xref: /netbsd-src/sbin/sysctl/sysctl.c (revision 1ca06f9c9235889e2ff6dc77279d01d151d70a9a)
1 /*	$NetBSD: sysctl.c,v 1.130 2009/09/30 04:30:50 elad Exp $ */
2 
3 /*-
4  * Copyright (c) 2003 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
5  *	All rights reserved.
6  *
7  * This code is derived from software contributed to The NetBSD Foundation
8  * by Andrew Brown.
9  *
10  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
11  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
12  * are met:
13  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
14  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
15  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
16  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
17  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
18  *
19  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS
20  * ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
21  * TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
22  * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS
23  * BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
24  * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
25  * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
26  * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
27  * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
28  * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
29  * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
30  */
31 
32 /*
33  * Copyright (c) 1993
34  *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
35  *
36  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
37  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
38  * are met:
39  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
40  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
41  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
42  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
43  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
44  * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
45  *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
46  *    without specific prior written permission.
47  *
48  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
49  * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
50  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
51  * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
52  * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
53  * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
54  * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
55  * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
56  * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
57  * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
58  * SUCH DAMAGE.
59  */
60 
61 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
62 #ifndef lint
63 __COPYRIGHT("@(#) Copyright (c) 1993\
64  The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.");
65 #endif /* not lint */
66 
67 #ifndef lint
68 #if 0
69 static char sccsid[] = "@(#)sysctl.c	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93";
70 #else
71 __RCSID("$NetBSD: sysctl.c,v 1.130 2009/09/30 04:30:50 elad Exp $");
72 #endif
73 #endif /* not lint */
74 
75 #include <sys/types.h>
76 #include <sys/param.h>
77 #include <sys/sysctl.h>
78 #include <sys/mount.h>
79 #include <sys/resource.h>
80 #include <sys/stat.h>
81 #include <sys/sched.h>
82 #include <sys/socket.h>
83 #include <netinet/in.h>
84 #include <netinet/ip_var.h>
85 #include <netinet/tcp.h>
86 #include <netinet/tcp_timer.h>
87 #include <netinet/tcp_var.h>
88 #include <netinet/icmp6.h>
89 #include <nfs/rpcv2.h>
90 #include <nfs/nfsproto.h>
91 #include <nfs/nfs.h>
92 #include <machine/cpu.h>
93 #include <netkey/key_var.h>
94 
95 #include <assert.h>
96 #include <ctype.h>
97 #include <err.h>
98 #include <errno.h>
99 #include <inttypes.h>
100 #include <regex.h>
101 #include <stdarg.h>
102 #include <stdio.h>
103 #include <stdlib.h>
104 #include <string.h>
105 #include <time.h>
106 #include <unistd.h>
107 
108 /*
109  * this needs to be able to do the printing and the setting
110  */
111 #define HANDLER_PROTO const char *, const char *, char *, \
112 	int *, u_int, const struct sysctlnode *, \
113 	u_int, void *
114 #define HANDLER_ARGS const char *sname, const char *dname, char *value, \
115 	int *name, u_int namelen, const struct sysctlnode *pnode, \
116 	u_int type, void *v
117 #define DISPLAY_VALUE	0
118 #define DISPLAY_OLD	1
119 #define DISPLAY_NEW	2
120 
121 /*
122  * generic routines
123  */
124 static const struct handlespec *findhandler(const char *, int);
125 static void canonicalize(const char *, char *);
126 static void purge_tree(struct sysctlnode *);
127 static void print_tree(int *, u_int, struct sysctlnode *, u_int, int);
128 static void write_number(int *, u_int, struct sysctlnode *, char *);
129 static void write_string(int *, u_int, struct sysctlnode *, char *);
130 static void display_number(const struct sysctlnode *, const char *,
131 			   const void *, size_t, int);
132 static void display_string(const struct sysctlnode *, const char *,
133 			   const void *, size_t, int);
134 static void display_struct(const struct sysctlnode *, const char *,
135 			   const void *, size_t, int);
136 static void hex_dump(const unsigned char *, size_t);
137 static void usage(void);
138 static void parse(char *);
139 static void parse_create(char *);
140 static void parse_destroy(char *);
141 static void parse_describe(char *);
142 static void getdesc1(int *, u_int, struct sysctlnode *);
143 static void getdesc(int *, u_int, struct sysctlnode *);
144 static void trim_whitespace(char *, int);
145 static void sysctlerror(int);
146 static void sysctlparseerror(u_int, const char *);
147 static void sysctlperror(const char *, ...);
148 #define EXIT(n) do { \
149 	if (fn == NULL) exit(n); else return; } while (/*CONSTCOND*/0)
150 
151 /*
152  * "borrowed" from libc:sysctlgetmibinfo.c
153  */
154 int __learn_tree(int *, u_int, struct sysctlnode *);
155 
156 /*
157  * "handlers"
158  */
159 static void printother(HANDLER_PROTO);
160 static void kern_clockrate(HANDLER_PROTO);
161 static void kern_boottime(HANDLER_PROTO);
162 static void kern_consdev(HANDLER_PROTO);
163 static void kern_cp_time(HANDLER_PROTO);
164 static void kern_cp_id(HANDLER_PROTO);
165 static void kern_drivers(HANDLER_PROTO);
166 static void vm_loadavg(HANDLER_PROTO);
167 static void proc_limit(HANDLER_PROTO);
168 #ifdef CPU_DISKINFO
169 static void machdep_diskinfo(HANDLER_PROTO);
170 #endif /* CPU_DISKINFO */
171 static void mode_bits(HANDLER_PROTO);
172 
173 static const struct handlespec {
174 	const char *ps_re;
175 	void (*ps_p)(HANDLER_PROTO);
176 	void (*ps_w)(HANDLER_PROTO);
177 	const void *ps_d;
178 } handlers[] = {
179 	{ "/kern/clockrate",			kern_clockrate, NULL, NULL },
180 	{ "/kern/vnode",			printother, NULL, "pstat" },
181 	{ "/kern/proc(2|_args)?",		printother, NULL, "ps" },
182 	{ "/kern/file2?",			printother, NULL, "pstat" },
183 	{ "/kern/ntptime",			printother, NULL,
184 						"ntpdc -c kerninfo" },
185 	{ "/kern/msgbuf",			printother, NULL, "dmesg" },
186 	{ "/kern/boottime",			kern_boottime, NULL, NULL },
187 	{ "/kern/consdev",			kern_consdev, NULL, NULL },
188 	{ "/kern/cp_time(/[0-9]+)?",		kern_cp_time, NULL, NULL },
189 	{ "/kern/sysvipc_info",			printother, NULL, "ipcs" },
190 	{ "/kern/cp_id(/[0-9]+)?",		kern_cp_id, NULL, NULL },
191 
192 	{ "/kern/coredump/setid/mode",		mode_bits, mode_bits, NULL },
193 	{ "/kern/drivers",			kern_drivers, NULL, NULL },
194 
195 	{ "/vm/vmmeter",			printother, NULL,
196 						"vmstat' or 'systat" },
197 	{ "/vm/loadavg",			vm_loadavg, NULL, NULL },
198 	{ "/vm/uvmexp2?",			printother, NULL,
199 						"vmstat' or 'systat" },
200 
201 	{ "/vfs/nfs/nfsstats",			printother, NULL, "nfsstat" },
202 
203 	{ "/net/inet6?/tcp6?/ident",		printother, NULL, "identd" },
204 	{ "/net/inet6/icmp6/nd6_[dp]rlist",	printother, NULL, "ndp" },
205 	{ "/net/key/dumps[ap]",			printother, NULL, "setkey" },
206 	{ "/net/[^/]+/[^/]+/pcblist",		printother, NULL,
207 						"netstat' or 'sockstat" },
208 	{ "/net/(inet|inet6)/[^/]+/stats",	printother, NULL, "netstat"},
209 	{ "/net/bpf/(stats|peers)",		printother, NULL, "netstat"},
210 
211 	{ "/net/inet.*/tcp.*/deb.*",		printother, NULL, "trpt" },
212 
213 	{ "/net/ns/spp/deb.*",			printother, NULL, "trsp" },
214 
215 	{ "/hw/diskstats",			printother, NULL, "iostat" },
216 
217 #ifdef CPU_CONSDEV
218 	{ "/machdep/consdev",			kern_consdev, NULL, NULL },
219 #endif /* CPU_CONSDEV */
220 #ifdef CPU_DISKINFO
221 	{ "/machdep/diskinfo",			machdep_diskinfo, NULL, NULL },
222 #endif /* CPU_CONSDEV */
223 
224 	{ "/proc/[^/]+/rlimit/[^/]+/[^/]+",	proc_limit, proc_limit, NULL },
225 
226 	/*
227 	 * these will only be called when the given node has no children
228 	 */
229 	{ "/net/[^/]+",				printother, NULL, NULL },
230 	{ "/debug",				printother, NULL, NULL },
231 	{ "/ddb",				printother, NULL, NULL },
232 	{ "/vendor",				printother, NULL, NULL },
233 
234 	{ NULL,					NULL, NULL, NULL },
235 };
236 
237 struct sysctlnode my_root = {
238 	.sysctl_flags = SYSCTL_VERSION|CTLFLAG_ROOT|CTLTYPE_NODE,
239 	sysc_init_field(_sysctl_size, sizeof(struct sysctlnode)),
240 	.sysctl_num = 0,
241 	.sysctl_name = "(prog_root)",
242 };
243 
244 int	Aflag, aflag, dflag, Mflag, nflag, qflag, rflag, wflag, xflag;
245 size_t	nr;
246 char	*fn;
247 int	req, stale, errs;
248 FILE	*warnfp = stderr;
249 
250 /*
251  * vah-riables n stuff
252  */
253 char gsname[SYSCTL_NAMELEN * CTL_MAXNAME + CTL_MAXNAME],
254 	canonname[SYSCTL_NAMELEN * CTL_MAXNAME + CTL_MAXNAME],
255 	gdname[10 * CTL_MAXNAME + CTL_MAXNAME];
256 char sep[] = ".";
257 const char *eq = " = ";
258 const char *lname[] = {
259 	"top", "second", "third", "fourth", "fifth", "sixth",
260 	"seventh", "eighth", "ninth", "tenth", "eleventh", "twelfth"
261 };
262 
263 /*
264  * you've heard of main, haven't you?
265  */
266 int
267 main(int argc, char *argv[])
268 {
269 	int name[CTL_MAXNAME];
270 	int ch;
271 
272 	while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "Aabdef:Mnqrwx")) != -1) {
273 		switch (ch) {
274 		case 'A':
275 			Aflag++;
276 			break;
277 		case 'a':
278 			aflag++;
279 			break;
280 		case 'd':
281 			dflag++;
282 			break;
283 		case 'e':
284 			eq = "=";
285 			break;
286 		case 'f':
287 			fn = optarg;
288 			wflag++;
289 			break;
290 		case 'M':
291 			Mflag++;
292 			break;
293 		case 'n':
294 			nflag++;
295 			break;
296 		case 'q':
297 			qflag++;
298 			break;
299 		case 'b':	/* FreeBSD compat */
300 		case 'r':
301 			rflag++;
302 			break;
303 		case 'w':
304 			wflag++;
305 			break;
306 		case 'x':
307 			xflag++;
308 			break;
309 		default:
310 			usage();
311 		}
312 	}
313 
314 	argc -= optind;
315 	argv += optind;
316 
317 	if (qflag && !wflag)
318 		usage();
319 	if (xflag && rflag)
320 		usage();
321 	/* if ((xflag || rflag) && wflag)
322 		usage(); */
323 	/* if (aflag && Mflag)
324 		usage(); */
325 	if ((Aflag || Mflag || dflag) && argc == 0 && fn == NULL)
326 		aflag = 1;
327 
328 	if (Aflag)
329 		warnfp = stdout;
330 	stale = req = 0;
331 
332 	if (aflag) {
333 		print_tree(&name[0], 0, NULL, CTLTYPE_NODE, 1);
334 		/* if (argc == 0) */
335 		return (0);
336 	}
337 
338 	if (fn) {
339 		FILE *fp;
340 		char *l;
341 
342 		fp = fopen(fn, "r");
343 		if (fp == NULL) {
344 			err(1, "%s", fn);
345 		} else {
346 			nr = 0;
347 			while ((l = fparseln(fp, NULL, &nr, NULL, 0)) != NULL)
348 			{
349 				if (*l) {
350 					parse(l);
351 					free(l);
352 				}
353 			}
354 			fclose(fp);
355 		}
356 		return errs ? 1 : 0;
357 	}
358 
359 	if (argc == 0)
360 		usage();
361 
362 	while (argc-- > 0)
363 		parse(*argv++);
364 
365 	return errs ? 1 : 0;
366 }
367 
368 /*
369  * ********************************************************************
370  * how to find someone special to handle the reading (or maybe even
371  * writing) of a particular node
372  * ********************************************************************
373  */
374 static const struct handlespec *
375 findhandler(const char *s, int w)
376 {
377 	const struct handlespec *p;
378 	regex_t re;
379 	int i, j, l;
380 	char eb[64];
381 	regmatch_t match[1];
382 
383 	p = &handlers[0];
384 	l = strlen(s);
385 	for (i = 0; p[i].ps_re != NULL; i++) {
386 		j = regcomp(&re, p[i].ps_re, REG_EXTENDED);
387 		if (j != 0) {
388 			regerror(j, &re, eb, sizeof(eb));
389 			errx(1, "regcomp: %s: %s", p[i].ps_re, eb);
390 		}
391 		j = regexec(&re, s, 1, match, 0);
392 		if (j == 0) {
393 			if (match[0].rm_so == 0 && match[0].rm_eo == l &&
394 			    (w ? p[i].ps_w : p[i].ps_p) != NULL) {
395 				regfree(&re);
396 				return (&p[i]);
397 			}
398 		}
399 		else if (j != REG_NOMATCH) {
400 			regerror(j, &re, eb, sizeof(eb));
401 			errx(1, "regexec: %s: %s", p[i].ps_re, eb);
402 		}
403 		regfree(&re);
404 	}
405 
406 	return (NULL);
407 }
408 
409 /*
410  * after sysctlgetmibinfo is done with the name, we convert all
411  * separators to / and stuff one at the front if it was missing
412  */
413 static void
414 canonicalize(const char *i, char *o)
415 {
416 	const char *t;
417 	char p[SYSCTL_NAMELEN + 1];
418 	int l;
419 
420 	if (i[0] != *sep) {
421 		o[0] = '/';
422 		o[1] = '\0';
423 	}
424 	else
425 		o[0] = '\0';
426 
427 	t = i;
428 	do {
429 		i = t;
430 		t = strchr(i, sep[0]);
431 		if (t == NULL)
432 			strcat(o, i);
433 		else {
434 			l = t - i;
435 			t++;
436 			memcpy(p, i, l);
437 			p[l] = '\0';
438 			strcat(o, p);
439 			strcat(o, "/");
440 		}
441 	} while (t != NULL);
442 }
443 
444 /*
445  * ********************************************************************
446  * convert this special number to a special string so we can print the
447  * mib
448  * ********************************************************************
449  */
450 static const char *
451 sf(u_int f)
452 {
453 	static char s[256];
454 	const char *c;
455 
456 	s[0] = '\0';
457 	c = "";
458 
459 #define print_flag(_f, _s, _c, _q, _x) \
460 	if (((_f) & (__CONCAT(CTLFLAG_,_x))) == (__CONCAT(CTLFLAG_,_q))) { \
461 		strlcat((_s), (_c), sizeof(_s)); \
462 		strlcat((_s), __STRING(_q), sizeof(_s)); \
463 		(_c) = ","; \
464 		(_f) &= ~(__CONCAT(CTLFLAG_,_x)); \
465 	}
466 	print_flag(f, s, c, READONLY,  READWRITE);
467 	print_flag(f, s, c, READWRITE, READWRITE);
468 	print_flag(f, s, c, ANYWRITE,  ANYWRITE);
469 	print_flag(f, s, c, PRIVATE,   PRIVATE);
470 	print_flag(f, s, c, PERMANENT, PERMANENT);
471 	print_flag(f, s, c, OWNDATA,   OWNDATA);
472 	print_flag(f, s, c, IMMEDIATE, IMMEDIATE);
473 	print_flag(f, s, c, HEX,       HEX);
474 	print_flag(f, s, c, ROOT,      ROOT);
475 	print_flag(f, s, c, ANYNUMBER, ANYNUMBER);
476 	print_flag(f, s, c, HIDDEN,    HIDDEN);
477 	print_flag(f, s, c, ALIAS,     ALIAS);
478 #undef print_flag
479 
480 	if (f) {
481 		char foo[9];
482 		snprintf(foo, sizeof(foo), "%x", f);
483 		strlcat(s, c, sizeof(s));
484 		strlcat(s, foo, sizeof(s));
485 	}
486 
487 	return (s);
488 }
489 
490 static const char *
491 st(u_int t)
492 {
493 
494 	switch (t) {
495 	case CTLTYPE_NODE:
496 		return "NODE";
497 	case CTLTYPE_INT:
498 		return "INT";
499 	case CTLTYPE_STRING:
500 		return "STRING";
501 	case CTLTYPE_QUAD:
502                 return "QUAD";
503 	case CTLTYPE_STRUCT:
504 		return "STRUCT";
505 	}
506 
507 	return "???";
508 }
509 
510 /*
511  * ********************************************************************
512  * recursively eliminate all data belonging to the given node
513  * ********************************************************************
514  */
515 static void
516 purge_tree(struct sysctlnode *rnode)
517 {
518 	struct sysctlnode *node;
519 
520 	if (rnode == NULL ||
521 	    SYSCTL_TYPE(rnode->sysctl_flags) != CTLTYPE_NODE ||
522 	    rnode->sysctl_child == NULL)
523 		return;
524 
525 	for (node = rnode->sysctl_child;
526 	     node < &rnode->sysctl_child[rnode->sysctl_clen];
527 	     node++)
528 		purge_tree(node);
529 	free(rnode->sysctl_child);
530 	rnode->sysctl_csize = 0;
531 	rnode->sysctl_clen = 0;
532 	rnode->sysctl_child = NULL;
533 
534 	if (rnode->sysctl_desc == (const char*)-1)
535 		rnode->sysctl_desc = NULL;
536 	if (rnode->sysctl_desc != NULL)
537 		free(__UNCONST(rnode->sysctl_desc));
538 	rnode->sysctl_desc = NULL;
539 }
540 
541 /*
542  * ********************************************************************
543  * print this node and any others underneath it
544  * ********************************************************************
545  */
546 static void
547 print_tree(int *name, u_int namelen, struct sysctlnode *pnode, u_int type,
548 	   int add)
549 {
550 	struct sysctlnode *node;
551 	int rc;
552 	size_t ni, sz;
553 	char *sp, *dp, n[20];
554 	const struct handlespec *p;
555 
556 	sp = &gsname[strlen(gsname)];
557 	dp = &gdname[strlen(gdname)];
558 
559 	if (sp != &gsname[0] && dp == &gdname[0]) {
560 		/*
561 		 * aw...shucks.  now we must play catch up
562 		 */
563 		for (ni = 0; ni < namelen; ni++) {
564 			(void)snprintf(n, sizeof(n), "%d", name[ni]);
565 			if (ni > 0)
566 				strncat(gdname, ".", sizeof(gdname));
567 			strncat(gdname, n, sizeof(gdname));
568 		}
569 	}
570 
571 	if (pnode == NULL)
572 		pnode = &my_root;
573 	else if (add) {
574 		snprintf(n, sizeof(n), "%d", pnode->sysctl_num);
575 		if (namelen > 1) {
576 			strncat(gsname, sep, sizeof(gsname));
577 			strncat(gdname, ".", sizeof(gdname));
578 		}
579 		strncat(gsname, pnode->sysctl_name, sizeof(gsname));
580 		strncat(gdname, n, sizeof(gdname));
581 	}
582 
583 	if (Mflag && pnode != &my_root) {
584 		if (nflag)
585 			printf("%s: ", gdname);
586 		else
587 			printf("%s (%s): ", gsname, gdname);
588 		printf("CTLTYPE_%s", st(type));
589 		if (type == CTLTYPE_NODE) {
590 			if (SYSCTL_FLAGS(pnode->sysctl_flags) & CTLFLAG_ALIAS)
591 				printf(", alias %d",
592 				       pnode->sysctl_alias);
593 			else
594 				printf(", children %d/%d",
595 				       pnode->sysctl_clen,
596 				       pnode->sysctl_csize);
597 		}
598 		printf(", size %zu", pnode->sysctl_size);
599 		printf(", flags 0x%x<%s>",
600 		       SYSCTL_FLAGS(pnode->sysctl_flags),
601 		       sf(SYSCTL_FLAGS(pnode->sysctl_flags)));
602 		if (pnode->sysctl_func)
603 			printf(", func=%p", pnode->sysctl_func);
604 		printf(", ver=%d", pnode->sysctl_ver);
605 		printf("\n");
606 		if (type != CTLTYPE_NODE) {
607 			*sp = *dp = '\0';
608 			return;
609 		}
610 	}
611 
612 	if (dflag && pnode != &my_root) {
613 		if (Aflag || type != CTLTYPE_NODE) {
614 			if (pnode->sysctl_desc == NULL)
615 				getdesc1(name, namelen, pnode);
616 			if (Aflag || !add ||
617 			    (pnode->sysctl_desc != NULL &&
618 			     pnode->sysctl_desc != (const char*)-1)) {
619 				if (!nflag)
620 					printf("%s: ", gsname);
621 				if (pnode->sysctl_desc == NULL ||
622 				    pnode->sysctl_desc == (const char*)-1)
623 					printf("(no description)\n");
624 				else
625 					printf("%s\n", pnode->sysctl_desc);
626 			}
627 		}
628 
629 		if (type != CTLTYPE_NODE) {
630 			*sp = *dp = '\0';
631 			return;
632 		}
633 	}
634 
635 	/*
636 	 * if this is an alias and we added our name, that means we
637 	 * got here by recursing down into the tree, so skip it.  The
638 	 * only way to print an aliased node is with either -M or by
639 	 * name specifically.
640 	 */
641 	if (SYSCTL_FLAGS(pnode->sysctl_flags) & CTLFLAG_ALIAS && add) {
642 		*sp = *dp = '\0';
643 		return;
644 	}
645 
646 	canonicalize(gsname, canonname);
647 	p = findhandler(canonname, 0);
648 	if (type != CTLTYPE_NODE && p != NULL) {
649 		(*p->ps_p)(gsname, gdname, NULL, name, namelen, pnode, type,
650 			   __UNCONST(p->ps_d));
651 		*sp = *dp = '\0';
652 		return;
653 	}
654 
655 	if (type != CTLTYPE_NODE && pnode->sysctl_size == 0) {
656 		rc = sysctl(&name[0], namelen, NULL, &sz, NULL, 0);
657 		if (rc == -1) {
658 			sysctlerror(1);
659 			*sp = *dp = '\0';
660 			return;
661 		}
662 		if (sz == 0) {
663 			if ((Aflag || req) && !Mflag)
664 				printf("%s: node contains no data\n", gsname);
665 			*sp = *dp = '\0';
666 			return;
667 		}
668 	}
669 	else
670 		sz = pnode->sysctl_size;
671 
672 	switch (type) {
673 	case CTLTYPE_NODE: {
674 		__learn_tree(name, namelen, pnode);
675 		node = pnode->sysctl_child;
676 		if (node == NULL) {
677 			if (dflag)
678 				/* do nothing */;
679 			else if (p != NULL)
680 				(*p->ps_p)(gsname, gdname, NULL, name, namelen,
681 					   pnode, type, __UNCONST(p->ps_d));
682 			else if ((Aflag || req) && !Mflag)
683 				printf("%s: no children\n", gsname);
684 		}
685 		else {
686 			if (dflag)
687 				/*
688 				 * get all descriptions for next level
689 				 * in one chunk
690 				 */
691 				getdesc(name, namelen, pnode);
692 			req = 0;
693 			for (ni = 0; ni < pnode->sysctl_clen; ni++) {
694 				name[namelen] = node[ni].sysctl_num;
695 				if ((node[ni].sysctl_flags & CTLFLAG_HIDDEN) &&
696 				    !(Aflag || req))
697 					continue;
698 				print_tree(name, namelen + 1, &node[ni],
699 					   SYSCTL_TYPE(node[ni].sysctl_flags),
700 					   1);
701 			}
702 		}
703 		break;
704 	}
705 	case CTLTYPE_INT: {
706 		int i;
707 		rc = sysctl(name, namelen, &i, &sz, NULL, 0);
708 		if (rc == -1) {
709 			sysctlerror(1);
710 			break;
711 		}
712 		display_number(pnode, gsname, &i, sizeof(i), DISPLAY_VALUE);
713 		break;
714 	}
715 	case CTLTYPE_STRING: {
716 		unsigned char buf[1024], *tbuf;
717 		tbuf = buf;
718 		sz = sizeof(buf);
719 		rc = sysctl(&name[0], namelen, tbuf, &sz, NULL, 0);
720 		if (rc == -1 && errno == ENOMEM) {
721 			tbuf = malloc(sz);
722 			if (tbuf == NULL) {
723 				sysctlerror(1);
724 				break;
725 			}
726 			rc = sysctl(&name[0], namelen, tbuf, &sz, NULL, 0);
727 		}
728 		if (rc == -1)
729 			sysctlerror(1);
730 		else
731 			display_string(pnode, gsname, tbuf, sz, DISPLAY_VALUE);
732 		if (tbuf != buf)
733 			free(tbuf);
734 		break;
735 	}
736 	case CTLTYPE_QUAD: {
737 		u_quad_t q;
738 		sz = sizeof(q);
739 		rc = sysctl(&name[0], namelen, &q, &sz, NULL, 0);
740 		if (rc == -1) {
741 			sysctlerror(1);
742 			break;
743 		}
744 		display_number(pnode, gsname, &q, sizeof(q), DISPLAY_VALUE);
745 		break;
746 	}
747 	case CTLTYPE_STRUCT: {
748 		/*
749 		 * we shouldn't actually get here, but if we
750 		 * do, would it be nice to have *something* to
751 		 * do other than completely ignore the
752 		 * request.
753 		 */
754 		unsigned char *d;
755 		if ((d = malloc(sz)) == NULL) {
756 			fprintf(warnfp, "%s: !malloc failed!\n", gsname);
757 			break;
758 		}
759 		rc = sysctl(&name[0], namelen, d, &sz, NULL, 0);
760 		if (rc == -1) {
761 			sysctlerror(1);
762 			break;
763 		}
764 		display_struct(pnode, gsname, d, sz, DISPLAY_VALUE);
765 		free(d);
766 		break;
767 	}
768 	default:
769 		/* should i print an error here? */
770 		break;
771 	}
772 
773 	*sp = *dp = '\0';
774 }
775 
776 /*
777  * ********************************************************************
778  * parse a request, possibly determining that it's a create or destroy
779  * request
780  * ********************************************************************
781  */
782 static void
783 parse(char *l)
784 {
785 	struct sysctlnode *node;
786 	const struct handlespec *w;
787 	int name[CTL_MAXNAME], dodesc = 0;
788 	u_int namelen, type;
789 	char *key, *value, *dot;
790 	size_t sz;
791 	bool optional = false;
792 
793 	req = 1;
794 	key = l;
795 
796 	if ((value = strchr(l, '=')) != NULL) {
797 		if (value > l && value[-1] == '?') {
798 			value[-1] = '\0';
799 			optional = true;
800 		}
801 		*value++ = '\0';
802 	}
803 
804 	if ((dot = strpbrk(key, "./")) == NULL)
805 		sep[0] = '.';
806 	else
807 		sep[0] = dot[0];
808 	sep[1] = '\0';
809 
810 	while (key[0] == sep[0] && key[1] == sep[0]) {
811 		if (value != NULL)
812 			value[-1] = '=';
813 		if (strncmp(key + 2, "create", 6) == 0 &&
814 		    (key[8] == '=' || key[8] == sep[0]))
815 			parse_create(key + 8 + (key[8] == '=' ? 1 : 0));
816 		else if (strncmp(key + 2, "destroy", 7) == 0 &&
817 			 (key[9] == '=' || key[9] == sep[0]))
818 			parse_destroy(key + 9 + (key[9] == '=' ? 1 : 0));
819 		else if (strncmp(key + 2, "describe", 8) == 0 &&
820 			 (key[10] == '=' || key[10] == sep[0])) {
821 			key += 10 + (key[10] == '=');
822 			if ((value = strchr(key, '=')) != NULL)
823 				parse_describe(key);
824 			else {
825 				if (!dflag)
826 					dodesc = 1;
827 				break;
828 			}
829 		}
830 		else
831 			sysctlperror("unable to parse '%s'\n", key);
832 		return;
833 	}
834 
835 	if (stale) {
836 		purge_tree(&my_root);
837 		stale = 0;
838 	}
839 	node = &my_root;
840 	namelen = CTL_MAXNAME;
841 	sz = sizeof(gsname);
842 
843 	if (sysctlgetmibinfo(key, &name[0], &namelen, gsname, &sz, &node,
844 			     SYSCTL_VERSION) == -1) {
845 		if (optional)
846 			return;
847 		sysctlparseerror(namelen, l);
848 		EXIT(1);
849 	}
850 
851 	type = SYSCTL_TYPE(node->sysctl_flags);
852 
853 	if (value == NULL) {
854 		if (dodesc)
855 			dflag = 1;
856 		print_tree(&name[0], namelen, node, type, 0);
857 		if (dodesc)
858 			dflag = 0;
859 		gsname[0] = '\0';
860 		return;
861 	}
862 
863 	if (fn)
864 		trim_whitespace(value, 1);
865 
866 	if (!wflag) {
867 		sysctlperror("Must specify -w to set variables\n");
868 		exit(1);
869 	}
870 
871 	canonicalize(gsname, canonname);
872 	if (type != CTLTYPE_NODE && (w = findhandler(canonname, 1)) != NULL) {
873 		(*w->ps_w)(gsname, gdname, value, name, namelen, node, type,
874 			   __UNCONST(w->ps_d));
875 		gsname[0] = '\0';
876 		return;
877 	}
878 
879 	switch (type) {
880 	case CTLTYPE_NODE:
881 		/*
882 		 * XXX old behavior is to print.  should we error instead?
883 		 */
884 		print_tree(&name[0], namelen, node, CTLTYPE_NODE, 1);
885 		break;
886 	case CTLTYPE_INT:
887 		write_number(&name[0], namelen, node, value);
888 		break;
889 	case CTLTYPE_STRING:
890 		write_string(&name[0], namelen, node, value);
891 		break;
892 	case CTLTYPE_QUAD:
893 		write_number(&name[0], namelen, node, value);
894 		break;
895 	case CTLTYPE_STRUCT:
896 		/*
897 		 * XXX old behavior is to print.  should we error instead?
898 		 */
899 		/* fprintf(warnfp, "you can't write to %s\n", gsname); */
900 		print_tree(&name[0], namelen, node, type, 0);
901 		break;
902 	}
903 }
904 
905 /*
906 
907   //create=foo.bar.whatever...,
908   [type=(int|quad|string|struct|node),]
909   [size=###,]
910   [n=###,]
911   [flags=(iohxparw12),]
912   [addr=0x####,|symbol=...|value=...]
913 
914   size is optional for some types.  type must be set before anything
915   else.  nodes can have [rwhp], but nothing else applies.  if no
916   size or type is given, node is asserted.  writeable is the default,
917   with [rw] being read-only and unconditionally writeable
918   respectively.  if you specify addr, it is assumed to be the name of
919   a kernel symbol, if value, CTLFLAG_OWNDATA will be asserted for
920   strings, CTLFLAG_IMMEDIATE for ints and u_quad_ts.  you cannot
921   specify both value and addr.
922 
923 */
924 
925 static void
926 parse_create(char *l)
927 {
928 	struct sysctlnode node;
929 	size_t sz;
930 	char *nname, *key, *value, *data, *addr, *c, *t;
931 	int name[CTL_MAXNAME], i, rc, method, flags, rw;
932 	u_int namelen, type;
933 	u_quad_t uq;
934 	quad_t q;
935 
936 	if (!wflag) {
937 		sysctlperror("Must specify -w to create nodes\n");
938 		exit(1);
939 	}
940 
941 	/*
942 	 * these are the pieces that make up the description of a new
943 	 * node
944 	 */
945 	memset(&node, 0, sizeof(node));
946 	node.sysctl_num = CTL_CREATE;  /* any number is fine */
947 	flags = 0;
948 	rw = -1;
949 	type = 0;
950 	sz = 0;
951 	data = addr = NULL;
952 	memset(name, 0, sizeof(name));
953 	namelen = 0;
954 	method = 0;
955 
956 	/*
957 	 * misc stuff used when constructing
958 	 */
959 	i = 0;
960 	uq = 0;
961 	key = NULL;
962 	value = NULL;
963 
964 	/*
965 	 * the name of the thing we're trying to create is first, so
966 	 * pick it off.
967 	 */
968 	nname = l;
969 	if ((c = strchr(nname, ',')) != NULL)
970 		*c++ = '\0';
971 
972 	while (c != NULL) {
973 
974 		/*
975 		 * pull off the next "key=value" pair
976 		 */
977 		key = c;
978 		if ((t = strchr(key, '=')) != NULL) {
979 			*t++ = '\0';
980 			value = t;
981 		}
982 		else
983 			value = NULL;
984 
985 		/*
986 		 * if the "key" is "value", then that eats the rest of
987 		 * the string, so we're done, otherwise bite it off at
988 		 * the next comma.
989 		 */
990 		if (strcmp(key, "value") == 0) {
991 			c = NULL;
992 			data = value;
993 			break;
994 		}
995 		else if (value) {
996 			if ((c = strchr(value, ',')) != NULL)
997 				*c++ = '\0';
998 		}
999 
1000 		/*
1001 		 * note that we (mostly) let the invoker of sysctl(8)
1002 		 * play rampant here and depend on the kernel to tell
1003 		 * them that they were wrong.  well...within reason.
1004 		 * we later check the various parameters against each
1005 		 * other to make sure it makes some sort of sense.
1006 		 */
1007 		if (strcmp(key, "addr") == 0) {
1008 			/*
1009 			 * we can't check these two.  only the kernel
1010 			 * can tell us when it fails to find the name
1011 			 * (or if the address is invalid).
1012 			 */
1013 			if (method != 0) {
1014 				sysctlperror(
1015 				    "%s: already have %s for new node\n",
1016 				    nname,
1017 				    method == CTL_CREATE ? "addr" : "symbol");
1018 				EXIT(1);
1019 			}
1020 			if (value == NULL) {
1021 				sysctlperror("%s: missing value\n", nname);
1022 				EXIT(1);
1023 			}
1024 			errno = 0;
1025 			addr = (void*)strtoul(value, &t, 0);
1026 			if (t == value || *t != '\0' || errno != 0) {
1027 				sysctlperror(
1028 				    "%s: '%s' is not a valid address\n",
1029 				    nname, value);
1030 				EXIT(1);
1031 			}
1032 			method = CTL_CREATE;
1033 		}
1034 		else if (strcmp(key, "symbol") == 0) {
1035 			if (method != 0) {
1036 				sysctlperror(
1037 				    "%s: already have %s for new node\n",
1038 				    nname,
1039 				    method == CTL_CREATE ? "addr" : "symbol");
1040 				EXIT(1);
1041 			}
1042 			addr = value;
1043 			method = CTL_CREATESYM;
1044 		}
1045 		else if (strcmp(key, "type") == 0) {
1046 			if (value == NULL) {
1047 				sysctlperror("%s: missing value\n", nname);
1048 				EXIT(1);
1049 			}
1050 			if (strcmp(value, "node") == 0)
1051 				type = CTLTYPE_NODE;
1052 			else if (strcmp(value, "int") == 0) {
1053 				sz = sizeof(int);
1054 				type = CTLTYPE_INT;
1055 			}
1056 			else if (strcmp(value, "string") == 0)
1057 				type = CTLTYPE_STRING;
1058 			else if (strcmp(value, "quad") == 0) {
1059 				sz = sizeof(u_quad_t);
1060 				type = CTLTYPE_QUAD;
1061 			}
1062 			else if (strcmp(value, "struct") == 0)
1063 				type = CTLTYPE_STRUCT;
1064 			else {
1065 				sysctlperror(
1066 					"%s: '%s' is not a valid type\n",
1067 					nname, value);
1068 				EXIT(1);
1069 			}
1070 		}
1071 		else if (strcmp(key, "size") == 0) {
1072 			if (value == NULL) {
1073 				sysctlperror("%s: missing value\n", nname);
1074 				EXIT(1);
1075 			}
1076 			errno = 0;
1077 			/*
1078 			 * yes, i know size_t is not an unsigned long,
1079 			 * but we can all agree that it ought to be,
1080 			 * right?
1081 			 */
1082 			sz = strtoul(value, &t, 0);
1083 			if (t == value || *t != '\0' || errno != 0) {
1084 				sysctlperror(
1085 					"%s: '%s' is not a valid size\n",
1086 					nname, value);
1087 				EXIT(1);
1088 			}
1089 		}
1090 		else if (strcmp(key, "n") == 0) {
1091 			if (value == NULL) {
1092 				sysctlperror("%s: missing value\n", nname);
1093 				EXIT(1);
1094 			}
1095 			errno = 0;
1096 			q = strtoll(value, &t, 0);
1097 			if (t == value || *t != '\0' || errno != 0 ||
1098 			    q < INT_MIN || q > UINT_MAX) {
1099 				sysctlperror(
1100 				    "%s: '%s' is not a valid mib number\n",
1101 				    nname, value);
1102 				EXIT(1);
1103 			}
1104 			node.sysctl_num = (int)q;
1105 		}
1106 		else if (strcmp(key, "flags") == 0) {
1107 			if (value == NULL) {
1108 				sysctlperror("%s: missing value\n", nname);
1109 				EXIT(1);
1110 			}
1111 			t = value;
1112 			while (*t != '\0') {
1113 				switch (*t) {
1114 				case 'a':
1115 					flags |= CTLFLAG_ANYWRITE;
1116 					break;
1117 				case 'h':
1118 					flags |= CTLFLAG_HIDDEN;
1119 					break;
1120 				case 'i':
1121 					flags |= CTLFLAG_IMMEDIATE;
1122 					break;
1123 				case 'o':
1124 					flags |= CTLFLAG_OWNDATA;
1125 					break;
1126 				case 'p':
1127 					flags |= CTLFLAG_PRIVATE;
1128 					break;
1129 				case 'x':
1130 					flags |= CTLFLAG_HEX;
1131 					break;
1132 
1133 				case 'r':
1134 					rw = CTLFLAG_READONLY;
1135 					break;
1136 				case 'w':
1137 					rw = CTLFLAG_READWRITE;
1138 					break;
1139 				default:
1140 					sysctlperror(
1141 					   "%s: '%c' is not a valid flag\n",
1142 					    nname, *t);
1143 					EXIT(1);
1144 				}
1145 				t++;
1146 			}
1147 		}
1148 		else {
1149 			sysctlperror("%s: unrecognized keyword '%s'\n",
1150 				     nname, key);
1151 			EXIT(1);
1152 		}
1153 	}
1154 
1155 	/*
1156 	 * now that we've finished parsing the given string, fill in
1157 	 * anything they didn't specify
1158 	 */
1159 	if (type == 0)
1160 		type = CTLTYPE_NODE;
1161 
1162 	/*
1163 	 * the "data" can be interpreted various ways depending on the
1164 	 * type of node we're creating, as can the size
1165 	 */
1166 	if (data != NULL) {
1167 		if (addr != NULL) {
1168 			sysctlperror(
1169 				"%s: cannot specify both value and "
1170 				"address\n", nname);
1171 			EXIT(1);
1172 		}
1173 
1174 		switch (type) {
1175 		case CTLTYPE_INT:
1176 			errno = 0;
1177 			q = strtoll(data, &t, 0);
1178 			if (t == data || *t != '\0' || errno != 0 ||
1179 				q < INT_MIN || q > UINT_MAX) {
1180 				sysctlperror(
1181 				    "%s: '%s' is not a valid integer\n",
1182 				    nname, value);
1183 				EXIT(1);
1184 			}
1185 			i = (int)q;
1186 			if (!(flags & CTLFLAG_OWNDATA)) {
1187 				flags |= CTLFLAG_IMMEDIATE;
1188 				node.sysctl_idata = i;
1189 			}
1190 			else
1191 				node.sysctl_data = &i;
1192 			if (sz == 0)
1193 				sz = sizeof(int);
1194 			break;
1195 		case CTLTYPE_STRING:
1196 			flags |= CTLFLAG_OWNDATA;
1197 			node.sysctl_data = data;
1198 			if (sz == 0)
1199 				sz = strlen(data) + 1;
1200 			else if (sz < strlen(data) + 1) {
1201 				sysctlperror("%s: ignoring size=%zu for "
1202 					"string node, too small for given "
1203 					"value\n", nname, sz);
1204 				sz = strlen(data) + 1;
1205 			}
1206 			break;
1207 		case CTLTYPE_QUAD:
1208 			errno = 0;
1209 			uq = strtouq(data, &t, 0);
1210 			if (t == data || *t != '\0' || errno != 0) {
1211 				sysctlperror(
1212 					"%s: '%s' is not a valid quad\n",
1213 					nname, value);
1214 				EXIT(1);
1215 			}
1216 			if (!(flags & CTLFLAG_OWNDATA)) {
1217 				flags |= CTLFLAG_IMMEDIATE;
1218 				node.sysctl_qdata = uq;
1219 			}
1220 			else
1221 				node.sysctl_data = &uq;
1222 			if (sz == 0)
1223 				sz = sizeof(u_quad_t);
1224 			break;
1225 		case CTLTYPE_STRUCT:
1226 			sysctlperror("%s: struct not initializable\n",
1227 				     nname);
1228 			EXIT(1);
1229 		}
1230 
1231 		/*
1232 		 * these methods have all provided local starting
1233 		 * values that the kernel must copy in
1234 		 */
1235 	}
1236 
1237 	/*
1238 	 * hmm...no data, but we have an address of data.  that's
1239 	 * fine.
1240 	 */
1241 	else if (addr != 0)
1242 		node.sysctl_data = (void*)addr;
1243 
1244 	/*
1245 	 * no data and no address?  well...okay.  we might be able to
1246 	 * manage that.
1247 	 */
1248 	else if (type != CTLTYPE_NODE) {
1249 		if (sz == 0) {
1250 			sysctlperror(
1251 			    "%s: need a size or a starting value\n",
1252 			    nname);
1253                         EXIT(1);
1254                 }
1255 		if (!(flags & CTLFLAG_IMMEDIATE))
1256 			flags |= CTLFLAG_OWNDATA;
1257 	}
1258 
1259 	/*
1260 	 * now we do a few sanity checks on the description we've
1261 	 * assembled
1262 	 */
1263 	if ((flags & CTLFLAG_IMMEDIATE) &&
1264 	    (type == CTLTYPE_STRING || type == CTLTYPE_STRUCT)) {
1265 		sysctlperror("%s: cannot make an immediate %s\n",
1266 			     nname,
1267 			     (type == CTLTYPE_STRING) ? "string" : "struct");
1268 		EXIT(1);
1269 	}
1270 	if (type == CTLTYPE_NODE && node.sysctl_data != NULL) {
1271 		sysctlperror("%s: nodes do not have data\n", nname);
1272 		EXIT(1);
1273 	}
1274 
1275 	/*
1276 	 * some types must have a particular size
1277 	 */
1278 	if (sz != 0) {
1279 		if ((type == CTLTYPE_INT && sz != sizeof(int)) ||
1280 		    (type == CTLTYPE_QUAD && sz != sizeof(u_quad_t)) ||
1281 		    (type == CTLTYPE_NODE && sz != 0)) {
1282 			sysctlperror("%s: wrong size for type\n", nname);
1283 			EXIT(1);
1284 		}
1285 	}
1286 	else if (type == CTLTYPE_STRUCT) {
1287 		sysctlperror("%s: struct must have size\n", nname);
1288 		EXIT(1);
1289 	}
1290 
1291 	/*
1292 	 * now...if no one said anything yet, we default nodes or
1293 	 * any type that owns data being writeable, and everything
1294 	 * else being readonly.
1295 	 */
1296 	if (rw == -1) {
1297 		if (type == CTLTYPE_NODE ||
1298 		    (flags & (CTLFLAG_OWNDATA|CTLFLAG_IMMEDIATE)))
1299 			rw = CTLFLAG_READWRITE;
1300 		else
1301 			rw = CTLFLAG_READONLY;
1302 	}
1303 
1304 	/*
1305 	 * if a kernel address was specified, that can't be made
1306 	 * writeable by us.
1307 	if (rw != CTLFLAG_READONLY && addr) {
1308 		sysctlperror("%s: kernel data can only be readable\n", nname);
1309 		EXIT(1);
1310 	}
1311 	 */
1312 
1313 	/*
1314 	 * what separator were they using in the full name of the new
1315 	 * node?
1316 	 */
1317 	if ((t = strpbrk(nname, "./")) == NULL)
1318 		sep[0] = '.';
1319 	else
1320 		sep[0] = t[0];
1321 	sep[1] = '\0';
1322 
1323 	/*
1324 	 * put it all together, now.  t'ain't much, is it?
1325 	 */
1326 	node.sysctl_flags = SYSCTL_VERSION|flags|rw|type;
1327 	node.sysctl_size = sz;
1328 	t = strrchr(nname, sep[0]);
1329 	if (t != NULL)
1330 		strlcpy(node.sysctl_name, t + 1, sizeof(node.sysctl_name));
1331 	else
1332 		strlcpy(node.sysctl_name, nname, sizeof(node.sysctl_name));
1333 	if (t == nname)
1334 		t = NULL;
1335 
1336 	/*
1337 	 * if this is a new top-level node, then we don't need to find
1338 	 * the mib for its parent
1339 	 */
1340 	if (t == NULL) {
1341 		namelen = 0;
1342 		gsname[0] = '\0';
1343 	}
1344 
1345 	/*
1346 	 * on the other hand, if it's not a top-level node...
1347 	 */
1348 	else {
1349 		namelen = sizeof(name) / sizeof(name[0]);
1350 		sz = sizeof(gsname);
1351 		*t = '\0';
1352 		rc = sysctlgetmibinfo(nname, &name[0], &namelen,
1353 				      gsname, &sz, NULL, SYSCTL_VERSION);
1354 		*t = sep[0];
1355 		if (rc == -1) {
1356 			sysctlparseerror(namelen, nname);
1357 			EXIT(1);
1358 		}
1359 	}
1360 
1361 	/*
1362 	 * yes, a new node is being created
1363 	 */
1364 	if (method != 0)
1365 		name[namelen++] = method;
1366 	else
1367 		name[namelen++] = CTL_CREATE;
1368 
1369 	sz = sizeof(node);
1370 	rc = sysctl(&name[0], namelen, &node, &sz, &node, sizeof(node));
1371 
1372 	if (rc == -1) {
1373 		sysctlperror("%s: CTL_CREATE failed: %s\n",
1374 			     nname, strerror(errno));
1375 		EXIT(1);
1376 	}
1377 	else {
1378 		if (!qflag && !nflag)
1379 			printf("%s(%s): (created)\n", nname, st(type));
1380 		stale = 1;
1381 	}
1382 }
1383 
1384 static void
1385 parse_destroy(char *l)
1386 {
1387 	struct sysctlnode node;
1388 	size_t sz;
1389 	int name[CTL_MAXNAME], rc;
1390 	u_int namelen;
1391 
1392 	if (!wflag) {
1393 		sysctlperror("Must specify -w to destroy nodes\n");
1394 		exit(1);
1395 	}
1396 
1397 	memset(name, 0, sizeof(name));
1398 	namelen = sizeof(name) / sizeof(name[0]);
1399 	sz = sizeof(gsname);
1400 	rc = sysctlgetmibinfo(l, &name[0], &namelen, gsname, &sz, NULL,
1401 			      SYSCTL_VERSION);
1402 	if (rc == -1) {
1403 		sysctlparseerror(namelen, l);
1404 		EXIT(1);
1405 	}
1406 
1407 	memset(&node, 0, sizeof(node));
1408 	node.sysctl_flags = SYSCTL_VERSION;
1409 	node.sysctl_num = name[namelen - 1];
1410 	name[namelen - 1] = CTL_DESTROY;
1411 
1412 	sz = sizeof(node);
1413 	rc = sysctl(&name[0], namelen, &node, &sz, &node, sizeof(node));
1414 
1415 	if (rc == -1) {
1416 		sysctlperror("%s: CTL_DESTROY failed: %s\n",
1417 			     l, strerror(errno));
1418 		EXIT(1);
1419 	}
1420 	else {
1421 		if (!qflag && !nflag)
1422 			printf("%s(%s): (destroyed)\n", gsname,
1423 			       st(SYSCTL_TYPE(node.sysctl_flags)));
1424 		stale = 1;
1425 	}
1426 }
1427 
1428 static void
1429 parse_describe(char *l)
1430 {
1431 	struct sysctlnode newdesc;
1432 	char buf[1024], *value;
1433 	struct sysctldesc *d = (void*)&buf[0];
1434 	int name[CTL_MAXNAME], rc;
1435 	u_int namelen;
1436 	size_t sz;
1437 
1438 	if (!wflag) {
1439 		sysctlperror("Must specify -w to set descriptions\n");
1440 		exit(1);
1441 	}
1442 
1443 	value = strchr(l, '=');
1444 	*value++ = '\0';
1445 
1446 	memset(name, 0, sizeof(name));
1447 	namelen = sizeof(name) / sizeof(name[0]);
1448 	sz = sizeof(gsname);
1449 	rc = sysctlgetmibinfo(l, &name[0], &namelen, gsname, &sz, NULL,
1450 			      SYSCTL_VERSION);
1451 	if (rc == -1) {
1452 		sysctlparseerror(namelen, l);
1453 		EXIT(1);
1454 	}
1455 
1456 	sz = sizeof(buf);
1457 	memset(&newdesc, 0, sizeof(newdesc));
1458 	newdesc.sysctl_flags = SYSCTL_VERSION|CTLFLAG_OWNDESC;
1459 	newdesc.sysctl_num = name[namelen - 1];
1460 	newdesc.sysctl_desc = value;
1461 	name[namelen - 1] = CTL_DESCRIBE;
1462 	rc = sysctl(name, namelen, d, &sz, &newdesc, sizeof(newdesc));
1463 	if (rc == -1)
1464 		sysctlperror("%s: CTL_DESCRIBE failed: %s\n",
1465 			     gsname, strerror(errno));
1466 	else if (d->descr_len == 1)
1467 		sysctlperror("%s: description not set\n", gsname);
1468 	else if (!qflag && !nflag)
1469 		printf("%s: %s\n", gsname, d->descr_str);
1470 }
1471 
1472 /*
1473  * ********************************************************************
1474  * when things go wrong...
1475  * ********************************************************************
1476  */
1477 static void
1478 usage(void)
1479 {
1480 	const char *progname = getprogname();
1481 
1482 	(void)fprintf(stderr,
1483 		      "usage:\t%s %s\n"
1484 		      "\t%s %s\n"
1485 		      "\t%s %s\n"
1486 		      "\t%s %s\n"
1487 		      "\t%s %s\n"
1488 		      "\t%s %s\n",
1489 		      progname, "[-dne] [-x[x]|-r] variable ...",
1490 		      progname, "[-ne] [-q] -w variable=value ...",
1491 		      progname, "[-dne] -a",
1492 		      progname, "[-dne] -A",
1493 		      progname, "[-ne] -M",
1494 		      progname, "[-dne] [-q] -f file");
1495 	exit(1);
1496 }
1497 
1498 static void
1499 getdesc1(int *name, u_int namelen, struct sysctlnode *pnode)
1500 {
1501 	struct sysctlnode node;
1502 	char buf[1024], *desc;
1503 	struct sysctldesc *d = (void*)buf;
1504 	size_t sz = sizeof(buf);
1505 	int rc;
1506 
1507 	memset(&node, 0, sizeof(node));
1508 	node.sysctl_flags = SYSCTL_VERSION;
1509 	node.sysctl_num = name[namelen - 1];
1510 	name[namelen - 1] = CTL_DESCRIBE;
1511 	rc = sysctl(name, namelen, d, &sz, &node, sizeof(node));
1512 
1513 	if (rc == -1 ||
1514 	    d->descr_len == 1 ||
1515 	    d->descr_num != pnode->sysctl_num ||
1516 	    d->descr_ver != pnode->sysctl_ver)
1517 		desc = (char *)-1;
1518 	else
1519 		desc = malloc(d->descr_len);
1520 
1521 	if (desc == NULL)
1522 		desc = (char *)-1;
1523 	if (desc != (char *)-1)
1524 		memcpy(desc, &d->descr_str[0], d->descr_len);
1525 	name[namelen - 1] = node.sysctl_num;
1526 	if (pnode->sysctl_desc != NULL &&
1527 	    pnode->sysctl_desc != (const char *)-1)
1528 		free(__UNCONST(pnode->sysctl_desc));
1529 	pnode->sysctl_desc = desc;
1530 }
1531 
1532 static void
1533 getdesc(int *name, u_int namelen, struct sysctlnode *pnode)
1534 {
1535 	struct sysctlnode *node = pnode->sysctl_child;
1536 	struct sysctldesc *d, *p, *plim;
1537 	char *desc;
1538 	size_t i, sz;
1539 	int rc;
1540 
1541 	sz = 128 * pnode->sysctl_clen;
1542 	name[namelen] = CTL_DESCRIBE;
1543 
1544 	/*
1545 	 * attempt *twice* to get the description chunk.  if two tries
1546 	 * doesn't work, give up.
1547 	 */
1548 	i = 0;
1549 	do {
1550 		d = malloc(sz);
1551 		if (d == NULL)
1552 			return;
1553 		rc = sysctl(name, namelen + 1, d, &sz, NULL, 0);
1554 		if (rc == -1) {
1555 			free(d);
1556 			d = NULL;
1557 			if (i == 0 && errno == ENOMEM)
1558 				i = 1;
1559 			else
1560 				return;
1561 		}
1562 	} while (d == NULL);
1563 
1564 	/*
1565 	 * hokey nested loop here, giving O(n**2) behavior, but should
1566 	 * suffice for now
1567 	 */
1568 	plim = /*LINTED ptr cast*/(struct sysctldesc *)((char*)d + sz);
1569 	for (i = 0; i < pnode->sysctl_clen; i++) {
1570 		node = &pnode->sysctl_child[i];
1571 		for (p = d; p < plim; p = NEXT_DESCR(p))
1572 			if (node->sysctl_num == p->descr_num)
1573 				break;
1574 		if (p < plim && node->sysctl_ver == p->descr_ver) {
1575 			/*
1576 			 * match found, attempt to attach description
1577 			 */
1578 			if (p->descr_len == 1)
1579 				desc = NULL;
1580 			else
1581 				desc = malloc(p->descr_len);
1582 			if (desc == NULL)
1583 				desc = (char *)-1;
1584 			else
1585 				memcpy(desc, &p->descr_str[0], p->descr_len);
1586 			node->sysctl_desc = desc;
1587 		}
1588 	}
1589 
1590 	free(d);
1591 }
1592 
1593 static void
1594 trim_whitespace(char *s, int dir)
1595 {
1596 	char *i, *o;
1597 
1598 	i = o = s;
1599 	if (dir & 1)
1600 		while (isspace((unsigned char)*i))
1601 			i++;
1602 	while ((*o++ = *i++) != '\0');
1603 	o -= 2; /* already past nul, skip back to before it */
1604 	if (dir & 2)
1605 		while (o > s && isspace((unsigned char)*o))
1606 			*o-- = '\0';
1607 }
1608 
1609 void
1610 sysctlerror(int soft)
1611 {
1612 	if (soft) {
1613 		switch (errno) {
1614 		case ENOENT:
1615 		case ENOPROTOOPT:
1616 		case ENOTDIR:
1617 		case EINVAL:
1618 		case EOPNOTSUPP:
1619 		case EPROTONOSUPPORT:
1620 			if (Aflag || req)
1621 				sysctlperror("%s: the value is not available\n",
1622 					     gsname);
1623 			return;
1624 		}
1625 	}
1626 
1627 	sysctlperror("%s: sysctl() failed with %s\n",
1628 		     gsname, strerror(errno));
1629 	if (!soft)
1630 		EXIT(1);
1631 }
1632 
1633 void
1634 sysctlparseerror(u_int namelen, const char *pname)
1635 {
1636 
1637 	sysctlperror("%s level name '%s' in '%s' is invalid\n",
1638 		     lname[namelen], gsname, pname);
1639 }
1640 
1641 static void
1642 sysctlperror(const char *fmt, ...)
1643 {
1644 	va_list ap;
1645 
1646 	(void)fprintf(warnfp, "%s: ", getprogname());
1647 	if (fn)
1648 		(void)fprintf(warnfp, "%s#%zu: ", fn, nr);
1649 	va_start(ap, fmt);
1650 	(void)vfprintf(warnfp, fmt, ap);
1651 	va_end(ap);
1652 	errs++;
1653 }
1654 
1655 
1656 /*
1657  * ********************************************************************
1658  * how to write to a "simple" node
1659  * ********************************************************************
1660  */
1661 static void
1662 write_number(int *name, u_int namelen, struct sysctlnode *node, char *value)
1663 {
1664 	u_int ii, io;
1665 	u_quad_t qi, qo;
1666 	size_t si, so;
1667 	int rc;
1668 	void *i, *o;
1669 	char *t;
1670 
1671 	if (fn)
1672 		trim_whitespace(value, 3);
1673 
1674 	si = so = 0;
1675 	i = o = NULL;
1676 	errno = 0;
1677 	qi = strtouq(value, &t, 0);
1678 	if (qi == UQUAD_MAX && errno == ERANGE) {
1679 		sysctlperror("%s: %s\n", value, strerror(errno));
1680 		EXIT(1);
1681 	}
1682 	if (t == value || *t != '\0') {
1683 		sysctlperror("%s: not a number\n", value);
1684 		EXIT(1);
1685 	}
1686 
1687 	switch (SYSCTL_TYPE(node->sysctl_flags)) {
1688 	case CTLTYPE_INT:
1689 		ii = (u_int)qi;
1690 		io = (u_int)(qi >> 32);
1691 		if (io != (u_int)-1 && io != 0) {
1692 			sysctlperror("%s: %s\n", value, strerror(ERANGE));
1693 			EXIT(1);
1694 		}
1695 		o = &io;
1696 		so = sizeof(io);
1697 		i = &ii;
1698 		si = sizeof(ii);
1699 		break;
1700 	case CTLTYPE_QUAD:
1701 		o = &qo;
1702 		so = sizeof(qo);
1703 		i = &qi;
1704 		si = sizeof(qi);
1705 		break;
1706 	}
1707 
1708 	rc = sysctl(name, namelen, o, &so, i, si);
1709 	if (rc == -1) {
1710 		sysctlerror(0);
1711 		return;
1712 	}
1713 
1714 	switch (SYSCTL_TYPE(node->sysctl_flags)) {
1715 	case CTLTYPE_INT:
1716 		display_number(node, gsname, &io, sizeof(io), DISPLAY_OLD);
1717 		display_number(node, gsname, &ii, sizeof(ii), DISPLAY_NEW);
1718 		break;
1719 	case CTLTYPE_QUAD:
1720 		display_number(node, gsname, &qo, sizeof(qo), DISPLAY_OLD);
1721 		display_number(node, gsname, &qi, sizeof(qi), DISPLAY_NEW);
1722 		break;
1723 	}
1724 }
1725 
1726 static void
1727 write_string(int *name, u_int namelen, struct sysctlnode *node, char *value)
1728 {
1729 	char *i, *o;
1730 	size_t si, so;
1731 	int rc;
1732 
1733 	i = value;
1734 	si = strlen(i) + 1;
1735 	so = node->sysctl_size;
1736 	if (si > so && so != 0) {
1737 		sysctlperror("%s: string too long\n", value);
1738 		EXIT(1);
1739 	}
1740 	o = malloc(so);
1741 	if (o == NULL) {
1742 		sysctlperror("%s: !malloc failed!\n", gsname);
1743 		exit(1);
1744 	}
1745 
1746 	rc = sysctl(name, namelen, o, &so, i, si);
1747 	if (rc == -1) {
1748 		sysctlerror(0);
1749 		return;
1750 	}
1751 
1752 	display_string(node, gsname, o, so, DISPLAY_OLD);
1753 	display_string(node, gsname, i, si, DISPLAY_NEW);
1754 	free(o);
1755 }
1756 
1757 /*
1758  * ********************************************************************
1759  * simple ways to print stuff consistently
1760  * ********************************************************************
1761  */
1762 static void
1763 display_number(const struct sysctlnode *node, const char *name,
1764 	       const void *data, size_t sz, int n)
1765 {
1766 	u_quad_t q;
1767 	int i;
1768 
1769 	if (qflag)
1770 		return;
1771 	if ((nflag || rflag) && (n == DISPLAY_OLD))
1772 		return;
1773 
1774 	if (rflag && n != DISPLAY_OLD) {
1775 		fwrite(data, sz, 1, stdout);
1776 		return;
1777 	}
1778 
1779 	if (!nflag) {
1780 		if (n == DISPLAY_VALUE)
1781 			printf("%s%s", name, eq);
1782 		else if (n == DISPLAY_OLD)
1783 			printf("%s: ", name);
1784 	}
1785 
1786 	if (xflag > 1) {
1787 		if (n != DISPLAY_NEW)
1788 			printf("\n");
1789 		hex_dump(data, sz);
1790 		return;
1791 	}
1792 
1793 	switch (SYSCTL_TYPE(node->sysctl_flags)) {
1794 	case CTLTYPE_INT:
1795 		memcpy(&i, data, sz);
1796 		if (xflag)
1797 			printf("0x%0*x", (int)sz * 2, i);
1798 		else if (node->sysctl_flags & CTLFLAG_HEX)
1799 			printf("%#x", i);
1800 		else
1801 			printf("%d", i);
1802 		break;
1803 	case CTLTYPE_QUAD:
1804 		memcpy(&q, data, sz);
1805 		if (xflag)
1806 			printf("0x%0*" PRIx64, (int)sz * 2, q);
1807 		else if (node->sysctl_flags & CTLFLAG_HEX)
1808 			printf("%#" PRIx64, q);
1809 		else
1810 			printf("%" PRIu64, q);
1811 		break;
1812 	}
1813 
1814 	if (n == DISPLAY_OLD)
1815 		printf(" -> ");
1816 	else
1817 		printf("\n");
1818 }
1819 
1820 static void
1821 display_string(const struct sysctlnode *node, const char *name,
1822 	       const void *data, size_t sz, int n)
1823 {
1824 	const unsigned char *buf = data;
1825 	int ni;
1826 
1827 	if (qflag)
1828 		return;
1829 	if ((nflag || rflag) && (n == DISPLAY_OLD))
1830 		return;
1831 
1832 	if (rflag && n != DISPLAY_OLD) {
1833 		fwrite(data, sz, 1, stdout);
1834 		return;
1835 	}
1836 
1837 	if (!nflag) {
1838 		if (n == DISPLAY_VALUE)
1839 			printf("%s%s", name, eq);
1840 		else if (n == DISPLAY_OLD)
1841 			printf("%s: ", name);
1842 	}
1843 
1844 	if (xflag > 1) {
1845 		if (n != DISPLAY_NEW)
1846 			printf("\n");
1847 		hex_dump(data, sz);
1848 		return;
1849 	}
1850 
1851 	if (xflag || node->sysctl_flags & CTLFLAG_HEX) {
1852 		for (ni = 0; ni < (int)sz; ni++) {
1853 			if (xflag)
1854 				printf("%02x", buf[ni]);
1855 			if (buf[ni] == '\0')
1856 				break;
1857 			if (!xflag)
1858 				printf("\\x%2.2x", buf[ni]);
1859 		}
1860 	}
1861 	else
1862 		printf("%.*s", (int)sz, buf);
1863 
1864 	if (n == DISPLAY_OLD)
1865 		printf(" -> ");
1866 	else
1867 		printf("\n");
1868 }
1869 
1870 /*ARGSUSED*/
1871 static void
1872 display_struct(const struct sysctlnode *node, const char *name,
1873 	       const void *data, size_t sz, int n)
1874 {
1875 	const unsigned char *buf = data;
1876 	int ni;
1877 	size_t more;
1878 
1879 	if (qflag)
1880 		return;
1881 	if (!(xflag || rflag)) {
1882 		if (Aflag || req)
1883 			sysctlperror(
1884 			    "%s: this type is unknown to this program\n",
1885 			    gsname);
1886 		return;
1887 	}
1888 	if ((nflag || rflag) && (n == DISPLAY_OLD))
1889 		return;
1890 
1891 	if (rflag && n != DISPLAY_OLD) {
1892 		fwrite(data, sz, 1, stdout);
1893 		return;
1894 	}
1895 
1896         if (!nflag) {
1897                 if (n == DISPLAY_VALUE)
1898                         printf("%s%s", name, eq);
1899                 else if (n == DISPLAY_OLD)
1900                         printf("%s: ", name);
1901         }
1902 
1903 	if (xflag > 1) {
1904 		if (n != DISPLAY_NEW)
1905 			printf("\n");
1906 		hex_dump(data, sz);
1907 		return;
1908 	}
1909 
1910 	if (sz > 16) {
1911 		more = sz - 16;
1912 		sz = 16;
1913 	}
1914 	else
1915 		more = 0;
1916 	for (ni = 0; ni < (int)sz; ni++)
1917 		printf("%02x", buf[ni]);
1918 	if (more)
1919 		printf("...(%zu more bytes)", more);
1920 	printf("\n");
1921 }
1922 
1923 static void
1924 hex_dump(const unsigned char *buf, size_t len)
1925 {
1926 	unsigned int i;
1927 	int j;
1928 	char line[80], tmp[12];
1929 
1930 	memset(line, ' ', sizeof(line));
1931 	for (i = 0, j = 15; i < len; i++) {
1932 		j = i % 16;
1933 		/* reset line */
1934 		if (j == 0) {
1935 			line[58] = '|';
1936 			line[77] = '|';
1937 			line[78] = 0;
1938 			snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), "%07x", i);
1939 			memcpy(&line[0], tmp, 7);
1940 		}
1941 		/* copy out hex version of byte */
1942 		snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), "%02x", buf[i]);
1943 		memcpy(&line[9 + j * 3], tmp, 2);
1944 		/* copy out plain version of byte */
1945 		line[60 + j] = (isprint(buf[i])) ? buf[i] : '.';
1946 		/* print a full line and erase it */
1947 		if (j == 15) {
1948 			printf("%s\n", line);
1949 			memset(line, ' ', sizeof(line));
1950 		}
1951 	}
1952 	if (line[0] != ' ')
1953 		printf("%s\n", line);
1954 	printf("%07zu bytes\n", len);
1955 }
1956 
1957 /*
1958  * ********************************************************************
1959  * functions that handle particular nodes
1960  * ********************************************************************
1961  */
1962 /*ARGSUSED*/
1963 static void
1964 printother(HANDLER_ARGS)
1965 {
1966 	int rc;
1967 	void *p;
1968 	size_t sz1, sz2;
1969 
1970 	if (!(Aflag || req) || Mflag)
1971 		return;
1972 
1973 	/*
1974 	 * okay...you asked for it, so let's give it a go
1975 	 */
1976 	while (type != CTLTYPE_NODE && (xflag || rflag)) {
1977 		rc = sysctl(name, namelen, NULL, &sz1, NULL, 0);
1978 		if (rc == -1 || sz1 == 0)
1979 			break;
1980 		p = malloc(sz1);
1981 		if (p == NULL)
1982 			break;
1983 		sz2 = sz1;
1984 		rc = sysctl(name, namelen, p, &sz2, NULL, 0);
1985 		if (rc == -1 || sz1 != sz2) {
1986 			free(p);
1987 			break;
1988 		}
1989 		display_struct(pnode, gsname, p, sz1, DISPLAY_VALUE);
1990 		free(p);
1991 		return;
1992 	}
1993 
1994 	/*
1995 	 * that didn't work...do we have a specific message for this
1996 	 * thing?
1997 	 */
1998 	if (v != NULL) {
1999 		sysctlperror("%s: use '%s' to view this information\n",
2000 			     gsname, (const char *)v);
2001 		return;
2002 	}
2003 
2004 	/*
2005 	 * hmm...i wonder if we have any generic hints?
2006 	 */
2007 	switch (name[0]) {
2008 	case CTL_NET:
2009 		sysctlperror("%s: use 'netstat' to view this information\n",
2010 			     sname);
2011 		break;
2012 	case CTL_DEBUG:
2013 		sysctlperror("%s: missing 'options DEBUG' from kernel?\n",
2014 			     sname);
2015 		break;
2016 	case CTL_DDB:
2017 		sysctlperror("%s: missing 'options DDB' from kernel?\n",
2018 			     sname);
2019 		break;
2020 	case CTL_VENDOR:
2021 		sysctlperror("%s: no vendor extensions installed\n",
2022 			     sname);
2023 		break;
2024 	}
2025 }
2026 
2027 /*ARGSUSED*/
2028 static void
2029 kern_clockrate(HANDLER_ARGS)
2030 {
2031 	struct clockinfo clkinfo;
2032 	size_t sz;
2033 	int rc;
2034 
2035 	sz = sizeof(clkinfo);
2036 	rc = sysctl(name, namelen, &clkinfo, &sz, NULL, 0);
2037 	if (rc == -1) {
2038 		sysctlerror(1);
2039 		return;
2040 	}
2041 	if (sz != sizeof(clkinfo))
2042 		errx(1, "%s: !returned size wrong!", sname);
2043 
2044 	if (xflag || rflag) {
2045 		display_struct(pnode, sname, &clkinfo, sz,
2046 			       DISPLAY_VALUE);
2047 		return;
2048 	}
2049 	else if (!nflag)
2050 		printf("%s: ", sname);
2051 	printf("tick = %d, tickadj = %d, hz = %d, profhz = %d, stathz = %d\n",
2052 	       clkinfo.tick, clkinfo.tickadj,
2053 	       clkinfo.hz, clkinfo.profhz, clkinfo.stathz);
2054 }
2055 
2056 /*ARGSUSED*/
2057 static void
2058 kern_boottime(HANDLER_ARGS)
2059 {
2060 	struct timeval timeval;
2061 	time_t boottime;
2062 	size_t sz;
2063 	int rc;
2064 
2065 	sz = sizeof(timeval);
2066 	rc = sysctl(name, namelen, &timeval, &sz, NULL, 0);
2067 	if (rc == -1) {
2068 		sysctlerror(1);
2069 		return;
2070 	}
2071 	if (sz != sizeof(timeval))
2072 		errx(1, "%s: !returned size wrong!", sname);
2073 
2074 	boottime = timeval.tv_sec;
2075 	if (xflag || rflag)
2076 		display_struct(pnode, sname, &timeval, sz,
2077 			       DISPLAY_VALUE);
2078 	else if (!nflag)
2079 		/* ctime() provides the \n */
2080 		printf("%s%s%s", sname, eq, ctime(&boottime));
2081 	else if (nflag == 1)
2082 		printf("%ld\n", (long)boottime);
2083 	else
2084 		printf("%ld.%06ld\n", (long)timeval.tv_sec,
2085 		       (long)timeval.tv_usec);
2086 }
2087 
2088 /*ARGSUSED*/
2089 static void
2090 kern_consdev(HANDLER_ARGS)
2091 {
2092 	dev_t cons;
2093 	size_t sz;
2094 	int rc;
2095 
2096 	sz = sizeof(cons);
2097 	rc = sysctl(name, namelen, &cons, &sz, NULL, 0);
2098 	if (rc == -1) {
2099 		sysctlerror(1);
2100 		return;
2101 	}
2102 	if (sz != sizeof(cons))
2103 		errx(1, "%s: !returned size wrong!", sname);
2104 
2105 	if (xflag || rflag)
2106 		display_struct(pnode, sname, &cons, sz,
2107 			       DISPLAY_VALUE);
2108 	else {
2109 		if (!nflag)
2110 			printf("%s%s", sname, eq);
2111 		if (nflag < 2 && (sname = devname(cons, S_IFCHR)) != NULL)
2112 			printf("%s\n", sname);
2113 		else
2114 			printf("0x%llx\n", (unsigned long long)cons);
2115 	}
2116 }
2117 
2118 /*ARGSUSED*/
2119 static void
2120 kern_cp_time(HANDLER_ARGS)
2121 {
2122 	u_int64_t *cp_time;
2123 	size_t sz, osz;
2124 	int rc, i, n;
2125 	char s[sizeof("kern.cp_time.nnnnnn")];
2126 	const char *tname;
2127 
2128 	/*
2129 	 * three things to do here.
2130 	 * case 1: get sum (no Aflag and namelen == 2)
2131 	 * case 2: get specific processor (namelen == 3)
2132 	 * case 3: get all processors (Aflag and namelen == 2)
2133 	 */
2134 
2135 	if (namelen == 2 && Aflag) {
2136 		sz = sizeof(n);
2137 		rc = sysctlbyname("hw.ncpu", &n, &sz, NULL, 0);
2138 		if (rc != 0)
2139 			return; /* XXX print an error, eh? */
2140 		n++; /* Add on space for the sum. */
2141 		sz = n * sizeof(u_int64_t) * CPUSTATES;
2142 	}
2143 	else {
2144 		n = -1; /* Just print one data set. */
2145 		sz = sizeof(u_int64_t) * CPUSTATES;
2146 	}
2147 
2148 	cp_time = malloc(sz);
2149 	if (cp_time == NULL) {
2150 		sysctlerror(1);
2151 		return;
2152 	}
2153 
2154 	osz = sz;
2155 	rc = sysctl(name, namelen, cp_time + (n != -1) * CPUSTATES, &osz,
2156 		    NULL, 0);
2157 
2158 	if (rc == -1) {
2159 		sysctlerror(1);
2160 		free(cp_time);
2161 		return;
2162 	}
2163 
2164 	/*
2165 	 * Check, but account for space we'll occupy with the sum.
2166 	 */
2167 	if (osz != sz - (n != -1) * CPUSTATES * sizeof(u_int64_t))
2168 		errx(1, "%s: !returned size wrong!", sname);
2169 
2170 	/*
2171 	 * Compute the actual sum.  Two calls would be easier (we
2172 	 * could just call ourselves recursively above), but the
2173 	 * numbers wouldn't add up.
2174 	 */
2175 	if (n != -1) {
2176 		memset(cp_time, 0, sizeof(u_int64_t) * CPUSTATES);
2177 		for (i = 1; i < n; i++) {
2178 			cp_time[CP_USER] += cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_USER];
2179                         cp_time[CP_NICE] += cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_NICE];
2180                         cp_time[CP_SYS] += cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_SYS];
2181                         cp_time[CP_INTR] += cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_INTR];
2182                         cp_time[CP_IDLE] += cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_IDLE];
2183 		}
2184 	}
2185 
2186 	tname = sname;
2187 	for (i = 0; n == -1 || i < n; i++) {
2188 		if (i > 0) {
2189 			(void)snprintf(s, sizeof(s), "%s%s%d", sname, sep,
2190 				       i - 1);
2191 			tname = s;
2192 		}
2193 		if (xflag || rflag)
2194 			display_struct(pnode, tname, cp_time + (i * CPUSTATES),
2195 				       sizeof(u_int64_t) * CPUSTATES,
2196 				       DISPLAY_VALUE);
2197 		else {
2198 			if (!nflag)
2199 				printf("%s: ", tname);
2200 			printf("user = %" PRIu64
2201 			       ", nice = %" PRIu64
2202 			       ", sys = %" PRIu64
2203 			       ", intr = %" PRIu64
2204 			       ", idle = %" PRIu64
2205 			       "\n",
2206 			       cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_USER],
2207 			       cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_NICE],
2208 			       cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_SYS],
2209 			       cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_INTR],
2210 			       cp_time[i * CPUSTATES + CP_IDLE]);
2211 		}
2212 		/*
2213 		 * Just printing the one node.
2214 		 */
2215 		if (n == -1)
2216 			break;
2217 	}
2218 
2219 	free(cp_time);
2220 }
2221 
2222 /*ARGSUSED*/
2223 static void
2224 kern_drivers(HANDLER_ARGS)
2225 {
2226 	struct kinfo_drivers *kd;
2227 	size_t sz, i;
2228 	int rc;
2229 	const char *comma;
2230 
2231 	rc = sysctl(name, namelen, NULL, &sz, NULL, 0);
2232 	if (rc == -1) {
2233 		sysctlerror(1);
2234 		return;
2235 	}
2236 
2237 	if (sz % sizeof(*kd))
2238 		err(1, "bad size %zu for kern.drivers", sz);
2239 
2240 	kd = malloc(sz);
2241 	if (kd == NULL) {
2242 		sysctlerror(1);
2243 		return;
2244 	}
2245 
2246 	rc = sysctl(name, namelen, kd, &sz, NULL, 0);
2247 	if (rc == -1) {
2248 		sysctlerror(1);
2249 		return;
2250 	}
2251 
2252 	comma = "";
2253 	if (!nflag)
2254 		printf("%s%s", sname, eq);
2255 	for (i = 0, sz /= sizeof(*kd); i < sz; i++) {
2256 		(void)printf("%s[%d %d %s]", comma, kd[i].d_cmajor,
2257 		    kd[i].d_bmajor, kd[i].d_name);
2258 		comma = ", ";
2259 	}
2260 	(void)printf("\n");
2261 	free(kd);
2262 }
2263 
2264 /*ARGSUSED*/
2265 static void
2266 kern_cp_id(HANDLER_ARGS)
2267 {
2268 	u_int64_t *cp_id;
2269 	size_t sz, osz;
2270 	int rc, i, n;
2271 	char s[sizeof("kern.cp_id.nnnnnn")];
2272 	const char *tname;
2273 	struct sysctlnode node = *pnode;
2274 
2275 	/*
2276 	 * three things to do here.
2277 	 * case 1: print a specific cpu id (namelen == 3)
2278 	 * case 2: print all cpu ids separately (Aflag set)
2279 	 * case 3: print all cpu ids on one line
2280 	 */
2281 
2282 	if (namelen == 2) {
2283 		sz = sizeof(n);
2284 		rc = sysctlbyname("hw.ncpu", &n, &sz, NULL, 0);
2285 		if (rc != 0)
2286 			return; /* XXX print an error, eh? */
2287 		sz = n * sizeof(u_int64_t);
2288 	}
2289 	else {
2290 		n = -1; /* Just print one cpu id. */
2291 		sz = sizeof(u_int64_t);
2292 	}
2293 
2294 	cp_id = malloc(sz);
2295 	if (cp_id == NULL) {
2296 		sysctlerror(1);
2297 		return;
2298 	}
2299 
2300 	osz = sz;
2301 	rc = sysctl(name, namelen, cp_id, &osz, NULL, 0);
2302 	if (rc == -1) {
2303 		sysctlerror(1);
2304 		free(cp_id);
2305 		return;
2306 	}
2307 
2308 	/*
2309 	 * Check that we got back what we asked for.
2310 	 */
2311 	if (osz != sz)
2312 		errx(1, "%s: !returned size wrong!", sname);
2313 
2314 	/* pretend for output purposes */
2315 	node.sysctl_flags = SYSCTL_FLAGS(pnode->sysctl_flags) |
2316 		SYSCTL_TYPE(CTLTYPE_QUAD);
2317 
2318 	tname = sname;
2319 	if (namelen == 3)
2320 		display_number(&node, tname, cp_id,
2321 			       sizeof(u_int64_t),
2322 			       DISPLAY_VALUE);
2323 	else if (Aflag) {
2324 		for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
2325 			(void)snprintf(s, sizeof(s), "%s%s%d", sname, sep, i);
2326 			tname = s;
2327 			display_number(&node, tname, &cp_id[i],
2328 				       sizeof(u_int64_t),
2329 				       DISPLAY_VALUE);
2330 	}
2331 	else {
2332 		if (xflag || rflag)
2333 			display_struct(pnode, tname, cp_id, sz, DISPLAY_VALUE);
2334 		else {
2335 			if (!nflag)
2336 				printf("%s: ", tname);
2337 			for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
2338 				if (i)
2339 					printf(", ");
2340 				printf("%d = %" PRIu64, i, cp_id[i]);
2341 			}
2342 			printf("\n");
2343 		}
2344 	}
2345 
2346 	free(cp_id);
2347 }
2348 
2349 /*ARGSUSED*/
2350 static void
2351 vm_loadavg(HANDLER_ARGS)
2352 {
2353 	struct loadavg loadavg;
2354 	size_t sz;
2355 	int rc;
2356 
2357 	sz = sizeof(loadavg);
2358 	rc = sysctl(name, namelen, &loadavg, &sz, NULL, 0);
2359 	if (rc == -1) {
2360 		sysctlerror(1);
2361 		return;
2362 	}
2363 	if (sz != sizeof(loadavg))
2364 		errx(1, "%s: !returned size wrong!", sname);
2365 
2366 	if (xflag || rflag) {
2367 		display_struct(pnode, sname, &loadavg, sz,
2368 			       DISPLAY_VALUE);
2369 		return;
2370 	}
2371 	if (!nflag)
2372 		printf("%s: ", sname);
2373 	printf("%.2f %.2f %.2f\n",
2374 	       (double) loadavg.ldavg[0] / loadavg.fscale,
2375 	       (double) loadavg.ldavg[1] / loadavg.fscale,
2376 	       (double) loadavg.ldavg[2] / loadavg.fscale);
2377 }
2378 
2379 /*ARGSUSED*/
2380 static void
2381 proc_limit(HANDLER_ARGS)
2382 {
2383 	u_quad_t olim, *newp, nlim;
2384 	size_t osz, nsz;
2385 	char *t;
2386 	int rc;
2387 
2388 	if (fn)
2389 		trim_whitespace(value, 3);
2390 
2391 	osz = sizeof(olim);
2392 	if (value != NULL) {
2393 		nsz = sizeof(nlim);
2394 		newp = &nlim;
2395 		if (strcmp(value, "unlimited") == 0)
2396 			nlim = RLIM_INFINITY;
2397 		else {
2398 			errno = 0;
2399 			nlim = strtouq(value, &t, 0);
2400 			if (t == value || *t != '\0' || errno != 0) {
2401 				sysctlperror("%s: '%s' is not a valid limit\n",
2402 					     sname, value);
2403 				EXIT(1);
2404 			}
2405 		}
2406 	}
2407 	else {
2408 		nsz = 0;
2409 		newp = NULL;
2410 	}
2411 
2412 	rc = sysctl(name, namelen, &olim, &osz, newp, nsz);
2413 	if (rc == -1) {
2414 		sysctlerror(newp == NULL);
2415 		return;
2416 	}
2417 
2418 	if (newp && qflag)
2419 		return;
2420 
2421 	if (rflag || xflag || olim != RLIM_INFINITY)
2422 		display_number(pnode, sname, &olim, sizeof(olim),
2423 			       newp ? DISPLAY_OLD : DISPLAY_VALUE);
2424 	else
2425 		display_string(pnode, sname, "unlimited", 10,
2426 			       newp ? DISPLAY_OLD : DISPLAY_VALUE);
2427 
2428 	if (newp) {
2429 		if (rflag || xflag || nlim != RLIM_INFINITY)
2430 			display_number(pnode, sname, &nlim, sizeof(nlim),
2431 				       DISPLAY_NEW);
2432 		else
2433 			display_string(pnode, sname, "unlimited", 10,
2434 				       DISPLAY_NEW);
2435 	}
2436 }
2437 
2438 #ifdef CPU_DISKINFO
2439 /*ARGSUSED*/
2440 static void
2441 machdep_diskinfo(HANDLER_ARGS)
2442 {
2443 	struct disklist *dl;
2444 	struct biosdisk_info *bi;
2445 	struct nativedisk_info *ni;
2446 	int rc;
2447 	size_t sz;
2448 	uint i, b, lim;
2449 
2450 	rc = sysctl(name, namelen, NULL, &sz, NULL, 0);
2451 	if (rc == -1) {
2452 		sysctlerror(1);
2453 		return;
2454 	}
2455 	dl = malloc(sz);
2456 	if (dl == NULL) {
2457 		sysctlerror(1);
2458 		return;
2459 	}
2460 	rc = sysctl(name, namelen, dl, &sz, NULL, 0);
2461 	if (rc == -1) {
2462 		sysctlerror(1);
2463 		return;
2464 	}
2465 
2466 	if (!nflag)
2467 		printf("%s: ", sname);
2468 	lim = dl->dl_nbiosdisks;
2469 	if (lim > MAX_BIOSDISKS)
2470 		lim = MAX_BIOSDISKS;
2471 	for (bi = dl->dl_biosdisks, i = 0; i < lim; bi++, i++)
2472 		printf("%x:%" PRIu64 "(%d/%d/%d),%x ",
2473 		       bi->bi_dev, bi->bi_lbasecs,
2474 		       bi->bi_cyl, bi->bi_head, bi->bi_sec,
2475 		       bi->bi_flags);
2476 	lim = dl->dl_nnativedisks;
2477 	ni = dl->dl_nativedisks;
2478 	bi = dl->dl_biosdisks;
2479 	/* LINTED -- pointer casts are tedious */
2480 	if ((char *)&ni[lim] != (char *)dl + sz) {
2481 		sysctlperror("%s: size mismatch\n", gsname);
2482 		return;
2483 	}
2484 	for (i = 0; i < lim; ni++, i++) {
2485 		char t = ':';
2486 		printf(" %.*s", (int)sizeof ni->ni_devname,
2487 		       ni->ni_devname);
2488 		for (b = 0; b < (unsigned int)ni->ni_nmatches; t = ',', b++)
2489 			printf("%c%x", t,
2490 			       bi[ni->ni_biosmatches[b]].bi_dev);
2491 	}
2492 	printf("\n");
2493 	free(dl);
2494 }
2495 #endif /* CPU_DISKINFO */
2496 
2497 /*ARGSUSED*/
2498 static void
2499 mode_bits(HANDLER_ARGS)
2500 {
2501 	char buf[12], outbuf[100];
2502 	int o, m, *newp, rc;
2503 	size_t osz, nsz;
2504 	mode_t om, mm;
2505 
2506 	if (fn)
2507 		trim_whitespace(value, 3);
2508 
2509 	newp = NULL;
2510 	osz = sizeof(o);
2511 	if (value != NULL) {
2512 		void *foo;
2513 		int tt;
2514 		size_t ttsz = sizeof(tt);
2515 		mode_t old_umask;
2516 
2517 		nsz = sizeof(m);
2518 		newp = &m;
2519 		errno = 0;
2520 		rc = sysctl(name, namelen, &tt, &ttsz, NULL, 0);
2521 		if (rc == -1) {
2522 			sysctlperror("%s: failed query\n", sname);
2523 			return;
2524 		}
2525 
2526 		old_umask = umask(0);
2527 		foo = setmode(value);
2528 		umask(old_umask);
2529 		if (foo == NULL) {
2530 			sysctlperror("%s: '%s' is an invalid mode\n", sname,
2531 				     value);
2532 			EXIT(1);
2533 		}
2534 		old_umask = umask(0);
2535 		m = getmode(foo, (mode_t)tt);
2536 		umask(old_umask);
2537 		if (errno) {
2538 			sysctlperror("%s: '%s' is an invalid mode\n", sname,
2539 				     value);
2540 			EXIT(1);
2541 		}
2542 	}
2543 	else {
2544 		nsz = 0;
2545 		newp = NULL;
2546 	}
2547 
2548 	rc = sysctl(name, namelen, &o, &osz, newp, nsz);
2549 	if (rc == -1) {
2550 		sysctlerror(newp == NULL);
2551 		return;
2552 	}
2553 
2554 	if (newp && qflag)
2555 		return;
2556 
2557 	om = (mode_t)o;
2558 	mm = (mode_t)m;
2559 
2560 	if (rflag || xflag)
2561 		display_number(pnode, sname, &o, sizeof(o),
2562 			       newp ? DISPLAY_OLD : DISPLAY_VALUE);
2563 	else {
2564 		memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
2565 		strmode(om, buf);
2566 		rc = snprintf(outbuf, sizeof(outbuf), "%04o (%s)", om, buf + 1);
2567 		display_string(pnode, sname, outbuf, rc, newp ? DISPLAY_OLD : DISPLAY_VALUE);
2568 	}
2569 
2570 	if (newp) {
2571 		if (rflag || xflag)
2572 			display_number(pnode, sname, &m, sizeof(m),
2573 				       DISPLAY_NEW);
2574 		else {
2575 			memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
2576 			strmode(mm, buf);
2577 			rc = snprintf(outbuf, sizeof(outbuf), "%04o (%s)", mm, buf + 1);
2578 			display_string(pnode, sname, outbuf, rc, DISPLAY_NEW);
2579 		}
2580 	}
2581 }
2582