man/man4/options.4

.\"	$NetBSD: options.4,v 1.111 2000/07/05 14:54:01 sommerfeld Exp $
.\"
.\" Copyright (c) 1996
.\" 	Perry E. Metzger.  All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\"    must display the following acknowledgment:
.\"	This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project
.\"	by Perry E. Metzger.
.\" 4. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
.\"    derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
.\" OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
.\" IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
.\" INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
.\" NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
.\" DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
.\" THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
.\" (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
.\" THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\"
.Dd April 13, 2000
.Os
.Dt OPTIONS 4
.Sh NAME
.Nm options
.Nd Miscellaneous kernel configuration options
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Cd options ...
.Sh DESCRIPTION
This manual page describes a number of miscellaneous kernel
configuration options that may be specified in a kernel config
file.
See
.Xr config 8
for information on how to configure and build kernels.
.Em Note:
Options are passed to the compile process as -D flags to the C
compiler.
.Ss Compatibility Options
.Bl -ohang
.It Cd options COMPAT_09
Enable binary compatibility with
.Nx 0.9 .
This enables support for
16-bit user, group, and process ids (following revisions support
32-bit identifiers),
It also allows the use of the deprecated
.Xr getdomainname 3 ,
.Xr setdomainname 3 ,
and
.Xr uname 3
syscalls.
This option also allows using numeric filesystem identifiers rather
than strings.
Post
.Nx 0.9
versions use string identifiers.
.It Cd options COMPAT_10
Enable binary compatibility with
.Nx 1.0 .
This option allows the use of the filesystem name of
.Dq ufs
as an alias for
.Dq ffs .
The name
.Dq ffs
should be used post 1.0 in
.Pa /etc/fstab
and other files.
It also adds old syscalls for the
.At V
shared memory interface.
This was changed post 1.0 to work on 64-bit architectures.
This option also enables
.Dq sgtty
compatibility, without which programs using the old interface produce
an
.Dq inappropriate ioctl
error.
.It Cd options COMPAT_11
Enable binary compatibility with
.Nx 1.1 .
This allows binaries running on the i386 port to gain direct access to
the io ports by opening
.Pa /dev/io
read/write.
This functionality was replaced by
.Xr i386_iopl 2
post 1.1.
On the
.Tn Atari
port, the location of the disk label was moved after 1.1.
When the
.Em COMPAT_11
option is set, the kernel will read (pre) 1.1 style disk labels as a
last resort.
When a disklabel is re-written, the old style label will be replaced
with a post 1.1 style label.
.It Cd options COMPAT_12
Enable binary compatibility with
.Nx 1.2 .
This allows the use of old syscalls for
.Fn reboot
and
.Fn swapon .
The syscall numbers were changed post 1.2 to add functionality to the
.Xr reboot 2
syscall, and the new
.Xr swapctl 2
interface was introduced.
.It Cd options COMPAT_13
Enable binary compatibility with
.Nx 1.3 .
This allows the use of old syscalls for
.Fn sigaltstack ,
and also enables the old
.Xr swapctl 2
command
.Dv SWAP_STATS
(now called
.Dv SWAP_OSTATS ) ,
which does not include the
.Fa se_path
member of
.Va struct swapent .
.It Cd options COMPAT_14
Enable binary compatibility with
.Nx 1.4 .
This allows some old
.Xr ioctl 2
on
.Xr wscons 4
to be performed, and allows the
.Dv NFSSVC_BIOD
mode of the
.Xr nfssvc 2
system call to be used for compatibility with the deprecated nfsiod program.
.It Cd options COMPAT_43
Enables compatibility with
.Bx 4.3 .
This adds an old syscall for
.Xr lseek 2 .
It also adds the ioctls for
.Dv TIOCGETP
and
.Dv TIOCSETP .
The return values for
.Xr getpid 2 ,
.Xr getgid 2 ,
and
.Xr getuid 2
syscalls are modified as well, to return the parent's pid and
uid as well as the current process's.
It also enables the deprecated
.Dv NTTYDISC
terminal line discipline.
It also provides backwards compatibility with
.Dq old
SIOC[GS]IF{ADDR,DSTADDR,BRDADDR,NETMASK} interface ioctls, including
binary compatibility with code written before the introduction of the
sa_len field in sockaddrs.
It also enables
support for some older pre
.Bx 4.4
socket calls.
.It Cd options COMPAT_SVR4
On those architectures that support it, this enables binary
compatibility with
.At V.4
applications built for the same architecture.
This currently includes the i386, m68k and sparc port.
.It Cd options COMPAT_LINUX
On those architectures that support it, this enables binary
compatibility with Linux ELF and
.Xr a.out 5
applications built for the same architecture.
This currently includes the alpha, i386, and m68k port.
.It Cd options COMPAT_SUNOS
On those architectures that support it, this enables binary
compatibility with
.Tn SunOS 4.1
applications built for the same architecture.
This currently includes the sparc and most or all m68k ports.
.It Cd options COMPAT_ULTRIX
On those architectures that support it, this enables binary
compatibility with
.Tn Ultrix
applications built for the same architecture.
This currently is limited to the pmax.
The functionality of this option is unknown.
.It Cd options COMPAT_FREEBSD
On those architectures that support it, this enables binary
compatibility with
.Fx
applications built for the same architecture.
At the moment this is limited to the i386 port.
.It Cd options COMPAT_HPUX
On those architectures that support it, this enables binary
compatibility with
.Tn HP/UX
applications built for the same architecture.
This is limited to the hp300 port, and has some known bugs.
A limited set of programs do work.
.It Cd options COMPAT_IBCS2
On those architectures that support it, this enables binary
compatibility with iBCS2 or SVR3 applications built for the same architecture.
This is currently limited to the i386 and vax ports.
.It Cd options COMPAT_OSF1
On those architectures that support it, this enables binary
compatibility with
.Tn Digital
.Ux
.Po
formerly
.Tn OSF/1
.Pc
applications built for the same architecture.
This is currently limited to the alpha port.
.It Cd options COMPAT_NOMID
Enable compatibility with
.Xr a.out 5
executables that lack a machine ID.
This includes
.Nx 0.8 Ns 's
ZMAGIC format, and 386BSD and BSDI's
QMAGIC, NMAGIC, and OMAGIC
.Xr a.out 5
formats.
.El
.Ss Debugging Options
.Bl -ohang
.It Cd options DDB
Compiles in a kernel debugger for diagnosing kernel problems.
See
.Xr ddb 4
for details.
.Em NOTE:
not available on all architectures.
.It Cd options DDB_FROMCONSOLE=integer
If set to non-zero, DDB may be entered by sending a break on a serial
console or by a special key sequence on a graphics console.
A value of "0" ignores console breaks or key sequences,
It not explicitly specified, the default value is "1".
Note that this sets the value of the
.Em ddb.fromconsole
.Xr sysctl 3
variable which may be changed at run time -- see
.Xr sysctl 8
for details.
.It Cd options DDB_HISTORY_SIZE=integer
If this is non-zero, enable history editing in the kernel debugger
and set the size of the history to this value.
.It Cd options DDB_ONPANIC
If set to non-zero, the DDB will be entered upon kernel panic.
The default if not specified is "1".
Note that this sets the value of the
.Em ddb.onpanic
.Xr sysctl 3
variable which may be changed at run time -- see
.Xr sysctl 8
for details.
.It Cd options KGDB
Compiles in a remote kernel debugger stub for diagnosing kernel problems
using the
.Dq remote target
feature of gdb.
See
.Xr gdb 1
for details.
.Em NOTE:
not available on all architectures.
.It Cd makeoptions DEBUG="-g"
The -g flag causes
.Pa netbsd.gdb
to be built in addition to
.Pa netbsd .
.Pa netbsd.gdb
is useful for debugging kernel crash dumps with gdb.
The command
.Dl gdb -k
invokes gdb in kernel debugger mode.
See
.Xr gdb 1
for details.
This also turns on
.Em options DEBUG
(which see).
.It Cd options DEBUG
Turns on miscellaneous kernel debugging.
Since options are turned into preprocessor defines (see above),
.Em options DEBUG
is equivalent to doing a
.Em #define DEBUG
throughout the kernel.
Much of the kernel has
.Em #ifdef DEBUG
conditionalized debugging code.
Note that many parts of the kernel (typically device drivers) include their own
.Em #ifdef XXX_DEBUG
conditionals instead.
This option also turns on certain other options,
which may decrease system performance.
.It Cd options DIAGNOSTIC
Adds code to the kernel that does internal consistency checks.
This code will cause the kernel to panic if corruption of internal data
structures is detected.
.It Cd options KTRACE
Add hooks for the system call tracing facility, which allows users to
watch the system call invocation behavior of processes.
See
.Xr ktrace 1
for details.
.It Cd options MSGBUFSIZE=integer
This option sets the size of the kernel message buffer.
This buffer holds the kernel output of
.Fn printf
when not (yet) read by
.Xr syslogd 8 .
This is particularly useful when the system has crashed and you wish to lookup
the kernel output from just before the crash.
Also, since the autoconfig output becomes more and more verbose,
it sometimes happens that the message buffer overflows before
.Xr syslogd 8
was able to read it.
Note that not all systems are capable of obtaining a variable sized message
buffer.
There are also some systems on which memory contents are not preserved
across reboots.
.It Cd options MALLOCLOG
Enables an event log for
.Xr malloc 9 .
Useful for tracking down
.Dq Data modified on freelist
and
.Dq multiple free
problems.
.It Cd options MALLOCLOGSIZE=integer
Defines the number of entries in the malloc log.
Default is 100000 entries.
.El
.Ss File Systems
.Bl -ohang
.It Cd file-system FFS
Includes code implementing the Berkeley Fast File System
.Em ( FFS ) .
Most machines need this if they are not running diskless.
.It Cd file-system EXT2FS
Includes code implementing the Second Extended File System
.Em ( EXT2FS )
, revision 0 and revision 1 with the
.Em filetype
and
.Em spase_super
options.  This is the most commonly used file system on the Linux operating
system, and is provided here for compatibility.
Some of the specific features of
.Em EXT2FS
like the "behavior on errors" are not implemented.
This file system can't be used with UID or GID greater than 65535.
See
.Xr mount_ext2fs 8
for details.
.It Cd file-system LFS
.Em [EXPERIMENTAL]
Include the Log-structured File System
.Em ( LFS ) .
See
.Xr mount_lfs 8
and
.Xr newlfs 8
for details.
.It Cd file-system MFS
Include the Memory File System
.Em ( MFS ) .
This file system stores files in swappable memory, and produces
notable performance improvements when it is used as the file store
for
.Pa /tmp
and similar file systems.
See
.Xr mount_mfs 8
for details.
.It Cd file-system NFS
Include the client side of the Network File System
.Pq Tn NFS
remote file sharing protocol.
Although the bulk of the code implementing
.Tn NFS
is kernel based, several user level daemons are needed for it to work.
See
.Xr mount_nfs 8
and
.Xr nfsiod 8
for details.
.It Cd file-system CD9660
Includes code for the
.Tn ISO
9660 + Rock Ridge file system, which is the standard file system on many
.Tn CD-ROM
discs.
Useful primarily if you have a
.Tn CD-ROM
drive.
See
.Xr mount_cd9660 8
for details.
.It Cd file-system MSDOSFS
Includes the
.Tn MS-DOS
FAT file system, which is reportedly still used
by unfortunate people who have not heard about
.Nx .
Also implements the
.Tn Windows 95
extensions to the same, which permit the use of longer, mixed case
file names.
See
.Xr mount_msdos 8
and
.Xr fsck_msdos 8
for details.
.It Cd file-system NTFS
[EXPERIMENTAL] Includes code for the
.Tn Microsoft Windows NT
file system.
See
.Xr mount_ntfs 8
for details.
.It Cd file-system FDESC
Includes code for a file system, conventionally mounted on
.Pa /dev/fd ,
which permits access to the per-process file descriptor space via
special files in the file system.
See
.Xr mount_fdesc 8
for details.
Note that this facility is redundant, and thus unneeded on most
.Nx
systems, since the
.Xr fd 4
pseudodevice driver already provides identical functionality.
On most
.Nx
systems, instances of
.Xr fd 4
are mknoded under
.Pa /dev/fd/
and on
.Pa /dev/stdin ,
.Pa /dev/stdout ,
and
.Pa /dev/stderr .
.It Cd file-system KERNFS
Includes code which permits the mounting of a special file system
(normally mounted on
.Pa /kern )
in which files representing various kernel variables and parameters
may be found.
See
.Xr mount_kernfs 8
for details.
.It Cd file-system NULLFS
Includes code for a loopback file system.
This permits portions of the file hierarchy to be re-mounted in other places.
The code really exists to provide an example of a stackable file system layer.
See
.Xr mount_null 8
for details.
.It Cd file-system OVERLAY
Includes code for a file system filter.
This permits the overlay file system to intercept all access to an underlying
file system. This file system is intended to serve as an example of
a stacking file system which has a need to interpose itself between an
underlying file system and all other access.
See
.Xr mount_overlay 8
for details.
.It Cd file-system PORTAL
.Em [EXPERIMENTAL]
Includes the portal filesystem.
This permits interesting tricks like opening
.Tn TCP
sockets by opening files in the file system.
The portal file system is conventionally mounted on
.Pa /p
and is partially implemented by a special daemon.
See
.Xr mount_portal 8
for details.
.It Cd file-system PROCFS
Includes code for a special file system (conventionally mounted on
.Pa /proc )
in which the process space becomes visible in the file system.
Among
other things, the memory spaces of processes running on the system are
visible as files, and signals may be sent to processes by writing to
.Pa ctl
files in the procfs namespace.
See
.Xr mount_procfs 8
for details.
.It Cd file-system UMAPFS
Includes a loopback file system in which user and group ids may be
remapped -- this can be useful when mounting alien file systems with
different uids and gids than the local system.
See
.Xr mount_umap 8
for details.
.It Cd file-system UNION
.Em [EXPERIMENTAL]
Includes code for the union file system, which permits directories to
be mounted on top of each other in such a way that both file systems
remain visible -- this permits tricks like allowing writing (and the
deleting of files) on a read-only file system like a
.Tn CD-ROM
by mounting a local writable file system on top of the read-only file system.
See
.Xr mount_union 8
for details.
.It Cd file-system CODA
.Em [EXPERIMENTAL]
Includes code for the Coda file system.
Coda is a distributed file system like NFS and AFS.  It is
freely available, like NFS, but it functions much like AFS in being a
"stateful" file system.  Both Coda and AFS cache files on your local
machine to improve performance.  Then Coda goes a step further than AFS
by letting you access the cached files when there is no available
network, viz. disconnected laptops and network outages.  In Coda, both
the client and server are outside the kernel which makes them easier
to experiment with.  Coda is available for several UNIX and non-UNIX
platforms.
See http://www.coda.cs.cmu.edu for more details.
NOTE: You also need to enable the pseudo-device, vcoda, for the Coda
filesystem to work.
.El
.Ss File System Options
.Bl -ohang
.It Cd options NFSSERVER
Include the server side of the
.Em NFS
(Network File System) remote file sharing protocol.
Although the bulk of the code implementing
.Em NFS
is kernel based, several user level daemons are needed for it to
work.
See
.Xr mountd 8
and
.Xr nfsd 8
for details.
.It Cd options QUOTA
Enables kernel support for file system quotas.
See
.Xr quotaon 8 ,
.Xr edquota 8 ,
and
.Xr quota 1
for details.
Note that quotas only work on
.Dq ffs
file systems, although
.Xr rpc.rquotad 8
permits them to be accessed over
.Em NFS .
.It Cd options FFS_EI
Enable ``Endian-Independent'' FFS support.
This allows a system to mount an FFS filesystem created for another
architecture, at a small performance cost for all FFS filesytems.
See also
.Xr newfs 8 ,
.Xr fsck_ffs 8 ,
.Xr dumpfs 8
for filesystem byte order status and manipulation.
.It Cd options NVNODE=integer
This option sets the size of the cache used by the name-to-inode translation
routines, (a.k.a. the
.Fn namei
cache, though called by many other names in the kernel source).
By default, this cache has
.Dv NPROC
(set as 20 + 16 * MAXUSERS) * (80 + NPROC / 8) entries.
A reasonable way to derive a value of
.Dv NVNODE ,
should you notice a large number of namei cache misses with a tool such as
.Xr systat 1 ,
is to examine your system's current computed value with
.Xr sysctl 8 ,
(which calls this parameter "kern.maxvnodes") and to increase this value
until either the namei cache hit rate improves or it is determined that
your system does not benefit substantially from an increase in the size of
the namei cache.
.It Cd options EXT2FS_SYSTEM_FLAGS
This option changes the behavior of the APPEND and IMMUTABLE flags
for a file on an
.Em EXT2FS
filesystem.
Without this option, the superuser or owner of the file can
set and clear them.
With this option, only the superuser can set them, and
they can't be cleared if the securelevel is greater than 0.
See also
.Xr chflags 1 .
.It Cd options NFS_BOOT_BOOTP
Enable use of the BOOTP protocol (RFC 951, 1048) to get configuration
information if NFS is used to mount the root file system.
See
.Xr diskless 8
for details.
.It Cd options NFS_BOOT_DHCP
Same as
.Dq NFS_BOOT_BOOTP
, but use the DHCP extensions to the
BOOTP protocol (RFC 1541).
.It Cd options NFS_BOOT_BOOTPARAM
Enable use of the BOOTPARAM protocol, consisting of RARP and
BOOTPARAM RPC, to get configuration information if NFS
is used to mount the root file system.
See
.Xr diskless 8
for details.
.It Cd options NFS_BOOT_RWSIZE=value
Set the initial NFS read and write sizes for diskless-boot requests.
The normal default is 8Kbytes.  This option provides a way to lower
the value (e.g., to 1024 bytes) as a workaround for buggy network
interface cards or boot proms. Once booted, the read and write request
sizes can be increased by remounting the filesystem. See
.Xr mount_nfs 8
for details.
.El
.Ss Miscellaneous Options
.Bl -ohang
.It Cd options LKM
Enable loadable kernel modules.
See
.Xr lkm 4
for details.
.Em NOTE :
not available on all architectures.
.It Cd options INSECURE
Hardwires the kernel security level at -1.
This means that the system
always runs in secure level 0 mode, even when running multiuser.
See the manual page for
.Xr init 8
for details on the implications of this.
The kernel secure level may manipulated by the superuser by altering the
.Em kern.securelevel
.Xr sysctl 3
variable (the secure level may only be lowered by a call from process ID 1,
i.e.
.Xr init 8 ) .
See also
.Xr sysctl 8
and
.Xr sysctl 3 .
.It Cd options UCONSOLE
Normally, only the superuser can execute the
.Dv TIOCCONS
.Xr ioctl 2 ,
which redirects console output to a non-console tty.
See
.Xr tty 4
for details.
This option permits any user to execute the
.Dv TIOCCONS
.Xr ioctl 2 .
This is useful on
machines such as personal workstations which run
.Xr X 1
servers, where one would prefer to permit console output to be
viewed in a window without requiring a suid root program to do it.
.It Cd options MEMORY_DISK_HOOKS
This option allows for some machine dependent functions to be called when
the
.Tn RAM
disk driver is configured.
This can result in automatically loading a
.Tn RAM
disk from floppy on open (among other things).
.It Cd options MEMORY_DISK_IS_ROOT
Forces the
.Tn RAM
disk to be the root device.
This can only be overridden when
the kernel is booted in the 'ask-for-root' mode.
.It Cd options NTP
Turns on in-kernel precision timekeeping support used by software
implementing
.Em NTP
(Network Time Protocol, RFC1305).
The
.Em NTP
option adds an in-kernel Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) for normal
.Em NTP
operation, and a Frequency-Locked Loop (FLL) for intermittently-connected
operation.
.Xr ntpd 8
will employ a user-level PLL when kernel support is unavailable,
but the in-kernel version has lower latency and more precision, and
so typically keeps much better time.
The interface to the kernel
.Em NTP
support is provided by the
.Xr ntp_adjtime 2
and
.Xr ntp_gettime 2
system calls, which are intended for use by
.Xr ntpd 8
and are enabled by the option.
On systems with sub-microsecond resolution timers, or where (HZ / 100000)
is not an integer, the
.Em NTP
option also enables extended-precision arithmetic to keep track of
fractional clock ticks at NTP time-format precision.
.It Cd options PPS_SYNC
This option enables a kernel serial line discipline for receiving time
phase signals from an external reference clock such as a radio clock.
(The
.Em NTP
option (which see) must be on if the
.Em PPS_SYNC
option is used.)
Some reference clocks generate a Pulse Per Second (PPS) signal in
phase with their time source.
The
.Em PPS
line discipline receives this signal on either the data leads
or the DCD control lead of a serial port.
.Em NTP
uses the PPS signal to discipline the local clock oscillator to a high
degree of precision (typically less than 50 microseconds in time and
0.1 ppm in accuracy).
.Em PPS
can also generate a serial output pulse when the system receives a PPS
interrupt.
This can be used to measure the system interrupt latency and thus calibrate
.Em NTP
to account for it.
Using
.Em PPS
usually requires a
gadget box
to convert from TTL to RS-232 signal levels.
The gadget box and PPS are described in more detail in the HTML documentation
shipped with the ntpd distribution.
.It Cd options SETUIDSCRIPTS
Allows scripts with the setuid bit set to execute as the effective
user rather than the real user, just like binary executables.
.Pp
.Em NOTE :
Using this option will also enable
.Em options FDSCRIPTS
.It Cd option FDSCRIPTS
Allows execution of scripts with the execute bit set, but not the
read bit, by opening the file and passing the file descriptor to
the shell, rather than the filename.
.Pp
.Em NOTE :
Execute only (non-readable) scripts will have
.Va argv[0]
set to
.Pa /dev/fd/* .
What this option allows as far as security is
concerned, is the ability to safely ensure that the correct script
is run by the interpreter, as it is passed as an already open file.
.It Cd options RTC_OFFSET=integer
The kernel (and typically the hardware battery backed-up clock on
those machines that have one) keeps time in
.Em UTC
(Universal Coordinated Time, once known as
.Em GMT ,
or Greenwich Mean Time)
and not in the time of the local time zone.
The
.Em RTC_OFFSET
option is used on some ports (such as the i386) to tell the kernel
that the hardware clock is offset from
.Em UTC
by the specified number of minutes.
This is typically used when a machine boots several operating
systems and one of them wants the hardware clock to run in the
local time zone and not in
.Em UTC ,
e.g.
.Em RTC_OFFSET=300
means
the hardware clock is set to US Eastern Time (300 minutes behind
.Em UTC ) ,
and not
.Em UTC .
(Note:
.Em RTC_OFFSET
is used to initialize a kernel variable named
.Va rtc_offset
which is the source actually used to determine the clock offset, and
which may be accessed via the kern.rtc_offset sysctl variable.
See
.Xr sysctl 8
and
.Xr sysctl 3
for details.
Since the kernel clock is initialized from the hardware clock very
early in the boot process, it is not possible to meaningfully change
.Va rtc_offset
in system initialization scripts.
Changing this value currently may only be done at kernel compile
time or by patching the kernel and rebooting).
.Pp
.Em NOTE :
Unfortunately, in many cases where the hardware clock
is kept in local time, it is adjusted for Daylight Savings
Time; this means that attempting to use
.Em RTC_OFFSET
to let NetBSD coexist with such an operating system, like Windows,
would necessitate changing
.Em RTC_OFFSET
twice a year. As such, this solution is imperfect.
.It Cd options KMEMSTATS
The kernel memory allocator,
.Xr malloc 9 ,
will keep statistics on its performance if this option is enabled.
Unfortunately, this option therefore essentially disables the
.Fn MALLOC
and
.Fn FREE
forms of the memory allocator, which are used to enhance the performance
of certain critical sections of code in the kernel.
This option therefore can lead to a significant decrease in the
performance of certain code in the kernel if enabled.
Examples of such code include the
.Fn namei
routine, the
.Xr ccd 4
driver,
the
.Xr ncr 4
driver,
and much of the networking code.
.It Cd options MAXUPRC=integer
Sets the
.Em RLIMIT_NPROC
resource limit, which specifies the maximum number of simultaneous
processes a user is permitted to run, for process 0;
this value is inherited by its child processes.
It defaults to
.Em CHILD_MAX ,
which is currently defined to be 80.
Setting
.Em MAXUPRC
to a value less than
.Em CHILD_MAX
is not permitted, as this would result in a violation of the semantics of
.St -p1003.1-90 .
.It Cd options DEFCORENAME=string
Sets the default value of the
.Em kern.defcorename
sysctl variable, otherwise it is set to
.Nm %n.core .
See
.Xr sysctl 8
and
.Xr sysctl 3
for details.
.It Cd options RASOPS_CLIPPING
Enables clipping within the
.Nm rasops
raster-console output system.
.Em NOTE :
only available on architectures that use
.Nm rasops
for console output.
.It Cd options RASOPS_SMALL
Removes optimized character writing code from the
.Nm rasops
raster-console output system.
.Em NOTE :
only available on architectures that use
.Nm rasops
for console output.
.El
.Ss Networking Options
.Bl -ohang
.It Cd options GATEWAY
Enables
.Em IPFORWARDING
(which see)
and (on most ports) increases the size of
.Em NMBCLUSTERS
(which see).
In general,
.Em GATEWAY
is used to indicate that a system should act as a router, and
.Em IPFORWARDING
is not invoked directly.
(Note that
.Em GATEWAY
has no impact on protocols other than
.Tn IP ,
such as
.Tn CLNP
or
.Tn XNS ) .
.It Cd options IPFORWARDING=value
If
.Em value
is 1 this enables IP routing behavior. If
.Em value
is 0 (the default), it disables it. The
.Em GATEWAY
option sets this to 1 automatically.
With this option enabled, the machine will forward IP datagrams destined
for other machines between its interfaces.
Note that even without this option, the kernel will
still forward some packets (such as source routed packets) -- removing
.Em GATEWAY
and
.Em IPFORWARDING
is insufficient to stop all routing through a bastion host on a
firewall -- source routing is controlled independently.
To turn off source routing, use
.Em options IPFORWSRCRT=0
(which see).
Note that IP forwarding may be turned on and off independently of the
setting of the
.Em IPFORWARDING
option through the use of the
.Em net.inet.ip.forwarding
sysctl variable.
If
.Em net.inet.ip.forwarding
is 1, IP forwarding is on.
See
.Xr sysctl 8
and
.Xr sysctl 3
for details.
.It Cd options IPFORWSRCRT=value
If
.Em value
is set to zero, source routing of IP datagrams is turned off.
If
.Em value
is set to one (the default) or the option is absent, source routed IP
datagrams are forwarded by the machine.
Note that source routing of IP packets may be turned on and off
independently of the setting of the
.Em IPFORWSRCRT
option through the use of the
.Em net.inet.ip.forwsrcrt
sysctl variable.
If
.Em net.inet.ip.forwsrcrt
is 1, forwarding of source routed IP datagrams is on.
See
.Xr sysctl 8
and
.Xr sysctl 3
for details.
.It Cd options IFA_STATS
Tells the kernel to maintain per-address statistics on bytes sent
and received over (currently) internet and appletalk addresses.
This can be a fairly expensive operation, so you probably want to
keep this disabled.
.It Cd options MROUTING
Includes support for IP multicast routers.
You certainly want
.Em INET
with this.
Multicast routing is controlled by the
.Xr mrouted 8
daemon.
.It Cd options INET
Includes support for the
.Tn TCP/IP
protocol stack.
You almost certainly want this.
See
.Xr inet 4
for details.
This option is currently required.
.It Cd options INET6
Includes support for the
.Tn IPv6
protocol stack.
See
.Xr inet6 4
for details.
Unlike
.Em INET ,
.Em INET6
enables multicast routing code as well.
This option requires
.Em INET
at this moment, but it should not.
.It Cd options IPSEC
Includes support for the
.Tn IPsec
protocol.
See
.Xr ipsec 4
for details.
.Em IPSEC
will enable
secret key management part,
policy management part,
.Tn AH
and
.Tn IPComp .
Kernel binary will not be subject to export control in most of countries,
even if compiled with
.Em IPSEC .
For example, it should be okay to export it from within the United States
to the outside.
.Em INET6
and
.Em IPSEC
are orthogonal so you can get IPv4-only kernel with IPsec support,
IPv4/v6 dual support kernel without IPsec, and so forth.
This option requires
.Em INET
at this moment, but it should not.
.It Cd options IPSEC_DEBUG
Enables debugging code in
.Tn IPsec
stack.
This option assumes
.Em IPSEC .
.It Cd options IPSEC_ESP
Includes support for
.Tn IPsec
.Tn ESP
protocol.
See
.Xr ipsec 4
for details.
.Em IPSEC_ESP
will enable source code that is subject to export control in some countries
.Pq including the United States ,
and compiled kernel binary will be subject to certain restriction.
This option assumes
.Em IPSEC .
.It Cd options SUBNETSARELOCAL
Sets default value for net.inet.ip.subnetsarelocal variable, which
controls whether non-directly-connected subnets of connected networks
are considered "local" for purposes of choosing the MSS for a TCP
connection.  This is mostly present for historic reasons and
completely irrelevant if you enable Path MTU discovery.
.It Cd options HOSTZEROBROADCAST
Sets default value for net.inet.ip.hostzerobroadcast variable, which
controls whether the zeroth host address of each connected subnet is
also considered a broadcast address.  Default value is "1", for
compatibility with old systems; if this is set to zero on all hosts on
a subnet, you should be able to fit an extra host per subnet on the
".0" address.
.It Cd options MCLSHIFT=value
This option is the base-2 logarithm of the size of mbuf clusters.
The
.Bx
networking stack keeps network packets in a linked
list, or chain, of kernel buffer objects called mbufs.
The system provides larger mbuf clusters as an optimization for
large packets, instead of using long chains for large packets.
The mbuf cluster size,
or
.Em MCLBYTES,
must be a power of two, and is computed as two raised to the power
.Em MCLSHIFT .
On systems with Ethernet network adaptors,
.Em MCLSHIFT
is often set to 11, giving 2048-byte mbuf clusters, large enough to
hold a 1500-byte
.Tn Ethernet
frame in a single cluster.
Systems with network interfaces supporting larger frame sizes like
.Tn ATM ,
.Tn FDDI ,
or
.Tn HIPPI
may perform better with
.Em MCLSHIFT
set to 12 or 13, giving mbuf cluster sizes of 4096 and 8192 bytes,
respectively.
.It Cd options NS
Include support for the
.Tn Xerox
.Tn XNS
protocol stack.
See
.Xr ns 4
for details.
.It Cd options ISO,TPIP
Include support for the ubiquitous
.Tn OSI
protocol stack.
See
.Xr iso 4
for details.
.It Cd options EON
Include support for tunneling
.Tn OSI
protocols over
.Tn IP .
Known to be broken, or at least very fragile, and undocumented.
.It Cd options CCITT,LLC,HDLC
Include support for the
.Tn CCITT
(nee
.Tn ITU-TSS )
.Tn X.25
protocol stack.
The state of this code is currently unknown, and probably contains bugs.
.It Cd options NETATALK
Include support for the
.Tn AppleTalk
protocol stack.
The kernel provides provision for the
.Em Datagram Delivery Protocol
(DDP), providing SOCK_DGRAM support and
.Tn AppleTalk
routing.
This stack is used by the
.Em NETATALK
package, which adds support for
.Tn AppleTalk
server services via user libraries and applications.
.It Cd options IPNOPRIVPORTS
Normally, only root can bind a socket descriptor to a so-called
.Dq privileged
.Tn TCP
port, that is, a port number in the range 0-1023.
This option eliminates those checks from the kernel.
This can be useful if there is a desire to allow daemons without
privileges to bind those ports, e.g. on firewalls.
The security tradeoffs in doing this are subtle.
This option should only be used by experts.
.It Cd options TCP_COMPAT_42
.Tn TCP
bug compatibility with
.Bx 4.2 .
In
.Bx 4.2 ,
.Tn TCP
sequence numbers were 32-bit signed values.
Modern implementations of TCP use unsigned values.
This option clamps the initial sequence number to start in
the range 2^31 rather than the full unsigned range of 2^32.
Also, under
.Bx 4.2 ,
keepalive packets must contain at least one byte or else
the remote end would not respond.
.It Cd options PFIL_HOOKS
This option turns on the packet filter interface hooks.
See
.Xr pfil 9
for details.
.It Cd options IPFILTER_LOG
This option, in conjunction with
.Em pseudo-device ipfilter ,
enables logging of IP packets using ip-filter.
.It Cd options IPFILTER_DEFAULT_BLOCK
This option sets the default policy of ip-filter.
If it is set, ip-filter will block packets by default.
.It Cd options PPP_BSDCOMP
Enable support for BSD-compress
.Pq Sq bsdcomp
compression in ppp.
.It Cd options PPP_DEFLATE
Enable support for deflate
compression in ppp.
.It Cd options PPP_FILTER
This option turns on
.Xr pcap 3
based filtering for ppp connections.
This option is used by
.Xr pppd 8
which needs to be compiled with
.Em PPP_FILTER
defined (the current default).
.El
.Ss System V IPC Options
.Bl -ohang
.It Cd options SYSVMSG
Includes support for
.At V
style message queues.
See
.Xr msgctl 2 ,
.Xr msgget 2 ,
.Xr msgrcv 2 ,
.Xr msgsnd 2 .
.It Cd options SYSVSEM
Includes support for
.At V
style semaphores.
See
.Xr semctl 2 ,
.Xr semget 2 ,
.Xr semop 2 .
.It Cd options SYSVSHM
Includes support for
.At V
style shared memory.
See
.Xr shmat 2 ,
.Xr shmctl 2 ,
.Xr shmdt 2 ,
.Xr shmget 2 .
.It Cd options SHMMAXPGS=value
Sets the maximum number of
.At V
style shared memory pages that are available through the
.Xr shmget 2
system call.
Default value is 1024 on most ports.
See
.Pa /usr/include/machine/vmparam.h
for the default.
.El
.Ss VM Related Options
.Bl -ohang
.It Cd options NMBCLUSTERS=value
The number of mbuf clusters the kernel supports.  Mbuf clusters are
MCLBYTES in size (usually 2k).  This is used to compute the size of
the kernel VM map
.Em mb_map ,
which maps mbuf clusters.
Default on most ports is 256 (512 with
.Dq options GATEWAY
).
See
.Pa /usr/include/machine/param.h
for exact default information.
Increase this value if you get
.Dq mb_map full
messages.
.It Cd options NKMEMPAGES=value
.It Cd options NKMEMPAGES_MIN=value
.It Cd options NKMEMPAGES_MAX=value
Size of kernel VM map
.Em kmem_map ,
in PAGE_SIZE-sized chunks (the VM page size; this value may be read
from the
.Xr sysctl 8
variable
.Em hw.pagesize
).
This VM map is used to map the kernel malloc arena.
The kernel attempts to auto-size this map based on the amount of
physical memory in the system.  Platform-specific code may place
bounds on this computed size, which may be viewed with the
.Xr sysctl 8
variable
.Em vm.nkmempages .
See
.Pa /usr/include/machine/param.h
for the default upper and lower bounds.
The related options
.Sq NKMEMPAGES_MIN
and
.Sq NKMEMPAGES_MAX
allow the bounds to be overridden in the kernel configuration file.
These options are provided in the event the computed value is
insufficient resulting in an
.Dq out of space in kmem_map
panic.
.It Cd options BUFCACHE=value
Size of the buffer cache as a percentage of total available
.Tn RAM .
Ignored if BUFPAGES is also specified.
.It Cd options NBUF=value
.It Cd options BUFPAGES=value
These options set the number of pages available for the buffer cache.
Their default value is a machine dependent value, often calculated as
between 5% and 10% of total available
.Tn RAM .
.El
.Ss amiga-specific Options
.Bl -ohang
.It Cd options BB060STUPIDROM
When the bootloader (which passes
.Tn AmigaOS
.Tn ROM
information) claims we have a 68060
.Tn CPU
without
.Tn FPU ,
go look into the Processor Configuration Register (PCR) to find out.
You need this with
.Tn Amiga
.Tn ROM Ns s
up to (at least) V40.xxx (OS3.1),
when you boot via the bootblocks and don't have a DraCo.
.It Cd options LIMITMEM=value
If there, limit the part of the first memory bank used by
.Nx
to value megabytes.
Default is unlimited.
.It Cd options NKPTADD=addvalue
.It Cd options NKPTADDSHIFT=shiftvalue
The
.Tn CPU
specific
.Tn MMU
table for the kernel is pre-allocated at kernel startup time.
Part of it is scaled with
.Va maxproc ,
to have enough room to hold the user program
.Tn MMU
tables; the second part is a fixed amount for the kernel itself.
.Pp
The third part accounts for the size of the file buffer cache.
Its size is either
.Dv NKPTADD
pages (if defined) or memory size in bytes divided by two to
the power of
.Dv NKPTADDSHIFT .
The default is undefined
.Dv NKPTADD
and
.Dv NKPTADDSHIFT=24 ,
allowing for 16 buffers per megabyte of main memory (while
a GENERIC kernel allocates about half of that).
When you get "can't get KPT page" panics, you should increase
.Dv NKPTADD
(if defined), or decrease
.Dv NKPTADDSHIFT
by one.
.It Cd options P5PPC68KBOARD
Add special support for Phase5 mixed 68k+PPC boards. Currently, this only
affects rebooting from NetBSD and is only needed on 68040+PPC, not on
68060+PPC; without this, affected machines will hang after NetBSD has shut
down and will only restart after a keyboard reset or a power cycle.
.El
.Ss atari-specific Options
.Bl -ohang
.It Cd options DISKLABEL_AHDI
Include support for AHDI (native Atari) disklabels.
.It Cd options DISKLABEL_NBDA
Include support for
.Nx Ns Tn /atari
labels.
If you don't set this option, it will be set automatically.
.Nx Ns Tn /atari
will not work without it.
.It Cd options FALCON_SCSI
Include support for the 5380-SCSI configuration as found on the Falcon.
.It Cd options RELOC_KERNEL
If set, the kernel will relocate itself to TT-RAM, if possible.
This will give you a slightly faster system.
.Em Beware
that on some TT030 systems,
the system will frequently dump with MMU-faults with this option enabled.
.It Cd options SERCONSOLE
Allow the modem1-port to act as the system-console.
A carrier should be active on modem1 during system boot to active
the console functionality.
.It Cd options TT_SCSI
Include support for the 5380-SCSI configuration as found on the TT030
and Hades.
.El
.Ss i386-specific Options
.Bl -ohang
.It Cd options I386_CPU,I486_CPU,I586_CPU,I686_CPU
Include support for a particular class of
.Tn CPU
.Po
.Tn i386 ,
.Tn i486 ,
.Tn Pentium ,
or
.Tn Pentium Pro
.Pc .
If the appropriate class for your
.Tn CPU
is not configured, the kernel will use the highest class available
that will work.
In general, using the correct
.Tn CPU
class will result in the best performance.
At least one of these options must be present.
.It Cd options CPURESET_DELAY=value
specifies the time (in millisecond) to wait before doing a hardware reset
in the last phase of a reboot. This gives the user a chance to see error
messages from the shutdown operations (like NFS unmounts, buffer cache flush,
etc ...). Setting this to 0 will disable the delay. Default is 2 seconds.
.It Cd options MATH_EMULATE
Include the floating point emulator.
This is useful only for
.Tn CPU Ns s
that lack an
internal Floating Point Unit
.Pq Tn FPU
or co-processor.
.It Cd options VM86
Include support for virtual 8086 mode, used by
.Tn DOS
emulators.
.It Cd options USER_LDT
Include i386-specific system calls for modifying the local descriptor table,
used by Windows emulators.
.It Cd options REALBASEMEM=integer
Overrides the base memory size passed in from the boot block.
(Value given in kilobytes.)
Use this option only if the boot block reports the size incorrectly.
(Note that some
.Tn BIOS Ns es
put the extended
.Tn BIOS
data area at the top of base memory, and therefore report a smaller
base memory size to prevent programs overwriting it.
This is correct behavior, and you should not use the
.Em REALBASEMEM
option to access this memory).
.It Cd options REALEXTMEM=integer
Overrides the extended memory size passed in from the boot block.
(Value given in kilobytes. Extended memory does not include the first megabyte.)
Use this option only if the boot block reports the size incorrectly.
.It Cd options FRENCH_KBD,FINNISH_KBD,GERMAN_KBD,NORWEGIAN_KBD
Select a non-US keyboard layout for the
.Em pccons
console driver.
.It Cd options CYRIX_CACHE_WORKS
Relevant only to the Cyrix 486DLC cpu. This option is used to turn on
the cache in hold-flush mode. It is not turned on by default because it
is known to have problems in certain motherboard implementations.
.It Cd options CYRIX_CACHE_REALLY_WORKS
Relevant only to the Cyrix 486DLC cpu. This option is used to turn on
the cache in write-back mode. It is not turned on by default because it
is known to have problems in certain motherboard implementations. In order
for this option to take effect, option
.Em CYRIX_CACHE_WORKS must also be specified.
.It Cd options PCIBIOS
Enable support for initializing the
.Tn PCI
bus using information from the
.Tn BIOS .
See
.Xr pcibios 4
for details.
.El
.Ss isa-specific Options
Options specific to
.Xr isa 4
busses.
.Bl -ohang
.It Cd options PCIC_ISA_ALLOC_IOBASE=address, PCIC_ISA_ALLOC_IOSIZE=size
Control the section of IO bus space used for PCMCIA bus space mapping.
Ideally the probed defaults are satisfactory, however in practice
that is not always the case. See
.Xr pcmcia 4
for details.
.El
.Ss m68k-specific Options
.Bl -ohang
.It Cd options FPU_EMULATE
Include support for MC68881/MC68882 emulator.
.It Cd options FPSP
Include support for 68040 floating point.
.It Cd options M68020,M68030,M68040,M68060
Include support for a specific
.Tn CPU ,
at least one (the one you are using) should be specified.
.It Cd options M060SP
Include software support for 68060.
This provides emulation of unimplemented
integer instructions as well as emulation of unimplemented floating point
instructions and data types and software support for floating point traps.
.El
.Ss sparc-specific Options
.Bl -ohang
.It Cd options AUDIO_DEBUG
Enable simple event debugging of the logging of the
.Xr audio 4
device.
.It Cd options BLINK
Enable blinking of LED.  Blink rate is full cycle every N seconds for
N < then current load average.  See
.Xr getloadavg 3 .
.\" .It Cd options COLORFONT_CACHE
.\" this is totally fucked up.. what does this do?
.It Cd options COUNT_SW_LEFTOVERS
Count how many times the sw SCSI device has left 3, 2, 1 and 0 in the
sw_3_leftover, sw_2_leftover, sw_1_leftover, and sw_0_leftover
variables accessable from
.Xr ddb 4 .
See
.Xr sw 4 .
.It Cd options DEBUG_ALIGN
Adds debugging messages calls when user-requested alignment fault
handling happens.
.It Cd options DEBUG_EMUL
Adds debugging messages calls for emulated floating point and
alignment fixing operations.
.It Cd options DEBUG_SVR4
Prints registers messages calls for emulated SVR4 getcontext and
setcontext operations.  See
.Em options COMPAT_SVR4 .
.It Cd options EXTREME_DEBUG
Adds debugging functions callable from
.Xr ddb 4 .  The debug_pagetables, test_region and print_fe_map
functions print information about page tables for the SUN4M
platforms only.
.It Cd options EXTREME_EXTREME_DEBUG
Adds extra info to
.Cd options EXTREME_DEBUG .
.It Cd options FPU_CONTEXT
Make
.Em options COMPAT_SVR4
getcontext and setcontext include floating point registers.
.It Cd options MAGMA_DEBUG
Adds debugging messages to the
.Xr magma 4
device.
.It Cd options RASTERCONS_FULLSCREEN
Use the entire screen for the console.
.It Cd options RASTERCONS_SMALLFONT
Use a the fixed font on the console, instead of the normal font.
.It Cd options SUN4
Support sun4 class machines.
.It Cd options SUN4C
Support sun4c class machines.
.It Cd options SUN4M
Support sun4m class machines.
.It Cd options SUN4_MMU3L
.\" XXX ???
Enable support for sun4 3-level MMU machines.
.It Cd options V9
Enable SPARC V9 assembler in
.Xr ddb 4 .
.El
.Ss x68k-specific Options
.Bl -ohang
.It Cd options EXTENDED_MEMORY
Include support for extended memory e.g. TS-6BE16 and 060turbo on-board.
.It Cd options JUPITER
Include support for Jupiter-X MPU accelerator
.It Cd options ZSCONSOLE,ZSCN_SPEED=value
Use the built-in serial port as the system-console.
Speed is specified in bps, defaults to 9600.
.It Cd options ITE_KERNEL_ATTR=value
Set the kernel message attribute for ITE.
Value, an integer, is a logical or of the following values:
.Bl -tag -width 4n -compact -offset indent
.It 1
color inversed
.It 2
underlined
.It 4
bolded
.El
.El
.\" The following requests should be uncommented and used where appropriate.
.\" .Sh FILES
.\" .Sh EXAMPLES
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr gdb 1 ,
.Xr ktrace 1 ,
.Xr quota 1 ,
.Xr gettimeofday 2 ,
.Xr i386_iopl 2 ,
.Xr msgctl 2 ,
.Xr msgget 2 ,
.Xr msgrcv 2 ,
.Xr msgsnd 2 ,
.Xr ntp_adjtime 2 ,
.Xr ntp_gettime 2 ,
.Xr semctl 2 ,
.Xr semget 2 ,
.Xr semop 2 ,
.Xr shmat 2 ,
.Xr shmctl 2 ,
.Xr shmdt 2 ,
.Xr shmget 2 ,
.Xr sysctl 3 ,
.Xr apm 4 ,
.Xr ddb 4 ,
.Xr inet 4 ,
.Xr iso 4 ,
.Xr lkm 4 ,
.Xr ns 4 ,
.Xr pcibios 4 ,
.Xr pcmcia 4 ,
.Xr config 8 ,
.Xr edquota 8 ,
.Xr init 8 ,
.Xr mount_cd9660 8 ,
.Xr mount_fdesc 8 ,
.Xr mount_kernfs 8 ,
.Xr mount_lfs 8 ,
.Xr mount_mfs 8 ,
.Xr mount_msdos 8 ,
.Xr mount_nfs 8 ,
.Xr mount_ntfs 8 ,
.Xr mount_null 8 ,
.Xr mount_portal 8 ,
.Xr mount_procfs 8 ,
.Xr mount_umap 8 ,
.Xr mount_union 8 ,
.Xr mrouted 8 ,
.Xr newlfs 8 ,
.Xr quotaon 8 ,
.Xr rpc.rquotad 8 ,
.Xr sysctl 8 ,
.Xr ntpd 8
.Sh HISTORY
The
.Nm
man page first appeared in
.Nx 1.3 .
.Sh BUGS
The
.Em INET
and the
.Em VNODEPAGER
options should not be required.
The
.Em EON
option should be a pseudo-device, and is also very fragile.