xref: /netbsd-src/sbin/sysctl/sysctl.c (revision 5bbd2a12505d72a8177929a37b5cee489d0a1cfd)
1 /*	$NetBSD: sysctl.c,v 1.143 2012/06/02 21:38:09 dsl Exp $ */
2 
3 /*-
4  * Copyright (c) 2003 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
5  *	All rights reserved.
6  *
7  * This code is derived from software contributed to The NetBSD Foundation
8  * by Andrew Brown.
9  *
10  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
11  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
12  * are met:
13  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
14  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
15  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
16  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
17  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
18  *
19  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS
20  * ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
21  * TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
22  * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS
23  * BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
24  * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
25  * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
26  * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
27  * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
28  * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
29  * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
30  */
31 
32 /*
33  * Copyright (c) 1993
34  *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
35  *
36  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
37  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
38  * are met:
39  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
40  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
41  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
42  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
43  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
44  * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
45  *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
46  *    without specific prior written permission.
47  *
48  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
49  * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
50  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
51  * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
52  * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
53  * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
54  * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
55  * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
56  * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
57  * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
58  * SUCH DAMAGE.
59  */
60 
61 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
62 #ifndef lint
63 __COPYRIGHT("@(#) Copyright (c) 1993\
64  The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.");
65 #endif /* not lint */
66 
67 #ifndef lint
68 #if 0
69 static char sccsid[] = "@(#)sysctl.c	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93";
70 #else
71 __RCSID("$NetBSD: sysctl.c,v 1.143 2012/06/02 21:38:09 dsl Exp $");
72 #endif
73 #endif /* not lint */
74 
75 #include <sys/types.h>
76 #include <sys/param.h>
77 #include <sys/sysctl.h>
78 #include <sys/mount.h>
79 #include <sys/resource.h>
80 #include <sys/stat.h>
81 #include <sys/sched.h>
82 #include <sys/socket.h>
83 #include <netinet/in.h>
84 #include <netinet/ip_var.h>
85 #include <netinet/tcp.h>
86 #include <netinet/tcp_timer.h>
87 #include <netinet/tcp_var.h>
88 #include <netinet/icmp6.h>
89 #include <nfs/rpcv2.h>
90 #include <nfs/nfsproto.h>
91 #include <nfs/nfs.h>
92 #include <machine/cpu.h>
93 
94 #include <assert.h>
95 #include <ctype.h>
96 #include <err.h>
97 #include <errno.h>
98 #include <inttypes.h>
99 #include <regex.h>
100 #include <stdarg.h>
101 #include <stdio.h>
102 #include <stdlib.h>
103 #include <string.h>
104 #include <time.h>
105 #include <unistd.h>
106 
107 #include "prog_ops.h"
108 
109 /*
110  * this needs to be able to do the printing and the setting
111  */
112 #define HANDLER_PROTO const char *, const char *, char *, \
113 	int *, u_int, const struct sysctlnode *, \
114 	u_int, void *
115 #define HANDLER_ARGS const char *sname, const char *dname, char *value, \
116 	int *name, u_int namelen, const struct sysctlnode *pnode, \
117 	u_int type, void *v
118 #define DISPLAY_VALUE	0
119 #define DISPLAY_OLD	1
120 #define DISPLAY_NEW	2
121 
122 /*
123  * generic routines
124  */
125 static const struct handlespec *findhandler(const char *, regex_t *, size_t *);
126 static void canonicalize(const char *, char *);
127 static void purge_tree(struct sysctlnode *);
128 static void print_tree(int *, u_int, struct sysctlnode *, u_int, int, regex_t *,
129     size_t *);
130 static void write_number(int *, u_int, struct sysctlnode *, char *);
131 static void write_string(int *, u_int, struct sysctlnode *, char *);
132 static void display_number(const struct sysctlnode *, const char *,
133 			   const void *, size_t, int);
134 static void display_string(const struct sysctlnode *, const char *,
135 			   const void *, size_t, int);
136 static void display_struct(const struct sysctlnode *, const char *,
137 			   const void *, size_t, int);
138 static void hex_dump(const unsigned char *, size_t);
139 __dead static void usage(void);
140 static void parse(char *, regex_t *, size_t *);
141 static void parse_create(char *);
142 static void parse_destroy(char *);
143 static void parse_describe(char *);
144 static void getdesc1(int *, u_int, struct sysctlnode *);
145 static void getdesc(int *, u_int, struct sysctlnode *);
146 static void trim_whitespace(char *, int);
147 static void sysctlerror(int);
148 static void sysctlparseerror(u_int, const char *);
149 static void sysctlperror(const char *, ...) __printflike(1, 2);
150 #define EXIT(n) do { \
151 	if (fn == NULL) exit(n); else return; } while (/*CONSTCOND*/0)
152 
153 /*
154  * "borrowed" from libc:sysctlgetmibinfo.c
155  */
156 int __learn_tree(int *, u_int, struct sysctlnode *);
157 
158 /*
159  * "handlers"
160  */
161 static void printother(HANDLER_PROTO);
162 static void kern_clockrate(HANDLER_PROTO);
163 static void kern_boottime(HANDLER_PROTO);
164 static void kern_consdev(HANDLER_PROTO);
165 static void kern_cp_time(HANDLER_PROTO);
166 static void kern_cp_id(HANDLER_PROTO);
167 static void kern_drivers(HANDLER_PROTO);
168 static void vm_loadavg(HANDLER_PROTO);
169 static void proc_limit(HANDLER_PROTO);
170 #ifdef CPU_DISKINFO
171 static void machdep_diskinfo(HANDLER_PROTO);
172 #endif /* CPU_DISKINFO */
173 static void mode_bits(HANDLER_PROTO);
174 
175 static const struct handlespec {
176 	const char *ps_re;
177 	void (*ps_p)(HANDLER_PROTO);
178 	void (*ps_w)(HANDLER_PROTO);
179 	const void *ps_d;
180 } handlers[] = {
181 	{ "/kern/clockrate",			kern_clockrate, NULL, NULL },
182 	{ "/kern/vnode",			printother, NULL, "pstat" },
183 	{ "/kern/proc(2|_args)?",		printother, NULL, "ps" },
184 	{ "/kern/file2?",			printother, NULL, "pstat" },
185 	{ "/kern/ntptime",			printother, NULL,
186 						"ntpdc -c kerninfo" },
187 	{ "/kern/msgbuf",			printother, NULL, "dmesg" },
188 	{ "/kern/boottime",			kern_boottime, NULL, NULL },
189 	{ "/kern/consdev",			kern_consdev, NULL, NULL },
190 	{ "/kern/cp_time(/[0-9]+)?",		kern_cp_time, NULL, NULL },
191 	{ "/kern/sysvipc_info",			printother, NULL, "ipcs" },
192 	{ "/kern/cp_id(/[0-9]+)?",		kern_cp_id, NULL, NULL },
193 
194 	{ "/kern/coredump/setid/mode",		mode_bits, mode_bits, NULL },
195 	{ "/kern/drivers",			kern_drivers, NULL, NULL },
196 
197 	{ "/vm/vmmeter",			printother, NULL,
198 						"vmstat' or 'systat" },
199 	{ "/vm/loadavg",			vm_loadavg, NULL, NULL },
200 	{ "/vm/uvmexp2?",			printother, NULL,
201 						"vmstat' or 'systat" },
202 
203 	{ "/vfs/nfs/nfsstats",			printother, NULL, "nfsstat" },
204 
205 	{ "/net/inet6?/tcp6?/ident",		printother, NULL, "identd" },
206 	{ "/net/inet6/icmp6/nd6_[dp]rlist",	printother, NULL, "ndp" },
207 	{ "/net/key/dumps[ap]",			printother, NULL, "setkey" },
208 	{ "/net/[^/]+/[^/]+/pcblist",		printother, NULL,
209 						"netstat' or 'sockstat" },
210 	{ "/net/(inet|inet6)/[^/]+/stats",	printother, NULL, "netstat"},
211 	{ "/net/bpf/(stats|peers)",		printother, NULL, "netstat"},
212 
213 	{ "/net/inet.*/tcp.*/deb.*",		printother, NULL, "trpt" },
214 
215 	{ "/net/ns/spp/deb.*",			printother, NULL, "trsp" },
216 
217 	{ "/hw/diskstats",			printother, NULL, "iostat" },
218 
219 #ifdef CPU_CONSDEV
220 	{ "/machdep/consdev",			kern_consdev, NULL, NULL },
221 #endif /* CPU_CONSDEV */
222 #ifdef CPU_DISKINFO
223 	{ "/machdep/diskinfo",			machdep_diskinfo, NULL, NULL },
224 #endif /* CPU_CONSDEV */
225 
226 	{ "/proc/[^/]+/rlimit/[^/]+/[^/]+",	proc_limit, proc_limit, NULL },
227 
228 	/*
229 	 * these will only be called when the given node has no children
230 	 */
231 	{ "/net/[^/]+",				printother, NULL, NULL },
232 	{ "/debug",				printother, NULL, NULL },
233 	{ "/ddb",				printother, NULL, NULL },
234 	{ "/vendor",				printother, NULL, NULL },
235 
236 	{ NULL,					NULL, NULL, NULL },
237 };
238 
239 struct sysctlnode my_root = {
240 	.sysctl_flags = SYSCTL_VERSION|CTLFLAG_ROOT|CTLTYPE_NODE,
241 	sysc_init_field(_sysctl_size, sizeof(struct sysctlnode)),
242 	.sysctl_num = 0,
243 	.sysctl_name = "(prog_root)",
244 };
245 
246 int	Aflag, aflag, dflag, Mflag, nflag, qflag, rflag, wflag, xflag;
247 size_t	nr;
248 char	*fn;
249 int	req, stale, errs;
250 FILE	*warnfp = stderr;
251 
252 /*
253  * vah-riables n stuff
254  */
255 char gsname[SYSCTL_NAMELEN * CTL_MAXNAME + CTL_MAXNAME],
256 	canonname[SYSCTL_NAMELEN * CTL_MAXNAME + CTL_MAXNAME],
257 	gdname[10 * CTL_MAXNAME + CTL_MAXNAME];
258 char sep[] = ".";
259 const char *eq = " = ";
260 const char *lname[] = {
261 	"top", "second", "third", "fourth", "fifth", "sixth",
262 	"seventh", "eighth", "ninth", "tenth", "eleventh", "twelfth"
263 };
264 
265 /*
266  * you've heard of main, haven't you?
267  */
268 int
269 main(int argc, char *argv[])
270 {
271 	int name[CTL_MAXNAME];
272 	int ch;
273 	size_t lastcompiled = 0;
274 	regex_t *re;
275 
276 	setprogname(argv[0]);
277 	while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "Aabdef:Mnqrwx")) != -1) {
278 		switch (ch) {
279 		case 'A':
280 			Aflag++;
281 			break;
282 		case 'a':
283 			aflag++;
284 			break;
285 		case 'd':
286 			dflag++;
287 			break;
288 		case 'e':
289 			eq = "=";
290 			break;
291 		case 'f':
292 			fn = optarg;
293 			wflag++;
294 			break;
295 		case 'M':
296 			Mflag++;
297 			break;
298 		case 'n':
299 			nflag++;
300 			break;
301 		case 'q':
302 			qflag++;
303 			break;
304 		case 'b':	/* FreeBSD compat */
305 		case 'r':
306 			rflag++;
307 			break;
308 		case 'w':
309 			wflag++;
310 			break;
311 		case 'x':
312 			xflag++;
313 			break;
314 		default:
315 			usage();
316 		}
317 	}
318 
319 	argc -= optind;
320 	argv += optind;
321 
322 	if (xflag && rflag)
323 		usage();
324 	/* if ((xflag || rflag) && wflag)
325 		usage(); */
326 	/* if (aflag && (Mflag || qflag))
327 		usage(); */
328 	if ((aflag || Aflag) && qflag)
329 		usage();
330 	if ((Aflag || Mflag || dflag) && argc == 0 && fn == NULL)
331 		aflag = 1;
332 
333 	if (prog_init && prog_init() == -1)
334 		err(1, "prog init failed");
335 
336 	if (Aflag)
337 		warnfp = stdout;
338 	stale = req = 0;
339 
340 	if ((re = malloc(sizeof(*re) * __arraycount(handlers))) == NULL)
341 		err(1, "malloc regex");
342 
343 	if (aflag) {
344 		print_tree(&name[0], 0, NULL, CTLTYPE_NODE, 1,
345 		    re, &lastcompiled);
346 		/* if (argc == 0) */
347 		return (0);
348 	}
349 
350 	if (fn) {
351 		FILE *fp;
352 		char *l;
353 
354 		fp = fopen(fn, "r");
355 		if (fp == NULL) {
356 			err(1, "%s", fn);
357 		} else {
358 			nr = 0;
359 			while ((l = fparseln(fp, NULL, &nr, NULL, 0)) != NULL)
360 			{
361 				if (*l) {
362 					parse(l, re, &lastcompiled);
363 					free(l);
364 				}
365 			}
366 			fclose(fp);
367 		}
368 		return errs ? 1 : 0;
369 	}
370 
371 	if (argc == 0)
372 		usage();
373 
374 	while (argc-- > 0)
375 		parse(*argv++, re, &lastcompiled);
376 
377 	return errs ? 1 : 0;
378 }
379 
380 /*
381  * ********************************************************************
382  * how to find someone special to handle the reading (or maybe even
383  * writing) of a particular node
384  * ********************************************************************
385  */
386 static const struct handlespec *
387 findhandler(const char *s, regex_t *re, size_t *lastcompiled)
388 {
389 	const struct handlespec *p;
390 	size_t i, l;
391 	int j;
392 	char eb[64];
393 	regmatch_t match;
394 
395 	p = &handlers[0];
396 	l = strlen(s);
397 	for (i = 0; p[i].ps_re != NULL; i++) {
398 		if (i >= *lastcompiled) {
399 			j = regcomp(&re[i], p[i].ps_re, REG_EXTENDED);
400 			if (j != 0) {
401 				regerror(j, &re[i], eb, sizeof(eb));
402 				errx(1, "regcomp: %s: %s", p[i].ps_re, eb);
403 			}
404 			*lastcompiled = i + 1;
405 		}
406 		j = regexec(&re[i], s, 1, &match, 0);
407 		if (j == 0) {
408 			if (match.rm_so == 0 && match.rm_eo == (int)l)
409 				return &p[i];
410 		}
411 		else if (j != REG_NOMATCH) {
412 			regerror(j, &re[i], eb, sizeof(eb));
413 			errx(1, "regexec: %s: %s", p[i].ps_re, eb);
414 		}
415 	}
416 
417 	return NULL;
418 }
419 
420 /*
421  * after sysctlgetmibinfo is done with the name, we convert all
422  * separators to / and stuff one at the front if it was missing
423  */
424 static void
425 canonicalize(const char *i, char *o)
426 {
427 	const char *t;
428 	char p[SYSCTL_NAMELEN + 1];
429 	int l;
430 
431 	if (i[0] != *sep) {
432 		o[0] = '/';
433 		o[1] = '\0';
434 	}
435 	else
436 		o[0] = '\0';
437 
438 	t = i;
439 	do {
440 		i = t;
441 		t = strchr(i, sep[0]);
442 		if (t == NULL)
443 			strcat(o, i);
444 		else {
445 			l = t - i;
446 			t++;
447 			memcpy(p, i, l);
448 			p[l] = '\0';
449 			strcat(o, p);
450 			strcat(o, "/");
451 		}
452 	} while (t != NULL);
453 }
454 
455 /*
456  * ********************************************************************
457  * convert this special number to a special string so we can print the
458  * mib
459  * ********************************************************************
460  */
461 static const char *
462 sf(u_int f)
463 {
464 	static char s[256];
465 	const char *c;
466 
467 	s[0] = '\0';
468 	c = "";
469 
470 #define print_flag(_f, _s, _c, _q, _x) \
471 	if (((_f) & (__CONCAT(CTLFLAG_,_x))) == (__CONCAT(CTLFLAG_,_q))) { \
472 		strlcat((_s), (_c), sizeof(_s)); \
473 		strlcat((_s), __STRING(_q), sizeof(_s)); \
474 		(_c) = ","; \
475 		(_f) &= ~(__CONCAT(CTLFLAG_,_x)); \
476 	}
477 	print_flag(f, s, c, READONLY,  READWRITE);
478 	print_flag(f, s, c, READWRITE, READWRITE);
479 	print_flag(f, s, c, ANYWRITE,  ANYWRITE);
480 	print_flag(f, s, c, PRIVATE,   PRIVATE);
481 	print_flag(f, s, c, PERMANENT, PERMANENT);
482 	print_flag(f, s, c, OWNDATA,   OWNDATA);
483 	print_flag(f, s, c, IMMEDIATE, IMMEDIATE);
484 	print_flag(f, s, c, HEX,       HEX);
485 	print_flag(f, s, c, ROOT,      ROOT);
486 	print_flag(f, s, c, ANYNUMBER, ANYNUMBER);
487 	print_flag(f, s, c, HIDDEN,    HIDDEN);
488 	print_flag(f, s, c, ALIAS,     ALIAS);
489 #undef print_flag
490 
491 	if (f) {
492 		char foo[9];
493 		snprintf(foo, sizeof(foo), "%x", f);
494 		strlcat(s, c, sizeof(s));
495 		strlcat(s, foo, sizeof(s));
496 	}
497 
498 	return (s);
499 }
500 
501 static const char *
502 st(u_int t)
503 {
504 
505 	switch (t) {
506 	case CTLTYPE_NODE:
507 		return "NODE";
508 	case CTLTYPE_INT:
509 		return "INT";
510 	case CTLTYPE_STRING:
511 		return "STRING";
512 	case CTLTYPE_QUAD:
513                 return "QUAD";
514 	case CTLTYPE_STRUCT:
515 		return "STRUCT";
516 	case CTLTYPE_BOOL:
517 		return "BOOL";
518 	}
519 
520 	return "???";
521 }
522 
523 /*
524  * ********************************************************************
525  * recursively eliminate all data belonging to the given node
526  * ********************************************************************
527  */
528 static void
529 purge_tree(struct sysctlnode *rnode)
530 {
531 	struct sysctlnode *node;
532 
533 	if (rnode == NULL ||
534 	    SYSCTL_TYPE(rnode->sysctl_flags) != CTLTYPE_NODE ||
535 	    rnode->sysctl_child == NULL)
536 		return;
537 
538 	for (node = rnode->sysctl_child;
539 	     node < &rnode->sysctl_child[rnode->sysctl_clen];
540 	     node++)
541 		purge_tree(node);
542 	free(rnode->sysctl_child);
543 	rnode->sysctl_csize = 0;
544 	rnode->sysctl_clen = 0;
545 	rnode->sysctl_child = NULL;
546 
547 	if (rnode->sysctl_desc == (const char*)-1)
548 		rnode->sysctl_desc = NULL;
549 	if (rnode->sysctl_desc != NULL)
550 		free(__UNCONST(rnode->sysctl_desc));
551 	rnode->sysctl_desc = NULL;
552 }
553 
554 static void __attribute__((__format__(__printf__, 3, 4)))
555 appendprintf(char **bp, size_t *lbp, const char *fmt, ...)
556 {
557 	int r;
558 	va_list ap;
559 
560 	va_start(ap, fmt);
561 	r = vsnprintf(*bp, *lbp, fmt, ap);
562 	va_end(ap);
563 	if (r < 0 || (size_t)r > *lbp)
564 		r = *lbp;
565 	*bp += r;
566 	*lbp -= r;
567 }
568 
569 /*
570  * ********************************************************************
571  * print this node and any others underneath it
572  * ********************************************************************
573  */
574 static void
575 print_tree(int *name, u_int namelen, struct sysctlnode *pnode, u_int type,
576    int add, regex_t *re, size_t *lastcompiled)
577 {
578 	struct sysctlnode *node;
579 	int rc;
580 	size_t ni, sz, ldp, lsp;
581 	char *sp, *dp, *tsp, *tdp;
582 	const struct handlespec *p;
583 
584 	sp = tsp = &gsname[strlen(gsname)];
585 	dp = tdp = &gdname[strlen(gdname)];
586 	ldp = sizeof(gdname) - (dp - gdname);
587 	lsp = sizeof(gsname) - (sp - gsname);
588 
589 	if (sp != &gsname[0] && dp == &gdname[0]) {
590 		/*
591 		 * aw...shucks.  now we must play catch up
592 		 */
593 		for (ni = 0; ni < namelen; ni++)
594 			appendprintf(&tdp, &ldp, "%s%d", ni > 0 ? "." : "",
595 			    name[ni]);
596 	}
597 
598 	if (pnode == NULL)
599 		pnode = &my_root;
600 	else if (add) {
601 		appendprintf(&tsp, &lsp, "%s%s", namelen > 1 ? sep : "",
602 			pnode->sysctl_name);
603 		appendprintf(&tdp, &ldp, "%s%d", namelen > 1 ? "." : "",
604 			pnode->sysctl_num);
605 	}
606 
607 	if (Mflag && pnode != &my_root) {
608 		if (nflag)
609 			printf("%s: ", gdname);
610 		else
611 			printf("%s (%s): ", gsname, gdname);
612 		printf("CTLTYPE_%s", st(type));
613 		if (type == CTLTYPE_NODE) {
614 			if (SYSCTL_FLAGS(pnode->sysctl_flags) & CTLFLAG_ALIAS)
615 				printf(", alias %d",
616 				       pnode->sysctl_alias);
617 			else
618 				printf(", children %d/%d",
619 				       pnode->sysctl_clen,
620 				       pnode->sysctl_csize);
621 		}
622 		printf(", size %zu", pnode->sysctl_size);
623 		printf(", flags 0x%x<%s>",
624 		       SYSCTL_FLAGS(pnode->sysctl_flags),
625 		       sf(SYSCTL_FLAGS(pnode->sysctl_flags)));
626 		if (pnode->sysctl_func)
627 			printf(", func=%p", pnode->sysctl_func);
628 		printf(", ver=%d", pnode->sysctl_ver);
629 		printf("\n");
630 		if (type != CTLTYPE_NODE) {
631 			*sp = *dp = '\0';
632 			return;
633 		}
634 	}
635 
636 	if (dflag && pnode != &my_root) {
637 		if (Aflag || type != CTLTYPE_NODE) {
638 			if (pnode->sysctl_desc == NULL)
639 				getdesc1(name, namelen, pnode);
640 			if (Aflag || !add ||
641 			    (pnode->sysctl_desc != NULL &&
642 			     pnode->sysctl_desc != (const char*)-1)) {
643 				if (!nflag)
644 					printf("%s: ", gsname);
645 				if (pnode->sysctl_desc == NULL ||
646 				    pnode->sysctl_desc == (const char*)-1)
647 					printf("(no description)\n");
648 				else
649 					printf("%s\n", pnode->sysctl_desc);
650 			}
651 		}
652 
653 		if (type != CTLTYPE_NODE) {
654 			*sp = *dp = '\0';
655 			return;
656 		}
657 	}
658 
659 	/*
660 	 * if this is an alias and we added our name, that means we
661 	 * got here by recursing down into the tree, so skip it.  The
662 	 * only way to print an aliased node is with either -M or by
663 	 * name specifically.
664 	 */
665 	if (SYSCTL_FLAGS(pnode->sysctl_flags) & CTLFLAG_ALIAS && add) {
666 		*sp = *dp = '\0';
667 		return;
668 	}
669 
670 	canonicalize(gsname, canonname);
671 	p = findhandler(canonname, re, lastcompiled);
672 	if (type != CTLTYPE_NODE && p != NULL) {
673 		if (p->ps_p == NULL) {
674 			sysctlperror("Cannot print `%s': %s\n", gsname,
675 			    strerror(EOPNOTSUPP));
676 			exit(1);
677 		}
678 		(*p->ps_p)(gsname, gdname, NULL, name, namelen, pnode, type,
679 			   __UNCONST(p->ps_d));
680 		*sp = *dp = '\0';
681 		return;
682 	}
683 
684 	if (type != CTLTYPE_NODE && pnode->sysctl_size == 0) {
685 		rc = prog_sysctl(&name[0], namelen, NULL, &sz, NULL, 0);
686 		if (rc == -1) {
687 			sysctlerror(1);
688 			*sp = *dp = '\0';
689 			return;
690 		}
691 		if (sz == 0) {
692 			if ((Aflag || req) && !Mflag)
693 				printf("%s: node contains no data\n", gsname);
694 			*sp = *dp = '\0';
695 			return;
696 		}
697 	}
698 	else
699 		sz = pnode->sysctl_size;
700 
701 	switch (type) {
702 	case CTLTYPE_NODE: {
703 		__learn_tree(name, namelen, pnode);
704 		node = pnode->sysctl_child;
705 		if (node == NULL) {
706 			if (dflag)
707 				/* do nothing */;
708 			else if (p != NULL)
709 				(*p->ps_p)(gsname, gdname, NULL, name, namelen,
710 					   pnode, type, __UNCONST(p->ps_d));
711 			else if ((Aflag || req) && !Mflag)
712 				printf("%s: no children\n", gsname);
713 		}
714 		else {
715 			if (dflag)
716 				/*
717 				 * get all descriptions for next level
718 				 * in one chunk
719 				 */
720 				getdesc(name, namelen, pnode);
721 			req = 0;
722 			for (ni = 0; ni < pnode->sysctl_clen; ni++) {
723 				name[namelen] = node[ni].sysctl_num;
724 				if ((node[ni].sysctl_flags & CTLFLAG_HIDDEN) &&
725 				    !(Aflag || req))
726 					continue;
727 				print_tree(name, namelen + 1, &node[ni],
728 					   SYSCTL_TYPE(node[ni].sysctl_flags),
729 					   1, re, lastcompiled);
730 			}
731 		}
732 		break;
733 	}
734 	case CTLTYPE_INT: {
735 		int i;
736 		rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, &i, &sz, NULL, 0);
737 		if (rc == -1) {
738 			sysctlerror(1);
739 			break;
740 		}
741 		display_number(pnode, gsname, &i, sizeof(i), DISPLAY_VALUE);
742 		break;
743 	}
744 	case CTLTYPE_BOOL: {
745 		bool b;
746 		rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, &b, &sz, NULL, 0);
747 		if (rc == -1) {
748 			sysctlerror(1);
749 			break;
750 		}
751 		display_number(pnode, gsname, &b, sizeof(b), DISPLAY_VALUE);
752 		break;
753 	}
754 	case CTLTYPE_STRING: {
755 		unsigned char buf[1024], *tbuf;
756 		tbuf = buf;
757 		sz = sizeof(buf);
758 		rc = prog_sysctl(&name[0], namelen, tbuf, &sz, NULL, 0);
759 		if (rc == -1 && errno == ENOMEM) {
760 			tbuf = malloc(sz);
761 			if (tbuf == NULL) {
762 				sysctlerror(1);
763 				break;
764 			}
765 			rc = prog_sysctl(&name[0], namelen, tbuf, &sz, NULL, 0);
766 		}
767 		if (rc == -1)
768 			sysctlerror(1);
769 		else
770 			display_string(pnode, gsname, tbuf, sz, DISPLAY_VALUE);
771 		if (tbuf != buf)
772 			free(tbuf);
773 		break;
774 	}
775 	case CTLTYPE_QUAD: {
776 		u_quad_t q;
777 		sz = sizeof(q);
778 		rc = prog_sysctl(&name[0], namelen, &q, &sz, NULL, 0);
779 		if (rc == -1) {
780 			sysctlerror(1);
781 			break;
782 		}
783 		display_number(pnode, gsname, &q, sizeof(q), DISPLAY_VALUE);
784 		break;
785 	}
786 	case CTLTYPE_STRUCT: {
787 		/*
788 		 * we shouldn't actually get here, but if we
789 		 * do, would it be nice to have *something* to
790 		 * do other than completely ignore the
791 		 * request.
792 		 */
793 		unsigned char *d;
794 		if ((d = malloc(sz)) == NULL) {
795 			fprintf(warnfp, "%s: !malloc failed!\n", gsname);
796 			break;
797 		}
798 		rc = prog_sysctl(&name[0], namelen, d, &sz, NULL, 0);
799 		if (rc == -1) {
800 			sysctlerror(1);
801 			break;
802 		}
803 		display_struct(pnode, gsname, d, sz, DISPLAY_VALUE);
804 		free(d);
805 		break;
806 	}
807 	default:
808 		/* should i print an error here? */
809 		break;
810 	}
811 
812 	*sp = *dp = '\0';
813 }
814 
815 /*
816  * ********************************************************************
817  * parse a request, possibly determining that it's a create or destroy
818  * request
819  * ********************************************************************
820  */
821 static void
822 parse(char *l, regex_t *re, size_t *lastcompiled)
823 {
824 	struct sysctlnode *node;
825 	const struct handlespec *w;
826 	int name[CTL_MAXNAME], dodesc = 0;
827 	u_int namelen, type;
828 	char *key, *value, *dot;
829 	size_t sz;
830 	bool optional = false;
831 
832 	req = 1;
833 	key = l;
834 
835 	if ((value = strchr(l, '=')) != NULL) {
836 		if (value > l && value[-1] == '?') {
837 			value[-1] = '\0';
838 			optional = true;
839 		}
840 		*value++ = '\0';
841 	}
842 
843 	if ((dot = strpbrk(key, "./")) == NULL)
844 		sep[0] = '.';
845 	else
846 		sep[0] = dot[0];
847 	sep[1] = '\0';
848 
849 	while (key[0] == sep[0] && key[1] == sep[0]) {
850 		if (value != NULL)
851 			value[-1] = '=';
852 		if (strncmp(key + 2, "create", 6) == 0 &&
853 		    (key[8] == '=' || key[8] == sep[0]))
854 			parse_create(key + 8 + (key[8] == '=' ? 1 : 0));
855 		else if (strncmp(key + 2, "destroy", 7) == 0 &&
856 			 (key[9] == '=' || key[9] == sep[0]))
857 			parse_destroy(key + 9 + (key[9] == '=' ? 1 : 0));
858 		else if (strncmp(key + 2, "describe", 8) == 0 &&
859 			 (key[10] == '=' || key[10] == sep[0])) {
860 			key += 10 + (key[10] == '=');
861 			if ((value = strchr(key, '=')) != NULL)
862 				parse_describe(key);
863 			else {
864 				if (!dflag)
865 					dodesc = 1;
866 				break;
867 			}
868 		}
869 		else
870 			sysctlperror("unable to parse '%s'\n", key);
871 		return;
872 	}
873 
874 	if (stale) {
875 		purge_tree(&my_root);
876 		stale = 0;
877 	}
878 	node = &my_root;
879 	namelen = CTL_MAXNAME;
880 	sz = sizeof(gsname);
881 
882 	if (sysctlgetmibinfo(key, &name[0], &namelen, gsname, &sz, &node,
883 			     SYSCTL_VERSION) == -1) {
884 		if (optional)
885 			return;
886 		sysctlparseerror(namelen, l);
887 		EXIT(1);
888 	}
889 
890 	type = SYSCTL_TYPE(node->sysctl_flags);
891 
892 	if (value == NULL) {
893 		if (dodesc)
894 			dflag = 1;
895 		print_tree(&name[0], namelen, node, type, 0, re, lastcompiled);
896 		if (dodesc)
897 			dflag = 0;
898 		gsname[0] = '\0';
899 		return;
900 	}
901 
902 	if (fn)
903 		trim_whitespace(value, 1);
904 
905 	if (!wflag) {
906 		sysctlperror("Must specify -w to set variables\n");
907 		exit(1);
908 	}
909 
910 	canonicalize(gsname, canonname);
911 	if (type != CTLTYPE_NODE && (w = findhandler(canonname, re,
912 	    lastcompiled)) != NULL) {
913 		if (w->ps_w == NULL) {
914 			sysctlperror("Cannot write `%s': %s\n", gsname,
915 			    strerror(EOPNOTSUPP));
916 			exit(1);
917 		}
918 		(*w->ps_w)(gsname, gdname, value, name, namelen, node, type,
919 			   __UNCONST(w->ps_d));
920 		gsname[0] = '\0';
921 		return;
922 	}
923 
924 	switch (type) {
925 	case CTLTYPE_NODE:
926 		/*
927 		 * XXX old behavior is to print.  should we error instead?
928 		 */
929 		print_tree(&name[0], namelen, node, CTLTYPE_NODE, 1, re,
930 		    lastcompiled);
931 		break;
932 	case CTLTYPE_INT:
933 	case CTLTYPE_BOOL:
934 	case CTLTYPE_QUAD:
935 		write_number(&name[0], namelen, node, value);
936 		break;
937 	case CTLTYPE_STRING:
938 		write_string(&name[0], namelen, node, value);
939 		break;
940 	case CTLTYPE_STRUCT:
941 		/*
942 		 * XXX old behavior is to print.  should we error instead?
943 		 */
944 		/* fprintf(warnfp, "you can't write to %s\n", gsname); */
945 		print_tree(&name[0], namelen, node, type, 0, re, lastcompiled);
946 		break;
947 	}
948 }
949 
950 /*
951 
952   //create=foo.bar.whatever...,
953   [type=(int|quad|string|struct|node),]
954   [size=###,]
955   [n=###,]
956   [flags=(iohxparw12),]
957   [addr=0x####,|symbol=...|value=...]
958 
959   size is optional for some types.  type must be set before anything
960   else.  nodes can have [rwhp], but nothing else applies.  if no
961   size or type is given, node is asserted.  writeable is the default,
962   with [rw] being read-only and unconditionally writeable
963   respectively.  if you specify addr, it is assumed to be the name of
964   a kernel symbol, if value, CTLFLAG_OWNDATA will be asserted for
965   strings, CTLFLAG_IMMEDIATE for ints and u_quad_ts.  you cannot
966   specify both value and addr.
967 
968 */
969 
970 static void
971 parse_create(char *l)
972 {
973 	struct sysctlnode node;
974 	size_t sz;
975 	char *nname, *key, *value, *data, *addr, *c, *t;
976 	int name[CTL_MAXNAME], i, rc, method, flags, rw;
977 	u_int namelen, type;
978 	u_quad_t uq;
979 	quad_t q;
980 	bool b;
981 
982 	if (!wflag) {
983 		sysctlperror("Must specify -w to create nodes\n");
984 		exit(1);
985 	}
986 
987 	/*
988 	 * these are the pieces that make up the description of a new
989 	 * node
990 	 */
991 	memset(&node, 0, sizeof(node));
992 	node.sysctl_num = CTL_CREATE;  /* any number is fine */
993 	flags = 0;
994 	rw = -1;
995 	type = 0;
996 	sz = 0;
997 	data = addr = NULL;
998 	memset(name, 0, sizeof(name));
999 	namelen = 0;
1000 	method = 0;
1001 
1002 	/*
1003 	 * misc stuff used when constructing
1004 	 */
1005 	i = 0;
1006 	b = false;
1007 	uq = 0;
1008 	key = NULL;
1009 	value = NULL;
1010 
1011 	/*
1012 	 * the name of the thing we're trying to create is first, so
1013 	 * pick it off.
1014 	 */
1015 	nname = l;
1016 	if ((c = strchr(nname, ',')) != NULL)
1017 		*c++ = '\0';
1018 
1019 	while (c != NULL) {
1020 
1021 		/*
1022 		 * pull off the next "key=value" pair
1023 		 */
1024 		key = c;
1025 		if ((t = strchr(key, '=')) != NULL) {
1026 			*t++ = '\0';
1027 			value = t;
1028 		}
1029 		else
1030 			value = NULL;
1031 
1032 		/*
1033 		 * if the "key" is "value", then that eats the rest of
1034 		 * the string, so we're done, otherwise bite it off at
1035 		 * the next comma.
1036 		 */
1037 		if (strcmp(key, "value") == 0) {
1038 			c = NULL;
1039 			data = value;
1040 			break;
1041 		}
1042 		else if (value) {
1043 			if ((c = strchr(value, ',')) != NULL)
1044 				*c++ = '\0';
1045 		}
1046 
1047 		/*
1048 		 * note that we (mostly) let the invoker of prog_sysctl(8)
1049 		 * play rampant here and depend on the kernel to tell
1050 		 * them that they were wrong.  well...within reason.
1051 		 * we later check the various parameters against each
1052 		 * other to make sure it makes some sort of sense.
1053 		 */
1054 		if (strcmp(key, "addr") == 0) {
1055 			/*
1056 			 * we can't check these two.  only the kernel
1057 			 * can tell us when it fails to find the name
1058 			 * (or if the address is invalid).
1059 			 */
1060 			if (method != 0) {
1061 				sysctlperror(
1062 				    "%s: already have %s for new node\n",
1063 				    nname,
1064 				    method == CTL_CREATE ? "addr" : "symbol");
1065 				EXIT(1);
1066 			}
1067 			if (value == NULL) {
1068 				sysctlperror("%s: missing value\n", nname);
1069 				EXIT(1);
1070 			}
1071 			errno = 0;
1072 			addr = (void*)strtoul(value, &t, 0);
1073 			if (t == value || *t != '\0' || errno != 0) {
1074 				sysctlperror(
1075 				    "%s: '%s' is not a valid address\n",
1076 				    nname, value);
1077 				EXIT(1);
1078 			}
1079 			method = CTL_CREATE;
1080 		}
1081 		else if (strcmp(key, "symbol") == 0) {
1082 			if (method != 0) {
1083 				sysctlperror(
1084 				    "%s: already have %s for new node\n",
1085 				    nname,
1086 				    method == CTL_CREATE ? "addr" : "symbol");
1087 				EXIT(1);
1088 			}
1089 			addr = value;
1090 			method = CTL_CREATESYM;
1091 		}
1092 		else if (strcmp(key, "type") == 0) {
1093 			if (value == NULL) {
1094 				sysctlperror("%s: missing value\n", nname);
1095 				EXIT(1);
1096 			}
1097 			if (strcmp(value, "node") == 0)
1098 				type = CTLTYPE_NODE;
1099 			else if (strcmp(value, "int") == 0) {
1100 				sz = sizeof(int);
1101 				type = CTLTYPE_INT;
1102 			}
1103 			else if (strcmp(value, "bool") == 0) {
1104 				sz = sizeof(bool);
1105 				type = CTLTYPE_BOOL;
1106 			}
1107 			else if (strcmp(value, "string") == 0)
1108 				type = CTLTYPE_STRING;
1109 			else if (strcmp(value, "quad") == 0) {
1110 				sz = sizeof(u_quad_t);
1111 				type = CTLTYPE_QUAD;
1112 			}
1113 			else if (strcmp(value, "struct") == 0)
1114 				type = CTLTYPE_STRUCT;
1115 			else {
1116 				sysctlperror(
1117 					"%s: '%s' is not a valid type\n",
1118 					nname, value);
1119 				EXIT(1);
1120 			}
1121 		}
1122 		else if (strcmp(key, "size") == 0) {
1123 			if (value == NULL) {
1124 				sysctlperror("%s: missing value\n", nname);
1125 				EXIT(1);
1126 			}
1127 			errno = 0;
1128 			/*
1129 			 * yes, i know size_t is not an unsigned long,
1130 			 * but we can all agree that it ought to be,
1131 			 * right?
1132 			 */
1133 			sz = strtoul(value, &t, 0);
1134 			if (t == value || *t != '\0' || errno != 0) {
1135 				sysctlperror(
1136 					"%s: '%s' is not a valid size\n",
1137 					nname, value);
1138 				EXIT(1);
1139 			}
1140 		}
1141 		else if (strcmp(key, "n") == 0) {
1142 			if (value == NULL) {
1143 				sysctlperror("%s: missing value\n", nname);
1144 				EXIT(1);
1145 			}
1146 			errno = 0;
1147 			q = strtoll(value, &t, 0);
1148 			if (t == value || *t != '\0' || errno != 0 ||
1149 			    q < INT_MIN || q > UINT_MAX) {
1150 				sysctlperror(
1151 				    "%s: '%s' is not a valid mib number\n",
1152 				    nname, value);
1153 				EXIT(1);
1154 			}
1155 			node.sysctl_num = (int)q;
1156 		}
1157 		else if (strcmp(key, "flags") == 0) {
1158 			if (value == NULL) {
1159 				sysctlperror("%s: missing value\n", nname);
1160 				EXIT(1);
1161 			}
1162 			t = value;
1163 			while (*t != '\0') {
1164 				switch (*t) {
1165 				case 'a':
1166 					flags |= CTLFLAG_ANYWRITE;
1167 					break;
1168 				case 'h':
1169 					flags |= CTLFLAG_HIDDEN;
1170 					break;
1171 				case 'i':
1172 					flags |= CTLFLAG_IMMEDIATE;
1173 					break;
1174 				case 'o':
1175 					flags |= CTLFLAG_OWNDATA;
1176 					break;
1177 				case 'p':
1178 					flags |= CTLFLAG_PRIVATE;
1179 					break;
1180 				case 'u':
1181 					flags |= CTLFLAG_UNSIGNED;
1182 					break;
1183 				case 'x':
1184 					flags |= CTLFLAG_HEX;
1185 					break;
1186 
1187 				case 'r':
1188 					rw = CTLFLAG_READONLY;
1189 					break;
1190 				case 'w':
1191 					rw = CTLFLAG_READWRITE;
1192 					break;
1193 				default:
1194 					sysctlperror(
1195 					   "%s: '%c' is not a valid flag\n",
1196 					    nname, *t);
1197 					EXIT(1);
1198 				}
1199 				t++;
1200 			}
1201 		}
1202 		else {
1203 			sysctlperror("%s: unrecognized keyword '%s'\n",
1204 				     nname, key);
1205 			EXIT(1);
1206 		}
1207 	}
1208 
1209 	/*
1210 	 * now that we've finished parsing the given string, fill in
1211 	 * anything they didn't specify
1212 	 */
1213 	if (type == 0)
1214 		type = CTLTYPE_NODE;
1215 
1216 	/*
1217 	 * the "data" can be interpreted various ways depending on the
1218 	 * type of node we're creating, as can the size
1219 	 */
1220 	if (data != NULL) {
1221 		if (addr != NULL) {
1222 			sysctlperror(
1223 				"%s: cannot specify both value and "
1224 				"address\n", nname);
1225 			EXIT(1);
1226 		}
1227 
1228 		switch (type) {
1229 		case CTLTYPE_INT:
1230 			errno = 0;
1231 			q = strtoll(data, &t, 0);
1232 			if (t == data || *t != '\0' || errno != 0 ||
1233 				q < INT_MIN || q > UINT_MAX) {
1234 				sysctlperror(
1235 				    "%s: '%s' is not a valid integer\n",
1236 				    nname, value);
1237 				EXIT(1);
1238 			}
1239 			i = (int)q;
1240 			if (!(flags & CTLFLAG_OWNDATA)) {
1241 				flags |= CTLFLAG_IMMEDIATE;
1242 				node.sysctl_idata = i;
1243 			}
1244 			else
1245 				node.sysctl_data = &i;
1246 			if (sz == 0)
1247 				sz = sizeof(int);
1248 			break;
1249 		case CTLTYPE_BOOL:
1250 			errno = 0;
1251 			q = strtoll(data, &t, 0);
1252 			if (t == data || *t != '\0' || errno != 0 ||
1253 				(q != 0 && q != 1)) {
1254 				sysctlperror(
1255 				    "%s: '%s' is not a valid bool\n",
1256 				    nname, value);
1257 				EXIT(1);
1258 			}
1259 			b = q == 1;
1260 			if (!(flags & CTLFLAG_OWNDATA)) {
1261 				flags |= CTLFLAG_IMMEDIATE;
1262 				node.sysctl_idata = b;
1263 			}
1264 			else
1265 				node.sysctl_data = &b;
1266 			if (sz == 0)
1267 				sz = sizeof(bool);
1268 			break;
1269 		case CTLTYPE_STRING:
1270 			flags |= CTLFLAG_OWNDATA;
1271 			node.sysctl_data = data;
1272 			if (sz == 0)
1273 				sz = strlen(data) + 1;
1274 			else if (sz < strlen(data) + 1) {
1275 				sysctlperror("%s: ignoring size=%zu for "
1276 					"string node, too small for given "
1277 					"value\n", nname, sz);
1278 				sz = strlen(data) + 1;
1279 			}
1280 			break;
1281 		case CTLTYPE_QUAD:
1282 			errno = 0;
1283 			uq = strtouq(data, &t, 0);
1284 			if (t == data || *t != '\0' || errno != 0) {
1285 				sysctlperror(
1286 					"%s: '%s' is not a valid quad\n",
1287 					nname, value);
1288 				EXIT(1);
1289 			}
1290 			if (!(flags & CTLFLAG_OWNDATA)) {
1291 				flags |= CTLFLAG_IMMEDIATE;
1292 				node.sysctl_qdata = uq;
1293 			}
1294 			else
1295 				node.sysctl_data = &uq;
1296 			if (sz == 0)
1297 				sz = sizeof(u_quad_t);
1298 			break;
1299 		case CTLTYPE_STRUCT:
1300 			sysctlperror("%s: struct not initializable\n",
1301 				     nname);
1302 			EXIT(1);
1303 		}
1304 
1305 		/*
1306 		 * these methods have all provided local starting
1307 		 * values that the kernel must copy in
1308 		 */
1309 	}
1310 
1311 	/*
1312 	 * hmm...no data, but we have an address of data.  that's
1313 	 * fine.
1314 	 */
1315 	else if (addr != 0)
1316 		node.sysctl_data = (void*)addr;
1317 
1318 	/*
1319 	 * no data and no address?  well...okay.  we might be able to
1320 	 * manage that.
1321 	 */
1322 	else if (type != CTLTYPE_NODE) {
1323 		if (sz == 0) {
1324 			sysctlperror(
1325 			    "%s: need a size or a starting value\n",
1326 			    nname);
1327                         EXIT(1);
1328                 }
1329 		if (!(flags & CTLFLAG_IMMEDIATE))
1330 			flags |= CTLFLAG_OWNDATA;
1331 	}
1332 
1333 	/*
1334 	 * now we do a few sanity checks on the description we've
1335 	 * assembled
1336 	 */
1337 	if ((flags & CTLFLAG_IMMEDIATE) &&
1338 	    (type == CTLTYPE_STRING || type == CTLTYPE_STRUCT)) {
1339 		sysctlperror("%s: cannot make an immediate %s\n",
1340 			     nname,
1341 			     (type == CTLTYPE_STRING) ? "string" : "struct");
1342 		EXIT(1);
1343 	}
1344 	if (type == CTLTYPE_NODE && node.sysctl_data != NULL) {
1345 		sysctlperror("%s: nodes do not have data\n", nname);
1346 		EXIT(1);
1347 	}
1348 
1349 	/*
1350 	 * some types must have a particular size
1351 	 */
1352 	if (sz != 0) {
1353 		if ((type == CTLTYPE_INT && sz != sizeof(int)) ||
1354 		    (type == CTLTYPE_BOOL && sz != sizeof(bool)) ||
1355 		    (type == CTLTYPE_QUAD && sz != sizeof(u_quad_t)) ||
1356 		    (type == CTLTYPE_NODE && sz != 0)) {
1357 			sysctlperror("%s: wrong size for type\n", nname);
1358 			EXIT(1);
1359 		}
1360 	}
1361 	else if (type == CTLTYPE_STRUCT) {
1362 		sysctlperror("%s: struct must have size\n", nname);
1363 		EXIT(1);
1364 	}
1365 
1366 	/*
1367 	 * now...if no one said anything yet, we default nodes or
1368 	 * any type that owns data being writeable, and everything
1369 	 * else being readonly.
1370 	 */
1371 	if (rw == -1) {
1372 		if (type == CTLTYPE_NODE ||
1373 		    (flags & (CTLFLAG_OWNDATA|CTLFLAG_IMMEDIATE)))
1374 			rw = CTLFLAG_READWRITE;
1375 		else
1376 			rw = CTLFLAG_READONLY;
1377 	}
1378 
1379 	/*
1380 	 * if a kernel address was specified, that can't be made
1381 	 * writeable by us.
1382 	if (rw != CTLFLAG_READONLY && addr) {
1383 		sysctlperror("%s: kernel data can only be readable\n", nname);
1384 		EXIT(1);
1385 	}
1386 	 */
1387 
1388 	/*
1389 	 * what separator were they using in the full name of the new
1390 	 * node?
1391 	 */
1392 	if ((t = strpbrk(nname, "./")) == NULL)
1393 		sep[0] = '.';
1394 	else
1395 		sep[0] = t[0];
1396 	sep[1] = '\0';
1397 
1398 	/*
1399 	 * put it all together, now.  t'ain't much, is it?
1400 	 */
1401 	node.sysctl_flags = SYSCTL_VERSION|flags|rw|type;
1402 	node.sysctl_size = sz;
1403 	t = strrchr(nname, sep[0]);
1404 	if (t != NULL)
1405 		strlcpy(node.sysctl_name, t + 1, sizeof(node.sysctl_name));
1406 	else
1407 		strlcpy(node.sysctl_name, nname, sizeof(node.sysctl_name));
1408 	if (t == nname)
1409 		t = NULL;
1410 
1411 	/*
1412 	 * if this is a new top-level node, then we don't need to find
1413 	 * the mib for its parent
1414 	 */
1415 	if (t == NULL) {
1416 		namelen = 0;
1417 		gsname[0] = '\0';
1418 	}
1419 
1420 	/*
1421 	 * on the other hand, if it's not a top-level node...
1422 	 */
1423 	else {
1424 		namelen = sizeof(name) / sizeof(name[0]);
1425 		sz = sizeof(gsname);
1426 		*t = '\0';
1427 		rc = sysctlgetmibinfo(nname, &name[0], &namelen,
1428 				      gsname, &sz, NULL, SYSCTL_VERSION);
1429 		*t = sep[0];
1430 		if (rc == -1) {
1431 			sysctlparseerror(namelen, nname);
1432 			EXIT(1);
1433 		}
1434 	}
1435 
1436 	/*
1437 	 * yes, a new node is being created
1438 	 */
1439 	if (method != 0)
1440 		name[namelen++] = method;
1441 	else
1442 		name[namelen++] = CTL_CREATE;
1443 
1444 	sz = sizeof(node);
1445 	rc = prog_sysctl(&name[0], namelen, &node, &sz, &node, sizeof(node));
1446 
1447 	if (rc == -1) {
1448 		sysctlperror("%s: CTL_CREATE failed: %s\n",
1449 			     nname, strerror(errno));
1450 		EXIT(1);
1451 	}
1452 	else {
1453 		if (!qflag && !nflag)
1454 			printf("%s(%s): (created)\n", nname, st(type));
1455 		stale = 1;
1456 	}
1457 }
1458 
1459 static void
1460 parse_destroy(char *l)
1461 {
1462 	struct sysctlnode node;
1463 	size_t sz;
1464 	int name[CTL_MAXNAME], rc;
1465 	u_int namelen;
1466 
1467 	if (!wflag) {
1468 		sysctlperror("Must specify -w to destroy nodes\n");
1469 		exit(1);
1470 	}
1471 
1472 	memset(name, 0, sizeof(name));
1473 	namelen = sizeof(name) / sizeof(name[0]);
1474 	sz = sizeof(gsname);
1475 	rc = sysctlgetmibinfo(l, &name[0], &namelen, gsname, &sz, NULL,
1476 			      SYSCTL_VERSION);
1477 	if (rc == -1) {
1478 		sysctlparseerror(namelen, l);
1479 		EXIT(1);
1480 	}
1481 
1482 	memset(&node, 0, sizeof(node));
1483 	node.sysctl_flags = SYSCTL_VERSION;
1484 	node.sysctl_num = name[namelen - 1];
1485 	name[namelen - 1] = CTL_DESTROY;
1486 
1487 	sz = sizeof(node);
1488 	rc = prog_sysctl(&name[0], namelen, &node, &sz, &node, sizeof(node));
1489 
1490 	if (rc == -1) {
1491 		sysctlperror("%s: CTL_DESTROY failed: %s\n",
1492 			     l, strerror(errno));
1493 		EXIT(1);
1494 	}
1495 	else {
1496 		if (!qflag && !nflag)
1497 			printf("%s(%s): (destroyed)\n", gsname,
1498 			       st(SYSCTL_TYPE(node.sysctl_flags)));
1499 		stale = 1;
1500 	}
1501 }
1502 
1503 static void
1504 parse_describe(char *l)
1505 {
1506 	struct sysctlnode newdesc;
1507 	char buf[1024], *value;
1508 	struct sysctldesc *d = (void*)&buf[0];
1509 	int name[CTL_MAXNAME], rc;
1510 	u_int namelen;
1511 	size_t sz;
1512 
1513 	if (!wflag) {
1514 		sysctlperror("Must specify -w to set descriptions\n");
1515 		exit(1);
1516 	}
1517 
1518 	value = strchr(l, '=');
1519 	*value++ = '\0';
1520 
1521 	memset(name, 0, sizeof(name));
1522 	namelen = sizeof(name) / sizeof(name[0]);
1523 	sz = sizeof(gsname);
1524 	rc = sysctlgetmibinfo(l, &name[0], &namelen, gsname, &sz, NULL,
1525 			      SYSCTL_VERSION);
1526 	if (rc == -1) {
1527 		sysctlparseerror(namelen, l);
1528 		EXIT(1);
1529 	}
1530 
1531 	sz = sizeof(buf);
1532 	memset(&newdesc, 0, sizeof(newdesc));
1533 	newdesc.sysctl_flags = SYSCTL_VERSION|CTLFLAG_OWNDESC;
1534 	newdesc.sysctl_num = name[namelen - 1];
1535 	newdesc.sysctl_desc = value;
1536 	name[namelen - 1] = CTL_DESCRIBE;
1537 	rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, d, &sz, &newdesc, sizeof(newdesc));
1538 	if (rc == -1)
1539 		sysctlperror("%s: CTL_DESCRIBE failed: %s\n",
1540 			     gsname, strerror(errno));
1541 	else if (d->descr_len == 1)
1542 		sysctlperror("%s: description not set\n", gsname);
1543 	else if (!qflag && !nflag)
1544 		printf("%s: %s\n", gsname, d->descr_str);
1545 }
1546 
1547 /*
1548  * ********************************************************************
1549  * when things go wrong...
1550  * ********************************************************************
1551  */
1552 static void
1553 usage(void)
1554 {
1555 	const char *progname = getprogname();
1556 
1557 	(void)fprintf(stderr,
1558 		      "usage:\t%s %s\n"
1559 		      "\t%s %s\n"
1560 		      "\t%s %s\n"
1561 		      "\t%s %s\n"
1562 		      "\t%s %s\n"
1563 		      "\t%s %s\n",
1564 		      progname, "[-dneq] [-x[x]|-r] variable ...",
1565 		      progname, "[-ne] [-q] -w variable=value ...",
1566 		      progname, "[-dne] -a",
1567 		      progname, "[-dne] -A",
1568 		      progname, "[-ne] -M",
1569 		      progname, "[-dne] [-q] -f file");
1570 	exit(1);
1571 }
1572 
1573 static void
1574 getdesc1(int *name, u_int namelen, struct sysctlnode *pnode)
1575 {
1576 	struct sysctlnode node;
1577 	char buf[1024], *desc;
1578 	struct sysctldesc *d = (void*)buf;
1579 	size_t sz = sizeof(buf);
1580 	int rc;
1581 
1582 	memset(&node, 0, sizeof(node));
1583 	node.sysctl_flags = SYSCTL_VERSION;
1584 	node.sysctl_num = name[namelen - 1];
1585 	name[namelen - 1] = CTL_DESCRIBE;
1586 	rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, d, &sz, &node, sizeof(node));
1587 
1588 	if (rc == -1 ||
1589 	    d->descr_len == 1 ||
1590 	    d->descr_num != pnode->sysctl_num ||
1591 	    d->descr_ver != pnode->sysctl_ver)
1592 		desc = (char *)-1;
1593 	else
1594 		desc = malloc(d->descr_len);
1595 
1596 	if (desc == NULL)
1597 		desc = (char *)-1;
1598 	if (desc != (char *)-1)
1599 		memcpy(desc, &d->descr_str[0], d->descr_len);
1600 	name[namelen - 1] = node.sysctl_num;
1601 	if (pnode->sysctl_desc != NULL &&
1602 	    pnode->sysctl_desc != (const char *)-1)
1603 		free(__UNCONST(pnode->sysctl_desc));
1604 	pnode->sysctl_desc = desc;
1605 }
1606 
1607 static void
1608 getdesc(int *name, u_int namelen, struct sysctlnode *pnode)
1609 {
1610 	struct sysctlnode *node = pnode->sysctl_child;
1611 	struct sysctldesc *d, *p, *plim;
1612 	char *desc;
1613 	size_t i, sz;
1614 	int rc;
1615 
1616 	sz = 128 * pnode->sysctl_clen;
1617 	name[namelen] = CTL_DESCRIBE;
1618 
1619 	/*
1620 	 * attempt *twice* to get the description chunk.  if two tries
1621 	 * doesn't work, give up.
1622 	 */
1623 	i = 0;
1624 	do {
1625 		d = malloc(sz);
1626 		if (d == NULL)
1627 			return;
1628 		rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen + 1, d, &sz, NULL, 0);
1629 		if (rc == -1) {
1630 			free(d);
1631 			d = NULL;
1632 			if (i == 0 && errno == ENOMEM)
1633 				i = 1;
1634 			else
1635 				return;
1636 		}
1637 	} while (d == NULL);
1638 
1639 	/*
1640 	 * hokey nested loop here, giving O(n**2) behavior, but should
1641 	 * suffice for now
1642 	 */
1643 	plim = /*LINTED ptr cast*/(struct sysctldesc *)((char*)d + sz);
1644 	for (i = 0; i < pnode->sysctl_clen; i++) {
1645 		node = &pnode->sysctl_child[i];
1646 		for (p = d; p < plim; p = NEXT_DESCR(p))
1647 			if (node->sysctl_num == p->descr_num)
1648 				break;
1649 		if (p < plim && node->sysctl_ver == p->descr_ver) {
1650 			/*
1651 			 * match found, attempt to attach description
1652 			 */
1653 			if (p->descr_len == 1)
1654 				desc = NULL;
1655 			else
1656 				desc = malloc(p->descr_len);
1657 			if (desc == NULL)
1658 				desc = (char *)-1;
1659 			else
1660 				memcpy(desc, &p->descr_str[0], p->descr_len);
1661 			node->sysctl_desc = desc;
1662 		}
1663 	}
1664 
1665 	free(d);
1666 }
1667 
1668 static void
1669 trim_whitespace(char *s, int dir)
1670 {
1671 	char *i, *o;
1672 
1673 	i = o = s;
1674 	if (dir & 1)
1675 		while (isspace((unsigned char)*i))
1676 			i++;
1677 	while ((*o++ = *i++) != '\0');
1678 	o -= 2; /* already past nul, skip back to before it */
1679 	if (dir & 2)
1680 		while (o > s && isspace((unsigned char)*o))
1681 			*o-- = '\0';
1682 }
1683 
1684 void
1685 sysctlerror(int soft)
1686 {
1687 	if (soft) {
1688 		switch (errno) {
1689 		case ENOENT:
1690 		case ENOPROTOOPT:
1691 		case ENOTDIR:
1692 		case EINVAL:
1693 		case EOPNOTSUPP:
1694 		case EPROTONOSUPPORT:
1695 			if (Aflag || req)
1696 				sysctlperror("%s: the value is not available\n",
1697 					     gsname);
1698 			return;
1699 		}
1700 	}
1701 
1702 	if (Aflag || req)
1703 		sysctlperror("%s: %s\n", gsname, strerror(errno));
1704 	if (!soft)
1705 		EXIT(1);
1706 }
1707 
1708 void
1709 sysctlparseerror(u_int namelen, const char *pname)
1710 {
1711 
1712 	if (qflag) {
1713 		errs++;
1714 		return;
1715 	}
1716 	sysctlperror("%s level name '%s' in '%s' is invalid\n",
1717 		     lname[namelen], gsname, pname);
1718 }
1719 
1720 static void
1721 sysctlperror(const char *fmt, ...)
1722 {
1723 	va_list ap;
1724 
1725 	(void)fprintf(warnfp, "%s: ", getprogname());
1726 	if (fn)
1727 		(void)fprintf(warnfp, "%s#%zu: ", fn, nr);
1728 	va_start(ap, fmt);
1729 	(void)vfprintf(warnfp, fmt, ap);
1730 	va_end(ap);
1731 	errs++;
1732 }
1733 
1734 
1735 /*
1736  * ********************************************************************
1737  * how to write to a "simple" node
1738  * ********************************************************************
1739  */
1740 static void
1741 write_number(int *name, u_int namelen, struct sysctlnode *node, char *value)
1742 {
1743 	u_int ii, io;
1744 	u_quad_t qi, qo;
1745 	size_t si, so;
1746 	bool bi, bo;
1747 	int rc;
1748 	void *i, *o;
1749 	char *t;
1750 
1751 	if (fn)
1752 		trim_whitespace(value, 3);
1753 
1754 	si = so = 0;
1755 	i = o = NULL;
1756 	bi = bo = false;
1757 	errno = 0;
1758 	qi = strtouq(value, &t, 0);
1759 	if (qi == UQUAD_MAX && errno == ERANGE) {
1760 		sysctlperror("%s: %s\n", value, strerror(errno));
1761 		EXIT(1);
1762 	}
1763 	if (t == value || *t != '\0') {
1764 		sysctlperror("%s: not a number\n", value);
1765 		EXIT(1);
1766 	}
1767 
1768 	switch (SYSCTL_TYPE(node->sysctl_flags)) {
1769 	case CTLTYPE_INT:
1770 		ii = (u_int)qi;
1771 		io = (u_int)(qi >> 32);
1772 		if (io != (u_int)-1 && io != 0) {
1773 			sysctlperror("%s: %s\n", value, strerror(ERANGE));
1774 			EXIT(1);
1775 		}
1776 		o = &io;
1777 		so = sizeof(io);
1778 		i = &ii;
1779 		si = sizeof(ii);
1780 		break;
1781 	case CTLTYPE_BOOL:
1782 		bi = (bool)qi;
1783 		o = &bo;
1784 		so = sizeof(bo);
1785 		i = &bi;
1786 		si = sizeof(bi);
1787 		break;
1788 	case CTLTYPE_QUAD:
1789 		o = &qo;
1790 		so = sizeof(qo);
1791 		i = &qi;
1792 		si = sizeof(qi);
1793 		break;
1794 	}
1795 
1796 	rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, o, &so, i, si);
1797 	if (rc == -1) {
1798 		sysctlerror(0);
1799 		return;
1800 	}
1801 
1802 	switch (SYSCTL_TYPE(node->sysctl_flags)) {
1803 	case CTLTYPE_INT:
1804 		display_number(node, gsname, &io, sizeof(io), DISPLAY_OLD);
1805 		display_number(node, gsname, &ii, sizeof(ii), DISPLAY_NEW);
1806 		break;
1807 	case CTLTYPE_BOOL:
1808 		display_number(node, gsname, &bo, sizeof(bo), DISPLAY_OLD);
1809 		display_number(node, gsname, &bi, sizeof(bi), DISPLAY_NEW);
1810 		break;
1811 	case CTLTYPE_QUAD:
1812 		display_number(node, gsname, &qo, sizeof(qo), DISPLAY_OLD);
1813 		display_number(node, gsname, &qi, sizeof(qi), DISPLAY_NEW);
1814 		break;
1815 	}
1816 }
1817 
1818 static void
1819 write_string(int *name, u_int namelen, struct sysctlnode *node, char *value)
1820 {
1821 	char *i, *o;
1822 	size_t si, so;
1823 	int rc;
1824 
1825 	i = value;
1826 	si = strlen(i) + 1;
1827 	so = node->sysctl_size;
1828 	if (si > so && so != 0) {
1829 		sysctlperror("%s: string too long\n", value);
1830 		EXIT(1);
1831 	}
1832 	o = malloc(so);
1833 	if (o == NULL) {
1834 		sysctlperror("%s: !malloc failed!\n", gsname);
1835 		exit(1);
1836 	}
1837 
1838 	rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, o, &so, i, si);
1839 	if (rc == -1) {
1840 		sysctlerror(0);
1841 		return;
1842 	}
1843 
1844 	display_string(node, gsname, o, so, DISPLAY_OLD);
1845 	display_string(node, gsname, i, si, DISPLAY_NEW);
1846 	free(o);
1847 }
1848 
1849 /*
1850  * ********************************************************************
1851  * simple ways to print stuff consistently
1852  * ********************************************************************
1853  */
1854 static void
1855 display_number(const struct sysctlnode *node, const char *name,
1856 	       const void *data, size_t sz, int n)
1857 {
1858 	u_quad_t q;
1859 	bool b;
1860 	int i;
1861 
1862 	if (qflag)
1863 		return;
1864 	if ((nflag || rflag) && (n == DISPLAY_OLD))
1865 		return;
1866 
1867 	if (rflag && n != DISPLAY_OLD) {
1868 		fwrite(data, sz, 1, stdout);
1869 		return;
1870 	}
1871 
1872 	if (!nflag) {
1873 		if (n == DISPLAY_VALUE)
1874 			printf("%s%s", name, eq);
1875 		else if (n == DISPLAY_OLD)
1876 			printf("%s: ", name);
1877 	}
1878 
1879 	if (xflag > 1) {
1880 		if (n != DISPLAY_NEW)
1881 			printf("\n");
1882 		hex_dump(data, sz);
1883 		return;
1884 	}
1885 
1886 	switch (SYSCTL_TYPE(node->sysctl_flags)) {
1887 	case CTLTYPE_INT:
1888 		memcpy(&i, data, sz);
1889 		if (xflag)
1890 			printf("0x%0*x", (int)sz * 2, i);
1891 		else if (node->sysctl_flags & CTLFLAG_HEX)
1892 			printf("%#x", i);
1893 		else if (node->sysctl_flags & CTLFLAG_UNSIGNED)
1894 			printf("%u", i);
1895 		else
1896 			printf("%d", i);
1897 		break;
1898 	case CTLTYPE_BOOL:
1899 		memcpy(&b, data, sz);
1900 		if (xflag)
1901 			printf("0x%0*x", (int)sz * 2, b);
1902 		else if (node->sysctl_flags & CTLFLAG_HEX)
1903 			printf("%#x", b);
1904 		else
1905 			printf("%d", b);
1906 		break;
1907 	case CTLTYPE_QUAD:
1908 		memcpy(&q, data, sz);
1909 		if (xflag)
1910 			printf("0x%0*" PRIx64, (int)sz * 2, q);
1911 		else if (node->sysctl_flags & CTLFLAG_HEX)
1912 			printf("%#" PRIx64, q);
1913 		else if (node->sysctl_flags & CTLFLAG_UNSIGNED)
1914 			printf("%" PRIu64, q);
1915 		else
1916 			printf("%" PRIu64, q);
1917 		break;
1918 	}
1919 
1920 	if (n == DISPLAY_OLD)
1921 		printf(" -> ");
1922 	else
1923 		printf("\n");
1924 }
1925 
1926 static void
1927 display_string(const struct sysctlnode *node, const char *name,
1928 	       const void *data, size_t sz, int n)
1929 {
1930 	const unsigned char *buf = data;
1931 	int ni;
1932 
1933 	if (qflag)
1934 		return;
1935 	if ((nflag || rflag) && (n == DISPLAY_OLD))
1936 		return;
1937 
1938 	if (rflag && n != DISPLAY_OLD) {
1939 		fwrite(data, sz, 1, stdout);
1940 		return;
1941 	}
1942 
1943 	if (!nflag) {
1944 		if (n == DISPLAY_VALUE)
1945 			printf("%s%s", name, eq);
1946 		else if (n == DISPLAY_OLD)
1947 			printf("%s: ", name);
1948 	}
1949 
1950 	if (xflag > 1) {
1951 		if (n != DISPLAY_NEW)
1952 			printf("\n");
1953 		hex_dump(data, sz);
1954 		return;
1955 	}
1956 
1957 	if (xflag || node->sysctl_flags & CTLFLAG_HEX) {
1958 		for (ni = 0; ni < (int)sz; ni++) {
1959 			if (xflag)
1960 				printf("%02x", buf[ni]);
1961 			if (buf[ni] == '\0')
1962 				break;
1963 			if (!xflag)
1964 				printf("\\x%2.2x", buf[ni]);
1965 		}
1966 	}
1967 	else
1968 		printf("%.*s", (int)sz, buf);
1969 
1970 	if (n == DISPLAY_OLD)
1971 		printf(" -> ");
1972 	else
1973 		printf("\n");
1974 }
1975 
1976 /*ARGSUSED*/
1977 static void
1978 display_struct(const struct sysctlnode *node, const char *name,
1979 	       const void *data, size_t sz, int n)
1980 {
1981 	const unsigned char *buf = data;
1982 	int ni;
1983 	size_t more;
1984 
1985 	if (qflag)
1986 		return;
1987 	if (!(xflag || rflag)) {
1988 		if (Aflag || req)
1989 			sysctlperror(
1990 			    "%s: this type is unknown to this program\n",
1991 			    gsname);
1992 		return;
1993 	}
1994 	if ((nflag || rflag) && (n == DISPLAY_OLD))
1995 		return;
1996 
1997 	if (rflag && n != DISPLAY_OLD) {
1998 		fwrite(data, sz, 1, stdout);
1999 		return;
2000 	}
2001 
2002         if (!nflag) {
2003                 if (n == DISPLAY_VALUE)
2004                         printf("%s%s", name, eq);
2005                 else if (n == DISPLAY_OLD)
2006                         printf("%s: ", name);
2007         }
2008 
2009 	if (xflag > 1) {
2010 		if (n != DISPLAY_NEW)
2011 			printf("\n");
2012 		hex_dump(data, sz);
2013 		return;
2014 	}
2015 
2016 	if (sz > 16) {
2017 		more = sz - 16;
2018 		sz = 16;
2019 	}
2020 	else
2021 		more = 0;
2022 	for (ni = 0; ni < (int)sz; ni++)
2023 		printf("%02x", buf[ni]);
2024 	if (more)
2025 		printf("...(%zu more bytes)", more);
2026 	printf("\n");
2027 }
2028 
2029 static void
2030 hex_dump(const unsigned char *buf, size_t len)
2031 {
2032 	unsigned int i;
2033 	int j;
2034 	char line[80], tmp[12];
2035 
2036 	memset(line, ' ', sizeof(line));
2037 	for (i = 0, j = 15; i < len; i++) {
2038 		j = i % 16;
2039 		/* reset line */
2040 		if (j == 0) {
2041 			line[58] = '|';
2042 			line[77] = '|';
2043 			line[78] = 0;
2044 			snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), "%07x", i);
2045 			memcpy(&line[0], tmp, 7);
2046 		}
2047 		/* copy out hex version of byte */
2048 		snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), "%02x", buf[i]);
2049 		memcpy(&line[9 + j * 3], tmp, 2);
2050 		/* copy out plain version of byte */
2051 		line[60 + j] = (isprint(buf[i])) ? buf[i] : '.';
2052 		/* print a full line and erase it */
2053 		if (j == 15) {
2054 			printf("%s\n", line);
2055 			memset(line, ' ', sizeof(line));
2056 		}
2057 	}
2058 	if (line[0] != ' ')
2059 		printf("%s\n", line);
2060 	printf("%07zu bytes\n", len);
2061 }
2062 
2063 /*
2064  * ********************************************************************
2065  * functions that handle particular nodes
2066  * ********************************************************************
2067  */
2068 /*ARGSUSED*/
2069 static void
2070 printother(HANDLER_ARGS)
2071 {
2072 	int rc;
2073 	void *p;
2074 	size_t sz1, sz2;
2075 
2076 	if (!(Aflag || req) || Mflag)
2077 		return;
2078 
2079 	/*
2080 	 * okay...you asked for it, so let's give it a go
2081 	 */
2082 	while (type != CTLTYPE_NODE && (xflag || rflag)) {
2083 		rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, NULL, &sz1, NULL, 0);
2084 		if (rc == -1 || sz1 == 0)
2085 			break;
2086 		p = malloc(sz1);
2087 		if (p == NULL)
2088 			break;
2089 		sz2 = sz1;
2090 		rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, p, &sz2, NULL, 0);
2091 		if (rc == -1 || sz1 != sz2) {
2092 			free(p);
2093 			break;
2094 		}
2095 		display_struct(pnode, gsname, p, sz1, DISPLAY_VALUE);
2096 		free(p);
2097 		return;
2098 	}
2099 
2100 	/*
2101 	 * that didn't work...do we have a specific message for this
2102 	 * thing?
2103 	 */
2104 	if (v != NULL) {
2105 		sysctlperror("%s: use '%s' to view this information\n",
2106 			     gsname, (const char *)v);
2107 		return;
2108 	}
2109 
2110 	/*
2111 	 * hmm...i wonder if we have any generic hints?
2112 	 */
2113 	switch (name[0]) {
2114 	case CTL_NET:
2115 		sysctlperror("%s: use 'netstat' to view this information\n",
2116 			     sname);
2117 		break;
2118 	case CTL_DEBUG:
2119 		sysctlperror("%s: missing 'options DEBUG' from kernel?\n",
2120 			     sname);
2121 		break;
2122 	case CTL_DDB:
2123 		sysctlperror("%s: missing 'options DDB' from kernel?\n",
2124 			     sname);
2125 		break;
2126 	case CTL_VENDOR:
2127 		sysctlperror("%s: no vendor extensions installed\n",
2128 			     sname);
2129 		break;
2130 	}
2131 }
2132 
2133 /*ARGSUSED*/
2134 static void
2135 kern_clockrate(HANDLER_ARGS)
2136 {
2137 	struct clockinfo clkinfo;
2138 	size_t sz;
2139 	int rc;
2140 
2141 	sz = sizeof(clkinfo);
2142 	rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, &clkinfo, &sz, NULL, 0);
2143 	if (rc == -1) {
2144 		sysctlerror(1);
2145 		return;
2146 	}
2147 	if (sz != sizeof(clkinfo))
2148 		errx(1, "%s: !returned size wrong!", sname);
2149 
2150 	if (xflag || rflag) {
2151 		display_struct(pnode, sname, &clkinfo, sz,
2152 			       DISPLAY_VALUE);
2153 		return;
2154 	}
2155 	else if (!nflag)
2156 		printf("%s: ", sname);
2157 	printf("tick = %d, tickadj = %d, hz = %d, profhz = %d, stathz = %d\n",
2158 	       clkinfo.tick, clkinfo.tickadj,
2159 	       clkinfo.hz, clkinfo.profhz, clkinfo.stathz);
2160 }
2161 
2162 /*ARGSUSED*/
2163 static void
2164 kern_boottime(HANDLER_ARGS)
2165 {
2166 	struct timeval timeval;
2167 	time_t boottime;
2168 	size_t sz;
2169 	int rc;
2170 
2171 	sz = sizeof(timeval);
2172 	rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, &timeval, &sz, NULL, 0);
2173 	if (rc == -1) {
2174 		sysctlerror(1);
2175 		return;
2176 	}
2177 	if (sz != sizeof(timeval))
2178 		errx(1, "%s: !returned size wrong!", sname);
2179 
2180 	boottime = timeval.tv_sec;
2181 	if (xflag || rflag)
2182 		display_struct(pnode, sname, &timeval, sz,
2183 			       DISPLAY_VALUE);
2184 	else if (!nflag)
2185 		/* ctime() provides the \n */
2186 		printf("%s%s%s", sname, eq, ctime(&boottime));
2187 	else if (nflag == 1)
2188 		printf("%ld\n", (long)boottime);
2189 	else
2190 		printf("%ld.%06ld\n", (long)timeval.tv_sec,
2191 		       (long)timeval.tv_usec);
2192 }
2193 
2194 /*ARGSUSED*/
2195 static void
2196 kern_consdev(HANDLER_ARGS)
2197 {
2198 	dev_t cons;
2199 	size_t sz;
2200 	int rc;
2201 
2202 	sz = sizeof(cons);
2203 	rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, &cons, &sz, NULL, 0);
2204 	if (rc == -1) {
2205 		sysctlerror(1);
2206 		return;
2207 	}
2208 	if (sz != sizeof(cons))
2209 		errx(1, "%s: !returned size wrong!", sname);
2210 
2211 	if (xflag || rflag)
2212 		display_struct(pnode, sname, &cons, sz,
2213 			       DISPLAY_VALUE);
2214 	else {
2215 		if (!nflag)
2216 			printf("%s%s", sname, eq);
2217 		if (nflag < 2 && (sname = devname(cons, S_IFCHR)) != NULL)
2218 			printf("%s\n", sname);
2219 		else
2220 			printf("0x%llx\n", (unsigned long long)cons);
2221 	}
2222 }
2223 
2224 /*ARGSUSED*/
2225 static void
2226 kern_cp_time(HANDLER_ARGS)
2227 {
2228 	u_int64_t *cp_time;
2229 	size_t sz, osz;
2230 	int rc, i, n;
2231 	char s[sizeof("kern.cp_time.nnnnnn")];
2232 	const char *tname;
2233 
2234 	/*
2235 	 * three things to do here.
2236 	 * case 1: get sum (no Aflag and namelen == 2)
2237 	 * case 2: get specific processor (namelen == 3)
2238 	 * case 3: get all processors (Aflag and namelen == 2)
2239 	 */
2240 
2241 	if (namelen == 2 && Aflag) {
2242 		sz = sizeof(n);
2243 		rc = sysctlbyname("hw.ncpu", &n, &sz, NULL, 0);
2244 		if (rc != 0)
2245 			return; /* XXX print an error, eh? */
2246 		n++; /* Add on space for the sum. */
2247 		sz = n * sizeof(u_int64_t) * CPUSTATES;
2248 	}
2249 	else {
2250 		n = -1; /* Just print one data set. */
2251 		sz = sizeof(u_int64_t) * CPUSTATES;
2252 	}
2253 
2254 	cp_time = malloc(sz);
2255 	if (cp_time == NULL) {
2256 		sysctlerror(1);
2257 		return;
2258 	}
2259 
2260 	osz = sz;
2261 	rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, cp_time + (n != -1) * CPUSTATES, &osz,
2262 		    NULL, 0);
2263 
2264 	if (rc == -1) {
2265 		sysctlerror(1);
2266 		free(cp_time);
2267 		return;
2268 	}
2269 
2270 	/*
2271 	 * Check, but account for space we'll occupy with the sum.
2272 	 */
2273 	if (osz != sz - (n != -1) * CPUSTATES * sizeof(u_int64_t))
2274 		errx(1, "%s: !returned size wrong!", sname);
2275 
2276 	/*
2277 	 * Compute the actual sum.  Two calls would be easier (we
2278 	 * could just call ourselves recursively above), but the
2279 	 * numbers wouldn't add up.
2280 	 */
2281 	if (n != -1) {
2282 		memset(cp_time, 0, sizeof(u_int64_t) * CPUSTATES);
2283 		for (i = 1; i < n; i++) {
2284 			cp_time[CP_USER] += cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_USER];
2285                         cp_time[CP_NICE] += cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_NICE];
2286                         cp_time[CP_SYS] += cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_SYS];
2287                         cp_time[CP_INTR] += cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_INTR];
2288                         cp_time[CP_IDLE] += cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_IDLE];
2289 		}
2290 	}
2291 
2292 	tname = sname;
2293 	for (i = 0; n == -1 || i < n; i++) {
2294 		if (i > 0) {
2295 			(void)snprintf(s, sizeof(s), "%s%s%d", sname, sep,
2296 				       i - 1);
2297 			tname = s;
2298 		}
2299 		if (xflag || rflag)
2300 			display_struct(pnode, tname, cp_time + (i * CPUSTATES),
2301 				       sizeof(u_int64_t) * CPUSTATES,
2302 				       DISPLAY_VALUE);
2303 		else {
2304 			if (!nflag)
2305 				printf("%s: ", tname);
2306 			printf("user = %" PRIu64
2307 			       ", nice = %" PRIu64
2308 			       ", sys = %" PRIu64
2309 			       ", intr = %" PRIu64
2310 			       ", idle = %" PRIu64
2311 			       "\n",
2312 			       cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_USER],
2313 			       cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_NICE],
2314 			       cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_SYS],
2315 			       cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_INTR],
2316 			       cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_IDLE]);
2317 		}
2318 		/*
2319 		 * Just printing the one node.
2320 		 */
2321 		if (n == -1)
2322 			break;
2323 	}
2324 
2325 	free(cp_time);
2326 }
2327 
2328 /*ARGSUSED*/
2329 static void
2330 kern_drivers(HANDLER_ARGS)
2331 {
2332 	struct kinfo_drivers *kd;
2333 	size_t sz, i;
2334 	int rc;
2335 	const char *comma;
2336 
2337 	rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, NULL, &sz, NULL, 0);
2338 	if (rc == -1) {
2339 		sysctlerror(1);
2340 		return;
2341 	}
2342 
2343 	if (sz % sizeof(*kd))
2344 		err(1, "bad size %zu for kern.drivers", sz);
2345 
2346 	kd = malloc(sz);
2347 	if (kd == NULL) {
2348 		sysctlerror(1);
2349 		return;
2350 	}
2351 
2352 	rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, kd, &sz, NULL, 0);
2353 	if (rc == -1) {
2354 		sysctlerror(1);
2355 		return;
2356 	}
2357 
2358 	comma = "";
2359 	if (!nflag)
2360 		printf("%s%s", sname, eq);
2361 	for (i = 0, sz /= sizeof(*kd); i < sz; i++) {
2362 		(void)printf("%s[%d %d %s]", comma, kd[i].d_cmajor,
2363 		    kd[i].d_bmajor, kd[i].d_name);
2364 		comma = ", ";
2365 	}
2366 	(void)printf("\n");
2367 	free(kd);
2368 }
2369 
2370 /*ARGSUSED*/
2371 static void
2372 kern_cp_id(HANDLER_ARGS)
2373 {
2374 	u_int64_t *cp_id;
2375 	size_t sz, osz;
2376 	int rc, i, n;
2377 	char s[sizeof("kern.cp_id.nnnnnn")];
2378 	const char *tname;
2379 	struct sysctlnode node = *pnode;
2380 
2381 	/*
2382 	 * three things to do here.
2383 	 * case 1: print a specific cpu id (namelen == 3)
2384 	 * case 2: print all cpu ids separately (Aflag set)
2385 	 * case 3: print all cpu ids on one line
2386 	 */
2387 
2388 	if (namelen == 2) {
2389 		sz = sizeof(n);
2390 		rc = sysctlbyname("hw.ncpu", &n, &sz, NULL, 0);
2391 		if (rc != 0)
2392 			return; /* XXX print an error, eh? */
2393 		sz = n * sizeof(u_int64_t);
2394 	}
2395 	else {
2396 		n = -1; /* Just print one cpu id. */
2397 		sz = sizeof(u_int64_t);
2398 	}
2399 
2400 	cp_id = malloc(sz);
2401 	if (cp_id == NULL) {
2402 		sysctlerror(1);
2403 		return;
2404 	}
2405 
2406 	osz = sz;
2407 	rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, cp_id, &osz, NULL, 0);
2408 	if (rc == -1) {
2409 		sysctlerror(1);
2410 		free(cp_id);
2411 		return;
2412 	}
2413 
2414 	/*
2415 	 * Check that we got back what we asked for.
2416 	 */
2417 	if (osz != sz)
2418 		errx(1, "%s: !returned size wrong!", sname);
2419 
2420 	/* pretend for output purposes */
2421 	node.sysctl_flags = SYSCTL_FLAGS(pnode->sysctl_flags) |
2422 		SYSCTL_TYPE(CTLTYPE_QUAD);
2423 
2424 	tname = sname;
2425 	if (namelen == 3)
2426 		display_number(&node, tname, cp_id,
2427 			       sizeof(u_int64_t),
2428 			       DISPLAY_VALUE);
2429 	else if (Aflag) {
2430 		for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
2431 			(void)snprintf(s, sizeof(s), "%s%s%d", sname, sep, i);
2432 			tname = s;
2433 			display_number(&node, tname, &cp_id[i],
2434 				       sizeof(u_int64_t),
2435 				       DISPLAY_VALUE);
2436 	}
2437 	else {
2438 		if (xflag || rflag)
2439 			display_struct(pnode, tname, cp_id, sz, DISPLAY_VALUE);
2440 		else {
2441 			if (!nflag)
2442 				printf("%s: ", tname);
2443 			for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
2444 				if (i)
2445 					printf(", ");
2446 				printf("%d = %" PRIu64, i, cp_id[i]);
2447 			}
2448 			printf("\n");
2449 		}
2450 	}
2451 
2452 	free(cp_id);
2453 }
2454 
2455 /*ARGSUSED*/
2456 static void
2457 vm_loadavg(HANDLER_ARGS)
2458 {
2459 	struct loadavg loadavg;
2460 	size_t sz;
2461 	int rc;
2462 
2463 	sz = sizeof(loadavg);
2464 	rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, &loadavg, &sz, NULL, 0);
2465 	if (rc == -1) {
2466 		sysctlerror(1);
2467 		return;
2468 	}
2469 	if (sz != sizeof(loadavg))
2470 		errx(1, "%s: !returned size wrong!", sname);
2471 
2472 	if (xflag || rflag) {
2473 		display_struct(pnode, sname, &loadavg, sz,
2474 			       DISPLAY_VALUE);
2475 		return;
2476 	}
2477 	if (!nflag)
2478 		printf("%s: ", sname);
2479 	printf("%.2f %.2f %.2f\n",
2480 	       (double) loadavg.ldavg[0] / loadavg.fscale,
2481 	       (double) loadavg.ldavg[1] / loadavg.fscale,
2482 	       (double) loadavg.ldavg[2] / loadavg.fscale);
2483 }
2484 
2485 /*ARGSUSED*/
2486 static void
2487 proc_limit(HANDLER_ARGS)
2488 {
2489 	u_quad_t olim, *newp, nlim;
2490 	size_t osz, nsz;
2491 	char *t;
2492 	int rc;
2493 
2494 	if (fn)
2495 		trim_whitespace(value, 3);
2496 
2497 	osz = sizeof(olim);
2498 	if (value != NULL) {
2499 		nsz = sizeof(nlim);
2500 		newp = &nlim;
2501 		if (strcmp(value, "unlimited") == 0)
2502 			nlim = RLIM_INFINITY;
2503 		else {
2504 			errno = 0;
2505 			nlim = strtouq(value, &t, 0);
2506 			if (t == value || *t != '\0' || errno != 0) {
2507 				sysctlperror("%s: '%s' is not a valid limit\n",
2508 					     sname, value);
2509 				EXIT(1);
2510 			}
2511 		}
2512 	}
2513 	else {
2514 		nsz = 0;
2515 		newp = NULL;
2516 	}
2517 
2518 	rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, &olim, &osz, newp, nsz);
2519 	if (rc == -1) {
2520 		sysctlerror(newp == NULL);
2521 		return;
2522 	}
2523 
2524 	if (newp && qflag)
2525 		return;
2526 
2527 	if (rflag || xflag || olim != RLIM_INFINITY)
2528 		display_number(pnode, sname, &olim, sizeof(olim),
2529 			       newp ? DISPLAY_OLD : DISPLAY_VALUE);
2530 	else
2531 		display_string(pnode, sname, "unlimited", 10,
2532 			       newp ? DISPLAY_OLD : DISPLAY_VALUE);
2533 
2534 	if (newp) {
2535 		if (rflag || xflag || nlim != RLIM_INFINITY)
2536 			display_number(pnode, sname, &nlim, sizeof(nlim),
2537 				       DISPLAY_NEW);
2538 		else
2539 			display_string(pnode, sname, "unlimited", 10,
2540 				       DISPLAY_NEW);
2541 	}
2542 }
2543 
2544 #ifdef CPU_DISKINFO
2545 /*ARGSUSED*/
2546 static void
2547 machdep_diskinfo(HANDLER_ARGS)
2548 {
2549 	struct disklist *dl;
2550 	struct biosdisk_info *bi;
2551 	struct nativedisk_info *ni;
2552 	int rc;
2553 	size_t sz;
2554 	uint i, b, lim;
2555 
2556 	rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, NULL, &sz, NULL, 0);
2557 	if (rc == -1) {
2558 		sysctlerror(1);
2559 		return;
2560 	}
2561 	dl = malloc(sz);
2562 	if (dl == NULL) {
2563 		sysctlerror(1);
2564 		return;
2565 	}
2566 	rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, dl, &sz, NULL, 0);
2567 	if (rc == -1) {
2568 		sysctlerror(1);
2569 		return;
2570 	}
2571 
2572 	if (!nflag)
2573 		printf("%s: ", sname);
2574 	lim = dl->dl_nbiosdisks;
2575 	if (lim > MAX_BIOSDISKS)
2576 		lim = MAX_BIOSDISKS;
2577 	for (bi = dl->dl_biosdisks, i = 0; i < lim; bi++, i++)
2578 		printf("%x:%" PRIu64 "(%d/%d/%d),%x ",
2579 		       bi->bi_dev, bi->bi_lbasecs,
2580 		       bi->bi_cyl, bi->bi_head, bi->bi_sec,
2581 		       bi->bi_flags);
2582 	lim = dl->dl_nnativedisks;
2583 	ni = dl->dl_nativedisks;
2584 	bi = dl->dl_biosdisks;
2585 	/* LINTED -- pointer casts are tedious */
2586 	if ((char *)&ni[lim] != (char *)dl + sz) {
2587 		sysctlperror("%s: size mismatch\n", gsname);
2588 		return;
2589 	}
2590 	for (i = 0; i < lim; ni++, i++) {
2591 		char t = ':';
2592 		printf(" %.*s", (int)sizeof ni->ni_devname,
2593 		       ni->ni_devname);
2594 		for (b = 0; b < (unsigned int)ni->ni_nmatches; t = ',', b++)
2595 			printf("%c%x", t,
2596 			       bi[ni->ni_biosmatches[b]].bi_dev);
2597 	}
2598 	printf("\n");
2599 	free(dl);
2600 }
2601 #endif /* CPU_DISKINFO */
2602 
2603 /*ARGSUSED*/
2604 static void
2605 mode_bits(HANDLER_ARGS)
2606 {
2607 	char buf[12], outbuf[100];
2608 	int o, m, *newp, rc;
2609 	size_t osz, nsz;
2610 	mode_t om, mm;
2611 
2612 	if (fn)
2613 		trim_whitespace(value, 3);
2614 
2615 	newp = NULL;
2616 	osz = sizeof(o);
2617 	if (value != NULL) {
2618 		void *foo;
2619 		int tt;
2620 		size_t ttsz = sizeof(tt);
2621 		mode_t old_umask;
2622 
2623 		nsz = sizeof(m);
2624 		newp = &m;
2625 		errno = 0;
2626 		rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, &tt, &ttsz, NULL, 0);
2627 		if (rc == -1) {
2628 			sysctlperror("%s: failed query\n", sname);
2629 			return;
2630 		}
2631 
2632 		old_umask = umask(0);
2633 		foo = setmode(value);
2634 		umask(old_umask);
2635 		if (foo == NULL) {
2636 			sysctlperror("%s: '%s' is an invalid mode\n", sname,
2637 				     value);
2638 			EXIT(1);
2639 		}
2640 		old_umask = umask(0);
2641 		m = getmode(foo, (mode_t)tt);
2642 		umask(old_umask);
2643 		if (errno) {
2644 			sysctlperror("%s: '%s' is an invalid mode\n", sname,
2645 				     value);
2646 			EXIT(1);
2647 		}
2648 	}
2649 	else {
2650 		nsz = 0;
2651 		newp = NULL;
2652 	}
2653 
2654 	rc = prog_sysctl(name, namelen, &o, &osz, newp, nsz);
2655 	if (rc == -1) {
2656 		sysctlerror(newp == NULL);
2657 		return;
2658 	}
2659 
2660 	if (newp && qflag)
2661 		return;
2662 
2663 	om = (mode_t)o;
2664 	mm = (mode_t)m;
2665 
2666 	if (rflag || xflag)
2667 		display_number(pnode, sname, &o, sizeof(o),
2668 			       newp ? DISPLAY_OLD : DISPLAY_VALUE);
2669 	else {
2670 		memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
2671 		strmode(om, buf);
2672 		rc = snprintf(outbuf, sizeof(outbuf), "%04o (%s)", om, buf + 1);
2673 		display_string(pnode, sname, outbuf, rc, newp ? DISPLAY_OLD : DISPLAY_VALUE);
2674 	}
2675 
2676 	if (newp) {
2677 		if (rflag || xflag)
2678 			display_number(pnode, sname, &m, sizeof(m),
2679 				       DISPLAY_NEW);
2680 		else {
2681 			memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
2682 			strmode(mm, buf);
2683 			rc = snprintf(outbuf, sizeof(outbuf), "%04o (%s)", mm, buf + 1);
2684 			display_string(pnode, sname, outbuf, rc, DISPLAY_NEW);
2685 		}
2686 	}
2687 }
2688