.Ed 767which will also start dependencies. 768.Ss HP remote boot server 769Edit 770.Pa /etc/rbootd.conf 771if needed for remote booting. 772If you do not have HP computers doing remote booting, do not enable this. 773.Ss Daily, weekly, monthly scripts 774Look at and possibly edit the 775.Pa /etc/daily.conf , /etc/weekly.conf , 776and 777.Pa /etc/monthly.conf 778configuration files. 779You can check which values you can set by looking 780to their matching files in 781.Pa /etc/defaults . 782Your site specific things should go into 783.Pa /etc/daily.local , /etc/weekly.local , 784and 785.Pa /etc/monthly.local . 786.Pp 787These scripts have been limited so as to keep the system running without 788filling up disk space from normal running processes and database updates. 789(You probably do not need to understand them.) 790.Ss Other files in /etc 791Look at the other files in 792.Pa /etc 793and edit them as needed. 794(Do not edit files ending in 795.Pa .db 796\(em like 797.Pa pwd.db , spwd.db , 798nor 799.Pa localtime , 800nor 801.Pa rmt , 802nor any directories.) 803.Ss Crontab (background running processes) 804Check what is running by typing 805.Ic crontab -l 806as root 807and see if anything unexpected is present. 808Do you need anything else? 809Do you wish to change things? 810For example, if you do not 811like root getting standard output of the daily scripts, and want only 812the security scripts that are mailed internally, you can type 813.Ic crontab -e 814and change some of the lines to read: 815.Bd -literal -offset indent 81630 1 * * * /bin/sh /etc/daily 2\*[Gt]\*[Am]1 \*[Gt] /var/log/daily.out 81730 3 * * 6 /bin/sh /etc/weekly 2\*[Gt]\*[Am]1 \*[Gt] /var/log/weekly.out 81830 5 1 * * /bin/sh /etc/monthly 2\*[Gt]\*[Am]1 \*[Gt] /var/log/monthly.out 819.Ed 820.Pp 821See 822.Xr crontab 5 . 823.Ss Next day cleanup 824After the first night's security run, change ownerships and permissions 825on files, directories, and devices; root should have received mail 826with subject: "\*[Lt]hostname\*[Gt] daily insecurity output.". 827This mail contains 828a set of security recommendations, presented as a list looking like this: 829.Bd -literal -offset indent 830var/mail: 831 permissions (0755, 0775) 832etc/daily: 833 user (0, 3) 834.Ed 835.Pp 836The best bet is to follow the advice in that list. 837The recommended setting is the first item in parentheses, while 838the current setting is the second one. 839This list is generated by 840.Xr mtree 8 841using 842.Pa /etc/mtree/special . 843Use 844.Xr chmod 1 , 845.Xr chgrp 1 , 846and 847.Xr chown 8 848as needed. 849.Ss Packages 850Install your own packages. 851The 852.Nx 853packages collection, pkgsrc, includes a large set of third-party software. 854A lot of it is available as binary packages that you can download from 855.Lk ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/ 856or a mirror, and install using 857.Xr pkg_add 1 . 858See 859.Lk http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/pkgsrc/ 860and 861.Pa pkgsrc/doc/pkgsrc.txt 862for more details. 863.Pp 864Copy vendor binaries and install them. 865You will need to install any shared libraries, etc. 866(Hint: 867.Ic man -k compat 868to find out how to install and use compatibility mode.) 869.Pp 870There is also other third-party software that is available 871in source form only, either because it has not been ported to 872.Nx 873yet, because licensing restrictions make binary redistribution 874impossible, or simply because you want to build your own binaries. 875Sometimes checking the mailing lists for 876past problems that people have encountered will result in a fix posted. 877.Ss Check the running system 878You can use 879.Xr ps 1 , 880.Xr netstat 1 , 881and 882.Xr fstat 1 883to check on running processes, network connections, and opened files, 884respectively. 885Other tools you may find useful are 886.Xr systat 1 887and 888.Xr top 1 . 889.Sh COMPILING A KERNEL 890Note: 891The standard 892.Nx 893kernel configuration (GENERIC) is suitable for most purposes. 894.Pp 895First, review the system message buffer in 896.Pa /var/run/dmesg.boot 897and by using the 898.Xr dmesg 8 899command to find out information on your system's devices as probed by the 900kernel at boot. 901In particular, note which devices were not configured. 902This information will prove useful when editing kernel configuration files. 903.Pp 904To compile a kernel inside a writable source tree, do the following: 905.Bd -literal -offset indent 906$ cd /usr/src/sys/arch/SOMEARCH/conf 907$ cp GENERIC SOMEFILE (only the first time) 908$ vi SOMEFILE (adapt to your needs) 909$ config SOMEFILE 910$ cd ../compile/SOMEFILE 911$ make depend 912$ make 913.Ed 914.Pp 915where 916.Ar SOMEARCH 917is the architecture (e.g., i386), and 918.Ar SOMEFILE 919should be a name indicative of a particular configuration (often 920that of the hostname). 921.Pp 922If you are building your kernel again, before you do a 923.Ic make 924you should do a 925.Ic make clean 926after making changes to your kernel options. 927.Pp 928After either of these two methods, you can place the new kernel (called 929.Pa netbsd ) 930in 931.Pa / 932(i.e., 933.Pa /netbsd ) 934by issuing 935.Ic make install 936and the system will boot it next time. 937The old kernel is stored as 938.Pa /onetbsd 939so you can boot it in case of failure. 940.Pp 941If you are using toolchain to build your kernel, you will also need to 942build a new set of toolchain binaries. 943You can do it by changing into 944.Pa /usr/src 945and issuing: 946.Bd -literal -offset indent 947$ cd /usr/src 948$ K=sys/arch/`uname -m`/conf 949$ cp $K/GENERIC $K/SOMEFILE 950$ vi $K/SOMEFILE (adapt to your needs) 951$ ./build.sh tools 952$ ./build.sh kernel=SOMEFILE 953.Ed 954.Sh SYSTEM TESTING 955At this point, the system should be fully configured to your liking. 956It is now a good time to ensure that the system behaves according to 957its specifications and that it is stable on your hardware. 958Please refer to 959.Xr tests 7 960for details on how to do so. 961.Sh SEE ALSO 962.Xr chgrp 1 , 963.Xr chmod 1 , 964.Xr config 1 , 965.Xr crontab 1 , 966.Xr date 1 , 967.Xr df 1 , 968.Xr domainname 1 , 969.Xr fstat 1 , 970.Xr hostname 1 , 971.Xr make 1 , 972.Xr man 1 , 973.Xr netstat 1 , 974.Xr newaliases 1 , 975.Xr passwd 1 , 976.Xr pkg_add 1 , 977.Xr ps 1 , 978.Xr ssh 1 , 979.Xr su 1 , 980.Xr systat 1 , 981.Xr top 1 , 982.Xr xdm 1 , 983.Xr ccd 4 , 984.Xr aliases 5 , 985.Xr crontab 5 , 986.Xr dhclient.conf 5 , 987.Xr dhcpcd.conf 5 , 988.Xr exports 5 , 989.Xr fstab 5 , 990.Xr group 5 , 991.Xr hosts 5 , 992.Xr ifconfig.if 5 , 993.Xr mailer.conf 5 , 994.Xr named.conf 5 , 995.Xr nsswitch.conf 5 , 996.Xr passwd 5 , 997.Xr printcap 5 , 998.Xr rc.conf 5 , 999.Xr resolv.conf 5 , 1000.Xr sshd_config 5 , 1001.Xr wscons.conf 5 , 1002.Xr hier 7 , 1003.Xr hostname 7 , 1004.Xr pkgsrc 7 , 1005.Xr tests 7 , 1006.Xr amd 8 , 1007.Xr ccdconfig 8 , 1008.Xr chown 8 , 1009.Xr dhclient 8 , 1010.Xr dhcpcd 8 , 1011.Xr dhcpd 8 , 1012.Xr dmesg 8 , 1013.Xr groupadd 8 , 1014.Xr ifconfig 8 , 1015.Xr inetd 8 , 1016.Xr kerberos 8 , 1017.Xr lpd 8 , 1018.Xr mount 8 , 1019.Xr mrouted 8 , 1020.Xr mtree 8 , 1021.Xr named 8 , 1022.Xr nis 8 , 1023.Xr ntpd 8 , 1024.Xr ntpdate 8 , 1025.Xr rbootd 8 , 1026.Xr rc 8 , 1027.Xr rdate 8 , 1028.Xr rmt 8 , 1029.Xr route 8 , 1030.Xr rpc.bootparamd 8 , 1031.Xr rpcbind 8 , 1032.Xr sshd 8 , 1033.Xr timed 8 , 1034.Xr umount 8 , 1035.Xr useradd 8 , 1036.Xr vipw 8 , 1037.Xr yp 8 , 1038.Xr ypbind 8 1039.Sh HISTORY 1040This document first appeared in 1041.Ox 2.2 . 1042It has been adapted to 1043.Nx 1044and first appeared in 1045.Nx 2.0 . 1046