1.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1991, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)mem.4 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 33.\" 34.Dd June 5, 1993 35.Dt MEM 4 vax 36.Os BSD 4 37.Sh NAME 38.Nm mem , 39.Nm kmem , 40.Nm kUmem 41.Nd memory files 42.Sh DESCRIPTION 43The special file 44.Nm /dev/mem 45is an interface to the physical memory of the computer. 46Byte offsets in this file are interpreted as physical memory addresses. 47Reading and writing this file is equivalent to reading and writing 48memory itself. 49Only offsets within the bounds of 50.Nm /dev/mem 51are allowed. 52.Pp 53Kernel virtual memory is accessed through the interface 54.Nm /dev/kmem 55in the same manner as 56.Nm /dev/mem . 57Only kernel virtual addresses that are currently mapped to memory are allowed. 58.Pp 59The file 60.Nm /dev/kUmem 61also refers to kernel virtual memory, 62but may be used to access areas mapped to 63.Tn UNIBUS 64address space 65and other 66.Tn I/O 67areas. 68It forces all accesses to use word (short integer) accesses. 69.Pp 70On the 71.Tn VAX 7211/780, 73the 74.Tn I/O 75space base address is 7620000000(16); 77on an 11/750 78the 79.Tn I/O space addresses are of the form fxxxxx(16). 80On all 81.Tn VAX Ns 'en 82the 83per-process data 84size 85for the current process 86is 87.Dv UPAGES 88long and ends at the virtual address 80000000(16). 89.Sh FILES 90.Bl -tag -width Pa -compact 91.It Pa /dev/mem 92.It Pa /dev/kmem 93.It Pa /dev/kUmem 94.El 95.Sh HISTORY 96The 97.Nm mem , 98.Nm kmem 99files appeared in 100.At v6 . 101The file 102.Nm kUmem 103appeared in 104.Bx 3.0 . 105