xref: /netbsd-src/sbin/sysctl/sysctl.c (revision 8b0f9554ff8762542c4defc4f70e1eb76fb508fa)
1 /*	$NetBSD: sysctl.c,v 1.122 2006/12/21 22:25:39 elad Exp $ */
2 
3 /*-
4  * Copyright (c) 2003 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
5  *	All rights reserved.
6  *
7  * This code is derived from software contributed to The NetBSD Foundation
8  * by Andrew Brown.
9  *
10  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
11  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
12  * are met:
13  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
14  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
15  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
16  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
17  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
18  * 3. Neither the name of The NetBSD Foundation nor the names of its
19  *    contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
20  *    from this software without specific prior written permission.
21  *
22  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS
23  * ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
24  * TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
25  * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS
26  * BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
27  * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
28  * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
29  * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
30  * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
31  * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
32  * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
33  */
34 
35 /*
36  * Copyright (c) 1993
37  *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
38  *
39  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
40  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
41  * are met:
42  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
43  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
44  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
45  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
46  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
47  * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
48  *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
49  *    without specific prior written permission.
50  *
51  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
52  * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
53  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
54  * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
55  * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
56  * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
57  * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
58  * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
59  * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
60  * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
61  * SUCH DAMAGE.
62  */
63 
64 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
65 #ifndef lint
66 __COPYRIGHT(
67 "@(#) Copyright (c) 1993\n\
68 	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.\n");
69 #endif /* not lint */
70 
71 #ifndef lint
72 #if 0
73 static char sccsid[] = "@(#)sysctl.c	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93";
74 #else
75 __RCSID("$NetBSD: sysctl.c,v 1.122 2006/12/21 22:25:39 elad Exp $");
76 #endif
77 #endif /* not lint */
78 
79 #include <sys/types.h>
80 #include <sys/param.h>
81 #include <sys/sysctl.h>
82 #include <sys/mount.h>
83 #include <sys/resource.h>
84 #include <sys/stat.h>
85 #include <sys/sched.h>
86 #include <sys/socket.h>
87 #include <netinet/in.h>
88 #include <netinet/ip_var.h>
89 #include <netinet/tcp.h>
90 #include <netinet/tcp_timer.h>
91 #include <netinet/tcp_var.h>
92 #include <netinet/icmp6.h>
93 #include <nfs/rpcv2.h>
94 #include <nfs/nfsproto.h>
95 #include <nfs/nfs.h>
96 #include <machine/cpu.h>
97 #include <netkey/key_var.h>
98 
99 #include <assert.h>
100 #include <ctype.h>
101 #include <err.h>
102 #include <errno.h>
103 #include <inttypes.h>
104 #include <regex.h>
105 #include <stdarg.h>
106 #include <stdio.h>
107 #include <stdlib.h>
108 #include <string.h>
109 #include <time.h>
110 #include <unistd.h>
111 
112 /*
113  * this needs to be able to do the printing and the setting
114  */
115 #define HANDLER_PROTO const char *, const char *, char *, \
116 	int *, u_int, const struct sysctlnode *, \
117 	u_int, void *
118 #define HANDLER_ARGS const char *sname, const char *dname, char *value, \
119 	int *name, u_int namelen, const struct sysctlnode *pnode, \
120 	u_int type, void *v
121 #define DISPLAY_VALUE	0
122 #define DISPLAY_OLD	1
123 #define DISPLAY_NEW	2
124 
125 /*
126  * generic routines
127  */
128 static const struct handlespec *findhandler(const char *, int);
129 static void canonicalize(const char *, char *);
130 static void purge_tree(struct sysctlnode *);
131 static void print_tree(int *, u_int, struct sysctlnode *, u_int, int);
132 static void write_number(int *, u_int, struct sysctlnode *, char *);
133 static void write_string(int *, u_int, struct sysctlnode *, char *);
134 static void display_number(const struct sysctlnode *, const char *,
135 			   const void *, size_t, int);
136 static void display_string(const struct sysctlnode *, const char *,
137 			   const void *, size_t, int);
138 static void display_struct(const struct sysctlnode *, const char *,
139 			   const void *, size_t, int);
140 static void hex_dump(const unsigned char *, size_t);
141 static void usage(void);
142 static void parse(char *);
143 static void parse_create(char *);
144 static void parse_destroy(char *);
145 static void parse_describe(char *);
146 static void getdesc1(int *, u_int, struct sysctlnode *);
147 static void getdesc(int *, u_int, struct sysctlnode *);
148 static void trim_whitespace(char *, int);
149 static void sysctlerror(int);
150 static void sysctlparseerror(u_int, const char *);
151 static void sysctlperror(const char *, ...);
152 #define EXIT(n) do { \
153 	if (fn == NULL) exit(n); else return; } while (/*CONSTCOND*/0)
154 
155 /*
156  * "borrowed" from libc:sysctlgetmibinfo.c
157  */
158 int __learn_tree(int *, u_int, struct sysctlnode *);
159 
160 /*
161  * "handlers"
162  */
163 static void printother(HANDLER_PROTO);
164 static void kern_clockrate(HANDLER_PROTO);
165 static void kern_boottime(HANDLER_PROTO);
166 static void kern_consdev(HANDLER_PROTO);
167 static void kern_cp_time(HANDLER_PROTO);
168 static void kern_cp_id(HANDLER_PROTO);
169 static void kern_drivers(HANDLER_PROTO);
170 static void vm_loadavg(HANDLER_PROTO);
171 static void proc_limit(HANDLER_PROTO);
172 #ifdef CPU_DISKINFO
173 static void machdep_diskinfo(HANDLER_PROTO);
174 #endif /* CPU_DISKINFO */
175 static void mode_bits(HANDLER_PROTO);
176 
177 static const struct handlespec {
178 	const char *ps_re;
179 	void (*ps_p)(HANDLER_PROTO);
180 	void (*ps_w)(HANDLER_PROTO);
181 	const void *ps_d;
182 } handlers[] = {
183 	{ "/kern/clockrate",			kern_clockrate, NULL, NULL },
184 	{ "/kern/vnode",			printother, NULL, "pstat" },
185 	{ "/kern/proc(2|_args)?",		printother, NULL, "ps" },
186 	{ "/kern/file2?",			printother, NULL, "pstat" },
187 	{ "/kern/ntptime",			printother, NULL,
188 						"ntpdc -c kerninfo" },
189 	{ "/kern/msgbuf",			printother, NULL, "dmesg" },
190 	{ "/kern/boottime",			kern_boottime, NULL, NULL },
191 	{ "/kern/consdev",			kern_consdev, NULL, NULL },
192 	{ "/kern/cp_time(/[0-9]+)?",		kern_cp_time, NULL, NULL },
193 	{ "/kern/sysvipc_info",			printother, NULL, "ipcs" },
194 	{ "/kern/cp_id(/[0-9]+)?",		kern_cp_id, NULL, NULL },
195 
196 	{ "/kern/coredump/setid/mode",		mode_bits, mode_bits, NULL },
197 	{ "/kern/drivers",			kern_drivers, NULL, NULL },
198 
199 	{ "/vm/vmmeter",			printother, NULL,
200 						"vmstat' or 'systat" },
201 	{ "/vm/loadavg",			vm_loadavg, NULL, NULL },
202 	{ "/vm/uvmexp2?",			printother, NULL,
203 						"vmstat' or 'systat" },
204 
205 	{ "/vfs/nfs/nfsstats",			printother, NULL, "nfsstat" },
206 
207 	{ "/net/inet6?/tcp6?/ident",		printother, NULL, "identd" },
208 	{ "/net/inet6/icmp6/nd6_[dp]rlist",	printother, NULL, "ndp" },
209 	{ "/net/key/dumps[ap]",			printother, NULL, "setkey" },
210 	{ "/net/[^/]+/[^/]+/pcblist",		printother, NULL,
211 						"netstat' or 'sockstat" },
212 	{ "/net/(inet|inet6)/[^/]+/stats",	printother, NULL, "netstat"},
213 	{ "/net/bpf/(stats|peers)",		printother, NULL, "netstat"},
214 
215 	{ "/net/inet.*/tcp.*/deb.*",		printother, NULL, "trpt" },
216 
217 	{ "/net/ns/spp/deb.*",			printother, NULL, "trsp" },
218 
219 	{ "/hw/diskstats",			printother, NULL, "iostat" },
220 
221 #ifdef CPU_CONSDEV
222 	{ "/machdep/consdev",			kern_consdev, NULL, NULL },
223 #endif /* CPU_CONSDEV */
224 #ifdef CPU_DISKINFO
225 	{ "/machdep/diskinfo",			machdep_diskinfo, NULL, NULL },
226 #endif /* CPU_CONSDEV */
227 
228 	{ "/proc/[^/]+/rlimit/[^/]+/[^/]+",	proc_limit, proc_limit, NULL },
229 
230 	/*
231 	 * these will only be called when the given node has no children
232 	 */
233 	{ "/net/[^/]+",				printother, NULL, NULL },
234 	{ "/debug",				printother, NULL, NULL },
235 	{ "/ddb",				printother, NULL, NULL },
236 	{ "/vendor",				printother, NULL, NULL },
237 
238 	{ NULL,					NULL, NULL, NULL },
239 };
240 
241 struct sysctlnode my_root = {
242 	.sysctl_flags = SYSCTL_VERSION|CTLFLAG_ROOT|CTLTYPE_NODE,
243 	sysc_init_field(_sysctl_size, sizeof(struct sysctlnode)),
244 	.sysctl_num = 0,
245 	.sysctl_name = "(prog_root)",
246 };
247 
248 int	Aflag, aflag, dflag, Mflag, nflag, qflag, rflag, wflag, xflag;
249 size_t	nr;
250 char	*fn;
251 int	req, stale, errs;
252 FILE	*warnfp = stderr;
253 
254 /*
255  * vah-riables n stuff
256  */
257 char gsname[SYSCTL_NAMELEN * CTL_MAXNAME + CTL_MAXNAME],
258 	canonname[SYSCTL_NAMELEN * CTL_MAXNAME + CTL_MAXNAME],
259 	gdname[10 * CTL_MAXNAME + CTL_MAXNAME];
260 char sep[] = ".";
261 const char *eq = " = ";
262 const char *lname[] = {
263 	"top", "second", "third", "fourth", "fifth", "sixth",
264 	"seventh", "eighth", "ninth", "tenth", "eleventh", "twelfth"
265 };
266 
267 /*
268  * you've heard of main, haven't you?
269  */
270 int
271 main(int argc, char *argv[])
272 {
273 	int name[CTL_MAXNAME];
274 	int ch;
275 
276 	while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "Aabdef:Mnqrwx")) != -1) {
277 		switch (ch) {
278 		case 'A':
279 			Aflag++;
280 			break;
281 		case 'a':
282 			aflag++;
283 			break;
284 		case 'd':
285 			dflag++;
286 			break;
287 		case 'e':
288 			eq = "=";
289 			break;
290 		case 'f':
291 			fn = optarg;
292 			wflag++;
293 			break;
294 		case 'M':
295 			Mflag++;
296 			break;
297 		case 'n':
298 			nflag++;
299 			break;
300 		case 'q':
301 			qflag++;
302 			break;
303 		case 'b':	/* FreeBSD compat */
304 		case 'r':
305 			rflag++;
306 			break;
307 		case 'w':
308 			wflag++;
309 			break;
310 		case 'x':
311 			xflag++;
312 			break;
313 		default:
314 			usage();
315 		}
316 	}
317 
318 	argc -= optind;
319 	argv += optind;
320 
321 	if (qflag && !wflag)
322 		usage();
323 	if (xflag && rflag)
324 		usage();
325 	/* if ((xflag || rflag) && wflag)
326 		usage(); */
327 	/* if (aflag && Mflag)
328 		usage(); */
329 	if ((Aflag || Mflag || dflag) && argc == 0 && fn == NULL)
330 		aflag = 1;
331 
332 	if (Aflag)
333 		warnfp = stdout;
334 	stale = req = 0;
335 
336 	if (aflag) {
337 		print_tree(&name[0], 0, NULL, CTLTYPE_NODE, 1);
338 		/* if (argc == 0) */
339 		return (0);
340 	}
341 
342 	if (fn) {
343 		FILE *fp;
344 		char *l;
345 
346 		fp = fopen(fn, "r");
347 		if (fp == NULL) {
348 			err(1, "%s", fn);
349 		} else {
350 			nr = 0;
351 			while ((l = fparseln(fp, NULL, &nr, NULL, 0)) != NULL)
352 			{
353 				if (*l) {
354 					parse(l);
355 					free(l);
356 				}
357 			}
358 			fclose(fp);
359 		}
360 		return errs ? 1 : 0;
361 	}
362 
363 	if (argc == 0)
364 		usage();
365 
366 	while (argc-- > 0)
367 		parse(*argv++);
368 
369 	return errs ? 1 : 0;
370 }
371 
372 /*
373  * ********************************************************************
374  * how to find someone special to handle the reading (or maybe even
375  * writing) of a particular node
376  * ********************************************************************
377  */
378 static const struct handlespec *
379 findhandler(const char *s, int w)
380 {
381 	const struct handlespec *p;
382 	regex_t re;
383 	int i, j, l;
384 	char eb[64];
385 	regmatch_t match[1];
386 
387 	p = &handlers[0];
388 	l = strlen(s);
389 	for (i = 0; p[i].ps_re != NULL; i++) {
390 		j = regcomp(&re, p[i].ps_re, REG_EXTENDED);
391 		if (j != 0) {
392 			regerror(j, &re, eb, sizeof(eb));
393 			errx(1, "regcomp: %s: %s", p[i].ps_re, eb);
394 		}
395 		j = regexec(&re, s, 1, match, 0);
396 		if (j == 0) {
397 			if (match[0].rm_so == 0 && match[0].rm_eo == l &&
398 			    (w ? p[i].ps_w : p[i].ps_p) != NULL) {
399 				regfree(&re);
400 				return (&p[i]);
401 			}
402 		}
403 		else if (j != REG_NOMATCH) {
404 			regerror(j, &re, eb, sizeof(eb));
405 			errx(1, "regexec: %s: %s", p[i].ps_re, eb);
406 		}
407 		regfree(&re);
408 	}
409 
410 	return (NULL);
411 }
412 
413 /*
414  * after sysctlgetmibinfo is done with the name, we convert all
415  * separators to / and stuff one at the front if it was missing
416  */
417 static void
418 canonicalize(const char *i, char *o)
419 {
420 	const char *t;
421 	char p[SYSCTL_NAMELEN + 1];
422 	int l;
423 
424 	if (i[0] != *sep) {
425 		o[0] = '/';
426 		o[1] = '\0';
427 	}
428 	else
429 		o[0] = '\0';
430 
431 	t = i;
432 	do {
433 		i = t;
434 		t = strchr(i, sep[0]);
435 		if (t == NULL)
436 			strcat(o, i);
437 		else {
438 			l = t - i;
439 			t++;
440 			memcpy(p, i, l);
441 			p[l] = '\0';
442 			strcat(o, p);
443 			strcat(o, "/");
444 		}
445 	} while (t != NULL);
446 }
447 
448 /*
449  * ********************************************************************
450  * convert this special number to a special string so we can print the
451  * mib
452  * ********************************************************************
453  */
454 static const char *
455 sf(u_int f)
456 {
457 	static char s[256];
458 	const char *c;
459 
460 	s[0] = '\0';
461 	c = "";
462 
463 #define print_flag(_f, _s, _c, _q, _x) \
464 	if (((_f) & (__CONCAT(CTLFLAG_,_x))) == (__CONCAT(CTLFLAG_,_q))) { \
465 		strlcat((_s), (_c), sizeof(_s)); \
466 		strlcat((_s), __STRING(_q), sizeof(_s)); \
467 		(_c) = ","; \
468 		(_f) &= ~(__CONCAT(CTLFLAG_,_x)); \
469 	}
470 	print_flag(f, s, c, READONLY,  READWRITE);
471 	print_flag(f, s, c, READWRITE, READWRITE);
472 	print_flag(f, s, c, ANYWRITE,  ANYWRITE);
473 	print_flag(f, s, c, PRIVATE,   PRIVATE);
474 	print_flag(f, s, c, PERMANENT, PERMANENT);
475 	print_flag(f, s, c, OWNDATA,   OWNDATA);
476 	print_flag(f, s, c, IMMEDIATE, IMMEDIATE);
477 	print_flag(f, s, c, HEX,       HEX);
478 	print_flag(f, s, c, ROOT,      ROOT);
479 	print_flag(f, s, c, ANYNUMBER, ANYNUMBER);
480 	print_flag(f, s, c, HIDDEN,    HIDDEN);
481 	print_flag(f, s, c, ALIAS,     ALIAS);
482 #undef print_flag
483 
484 	if (f) {
485 		char foo[9];
486 		snprintf(foo, sizeof(foo), "%x", f);
487 		strlcat(s, c, sizeof(s));
488 		strlcat(s, foo, sizeof(s));
489 	}
490 
491 	return (s);
492 }
493 
494 static const char *
495 st(u_int t)
496 {
497 
498 	switch (t) {
499 	case CTLTYPE_NODE:
500 		return "NODE";
501 	case CTLTYPE_INT:
502 		return "INT";
503 	case CTLTYPE_STRING:
504 		return "STRING";
505 	case CTLTYPE_QUAD:
506                 return "QUAD";
507 	case CTLTYPE_STRUCT:
508 		return "STRUCT";
509 	}
510 
511 	return "???";
512 }
513 
514 /*
515  * ********************************************************************
516  * recursively eliminate all data belonging to the given node
517  * ********************************************************************
518  */
519 static void
520 purge_tree(struct sysctlnode *rnode)
521 {
522 	struct sysctlnode *node;
523 
524 	if (rnode == NULL ||
525 	    SYSCTL_TYPE(rnode->sysctl_flags) != CTLTYPE_NODE ||
526 	    rnode->sysctl_child == NULL)
527 		return;
528 
529 	for (node = rnode->sysctl_child;
530 	     node < &rnode->sysctl_child[rnode->sysctl_clen];
531 	     node++)
532 		purge_tree(node);
533 	free(rnode->sysctl_child);
534 	rnode->sysctl_csize = 0;
535 	rnode->sysctl_clen = 0;
536 	rnode->sysctl_child = NULL;
537 
538 	if (rnode->sysctl_desc == (const char*)-1)
539 		rnode->sysctl_desc = NULL;
540 	if (rnode->sysctl_desc != NULL)
541 		free(__UNCONST(rnode->sysctl_desc));
542 	rnode->sysctl_desc = NULL;
543 }
544 
545 /*
546  * ********************************************************************
547  * print this node and any others underneath it
548  * ********************************************************************
549  */
550 static void
551 print_tree(int *name, u_int namelen, struct sysctlnode *pnode, u_int type,
552 	   int add)
553 {
554 	struct sysctlnode *node;
555 	int rc, ni;
556 	size_t sz;
557 	char *sp, *dp, n[20];
558 	const struct handlespec *p;
559 
560 	sp = &gsname[strlen(gsname)];
561 	dp = &gdname[strlen(gdname)];
562 
563 	if (sp != &gsname[0] && dp == &gdname[0]) {
564 		/*
565 		 * aw...shucks.  now we must play catch up
566 		 */
567 		for (ni = 0; ni < namelen; ni++) {
568 			(void)snprintf(n, sizeof(n), "%d", name[ni]);
569 			if (ni > 0)
570 				strncat(gdname, ".", sizeof(gdname));
571 			strncat(gdname, n, sizeof(gdname));
572 		}
573 	}
574 
575 	if (pnode == NULL)
576 		pnode = &my_root;
577 	else if (add) {
578 		snprintf(n, sizeof(n), "%d", pnode->sysctl_num);
579 		if (namelen > 1) {
580 			strncat(gsname, sep, sizeof(gsname));
581 			strncat(gdname, ".", sizeof(gdname));
582 		}
583 		strncat(gsname, pnode->sysctl_name, sizeof(gsname));
584 		strncat(gdname, n, sizeof(gdname));
585 	}
586 
587 	if (Mflag && pnode != &my_root) {
588 		if (nflag)
589 			printf("%s: ", gdname);
590 		else
591 			printf("%s (%s): ", gsname, gdname);
592 		printf("CTLTYPE_%s", st(type));
593 		if (type == CTLTYPE_NODE) {
594 			if (SYSCTL_FLAGS(pnode->sysctl_flags) & CTLFLAG_ALIAS)
595 				printf(", alias %d",
596 				       pnode->sysctl_alias);
597 			else
598 				printf(", children %d/%d",
599 				       pnode->sysctl_clen,
600 				       pnode->sysctl_csize);
601 		}
602 		printf(", size %zu", pnode->sysctl_size);
603 		printf(", flags 0x%x<%s>",
604 		       SYSCTL_FLAGS(pnode->sysctl_flags),
605 		       sf(SYSCTL_FLAGS(pnode->sysctl_flags)));
606 		if (pnode->sysctl_func)
607 			printf(", func=%p", pnode->sysctl_func);
608 		printf(", ver=%d", pnode->sysctl_ver);
609 		printf("\n");
610 		if (type != CTLTYPE_NODE) {
611 			*sp = *dp = '\0';
612 			return;
613 		}
614 	}
615 
616 	if (dflag && pnode != &my_root) {
617 		if (Aflag || type != CTLTYPE_NODE) {
618 			if (pnode->sysctl_desc == NULL)
619 				getdesc1(name, namelen, pnode);
620 			if (Aflag || !add ||
621 			    (pnode->sysctl_desc != NULL &&
622 			     pnode->sysctl_desc != (const char*)-1)) {
623 				if (!nflag)
624 					printf("%s: ", gsname);
625 				if (pnode->sysctl_desc == NULL ||
626 				    pnode->sysctl_desc == (const char*)-1)
627 					printf("(no description)\n");
628 				else
629 					printf("%s\n", pnode->sysctl_desc);
630 			}
631 		}
632 
633 		if (type != CTLTYPE_NODE) {
634 			*sp = *dp = '\0';
635 			return;
636 		}
637 	}
638 
639 	/*
640 	 * if this is an alias and we added our name, that means we
641 	 * got here by recursing down into the tree, so skip it.  The
642 	 * only way to print an aliased node is with either -M or by
643 	 * name specifically.
644 	 */
645 	if (SYSCTL_FLAGS(pnode->sysctl_flags) & CTLFLAG_ALIAS && add) {
646 		*sp = *dp = '\0';
647 		return;
648 	}
649 
650 	canonicalize(gsname, canonname);
651 	p = findhandler(canonname, 0);
652 	if (type != CTLTYPE_NODE && p != NULL) {
653 		(*p->ps_p)(gsname, gdname, NULL, name, namelen, pnode, type,
654 			   __UNCONST(p->ps_d));
655 		*sp = *dp = '\0';
656 		return;
657 	}
658 
659 	if (type != CTLTYPE_NODE && pnode->sysctl_size == 0) {
660 		rc = sysctl(&name[0], namelen, NULL, &sz, NULL, 0);
661 		if (rc == -1) {
662 			sysctlerror(1);
663 			*sp = *dp = '\0';
664 			return;
665 		}
666 		if (sz == 0) {
667 			if ((Aflag || req) && !Mflag)
668 				printf("%s: node contains no data\n", gsname);
669 			*sp = *dp = '\0';
670 			return;
671 		}
672 	}
673 	else
674 		sz = pnode->sysctl_size;
675 
676 	switch (type) {
677 	case CTLTYPE_NODE: {
678 		__learn_tree(name, namelen, pnode);
679 		node = pnode->sysctl_child;
680 		if (node == NULL) {
681 			if (dflag)
682 				/* do nothing */;
683 			else if (p != NULL)
684 				(*p->ps_p)(gsname, gdname, NULL, name, namelen,
685 					   pnode, type, __UNCONST(p->ps_d));
686 			else if ((Aflag || req) && !Mflag)
687 				printf("%s: no children\n", gsname);
688 		}
689 		else {
690 			if (dflag)
691 				/*
692 				 * get all descriptions for next level
693 				 * in one chunk
694 				 */
695 				getdesc(name, namelen, pnode);
696 			req = 0;
697 			for (ni = 0; ni < pnode->sysctl_clen; ni++) {
698 				name[namelen] = node[ni].sysctl_num;
699 				if ((node[ni].sysctl_flags & CTLFLAG_HIDDEN) &&
700 				    !(Aflag || req))
701 					continue;
702 				print_tree(name, namelen + 1, &node[ni],
703 					   SYSCTL_TYPE(node[ni].sysctl_flags),
704 					   1);
705 			}
706 		}
707 		break;
708 	}
709 	case CTLTYPE_INT: {
710 		int i;
711 		rc = sysctl(name, namelen, &i, &sz, NULL, 0);
712 		if (rc == -1) {
713 			sysctlerror(1);
714 			break;
715 		}
716 		display_number(pnode, gsname, &i, sizeof(i), DISPLAY_VALUE);
717 		break;
718 	}
719 	case CTLTYPE_STRING: {
720 		unsigned char buf[1024], *tbuf;
721 		tbuf = buf;
722 		sz = sizeof(buf);
723 		rc = sysctl(&name[0], namelen, tbuf, &sz, NULL, 0);
724 		if (rc == -1 && errno == ENOMEM) {
725 			tbuf = malloc(sz);
726 			if (tbuf == NULL) {
727 				sysctlerror(1);
728 				break;
729 			}
730 			rc = sysctl(&name[0], namelen, tbuf, &sz, NULL, 0);
731 		}
732 		if (rc == -1)
733 			sysctlerror(1);
734 		else
735 			display_string(pnode, gsname, tbuf, sz, DISPLAY_VALUE);
736 		if (tbuf != buf)
737 			free(tbuf);
738 		break;
739 	}
740 	case CTLTYPE_QUAD: {
741 		u_quad_t q;
742 		sz = sizeof(q);
743 		rc = sysctl(&name[0], namelen, &q, &sz, NULL, 0);
744 		if (rc == -1) {
745 			sysctlerror(1);
746 			break;
747 		}
748 		display_number(pnode, gsname, &q, sizeof(q), DISPLAY_VALUE);
749 		break;
750 	}
751 	case CTLTYPE_STRUCT: {
752 		/*
753 		 * we shouldn't actually get here, but if we
754 		 * do, would it be nice to have *something* to
755 		 * do other than completely ignore the
756 		 * request.
757 		 */
758 		unsigned char *d;
759 		if ((d = malloc(sz)) == NULL) {
760 			fprintf(warnfp, "%s: !malloc failed!\n", gsname);
761 			break;
762 		}
763 		rc = sysctl(&name[0], namelen, d, &sz, NULL, 0);
764 		if (rc == -1) {
765 			sysctlerror(1);
766 			break;
767 		}
768 		display_struct(pnode, gsname, d, sz, DISPLAY_VALUE);
769 		free(d);
770 		break;
771 	}
772 	default:
773 		/* should i print an error here? */
774 		break;
775 	}
776 
777 	*sp = *dp = '\0';
778 }
779 
780 /*
781  * ********************************************************************
782  * parse a request, possibly determining that it's a create or destroy
783  * request
784  * ********************************************************************
785  */
786 static void
787 parse(char *l)
788 {
789 	struct sysctlnode *node;
790 	const struct handlespec *w;
791 	int name[CTL_MAXNAME], dodesc = 0;
792 	u_int namelen, type;
793 	char *key, *value, *dot;
794 	size_t sz;
795 
796 	req = 1;
797 	key = l;
798 	value = strchr(l, '=');
799 	if (value != NULL)
800 		*value++ = '\0';
801 
802 	if ((dot = strpbrk(key, "./")) == NULL)
803 		sep[0] = '.';
804 	else
805 		sep[0] = dot[0];
806 	sep[1] = '\0';
807 
808 	while (key[0] == sep[0] && key[1] == sep[0]) {
809 		if (value != NULL)
810 			value[-1] = '=';
811 		if (strncmp(key + 2, "create", 6) == 0 &&
812 		    (key[8] == '=' || key[8] == sep[0]))
813 			parse_create(key + 8 + (key[8] == '=' ? 1 : 0));
814 		else if (strncmp(key + 2, "destroy", 7) == 0 &&
815 			 (key[9] == '=' || key[9] == sep[0]))
816 			parse_destroy(key + 9 + (key[9] == '=' ? 1 : 0));
817 		else if (strncmp(key + 2, "describe", 8) == 0 &&
818 			 (key[10] == '=' || key[10] == sep[0])) {
819 			key += 10 + (key[10] == '=');
820 			if ((value = strchr(key, '=')) != NULL)
821 				parse_describe(key);
822 			else {
823 				if (!dflag)
824 					dodesc = 1;
825 				break;
826 			}
827 		}
828 		else
829 			sysctlperror("unable to parse '%s'\n", key);
830 		return;
831 	}
832 
833 	if (stale) {
834 		purge_tree(&my_root);
835 		stale = 0;
836 	}
837 	node = &my_root;
838 	namelen = CTL_MAXNAME;
839 	sz = sizeof(gsname);
840 
841 	if (sysctlgetmibinfo(key, &name[0], &namelen, gsname, &sz, &node,
842 			     SYSCTL_VERSION) == -1) {
843 		sysctlparseerror(namelen, l);
844 		EXIT(1);
845 	}
846 
847 	type = SYSCTL_TYPE(node->sysctl_flags);
848 
849 	if (value == NULL) {
850 		if (dodesc)
851 			dflag = 1;
852 		print_tree(&name[0], namelen, node, type, 0);
853 		if (dodesc)
854 			dflag = 0;
855 		gsname[0] = '\0';
856 		return;
857 	}
858 
859 	if (fn)
860 		trim_whitespace(value, 1);
861 
862 	if (!wflag) {
863 		sysctlperror("Must specify -w to set variables\n");
864 		exit(1);
865 	}
866 
867 	canonicalize(gsname, canonname);
868 	if (type != CTLTYPE_NODE && (w = findhandler(canonname, 1)) != NULL) {
869 		(*w->ps_w)(gsname, gdname, value, name, namelen, node, type,
870 			   __UNCONST(w->ps_d));
871 		gsname[0] = '\0';
872 		return;
873 	}
874 
875 	switch (type) {
876 	case CTLTYPE_NODE:
877 		/*
878 		 * XXX old behavior is to print.  should we error instead?
879 		 */
880 		print_tree(&name[0], namelen, node, CTLTYPE_NODE, 1);
881 		break;
882 	case CTLTYPE_INT:
883 		write_number(&name[0], namelen, node, value);
884 		break;
885 	case CTLTYPE_STRING:
886 		write_string(&name[0], namelen, node, value);
887 		break;
888 	case CTLTYPE_QUAD:
889 		write_number(&name[0], namelen, node, value);
890 		break;
891 	case CTLTYPE_STRUCT:
892 		/*
893 		 * XXX old behavior is to print.  should we error instead?
894 		 */
895 		/* fprintf(warnfp, "you can't write to %s\n", gsname); */
896 		print_tree(&name[0], namelen, node, type, 0);
897 		break;
898 	}
899 }
900 
901 /*
902 
903   //create=foo.bar.whatever...,
904   [type=(int|quad|string|struct|node),]
905   [size=###,]
906   [n=###,]
907   [flags=(iohxparw12),]
908   [addr=0x####,|symbol=...|value=...]
909 
910   size is optional for some types.  type must be set before anything
911   else.  nodes can have [r12whp], but nothing else applies.  if no
912   size or type is given, node is asserted.  writeable is the default,
913   with [r12w] being read-only, writeable below securelevel 1,
914   writeable below securelevel 2, and unconditionally writeable
915   respectively.  if you specify addr, it is assumed to be the name of
916   a kernel symbol, if value, CTLFLAG_OWNDATA will be asserted for
917   strings, CTLFLAG_IMMEDIATE for ints and u_quad_ts.  you cannot
918   specify both value and addr.
919 
920 */
921 
922 static void
923 parse_create(char *l)
924 {
925 	struct sysctlnode node;
926 	size_t sz;
927 	char *nname, *key, *value, *data, *addr, *c, *t;
928 	int name[CTL_MAXNAME], i, rc, method, flags, rw;
929 	u_int namelen, type;
930 	u_quad_t uq;
931 	quad_t q;
932 
933 	if (!wflag) {
934 		sysctlperror("Must specify -w to create nodes\n");
935 		exit(1);
936 	}
937 
938 	/*
939 	 * these are the pieces that make up the description of a new
940 	 * node
941 	 */
942 	memset(&node, 0, sizeof(node));
943 	node.sysctl_num = CTL_CREATE;  /* any number is fine */
944 	flags = 0;
945 	rw = -1;
946 	type = 0;
947 	sz = 0;
948 	data = addr = NULL;
949 	memset(name, 0, sizeof(name));
950 	namelen = 0;
951 	method = 0;
952 
953 	/*
954 	 * misc stuff used when constructing
955 	 */
956 	i = 0;
957 	uq = 0;
958 	key = NULL;
959 	value = NULL;
960 
961 	/*
962 	 * the name of the thing we're trying to create is first, so
963 	 * pick it off.
964 	 */
965 	nname = l;
966 	if ((c = strchr(nname, ',')) != NULL)
967 		*c++ = '\0';
968 
969 	while (c != NULL) {
970 
971 		/*
972 		 * pull off the next "key=value" pair
973 		 */
974 		key = c;
975 		if ((t = strchr(key, '=')) != NULL) {
976 			*t++ = '\0';
977 			value = t;
978 		}
979 		else
980 			value = NULL;
981 
982 		/*
983 		 * if the "key" is "value", then that eats the rest of
984 		 * the string, so we're done, otherwise bite it off at
985 		 * the next comma.
986 		 */
987 		if (strcmp(key, "value") == 0) {
988 			c = NULL;
989 			data = value;
990 			break;
991 		}
992 		else if (value) {
993 			if ((c = strchr(value, ',')) != NULL)
994 				*c++ = '\0';
995 		}
996 
997 		/*
998 		 * note that we (mostly) let the invoker of sysctl(8)
999 		 * play rampant here and depend on the kernel to tell
1000 		 * them that they were wrong.  well...within reason.
1001 		 * we later check the various parameters against each
1002 		 * other to make sure it makes some sort of sense.
1003 		 */
1004 		if (strcmp(key, "addr") == 0) {
1005 			/*
1006 			 * we can't check these two.  only the kernel
1007 			 * can tell us when it fails to find the name
1008 			 * (or if the address is invalid).
1009 			 */
1010 			if (method != 0) {
1011 				sysctlperror(
1012 				    "%s: already have %s for new node\n",
1013 				    nname,
1014 				    method == CTL_CREATE ? "addr" : "symbol");
1015 				EXIT(1);
1016 			}
1017 			if (value == NULL) {
1018 				sysctlperror("%s: missing value\n", nname);
1019 				EXIT(1);
1020 			}
1021 			errno = 0;
1022 			addr = (void*)strtoul(value, &t, 0);
1023 			if (t == value || *t != '\0' || errno != 0) {
1024 				sysctlperror(
1025 				    "%s: '%s' is not a valid address\n",
1026 				    nname, value);
1027 				EXIT(1);
1028 			}
1029 			method = CTL_CREATE;
1030 		}
1031 		else if (strcmp(key, "symbol") == 0) {
1032 			if (method != 0) {
1033 				sysctlperror(
1034 				    "%s: already have %s for new node\n",
1035 				    nname,
1036 				    method == CTL_CREATE ? "addr" : "symbol");
1037 				EXIT(1);
1038 			}
1039 			addr = value;
1040 			method = CTL_CREATESYM;
1041 		}
1042 		else if (strcmp(key, "type") == 0) {
1043 			if (value == NULL) {
1044 				sysctlperror("%s: missing value\n", nname);
1045 				EXIT(1);
1046 			}
1047 			if (strcmp(value, "node") == 0)
1048 				type = CTLTYPE_NODE;
1049 			else if (strcmp(value, "int") == 0) {
1050 				sz = sizeof(int);
1051 				type = CTLTYPE_INT;
1052 			}
1053 			else if (strcmp(value, "string") == 0)
1054 				type = CTLTYPE_STRING;
1055 			else if (strcmp(value, "quad") == 0) {
1056 				sz = sizeof(u_quad_t);
1057 				type = CTLTYPE_QUAD;
1058 			}
1059 			else if (strcmp(value, "struct") == 0)
1060 				type = CTLTYPE_STRUCT;
1061 			else {
1062 				sysctlperror(
1063 					"%s: '%s' is not a valid type\n",
1064 					nname, value);
1065 				EXIT(1);
1066 			}
1067 		}
1068 		else if (strcmp(key, "size") == 0) {
1069 			if (value == NULL) {
1070 				sysctlperror("%s: missing value\n", nname);
1071 				EXIT(1);
1072 			}
1073 			errno = 0;
1074 			/*
1075 			 * yes, i know size_t is not an unsigned long,
1076 			 * but we can all agree that it ought to be,
1077 			 * right?
1078 			 */
1079 			sz = strtoul(value, &t, 0);
1080 			if (t == value || *t != '\0' || errno != 0) {
1081 				sysctlperror(
1082 					"%s: '%s' is not a valid size\n",
1083 					nname, value);
1084 				EXIT(1);
1085 			}
1086 		}
1087 		else if (strcmp(key, "n") == 0) {
1088 			if (value == NULL) {
1089 				sysctlperror("%s: missing value\n", nname);
1090 				EXIT(1);
1091 			}
1092 			errno = 0;
1093 			q = strtoll(value, &t, 0);
1094 			if (t == value || *t != '\0' || errno != 0 ||
1095 			    q < INT_MIN || q > UINT_MAX) {
1096 				sysctlperror(
1097 				    "%s: '%s' is not a valid mib number\n",
1098 				    nname, value);
1099 				EXIT(1);
1100 			}
1101 			node.sysctl_num = (int)q;
1102 		}
1103 		else if (strcmp(key, "flags") == 0) {
1104 			if (value == NULL) {
1105 				sysctlperror("%s: missing value\n", nname);
1106 				EXIT(1);
1107 			}
1108 			t = value;
1109 			while (*t != '\0') {
1110 				switch (*t) {
1111 				case 'a':
1112 					flags |= CTLFLAG_ANYWRITE;
1113 					break;
1114 				case 'h':
1115 					flags |= CTLFLAG_HIDDEN;
1116 					break;
1117 				case 'i':
1118 					flags |= CTLFLAG_IMMEDIATE;
1119 					break;
1120 				case 'o':
1121 					flags |= CTLFLAG_OWNDATA;
1122 					break;
1123 				case 'p':
1124 					flags |= CTLFLAG_PRIVATE;
1125 					break;
1126 				case 'x':
1127 					flags |= CTLFLAG_HEX;
1128 					break;
1129 
1130 				case 'r':
1131 					rw = CTLFLAG_READONLY;
1132 					break;
1133 				case 'w':
1134 					rw = CTLFLAG_READWRITE;
1135 					break;
1136 				default:
1137 					sysctlperror(
1138 					   "%s: '%c' is not a valid flag\n",
1139 					    nname, *t);
1140 					EXIT(1);
1141 				}
1142 				t++;
1143 			}
1144 		}
1145 		else {
1146 			sysctlperror("%s: unrecognized keyword '%s'\n",
1147 				     nname, key);
1148 			EXIT(1);
1149 		}
1150 	}
1151 
1152 	/*
1153 	 * now that we've finished parsing the given string, fill in
1154 	 * anything they didn't specify
1155 	 */
1156 	if (type == 0)
1157 		type = CTLTYPE_NODE;
1158 
1159 	/*
1160 	 * the "data" can be interpreted various ways depending on the
1161 	 * type of node we're creating, as can the size
1162 	 */
1163 	if (data != NULL) {
1164 		if (addr != NULL) {
1165 			sysctlperror(
1166 				"%s: cannot specify both value and "
1167 				"address\n", nname);
1168 			EXIT(1);
1169 		}
1170 
1171 		switch (type) {
1172 		case CTLTYPE_INT:
1173 			errno = 0;
1174 			q = strtoll(data, &t, 0);
1175 			if (t == data || *t != '\0' || errno != 0 ||
1176 				q < INT_MIN || q > UINT_MAX) {
1177 				sysctlperror(
1178 				    "%s: '%s' is not a valid integer\n",
1179 				    nname, value);
1180 				EXIT(1);
1181 			}
1182 			i = (int)q;
1183 			if (!(flags & CTLFLAG_OWNDATA)) {
1184 				flags |= CTLFLAG_IMMEDIATE;
1185 				node.sysctl_idata = i;
1186 			}
1187 			else
1188 				node.sysctl_data = &i;
1189 			if (sz == 0)
1190 				sz = sizeof(int);
1191 			break;
1192 		case CTLTYPE_STRING:
1193 			flags |= CTLFLAG_OWNDATA;
1194 			node.sysctl_data = data;
1195 			if (sz == 0)
1196 				sz = strlen(data) + 1;
1197 			else if (sz < strlen(data) + 1) {
1198 				sysctlperror("%s: ignoring size=%zu for "
1199 					"string node, too small for given "
1200 					"value\n", nname, sz);
1201 				sz = strlen(data) + 1;
1202 			}
1203 			break;
1204 		case CTLTYPE_QUAD:
1205 			errno = 0;
1206 			uq = strtouq(data, &t, 0);
1207 			if (t == data || *t != '\0' || errno != 0) {
1208 				sysctlperror(
1209 					"%s: '%s' is not a valid quad\n",
1210 					nname, value);
1211 				EXIT(1);
1212 			}
1213 			if (!(flags & CTLFLAG_OWNDATA)) {
1214 				flags |= CTLFLAG_IMMEDIATE;
1215 				node.sysctl_qdata = uq;
1216 			}
1217 			else
1218 				node.sysctl_data = &uq;
1219 			if (sz == 0)
1220 				sz = sizeof(u_quad_t);
1221 			break;
1222 		case CTLTYPE_STRUCT:
1223 			sysctlperror("%s: struct not initializable\n",
1224 				     nname);
1225 			EXIT(1);
1226 		}
1227 
1228 		/*
1229 		 * these methods have all provided local starting
1230 		 * values that the kernel must copy in
1231 		 */
1232 	}
1233 
1234 	/*
1235 	 * hmm...no data, but we have an address of data.  that's
1236 	 * fine.
1237 	 */
1238 	else if (addr != 0)
1239 		node.sysctl_data = (void*)addr;
1240 
1241 	/*
1242 	 * no data and no address?  well...okay.  we might be able to
1243 	 * manage that.
1244 	 */
1245 	else if (type != CTLTYPE_NODE) {
1246 		if (sz == 0) {
1247 			sysctlperror(
1248 			    "%s: need a size or a starting value\n",
1249 			    nname);
1250                         EXIT(1);
1251                 }
1252 		if (!(flags & CTLFLAG_IMMEDIATE))
1253 			flags |= CTLFLAG_OWNDATA;
1254 	}
1255 
1256 	/*
1257 	 * now we do a few sanity checks on the description we've
1258 	 * assembled
1259 	 */
1260 	if ((flags & CTLFLAG_IMMEDIATE) &&
1261 	    (type == CTLTYPE_STRING || type == CTLTYPE_STRUCT)) {
1262 		sysctlperror("%s: cannot make an immediate %s\n",
1263 			     nname,
1264 			     (type == CTLTYPE_STRING) ? "string" : "struct");
1265 		EXIT(1);
1266 	}
1267 	if (type == CTLTYPE_NODE && node.sysctl_data != NULL) {
1268 		sysctlperror("%s: nodes do not have data\n", nname);
1269 		EXIT(1);
1270 	}
1271 
1272 	/*
1273 	 * some types must have a particular size
1274 	 */
1275 	if (sz != 0) {
1276 		if ((type == CTLTYPE_INT && sz != sizeof(int)) ||
1277 		    (type == CTLTYPE_QUAD && sz != sizeof(u_quad_t)) ||
1278 		    (type == CTLTYPE_NODE && sz != 0)) {
1279 			sysctlperror("%s: wrong size for type\n", nname);
1280 			EXIT(1);
1281 		}
1282 	}
1283 	else if (type == CTLTYPE_STRUCT) {
1284 		sysctlperror("%s: struct must have size\n", nname);
1285 		EXIT(1);
1286 	}
1287 
1288 	/*
1289 	 * now...if no one said anything yet, we default nodes or
1290 	 * any type that owns data being writeable, and everything
1291 	 * else being readonly.
1292 	 */
1293 	if (rw == -1) {
1294 		if (type == CTLTYPE_NODE ||
1295 		    (flags & (CTLFLAG_OWNDATA|CTLFLAG_IMMEDIATE)))
1296 			rw = CTLFLAG_READWRITE;
1297 		else
1298 			rw = CTLFLAG_READONLY;
1299 	}
1300 
1301 	/*
1302 	 * if a kernel address was specified, that can't be made
1303 	 * writeable by us.
1304 	if (rw != CTLFLAG_READONLY && addr) {
1305 		sysctlperror("%s: kernel data can only be readable\n", nname);
1306 		EXIT(1);
1307 	}
1308 	 */
1309 
1310 	/*
1311 	 * what separator were they using in the full name of the new
1312 	 * node?
1313 	 */
1314 	if ((t = strpbrk(nname, "./")) == NULL)
1315 		sep[0] = '.';
1316 	else
1317 		sep[0] = t[0];
1318 	sep[1] = '\0';
1319 
1320 	/*
1321 	 * put it all together, now.  t'ain't much, is it?
1322 	 */
1323 	node.sysctl_flags = SYSCTL_VERSION|flags|rw|type;
1324 	node.sysctl_size = sz;
1325 	t = strrchr(nname, sep[0]);
1326 	if (t != NULL)
1327 		strlcpy(node.sysctl_name, t + 1, sizeof(node.sysctl_name));
1328 	else
1329 		strlcpy(node.sysctl_name, nname, sizeof(node.sysctl_name));
1330 	if (t == nname)
1331 		t = NULL;
1332 
1333 	/*
1334 	 * if this is a new top-level node, then we don't need to find
1335 	 * the mib for its parent
1336 	 */
1337 	if (t == NULL) {
1338 		namelen = 0;
1339 		gsname[0] = '\0';
1340 	}
1341 
1342 	/*
1343 	 * on the other hand, if it's not a top-level node...
1344 	 */
1345 	else {
1346 		namelen = sizeof(name) / sizeof(name[0]);
1347 		sz = sizeof(gsname);
1348 		*t = '\0';
1349 		rc = sysctlgetmibinfo(nname, &name[0], &namelen,
1350 				      gsname, &sz, NULL, SYSCTL_VERSION);
1351 		*t = sep[0];
1352 		if (rc == -1) {
1353 			sysctlparseerror(namelen, nname);
1354 			EXIT(1);
1355 		}
1356 	}
1357 
1358 	/*
1359 	 * yes, a new node is being created
1360 	 */
1361 	if (method != 0)
1362 		name[namelen++] = method;
1363 	else
1364 		name[namelen++] = CTL_CREATE;
1365 
1366 	sz = sizeof(node);
1367 	rc = sysctl(&name[0], namelen, &node, &sz, &node, sizeof(node));
1368 
1369 	if (rc == -1) {
1370 		sysctlperror("%s: CTL_CREATE failed: %s\n",
1371 			     nname, strerror(errno));
1372 		EXIT(1);
1373 	}
1374 	else {
1375 		if (!qflag && !nflag)
1376 			printf("%s(%s): (created)\n", nname, st(type));
1377 		stale = 1;
1378 	}
1379 }
1380 
1381 static void
1382 parse_destroy(char *l)
1383 {
1384 	struct sysctlnode node;
1385 	size_t sz;
1386 	int name[CTL_MAXNAME], rc;
1387 	u_int namelen;
1388 
1389 	if (!wflag) {
1390 		sysctlperror("Must specify -w to destroy nodes\n");
1391 		exit(1);
1392 	}
1393 
1394 	memset(name, 0, sizeof(name));
1395 	namelen = sizeof(name) / sizeof(name[0]);
1396 	sz = sizeof(gsname);
1397 	rc = sysctlgetmibinfo(l, &name[0], &namelen, gsname, &sz, NULL,
1398 			      SYSCTL_VERSION);
1399 	if (rc == -1) {
1400 		sysctlparseerror(namelen, l);
1401 		EXIT(1);
1402 	}
1403 
1404 	memset(&node, 0, sizeof(node));
1405 	node.sysctl_flags = SYSCTL_VERSION;
1406 	node.sysctl_num = name[namelen - 1];
1407 	name[namelen - 1] = CTL_DESTROY;
1408 
1409 	sz = sizeof(node);
1410 	rc = sysctl(&name[0], namelen, &node, &sz, &node, sizeof(node));
1411 
1412 	if (rc == -1) {
1413 		sysctlperror("%s: CTL_DESTROY failed: %s\n",
1414 			     l, strerror(errno));
1415 		EXIT(1);
1416 	}
1417 	else {
1418 		if (!qflag && !nflag)
1419 			printf("%s(%s): (destroyed)\n", gsname,
1420 			       st(SYSCTL_TYPE(node.sysctl_flags)));
1421 		stale = 1;
1422 	}
1423 }
1424 
1425 static void
1426 parse_describe(char *l)
1427 {
1428 	struct sysctlnode newdesc;
1429 	char buf[1024], *value;
1430 	struct sysctldesc *d = (void*)&buf[0];
1431 	int name[CTL_MAXNAME], rc;
1432 	u_int namelen;
1433 	size_t sz;
1434 
1435 	if (!wflag) {
1436 		sysctlperror("Must specify -w to set descriptions\n");
1437 		exit(1);
1438 	}
1439 
1440 	value = strchr(l, '=');
1441 	*value++ = '\0';
1442 
1443 	memset(name, 0, sizeof(name));
1444 	namelen = sizeof(name) / sizeof(name[0]);
1445 	sz = sizeof(gsname);
1446 	rc = sysctlgetmibinfo(l, &name[0], &namelen, gsname, &sz, NULL,
1447 			      SYSCTL_VERSION);
1448 	if (rc == -1) {
1449 		sysctlparseerror(namelen, l);
1450 		EXIT(1);
1451 	}
1452 
1453 	sz = sizeof(buf);
1454 	memset(&newdesc, 0, sizeof(newdesc));
1455 	newdesc.sysctl_flags = SYSCTL_VERSION|CTLFLAG_OWNDESC;
1456 	newdesc.sysctl_num = name[namelen - 1];
1457 	newdesc.sysctl_desc = value;
1458 	name[namelen - 1] = CTL_DESCRIBE;
1459 	rc = sysctl(name, namelen, d, &sz, &newdesc, sizeof(newdesc));
1460 	if (rc == -1)
1461 		sysctlperror("%s: CTL_DESCRIBE failed: %s\n",
1462 			     gsname, strerror(errno));
1463 	else if (d->descr_len == 1)
1464 		sysctlperror("%s: description not set\n", gsname);
1465 	else if (!qflag && !nflag)
1466 		printf("%s: %s\n", gsname, d->descr_str);
1467 }
1468 
1469 /*
1470  * ********************************************************************
1471  * when things go wrong...
1472  * ********************************************************************
1473  */
1474 static void
1475 usage(void)
1476 {
1477 	const char *progname = getprogname();
1478 
1479 	(void)fprintf(stderr,
1480 		      "usage:\t%s %s\n"
1481 		      "\t%s %s\n"
1482 		      "\t%s %s\n"
1483 		      "\t%s %s\n"
1484 		      "\t%s %s\n"
1485 		      "\t%s %s\n",
1486 		      progname, "[-dne] [-x[x]|-r] variable ...",
1487 		      progname, "[-ne] [-q] -w variable=value ...",
1488 		      progname, "[-dne] -a",
1489 		      progname, "[-dne] -A",
1490 		      progname, "[-ne] -M",
1491 		      progname, "[-dne] [-q] -f file");
1492 	exit(1);
1493 }
1494 
1495 static void
1496 getdesc1(int *name, u_int namelen, struct sysctlnode *pnode)
1497 {
1498 	struct sysctlnode node;
1499 	char buf[1024], *desc;
1500 	struct sysctldesc *d = (void*)buf;
1501 	size_t sz = sizeof(buf);
1502 	int rc;
1503 
1504 	memset(&node, 0, sizeof(node));
1505 	node.sysctl_flags = SYSCTL_VERSION;
1506 	node.sysctl_num = name[namelen - 1];
1507 	name[namelen - 1] = CTL_DESCRIBE;
1508 	rc = sysctl(name, namelen, d, &sz, &node, sizeof(node));
1509 
1510 	if (rc == -1 ||
1511 	    d->descr_len == 1 ||
1512 	    d->descr_num != pnode->sysctl_num ||
1513 	    d->descr_ver != pnode->sysctl_ver)
1514 		desc = (char *)-1;
1515 	else
1516 		desc = malloc(d->descr_len);
1517 
1518 	if (desc == NULL)
1519 		desc = (char *)-1;
1520 	if (desc != (char *)-1)
1521 		memcpy(desc, &d->descr_str[0], d->descr_len);
1522 	name[namelen - 1] = node.sysctl_num;
1523 	if (pnode->sysctl_desc != NULL &&
1524 	    pnode->sysctl_desc != (const char *)-1)
1525 		free(__UNCONST(pnode->sysctl_desc));
1526 	pnode->sysctl_desc = desc;
1527 }
1528 
1529 static void
1530 getdesc(int *name, u_int namelen, struct sysctlnode *pnode)
1531 {
1532 	struct sysctlnode *node = pnode->sysctl_child;
1533 	struct sysctldesc *d, *p, *plim;
1534 	char *desc;
1535 	size_t sz;
1536 	int rc, i;
1537 
1538 	sz = 128 * pnode->sysctl_clen;
1539 	name[namelen] = CTL_DESCRIBE;
1540 
1541 	/*
1542 	 * attempt *twice* to get the description chunk.  if two tries
1543 	 * doesn't work, give up.
1544 	 */
1545 	i = 0;
1546 	do {
1547 		d = malloc(sz);
1548 		if (d == NULL)
1549 			return;
1550 		rc = sysctl(name, namelen + 1, d, &sz, NULL, 0);
1551 		if (rc == -1) {
1552 			free(d);
1553 			d = NULL;
1554 			if (i == 0 && errno == ENOMEM)
1555 				i = 1;
1556 			else
1557 				return;
1558 		}
1559 	} while (d == NULL);
1560 
1561 	/*
1562 	 * hokey nested loop here, giving O(n**2) behavior, but should
1563 	 * suffice for now
1564 	 */
1565 	plim = /*LINTED ptr cast*/(struct sysctldesc *)((char*)d + sz);
1566 	for (i = 0; i < pnode->sysctl_clen; i++) {
1567 		node = &pnode->sysctl_child[i];
1568 		for (p = d; p < plim; p = NEXT_DESCR(p))
1569 			if (node->sysctl_num == p->descr_num)
1570 				break;
1571 		if (p < plim && node->sysctl_ver == p->descr_ver) {
1572 			/*
1573 			 * match found, attempt to attach description
1574 			 */
1575 			if (p->descr_len == 1)
1576 				desc = NULL;
1577 			else
1578 				desc = malloc(p->descr_len);
1579 			if (desc == NULL)
1580 				desc = (char *)-1;
1581 			else
1582 				memcpy(desc, &p->descr_str[0], p->descr_len);
1583 			node->sysctl_desc = desc;
1584 		}
1585 	}
1586 
1587 	free(d);
1588 }
1589 
1590 static void
1591 trim_whitespace(char *s, int dir)
1592 {
1593 	char *i, *o;
1594 
1595 	i = o = s;
1596 	if (dir & 1)
1597 		while (isspace((unsigned char)*i))
1598 			i++;
1599 	while ((*o++ = *i++) != '\0');
1600 	o -= 2; /* already past nul, skip back to before it */
1601 	if (dir & 2)
1602 		while (o > s && isspace((unsigned char)*o))
1603 			*o-- = '\0';
1604 }
1605 
1606 void
1607 sysctlerror(int soft)
1608 {
1609 	if (soft) {
1610 		switch (errno) {
1611 		case ENOENT:
1612 		case ENOPROTOOPT:
1613 		case ENOTDIR:
1614 		case EINVAL:
1615 		case EOPNOTSUPP:
1616 		case EPROTONOSUPPORT:
1617 			if (Aflag || req)
1618 				sysctlperror("%s: the value is not available\n",
1619 					     gsname);
1620 			return;
1621 		}
1622 	}
1623 
1624 	sysctlperror("%s: sysctl() failed with %s\n",
1625 		     gsname, strerror(errno));
1626 	if (!soft)
1627 		EXIT(1);
1628 }
1629 
1630 void
1631 sysctlparseerror(u_int namelen, const char *pname)
1632 {
1633 
1634 	sysctlperror("%s level name '%s' in '%s' is invalid\n",
1635 		     lname[namelen], gsname, pname);
1636 }
1637 
1638 static void
1639 sysctlperror(const char *fmt, ...)
1640 {
1641 	va_list ap;
1642 
1643 	(void)fprintf(warnfp, "%s: ", getprogname());
1644 	if (fn)
1645 		(void)fprintf(warnfp, "%s#%zu: ", fn, nr);
1646 	va_start(ap, fmt);
1647 	(void)vfprintf(warnfp, fmt, ap);
1648 	va_end(ap);
1649 	errs++;
1650 }
1651 
1652 
1653 /*
1654  * ********************************************************************
1655  * how to write to a "simple" node
1656  * ********************************************************************
1657  */
1658 static void
1659 write_number(int *name, u_int namelen, struct sysctlnode *node, char *value)
1660 {
1661 	u_int ii, io;
1662 	u_quad_t qi, qo;
1663 	size_t si, so;
1664 	int rc;
1665 	void *i, *o;
1666 	char *t;
1667 
1668 	if (fn)
1669 		trim_whitespace(value, 3);
1670 
1671 	si = so = 0;
1672 	i = o = NULL;
1673 	errno = 0;
1674 	qi = strtouq(value, &t, 0);
1675 	if (qi == UQUAD_MAX && errno == ERANGE) {
1676 		sysctlperror("%s: %s\n", value, strerror(errno));
1677 		EXIT(1);
1678 	}
1679 	if (t == value || *t != '\0') {
1680 		sysctlperror("%s: not a number\n", value);
1681 		EXIT(1);
1682 	}
1683 
1684 	switch (SYSCTL_TYPE(node->sysctl_flags)) {
1685 	case CTLTYPE_INT:
1686 		ii = (u_int)qi;
1687 		io = (u_int)(qi >> 32);
1688 		if (io != (u_int)-1 && io != 0) {
1689 			sysctlperror("%s: %s\n", value, strerror(ERANGE));
1690 			EXIT(1);
1691 		}
1692 		o = &io;
1693 		so = sizeof(io);
1694 		i = &ii;
1695 		si = sizeof(ii);
1696 		break;
1697 	case CTLTYPE_QUAD:
1698 		o = &qo;
1699 		so = sizeof(qo);
1700 		i = &qi;
1701 		si = sizeof(qi);
1702 		break;
1703 	}
1704 
1705 	rc = sysctl(name, namelen, o, &so, i, si);
1706 	if (rc == -1) {
1707 		sysctlerror(0);
1708 		return;
1709 	}
1710 
1711 	switch (SYSCTL_TYPE(node->sysctl_flags)) {
1712 	case CTLTYPE_INT:
1713 		display_number(node, gsname, &io, sizeof(io), DISPLAY_OLD);
1714 		display_number(node, gsname, &ii, sizeof(ii), DISPLAY_NEW);
1715 		break;
1716 	case CTLTYPE_QUAD:
1717 		display_number(node, gsname, &qo, sizeof(qo), DISPLAY_OLD);
1718 		display_number(node, gsname, &qi, sizeof(qi), DISPLAY_NEW);
1719 		break;
1720 	}
1721 }
1722 
1723 static void
1724 write_string(int *name, u_int namelen, struct sysctlnode *node, char *value)
1725 {
1726 	char *i, *o;
1727 	size_t si, so;
1728 	int rc;
1729 
1730 	i = value;
1731 	si = strlen(i) + 1;
1732 	so = node->sysctl_size;
1733 	if (si > so && so != 0) {
1734 		sysctlperror("%s: string too long\n", value);
1735 		EXIT(1);
1736 	}
1737 	o = malloc(so);
1738 	if (o == NULL) {
1739 		sysctlperror("%s: !malloc failed!\n", gsname);
1740 		exit(1);
1741 	}
1742 
1743 	rc = sysctl(name, namelen, o, &so, i, si);
1744 	if (rc == -1) {
1745 		sysctlerror(0);
1746 		return;
1747 	}
1748 
1749 	display_string(node, gsname, o, so, DISPLAY_OLD);
1750 	display_string(node, gsname, i, si, DISPLAY_NEW);
1751 	free(o);
1752 }
1753 
1754 /*
1755  * ********************************************************************
1756  * simple ways to print stuff consistently
1757  * ********************************************************************
1758  */
1759 static void
1760 display_number(const struct sysctlnode *node, const char *name,
1761 	       const void *data, size_t sz, int n)
1762 {
1763 	u_quad_t q;
1764 	int i;
1765 
1766 	if (qflag)
1767 		return;
1768 	if ((nflag || rflag) && (n == DISPLAY_OLD))
1769 		return;
1770 
1771 	if (rflag && n != DISPLAY_OLD) {
1772 		fwrite(data, sz, 1, stdout);
1773 		return;
1774 	}
1775 
1776 	if (!nflag) {
1777 		if (n == DISPLAY_VALUE)
1778 			printf("%s%s", name, eq);
1779 		else if (n == DISPLAY_OLD)
1780 			printf("%s: ", name);
1781 	}
1782 
1783 	if (xflag > 1) {
1784 		if (n != DISPLAY_NEW)
1785 			printf("\n");
1786 		hex_dump(data, sz);
1787 		return;
1788 	}
1789 
1790 	switch (SYSCTL_TYPE(node->sysctl_flags)) {
1791 	case CTLTYPE_INT:
1792 		memcpy(&i, data, sz);
1793 		if (xflag)
1794 			printf("0x%0*x", (int)sz * 2, i);
1795 		else if (node->sysctl_flags & CTLFLAG_HEX)
1796 			printf("%#x", i);
1797 		else
1798 			printf("%d", i);
1799 		break;
1800 	case CTLTYPE_QUAD:
1801 		memcpy(&q, data, sz);
1802 		if (xflag)
1803 			printf("0x%0*" PRIx64, (int)sz * 2, q);
1804 		else if (node->sysctl_flags & CTLFLAG_HEX)
1805 			printf("%#" PRIx64, q);
1806 		else
1807 			printf("%" PRIu64, q);
1808 		break;
1809 	}
1810 
1811 	if (n == DISPLAY_OLD)
1812 		printf(" -> ");
1813 	else
1814 		printf("\n");
1815 }
1816 
1817 static void
1818 display_string(const struct sysctlnode *node, const char *name,
1819 	       const void *data, size_t sz, int n)
1820 {
1821 	const unsigned char *buf = data;
1822 	int ni;
1823 
1824 	if (qflag)
1825 		return;
1826 	if ((nflag || rflag) && (n == DISPLAY_OLD))
1827 		return;
1828 
1829 	if (rflag && n != DISPLAY_OLD) {
1830 		fwrite(data, sz, 1, stdout);
1831 		return;
1832 	}
1833 
1834 	if (!nflag) {
1835 		if (n == DISPLAY_VALUE)
1836 			printf("%s%s", name, eq);
1837 		else if (n == DISPLAY_OLD)
1838 			printf("%s: ", name);
1839 	}
1840 
1841 	if (xflag > 1) {
1842 		if (n != DISPLAY_NEW)
1843 			printf("\n");
1844 		hex_dump(data, sz);
1845 		return;
1846 	}
1847 
1848 	if (xflag || node->sysctl_flags & CTLFLAG_HEX) {
1849 		for (ni = 0; ni < (int)sz; ni++) {
1850 			if (xflag)
1851 				printf("%02x", buf[ni]);
1852 			if (buf[ni] == '\0')
1853 				break;
1854 			if (!xflag)
1855 				printf("\\x%2.2x", buf[ni]);
1856 		}
1857 	}
1858 	else
1859 		printf("%.*s", (int)sz, buf);
1860 
1861 	if (n == DISPLAY_OLD)
1862 		printf(" -> ");
1863 	else
1864 		printf("\n");
1865 }
1866 
1867 /*ARGSUSED*/
1868 static void
1869 display_struct(const struct sysctlnode *node, const char *name,
1870 	       const void *data, size_t sz, int n)
1871 {
1872 	const unsigned char *buf = data;
1873 	int ni;
1874 	size_t more;
1875 
1876 	if (qflag)
1877 		return;
1878 	if (!(xflag || rflag)) {
1879 		if (Aflag || req)
1880 			sysctlperror(
1881 			    "%s: this type is unknown to this program\n",
1882 			    gsname);
1883 		return;
1884 	}
1885 	if ((nflag || rflag) && (n == DISPLAY_OLD))
1886 		return;
1887 
1888 	if (rflag && n != DISPLAY_OLD) {
1889 		fwrite(data, sz, 1, stdout);
1890 		return;
1891 	}
1892 
1893         if (!nflag) {
1894                 if (n == DISPLAY_VALUE)
1895                         printf("%s%s", name, eq);
1896                 else if (n == DISPLAY_OLD)
1897                         printf("%s: ", name);
1898         }
1899 
1900 	if (xflag > 1) {
1901 		if (n != DISPLAY_NEW)
1902 			printf("\n");
1903 		hex_dump(data, sz);
1904 		return;
1905 	}
1906 
1907 	if (sz > 16) {
1908 		more = sz - 16;
1909 		sz = 16;
1910 	}
1911 	else
1912 		more = 0;
1913 	for (ni = 0; ni < (int)sz; ni++)
1914 		printf("%02x", buf[ni]);
1915 	if (more)
1916 		printf("...(%zu more bytes)", more);
1917 	printf("\n");
1918 }
1919 
1920 static void
1921 hex_dump(const unsigned char *buf, size_t len)
1922 {
1923 	int i, j;
1924 	char line[80], tmp[12];
1925 
1926 	memset(line, ' ', sizeof(line));
1927 	for (i = 0, j = 15; i < len; i++) {
1928 		j = i % 16;
1929 		/* reset line */
1930 		if (j == 0) {
1931 			line[58] = '|';
1932 			line[77] = '|';
1933 			line[78] = 0;
1934 			snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), "%07d", i);
1935 			memcpy(&line[0], tmp, 7);
1936 		}
1937 		/* copy out hex version of byte */
1938 		snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), "%02x", buf[i]);
1939 		memcpy(&line[9 + j * 3], tmp, 2);
1940 		/* copy out plain version of byte */
1941 		line[60 + j] = (isprint(buf[i])) ? buf[i] : '.';
1942 		/* print a full line and erase it */
1943 		if (j == 15) {
1944 			printf("%s\n", line);
1945 			memset(line, ' ', sizeof(line));
1946 		}
1947 	}
1948 	if (line[0] != ' ')
1949 		printf("%s\n", line);
1950 	printf("%07zu bytes\n", len);
1951 }
1952 
1953 /*
1954  * ********************************************************************
1955  * functions that handle particular nodes
1956  * ********************************************************************
1957  */
1958 /*ARGSUSED*/
1959 static void
1960 printother(HANDLER_ARGS)
1961 {
1962 	int rc;
1963 	void *p;
1964 	size_t sz1, sz2;
1965 
1966 	if (!(Aflag || req) || Mflag)
1967 		return;
1968 
1969 	/*
1970 	 * okay...you asked for it, so let's give it a go
1971 	 */
1972 	while (type != CTLTYPE_NODE && (xflag || rflag)) {
1973 		rc = sysctl(name, namelen, NULL, &sz1, NULL, 0);
1974 		if (rc == -1 || sz1 == 0)
1975 			break;
1976 		p = malloc(sz1);
1977 		if (p == NULL)
1978 			break;
1979 		sz2 = sz1;
1980 		rc = sysctl(name, namelen, p, &sz2, NULL, 0);
1981 		if (rc == -1 || sz1 != sz2) {
1982 			free(p);
1983 			break;
1984 		}
1985 		display_struct(pnode, gsname, p, sz1, DISPLAY_VALUE);
1986 		free(p);
1987 		return;
1988 	}
1989 
1990 	/*
1991 	 * that didn't work...do we have a specific message for this
1992 	 * thing?
1993 	 */
1994 	if (v != NULL) {
1995 		sysctlperror("%s: use '%s' to view this information\n",
1996 			     gsname, (const char *)v);
1997 		return;
1998 	}
1999 
2000 	/*
2001 	 * hmm...i wonder if we have any generic hints?
2002 	 */
2003 	switch (name[0]) {
2004 	case CTL_NET:
2005 		sysctlperror("%s: use 'netstat' to view this information\n",
2006 			     sname);
2007 		break;
2008 	case CTL_DEBUG:
2009 		sysctlperror("%s: missing 'options DEBUG' from kernel?\n",
2010 			     sname);
2011 		break;
2012 	case CTL_DDB:
2013 		sysctlperror("%s: missing 'options DDB' from kernel?\n",
2014 			     sname);
2015 		break;
2016 	case CTL_VENDOR:
2017 		sysctlperror("%s: no vendor extensions installed\n",
2018 			     sname);
2019 		break;
2020 	}
2021 }
2022 
2023 /*ARGSUSED*/
2024 static void
2025 kern_clockrate(HANDLER_ARGS)
2026 {
2027 	struct clockinfo clkinfo;
2028 	size_t sz;
2029 	int rc;
2030 
2031 	sz = sizeof(clkinfo);
2032 	rc = sysctl(name, namelen, &clkinfo, &sz, NULL, 0);
2033 	if (rc == -1) {
2034 		sysctlerror(1);
2035 		return;
2036 	}
2037 	if (sz != sizeof(clkinfo))
2038 		errx(1, "%s: !returned size wrong!", sname);
2039 
2040 	if (xflag || rflag) {
2041 		display_struct(pnode, sname, &clkinfo, sz,
2042 			       DISPLAY_VALUE);
2043 		return;
2044 	}
2045 	else if (!nflag)
2046 		printf("%s: ", sname);
2047 	printf("tick = %d, tickadj = %d, hz = %d, profhz = %d, stathz = %d\n",
2048 	       clkinfo.tick, clkinfo.tickadj,
2049 	       clkinfo.hz, clkinfo.profhz, clkinfo.stathz);
2050 }
2051 
2052 /*ARGSUSED*/
2053 static void
2054 kern_boottime(HANDLER_ARGS)
2055 {
2056 	struct timeval timeval;
2057 	time_t boottime;
2058 	size_t sz;
2059 	int rc;
2060 
2061 	sz = sizeof(timeval);
2062 	rc = sysctl(name, namelen, &timeval, &sz, NULL, 0);
2063 	if (rc == -1) {
2064 		sysctlerror(1);
2065 		return;
2066 	}
2067 	if (sz != sizeof(timeval))
2068 		errx(1, "%s: !returned size wrong!", sname);
2069 
2070 	boottime = timeval.tv_sec;
2071 	if (xflag || rflag)
2072 		display_struct(pnode, sname, &timeval, sz,
2073 			       DISPLAY_VALUE);
2074 	else if (!nflag)
2075 		/* ctime() provides the \n */
2076 		printf("%s%s%s", sname, eq, ctime(&boottime));
2077 	else if (nflag == 1)
2078 		printf("%ld\n", (long)boottime);
2079 	else
2080 		printf("%ld.%06ld\n", (long)timeval.tv_sec,
2081 		       (long)timeval.tv_usec);
2082 }
2083 
2084 /*ARGSUSED*/
2085 static void
2086 kern_consdev(HANDLER_ARGS)
2087 {
2088 	dev_t cons;
2089 	size_t sz;
2090 	int rc;
2091 
2092 	sz = sizeof(cons);
2093 	rc = sysctl(name, namelen, &cons, &sz, NULL, 0);
2094 	if (rc == -1) {
2095 		sysctlerror(1);
2096 		return;
2097 	}
2098 	if (sz != sizeof(cons))
2099 		errx(1, "%s: !returned size wrong!", sname);
2100 
2101 	if (xflag || rflag)
2102 		display_struct(pnode, sname, &cons, sz,
2103 			       DISPLAY_VALUE);
2104 	else {
2105 		if (!nflag)
2106 			printf("%s%s", sname, eq);
2107 		if (nflag < 2 && (sname = devname(cons, S_IFCHR)) != NULL)
2108 			printf("%s\n", sname);
2109 		else
2110 			printf("0x%x\n", cons);
2111 	}
2112 }
2113 
2114 /*ARGSUSED*/
2115 static void
2116 kern_cp_time(HANDLER_ARGS)
2117 {
2118 	u_int64_t *cp_time;
2119 	size_t sz, osz;
2120 	int rc, i, n;
2121 	char s[sizeof("kern.cp_time.nnnnnn")];
2122 	const char *tname;
2123 
2124 	/*
2125 	 * three things to do here.
2126 	 * case 1: get sum (no Aflag and namelen == 2)
2127 	 * case 2: get specific processor (namelen == 3)
2128 	 * case 3: get all processors (Aflag and namelen == 2)
2129 	 */
2130 
2131 	if (namelen == 2 && Aflag) {
2132 		sz = sizeof(n);
2133 		rc = sysctlbyname("hw.ncpu", &n, &sz, NULL, 0);
2134 		if (rc != 0)
2135 			return; /* XXX print an error, eh? */
2136 		n++; /* Add on space for the sum. */
2137 		sz = n * sizeof(u_int64_t) * CPUSTATES;
2138 	}
2139 	else {
2140 		n = -1; /* Just print one data set. */
2141 		sz = sizeof(u_int64_t) * CPUSTATES;
2142 	}
2143 
2144 	cp_time = malloc(sz);
2145 	if (cp_time == NULL) {
2146 		sysctlerror(1);
2147 		return;
2148 	}
2149 
2150 	osz = sz;
2151 	rc = sysctl(name, namelen, cp_time + (n != -1) * CPUSTATES, &osz,
2152 		    NULL, 0);
2153 
2154 	if (rc == -1) {
2155 		sysctlerror(1);
2156 		free(cp_time);
2157 		return;
2158 	}
2159 
2160 	/*
2161 	 * Check, but account for space we'll occupy with the sum.
2162 	 */
2163 	if (osz != sz - (n != -1) * CPUSTATES * sizeof(u_int64_t))
2164 		errx(1, "%s: !returned size wrong!", sname);
2165 
2166 	/*
2167 	 * Compute the actual sum.  Two calls would be easier (we
2168 	 * could just call ourselves recursively above), but the
2169 	 * numbers wouldn't add up.
2170 	 */
2171 	if (n != -1) {
2172 		memset(cp_time, 0, sizeof(u_int64_t) * CPUSTATES);
2173 		for (i = 1; i < n; i++) {
2174 			cp_time[CP_USER] += cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_USER];
2175                         cp_time[CP_NICE] += cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_NICE];
2176                         cp_time[CP_SYS] += cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_SYS];
2177                         cp_time[CP_INTR] += cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_INTR];
2178                         cp_time[CP_IDLE] += cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_IDLE];
2179 		}
2180 	}
2181 
2182 	tname = sname;
2183 	for (i = 0; n == -1 || i < n; i++) {
2184 		if (i > 0) {
2185 			(void)snprintf(s, sizeof(s), "%s%s%d", sname, sep,
2186 				       i - 1);
2187 			tname = s;
2188 		}
2189 		if (xflag || rflag)
2190 			display_struct(pnode, tname, cp_time + (i * CPUSTATES),
2191 				       sizeof(u_int64_t) * CPUSTATES,
2192 				       DISPLAY_VALUE);
2193 		else {
2194 			if (!nflag)
2195 				printf("%s: ", tname);
2196 			printf("user = %" PRIu64
2197 			       ", nice = %" PRIu64
2198 			       ", sys = %" PRIu64
2199 			       ", intr = %" PRIu64
2200 			       ", idle = %" PRIu64
2201 			       "\n",
2202 			       cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_USER],
2203 			       cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_NICE],
2204 			       cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_SYS],
2205 			       cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_INTR],
2206 			       cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_IDLE]);
2207 		}
2208 		/*
2209 		 * Just printing the one node.
2210 		 */
2211 		if (n == -1)
2212 			break;
2213 	}
2214 
2215 	free(cp_time);
2216 }
2217 
2218 /*ARGSUSED*/
2219 static void
2220 kern_drivers(HANDLER_ARGS)
2221 {
2222 	struct kinfo_drivers *kd;
2223 	size_t sz, i;
2224 	int rc;
2225 	const char *comma;
2226 
2227 	rc = sysctl(name, namelen, NULL, &sz, NULL, 0);
2228 	if (rc == -1) {
2229 		sysctlerror(1);
2230 		return;
2231 	}
2232 
2233 	if (sz % sizeof(*kd))
2234 		err(1, "bad size %zu for kern.drivers", sz);
2235 
2236 	kd = malloc(sz);
2237 	if (kd == NULL) {
2238 		sysctlerror(1);
2239 		return;
2240 	}
2241 
2242 	rc = sysctl(name, namelen, kd, &sz, NULL, 0);
2243 	if (rc == -1) {
2244 		sysctlerror(1);
2245 		return;
2246 	}
2247 
2248 	comma = "";
2249 	if (!nflag)
2250 		printf("%s%s", sname, eq);
2251 	for (i = 0, sz /= sizeof(*kd); i < sz; i++) {
2252 		(void)printf("%s[%d %d %s]", comma, kd[i].d_cmajor,
2253 		    kd[i].d_bmajor, kd[i].d_name);
2254 		comma = ", ";
2255 	}
2256 	(void)printf("\n");
2257 	free(kd);
2258 }
2259 
2260 /*ARGSUSED*/
2261 static void
2262 kern_cp_id(HANDLER_ARGS)
2263 {
2264 	u_int64_t *cp_id;
2265 	size_t sz, osz;
2266 	int rc, i, n;
2267 	char s[sizeof("kern.cp_id.nnnnnn")];
2268 	const char *tname;
2269 	struct sysctlnode node = *pnode;
2270 
2271 	/*
2272 	 * three things to do here.
2273 	 * case 1: print a specific cpu id (namelen == 3)
2274 	 * case 2: print all cpu ids separately (Aflag set)
2275 	 * case 3: print all cpu ids on one line
2276 	 */
2277 
2278 	if (namelen == 2) {
2279 		sz = sizeof(n);
2280 		rc = sysctlbyname("hw.ncpu", &n, &sz, NULL, 0);
2281 		if (rc != 0)
2282 			return; /* XXX print an error, eh? */
2283 		sz = n * sizeof(u_int64_t);
2284 	}
2285 	else {
2286 		n = -1; /* Just print one cpu id. */
2287 		sz = sizeof(u_int64_t);
2288 	}
2289 
2290 	cp_id = malloc(sz);
2291 	if (cp_id == NULL) {
2292 		sysctlerror(1);
2293 		return;
2294 	}
2295 
2296 	osz = sz;
2297 	rc = sysctl(name, namelen, cp_id, &osz, NULL, 0);
2298 	if (rc == -1) {
2299 		sysctlerror(1);
2300 		free(cp_id);
2301 		return;
2302 	}
2303 
2304 	/*
2305 	 * Check that we got back what we asked for.
2306 	 */
2307 	if (osz != sz)
2308 		errx(1, "%s: !returned size wrong!", sname);
2309 
2310 	/* pretend for output purposes */
2311 	node.sysctl_flags = SYSCTL_FLAGS(pnode->sysctl_flags) |
2312 		SYSCTL_TYPE(CTLTYPE_QUAD);
2313 
2314 	tname = sname;
2315 	if (namelen == 3)
2316 		display_number(&node, tname, cp_id,
2317 			       sizeof(u_int64_t),
2318 			       DISPLAY_VALUE);
2319 	else if (Aflag) {
2320 		for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
2321 			(void)snprintf(s, sizeof(s), "%s%s%d", sname, sep, i);
2322 			tname = s;
2323 			display_number(&node, tname, &cp_id[i],
2324 				       sizeof(u_int64_t),
2325 				       DISPLAY_VALUE);
2326 	}
2327 	else {
2328 		if (xflag || rflag)
2329 			display_struct(pnode, tname, cp_id, sz, DISPLAY_VALUE);
2330 		else {
2331 			if (!nflag)
2332 				printf("%s: ", tname);
2333 			for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
2334 				if (i)
2335 					printf(", ");
2336 				printf("%d = %" PRIu64, i, cp_id[i]);
2337 			}
2338 			printf("\n");
2339 		}
2340 	}
2341 
2342 	free(cp_id);
2343 }
2344 
2345 /*ARGSUSED*/
2346 static void
2347 vm_loadavg(HANDLER_ARGS)
2348 {
2349 	struct loadavg loadavg;
2350 	size_t sz;
2351 	int rc;
2352 
2353 	sz = sizeof(loadavg);
2354 	rc = sysctl(name, namelen, &loadavg, &sz, NULL, 0);
2355 	if (rc == -1) {
2356 		sysctlerror(1);
2357 		return;
2358 	}
2359 	if (sz != sizeof(loadavg))
2360 		errx(1, "%s: !returned size wrong!", sname);
2361 
2362 	if (xflag || rflag) {
2363 		display_struct(pnode, sname, &loadavg, sz,
2364 			       DISPLAY_VALUE);
2365 		return;
2366 	}
2367 	if (!nflag)
2368 		printf("%s: ", sname);
2369 	printf("%.2f %.2f %.2f\n",
2370 	       (double) loadavg.ldavg[0] / loadavg.fscale,
2371 	       (double) loadavg.ldavg[1] / loadavg.fscale,
2372 	       (double) loadavg.ldavg[2] / loadavg.fscale);
2373 }
2374 
2375 /*ARGSUSED*/
2376 static void
2377 proc_limit(HANDLER_ARGS)
2378 {
2379 	u_quad_t olim, *newp, nlim;
2380 	size_t osz, nsz;
2381 	char *t;
2382 	int rc;
2383 
2384 	if (fn)
2385 		trim_whitespace(value, 3);
2386 
2387 	osz = sizeof(olim);
2388 	if (value != NULL) {
2389 		nsz = sizeof(nlim);
2390 		newp = &nlim;
2391 		if (strcmp(value, "unlimited") == 0)
2392 			nlim = RLIM_INFINITY;
2393 		else {
2394 			errno = 0;
2395 			nlim = strtouq(value, &t, 0);
2396 			if (t == value || *t != '\0' || errno != 0) {
2397 				sysctlperror("%s: '%s' is not a valid limit\n",
2398 					     sname, value);
2399 				EXIT(1);
2400 			}
2401 		}
2402 	}
2403 	else {
2404 		nsz = 0;
2405 		newp = NULL;
2406 	}
2407 
2408 	rc = sysctl(name, namelen, &olim, &osz, newp, nsz);
2409 	if (rc == -1) {
2410 		sysctlerror(newp == NULL);
2411 		return;
2412 	}
2413 
2414 	if (newp && qflag)
2415 		return;
2416 
2417 	if (rflag || xflag || olim != RLIM_INFINITY)
2418 		display_number(pnode, sname, &olim, sizeof(olim),
2419 			       newp ? DISPLAY_OLD : DISPLAY_VALUE);
2420 	else
2421 		display_string(pnode, sname, "unlimited", 10,
2422 			       newp ? DISPLAY_OLD : DISPLAY_VALUE);
2423 
2424 	if (newp) {
2425 		if (rflag || xflag || nlim != RLIM_INFINITY)
2426 			display_number(pnode, sname, &nlim, sizeof(nlim),
2427 				       DISPLAY_NEW);
2428 		else
2429 			display_string(pnode, sname, "unlimited", 10,
2430 				       DISPLAY_NEW);
2431 	}
2432 }
2433 
2434 #ifdef CPU_DISKINFO
2435 /*ARGSUSED*/
2436 static void
2437 machdep_diskinfo(HANDLER_ARGS)
2438 {
2439 	struct disklist *dl;
2440 	struct biosdisk_info *bi;
2441 	struct nativedisk_info *ni;
2442 	int rc;
2443 	size_t sz;
2444 	uint i, b, lim;
2445 
2446 	rc = sysctl(name, namelen, NULL, &sz, NULL, 0);
2447 	if (rc == -1) {
2448 		sysctlerror(1);
2449 		return;
2450 	}
2451 	dl = malloc(sz);
2452 	if (dl == NULL) {
2453 		sysctlerror(1);
2454 		return;
2455 	}
2456 	rc = sysctl(name, namelen, dl, &sz, NULL, 0);
2457 	if (rc == -1) {
2458 		sysctlerror(1);
2459 		return;
2460 	}
2461 
2462 	if (!nflag)
2463 		printf("%s: ", sname);
2464 	lim = dl->dl_nbiosdisks;
2465 	if (lim > MAX_BIOSDISKS)
2466 		lim = MAX_BIOSDISKS;
2467 	for (bi = dl->dl_biosdisks, i = 0; i < lim; bi++, i++)
2468 		printf("%x:%" PRIu64 "(%d/%d/%d),%x ",
2469 		       bi->bi_dev, bi->bi_lbasecs,
2470 		       bi->bi_cyl, bi->bi_head, bi->bi_sec,
2471 		       bi->bi_flags);
2472 	lim = dl->dl_nnativedisks;
2473 	ni = dl->dl_nativedisks;
2474 	bi = dl->dl_biosdisks;
2475 	/* LINTED -- pointer casts are tedious */
2476 	if ((char *)&ni[lim] != (char *)dl + sz) {
2477 		sysctlperror("%s: size mismatch\n", gsname);
2478 		return;
2479 	}
2480 	for (i = 0; i < lim; ni++, i++) {
2481 		char t = ':';
2482 		printf(" %.*s", (int)sizeof ni->ni_devname,
2483 		       ni->ni_devname);
2484 		for (b = 0; b < ni->ni_nmatches; t = ',', b++)
2485 			printf("%c%x", t,
2486 			       bi[ni->ni_biosmatches[b]].bi_dev);
2487 	}
2488 	printf("\n");
2489 }
2490 #endif /* CPU_DISKINFO */
2491 
2492 /*ARGSUSED*/
2493 static void
2494 mode_bits(HANDLER_ARGS)
2495 {
2496 	char buf[12], outbuf[100];
2497 	int o, m, *newp, rc;
2498 	size_t osz, nsz;
2499 	mode_t om, mm;
2500 
2501 	if (fn)
2502 		trim_whitespace(value, 3);
2503 
2504 	newp = NULL;
2505 	osz = sizeof(o);
2506 	if (value != NULL) {
2507 		void *foo;
2508 		int tt;
2509 		size_t ttsz = sizeof(tt);
2510 		mode_t old_umask;
2511 
2512 		nsz = sizeof(m);
2513 		newp = &m;
2514 		errno = 0;
2515 		rc = sysctl(name, namelen, &tt, &ttsz, NULL, 0);
2516 		if (rc == -1) {
2517 			sysctlperror("%s: failed query\n", sname);
2518 			return;
2519 		}
2520 
2521 		old_umask = umask(0);
2522 		foo = setmode(value);
2523 		umask(old_umask);
2524 		if (foo == NULL) {
2525 			sysctlperror("%s: '%s' is an invalid mode\n", sname,
2526 				     value);
2527 			EXIT(1);
2528 		}
2529 		old_umask = umask(0);
2530 		m = getmode(foo, (mode_t)tt);
2531 		umask(old_umask);
2532 		if (errno) {
2533 			sysctlperror("%s: '%s' is an invalid mode\n", sname,
2534 				     value);
2535 			EXIT(1);
2536 		}
2537 	}
2538 	else {
2539 		nsz = 0;
2540 		newp = NULL;
2541 	}
2542 
2543 	rc = sysctl(name, namelen, &o, &osz, newp, nsz);
2544 	if (rc == -1) {
2545 		sysctlerror(newp == NULL);
2546 		return;
2547 	}
2548 
2549 	if (newp && qflag)
2550 		return;
2551 
2552 	om = (mode_t)o;
2553 	mm = (mode_t)m;
2554 
2555 	if (rflag || xflag)
2556 		display_number(pnode, sname, &o, sizeof(o),
2557 			       newp ? DISPLAY_OLD : DISPLAY_VALUE);
2558 	else {
2559 		memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
2560 		strmode(om, buf);
2561 		rc = snprintf(outbuf, sizeof(outbuf), "%04o (%s)", om, buf + 1);
2562 		display_string(pnode, sname, outbuf, rc, newp ? DISPLAY_OLD : DISPLAY_VALUE);
2563 	}
2564 
2565 	if (newp) {
2566 		if (rflag || xflag)
2567 			display_number(pnode, sname, &m, sizeof(m),
2568 				       DISPLAY_NEW);
2569 		else {
2570 			memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
2571 			strmode(mm, buf);
2572 			rc = snprintf(outbuf, sizeof(outbuf), "%04o (%s)", mm, buf + 1);
2573 			display_string(pnode, sname, outbuf, rc, DISPLAY_NEW);
2574 		}
2575 	}
2576 }
2577