xref: /netbsd-src/sbin/newfs/newfs.c (revision a5847cc334d9a7029f6352b847e9e8d71a0f9e0c)
1 /*	$NetBSD: newfs.c,v 1.109 2011/03/06 17:08:17 bouyer Exp $	*/
2 
3 /*
4  * Copyright (c) 1983, 1989, 1993, 1994
5  *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
6  *
7  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
8  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
9  * are met:
10  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
11  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
12  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
13  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
14  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
15  * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
16  *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
17  *    without specific prior written permission.
18  *
19  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
20  * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
21  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
22  * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
23  * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
24  * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
25  * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
26  * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
27  * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
28  * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
29  * SUCH DAMAGE.
30  */
31 
32 /*
33  * Copyright (c) 2002 Networks Associates Technology, Inc.
34  * All rights reserved.
35  *
36  * This software was developed for the FreeBSD Project by Marshall
37  * Kirk McKusick and Network Associates Laboratories, the Security
38  * Research Division of Network Associates, Inc. under DARPA/SPAWAR
39  * contract N66001-01-C-8035 ("CBOSS"), as part of the DARPA CHATS
40  * research program
41  *
42  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
43  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
44  * are met:
45  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
46  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
47  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
48  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
49  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
50  * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
51  *    must display the following acknowledgement:
52  *	This product includes software developed by the University of
53  *	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
54  * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
55  *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
56  *    without specific prior written permission.
57  *
58  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
59  * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
60  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
61  * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
62  * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
63  * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
64  * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
65  * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
66  * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
67  * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
68  * SUCH DAMAGE.
69  */
70 
71 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
72 #ifndef lint
73 __COPYRIGHT("@(#) Copyright (c) 1983, 1989, 1993, 1994\
74  The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.");
75 #endif /* not lint */
76 
77 #ifndef lint
78 #if 0
79 static char sccsid[] = "@(#)newfs.c	8.13 (Berkeley) 5/1/95";
80 #else
81 __RCSID("$NetBSD: newfs.c,v 1.109 2011/03/06 17:08:17 bouyer Exp $");
82 #endif
83 #endif /* not lint */
84 
85 /*
86  * newfs: friendly front end to mkfs
87  */
88 #include <sys/param.h>
89 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
90 #include <sys/disklabel.h>
91 #include <sys/disk.h>
92 #include <sys/file.h>
93 #include <sys/mount.h>
94 #include <sys/sysctl.h>
95 #include <sys/wait.h>
96 
97 #include <ufs/ufs/dir.h>
98 #include <ufs/ufs/dinode.h>
99 #include <ufs/ufs/ufsmount.h>
100 #include <ufs/ufs/quota2.h>
101 #include <ufs/ffs/fs.h>
102 
103 #include <ctype.h>
104 #include <disktab.h>
105 #include <err.h>
106 #include <errno.h>
107 #include <grp.h>
108 #include <limits.h>
109 #include <paths.h>
110 #include <pwd.h>
111 #include <signal.h>
112 #include <stdint.h>
113 #include <stdio.h>
114 #include <stdlib.h>
115 #include <string.h>
116 #include <syslog.h>
117 #include <unistd.h>
118 #include <util.h>
119 #include <mntopts.h>
120 
121 #ifdef MFS
122 #include <mountprog.h>
123 #endif
124 
125 #include "dkcksum.h"
126 #include "extern.h"
127 #include "partutil.h"
128 
129 struct mntopt mopts[] = {
130 	MOPT_STDOPTS,
131 	MOPT_ASYNC,
132 	MOPT_UPDATE,
133 	MOPT_GETARGS,
134 	MOPT_NOATIME,
135 	{ .m_option = NULL },
136 };
137 
138 static gid_t mfs_group(const char *);
139 static uid_t mfs_user(const char *);
140 static int64_t strsuftoi64(const char *, const char *, int64_t, int64_t, int *);
141 static void usage(void) __dead;
142 
143 #define	COMPAT			/* allow non-labeled disks */
144 
145 #ifdef COMPAT
146 const char lmsg[] = "%s: can't read disk label; disk type must be specified";
147 #else
148 const char lmsg[] = "%s: can't read disk label";
149 #endif
150 
151 /*
152  * The following two constants set the default block and fragment sizes.
153  * Both constants must be a power of 2 and meet the following constraints:
154  *	MINBSIZE <= DESBLKSIZE <= MAXBSIZE
155  *	sectorsize <= DESFRAGSIZE <= DESBLKSIZE
156  *	DESBLKSIZE / DESFRAGSIZE <= 8
157  */
158 /*
159  * For file systems smaller than SMALL_FSSIZE we use the S_DFL_* defaults,
160  * otherwise if less than MEDIUM_FSSIZE use M_DFL_*, otherwise use
161  * L_DFL_*.
162  */
163 #define	SMALL_FSSIZE	(20*1024*2)
164 #define	S_DFL_FRAGSIZE	512
165 #define	MEDIUM_FSSIZE	(1000*1024*2)
166 #define	M_DFL_FRAGSIZE	1024
167 #define	L_DFL_FRAGSIZE	2048
168 #define	DFL_FRAG_BLK	8
169 
170 /* Apple requires the fragment size to be at least APPLEUFS_DIRBLKSIZ
171  * but the block size cannot be larger than Darwin's PAGE_SIZE.  See
172  * the mount check in Darwin's ffs_mountfs for an explanation.
173  */
174 #define APPLEUFS_DFL_FRAGSIZE APPLEUFS_DIRBLKSIZ /* 1024 */
175 #define APPLEUFS_DFL_BLKSIZE 4096 /* default Darwin PAGE_SIZE */
176 
177 /*
178  * Default sector size.
179  */
180 #define	DFL_SECSIZE	512
181 
182 /*
183  * Default file system size for "mount_mfs swap /dir" case.
184  */
185 #define	DFL_FSSIZE	(8 * 1024 * 1024)
186 
187 /*
188  * MAXBLKPG determines the maximum number of data blocks which are
189  * placed in a single cylinder group. The default is one indirect
190  * block worth of data blocks.
191  */
192 #define	MAXBLKPG_UFS1(bsize)	((bsize) / sizeof(int32_t))
193 #define	MAXBLKPG_UFS2(bsize)	((bsize) / sizeof(int64_t))
194 
195 /*
196  * Each file system has a number of inodes statically allocated.
197  * We allocate one inode slot per NFPI fragments, expecting this
198  * to be far more than we will ever need.
199  */
200 #define	NFPI		4
201 
202 
203 int	mfs;			/* run as the memory based filesystem */
204 int	Gflag;			/* allow garbage parameters (for testing) */
205 int	Nflag;			/* run without writing file system */
206 int	Oflag = 1;		/* format as an 4.3BSD file system */
207 int	verbosity;		/* amount of printf() output */
208 #define DEFAULT_VERBOSITY 3	/* 4 is traditional behavior */
209 int64_t	fssize;			/* file system size */
210 int	sectorsize;		/* bytes/sector */
211 int	fsize = 0;		/* fragment size */
212 int	bsize = 0;		/* block size */
213 int	maxbsize = 0;		/* maximum clustering */
214 int	minfree = MINFREE;	/* free space threshold */
215 int	opt = DEFAULTOPT;	/* optimization preference (space or time) */
216 int	density;		/* number of bytes per inode */
217 int	num_inodes;		/* number of inodes (overrides density) */
218 int	maxcontig = 0;		/* max contiguous blocks to allocate */
219 int	maxbpg;			/* maximum blocks per file in a cyl group */
220 int	avgfilesize = AVFILESIZ;/* expected average file size */
221 int	avgfpdir = AFPDIR;	/* expected number of files per directory */
222 int	mntflags = 0;		/* flags to be passed to mount */
223 u_long	memleft;		/* virtual memory available */
224 caddr_t	membase;		/* start address of memory based filesystem */
225 int	needswap;		/* Filesystem not in native byte order */
226 char	*disktype = NULL;
227 int	unlabeled;
228 char *appleufs_volname = 0; /* Apple UFS volume name */
229 int isappleufs = 0;
230 int quotas = 0;
231 
232 char	device[MAXPATHLEN];
233 
234 int
235 main(int argc, char *argv[])
236 {
237 	struct disk_geom geo;
238 	struct dkwedge_info dkw;
239 	struct statvfs *mp;
240 	struct stat sb;
241 	int ch, fsi, fso, len, n, Fflag, Iflag, Zflag;
242 	char *cp, *s1, *s2, *special;
243 	const char *opstring;
244 	int byte_sized = 0;
245 #ifdef MFS
246 	struct mfs_args args;
247 	char mountfromname[100];
248 	char mounttoname[MAXPATHLEN];
249 	pid_t pid, res;
250 	struct statvfs sf;
251 	int status;
252 #endif
253 	mode_t mfsmode = 01777;	/* default mode for a /tmp-type directory */
254 	uid_t mfsuid = 0;	/* user root */
255 	gid_t mfsgid = 0;	/* group wheel */
256 	mntoptparse_t mo;
257 
258 	cp = NULL;
259 	fsi = fso = -1;
260 	Fflag = Iflag = Zflag = 0;
261 	verbosity = -1;
262 	if (strstr(getprogname(), "mfs")) {
263 		mfs = 1;
264 	} else {
265 		/* Undocumented, for ease of testing */
266 		if (argv[1] != NULL && !strcmp(argv[1], "-mfs")) {
267 			argv++;
268 			argc--;
269 			mfs = 1;
270 		}
271 	}
272 
273 	opstring = mfs ?
274 	    "NT:V:a:b:d:e:f:g:h:i:m:n:o:p:q:s:u:" :
275 	    "B:FGINO:S:T:V:Za:b:d:e:f:g:h:i:l:m:n:o:q:r:s:v:";
276 	while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, opstring)) != -1)
277 		switch (ch) {
278 		case 'B':
279 			if (strcmp(optarg, "be") == 0) {
280 #if BYTE_ORDER == LITTLE_ENDIAN
281 				needswap = 1;
282 #endif
283 			} else if (strcmp(optarg, "le") == 0) {
284 #if BYTE_ORDER == BIG_ENDIAN
285 				needswap = 1;
286 #endif
287 			} else
288 				usage();
289 			break;
290 		case 'F':
291 			Fflag = 1;
292 			break;
293 		case 'G':
294 			fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: -G may create file systems "
295 			    "which cause kernel panics\n");
296 			Gflag = 1;
297 			break;
298 		case 'I':
299 			Iflag = 1;
300 			break;
301 		case 'N':
302 			Nflag = 1;
303 			if (verbosity == -1)
304 				verbosity = DEFAULT_VERBOSITY;
305 			break;
306 		case 'O':
307 			Oflag = strsuftoi64("format", optarg, 0, 2, NULL);
308 			break;
309 		case 'S':
310 			/* XXX: non-512 byte sectors almost certainly don't work. */
311 			sectorsize = strsuftoi64("sector size",
312 			    optarg, 512, 65536, NULL);
313 			if (sectorsize & (sectorsize - 1))
314 				errx(1, "sector size `%s' is not a power of 2.",
315 				    optarg);
316 			break;
317 #ifdef COMPAT
318 		case 'T':
319 			disktype = optarg;
320 			break;
321 #endif
322 		case 'V':
323 			verbosity = strsuftoi64("verbose", optarg, 0, 4, NULL);
324 			break;
325 		case 'Z':
326 			Zflag = 1;
327 			break;
328 		case 'a':
329 			maxcontig = strsuftoi64("maximum contiguous blocks",
330 			    optarg, 1, INT_MAX, NULL);
331 			break;
332 		case 'b':
333 			bsize = strsuftoi64("block size",
334 			    optarg, MINBSIZE, MAXBSIZE, NULL);
335 			break;
336 		case 'd':
337 			maxbsize = strsuftoi64("maximum extent size",
338 			    optarg, 0, INT_MAX, NULL);
339 			break;
340 		case 'e':
341 			maxbpg = strsuftoi64(
342 			    "blocks per file in a cylinder group",
343 			    optarg, 1, INT_MAX, NULL);
344 			break;
345 		case 'f':
346 			fsize = strsuftoi64("fragment size",
347 			    optarg, 1, MAXBSIZE, NULL);
348 			break;
349 		case 'g':
350 			if (mfs)
351 				mfsgid = mfs_group(optarg);
352 			else {
353 				avgfilesize = strsuftoi64("average file size",
354 				    optarg, 1, INT_MAX, NULL);
355 			}
356 			break;
357 		case 'h':
358 			avgfpdir = strsuftoi64("expected files per directory",
359 			    optarg, 1, INT_MAX, NULL);
360 			break;
361 		case 'i':
362 			density = strsuftoi64("bytes per inode",
363 			    optarg, 1, INT_MAX, NULL);
364 			break;
365 		case 'm':
366 			minfree = strsuftoi64("free space %",
367 			    optarg, 0, 99, NULL);
368 			break;
369 		case 'n':
370 			num_inodes = strsuftoi64("number of inodes",
371 			    optarg, 1, INT_MAX, NULL);
372 			break;
373 		case 'o':
374 			if (mfs) {
375 				mo = getmntopts(optarg, mopts, &mntflags, 0);
376 				if (mo == NULL)
377 					err(1, "getmntopts");
378 				freemntopts(mo);
379 			} else {
380 				if (strcmp(optarg, "space") == 0)
381 					opt = FS_OPTSPACE;
382 				else if (strcmp(optarg, "time") == 0)
383 					opt = FS_OPTTIME;
384 				else
385 				    errx(1, "%s %s",
386 					"unknown optimization preference: ",
387 					"use `space' or `time'.");
388 			}
389 			break;
390 		case 'q':
391 			if      (strcmp(optarg, "user") == 0)
392 				quotas |= FS_Q2_DO_TYPE(USRQUOTA);
393 			else if (strcmp(optarg, "group") == 0)
394 				quotas |= FS_Q2_DO_TYPE(GRPQUOTA);
395 			else
396 				errx(1, "invalid quota type %s", optarg);
397 			break;
398 		case 'p':
399 			/* mfs only */
400 			if ((mfsmode = strtol(optarg, NULL, 8)) <= 0)
401 				errx(1, "bad mode `%s'", optarg);
402 			break;
403 		case 's':
404 			fssize = strsuftoi64("file system size",
405 			    optarg, INT64_MIN, INT64_MAX, &byte_sized);
406 			break;
407 		case 'u':
408 			/* mfs only */
409 			mfsuid = mfs_user(optarg);
410 			break;
411 		case 'v':
412 			appleufs_volname = optarg;
413 			if (strchr(appleufs_volname, ':') || strchr(appleufs_volname, '/'))
414 				errx(1,"Apple UFS volume name cannot contain ':' or '/'");
415 			if (appleufs_volname[0] == '\0')
416 				errx(1,"Apple UFS volume name cannot be zero length");
417 			isappleufs = 1;
418 			break;
419 		case '?':
420 		default:
421 			usage();
422 		}
423 	argc -= optind;
424 	argv += optind;
425 
426 	if (Oflag < 1 && quotas != 0)
427 		errx(1, "in-filesystem quota is incompatible with -O0");
428 
429 	if (verbosity == -1)
430 		/* Default to not showing CG info if mfs */
431 		verbosity = mfs ? 0 : DEFAULT_VERBOSITY;
432 
433 #ifdef MFS
434 	/* This is enough to get through the correct kernel code paths */
435 	memset(&args, 0, sizeof args);
436 	args.fspec = mountfromname;
437 	if (mntflags & (MNT_GETARGS | MNT_UPDATE)) {
438 		if ((mntflags & MNT_GETARGS) == 0)
439 			mntflags |= MNT_ASYNC;
440 		if (mount(MOUNT_MFS, argv[1], mntflags,
441 		    &args, sizeof args) == -1)
442 			err(1, "mount `%s' failed", argv[1]);
443 		if (mntflags & MNT_GETARGS)
444 			printf("base=%p, size=%ld\n", args.base, args.size);
445 		exit(0);
446 	}
447 #endif
448 
449 	if (argc != 2 && (mfs || argc != 1))
450 		usage();
451 
452 	memset(&sb, 0, sizeof sb);
453 	memset(&dkw, 0, sizeof dkw);
454 	special = argv[0];
455 	if (Fflag || mfs) {
456 		/*
457 		 * It's a file system image or an MFS,
458 		 * no label, use fixed default for sectorsize.
459 		 */
460 		if (sectorsize == 0)
461 			sectorsize = DFL_SECSIZE;
462 
463 		if (mfs) {
464 			/*
465 			 * Default filesystem size to that of supplied device,
466 			 * and fall back to 8M
467 			 */
468 			if (fssize == 0)
469 				if (stat(special, &sb) == -1)
470 					fssize = DFL_FSSIZE / sectorsize;
471 		} else {
472 			/* creating image in a regular file */
473 			int fl;
474 			if (Nflag)
475 				fl = O_RDONLY;
476 			else {
477 				if (fssize > 0)
478 					fl = O_RDWR | O_CREAT;
479 				else
480 					fl = O_RDWR;
481 			}
482 			fsi = open(special, fl, 0777);
483 			if (fsi == -1)
484 				err(1, "can't open file %s", special);
485 			if (fstat(fsi, &sb) == -1)
486 				err(1, "can't fstat opened %s", special);
487 			if (!Nflag)
488 				fso = fsi;
489 		}
490 	} else {	/* !Fflag && !mfs */
491 		fsi = opendisk(special, O_RDONLY, device, sizeof(device), 0);
492 		special = device;
493 		if (fsi < 0 || fstat(fsi, &sb) == -1)
494 			err(1, "%s: open for read", special);
495 		if (S_ISBLK(sb.st_mode)) {
496 			errx(1, "%s is a block device. use raw device",
497 			    special);
498 		}
499 
500 		if (!Nflag) {
501 			fso = open(special, O_WRONLY, 0);
502 			if (fso < 0)
503 				err(1, "%s: open for write", special);
504 
505 			/* Bail if target special is mounted */
506 			n = getmntinfo(&mp, MNT_NOWAIT);
507 			if (n == 0)
508 				err(1, "%s: getmntinfo", special);
509 
510 			len = sizeof(_PATH_DEV) - 1;
511 			s1 = special;
512 			if (strncmp(_PATH_DEV, s1, len) == 0)
513 				s1 += len;
514 
515 			while (--n >= 0) {
516 				s2 = mp->f_mntfromname;
517 				if (strncmp(_PATH_DEV, s2, len) == 0) {
518 					s2 += len - 1;
519 					*s2 = 'r';
520 				}
521 				if (strcmp(s1, s2) == 0 ||
522 				    strcmp(s1, &s2[1]) == 0)
523 					errx(1, "%s is mounted on %s",
524 					    special, mp->f_mntonname);
525 				++mp;
526 			}
527 		}
528 
529 #ifdef COMPAT
530 		if (disktype == NULL)
531 			disktype = argv[1];
532 #endif
533 		if (getdiskinfo(special, fsi, disktype, &geo, &dkw) == -1)
534 			errx(1, lmsg, special);
535 		unlabeled = disktype != NULL;
536 
537 		if (sectorsize == 0) {
538 			sectorsize = geo.dg_secsize;
539 			if (sectorsize <= 0)
540 				errx(1, "no default sector size");
541 		}
542 
543 		if (dkw.dkw_parent[0]) {
544 			if (dkw.dkw_size == 0)
545 				errx(1, "%s partition is unavailable", special);
546 
547 			if (strcmp(dkw.dkw_ptype, DKW_PTYPE_APPLEUFS) == 0)
548 				isappleufs = 1;
549 
550 			if (!Iflag) {
551 				static const char m[] =
552 				    "%s partition type is not `%s'";
553 				if (isappleufs) {
554 					if (strcmp(dkw.dkw_ptype,
555 					    DKW_PTYPE_APPLEUFS))
556 						errx(1, m,
557 						    special, "Apple UFS");
558 				} else {
559 					if (strcmp(dkw.dkw_ptype,
560 					    DKW_PTYPE_FFS))
561 						errx(1, m, special, "4.2BSD");
562 				}
563 			}
564 		}	/* !Fflag && !mfs */
565 	}
566 
567 	if (byte_sized)
568 		fssize /= sectorsize;
569 	if (fssize <= 0) {
570 		if (sb.st_size != 0)
571 			fssize += sb.st_size / sectorsize;
572 		else
573 			fssize += dkw.dkw_size;
574 		if (fssize <= 0)
575 			errx(1, "Unable to determine file system size");
576 	}
577 
578 	if (dkw.dkw_parent[0] && (uint64_t)fssize > dkw.dkw_size)
579 		errx(1, "size %" PRIu64 " exceeds maximum file system size on "
580 		    "`%s' of %" PRIu64 " sectors",
581 		    fssize, special, dkw.dkw_size);
582 
583 	/* XXXLUKEM: only ftruncate() regular files ? (dsl: or at all?) */
584 	if (Fflag && fso != -1
585 	    && ftruncate(fso, (off_t)fssize * sectorsize) == -1)
586 		err(1, "can't ftruncate %s to %" PRId64, special, fssize);
587 
588 	if (Zflag && fso != -1) {	/* pre-zero (and de-sparce) the file */
589 		char	*buf;
590 		int	bufsize, i;
591 		off_t	bufrem;
592 		struct statvfs sfs;
593 
594 		if (fstatvfs(fso, &sfs) == -1) {
595 			warn("can't fstatvfs `%s'", special);
596 			bufsize = 8192;
597 		} else
598 			bufsize = sfs.f_iosize;
599 
600 		if ((buf = calloc(1, bufsize)) == NULL)
601 			err(1, "can't malloc buffer of %d",
602 			bufsize);
603 		bufrem = fssize * sectorsize;
604 		if (verbosity > 0)
605 			printf( "Creating file system image in `%s', "
606 			    "size %lld bytes, in %d byte chunks.\n",
607 			    special, (long long)bufrem, bufsize);
608 		while (bufrem > 0) {
609 			i = write(fso, buf, MIN(bufsize, bufrem));
610 			if (i == -1)
611 				err(1, "writing image");
612 			bufrem -= i;
613 		}
614 		free(buf);
615 	}
616 
617 	/* Sort out fragment and block sizes */
618 	if (fsize == 0) {
619 		fsize = bsize / DFL_FRAG_BLK;
620 		if (fsize <= 0) {
621 			if (isappleufs) {
622 				fsize = APPLEUFS_DFL_FRAGSIZE;
623 			} else {
624 				if (fssize < SMALL_FSSIZE)
625 					fsize = S_DFL_FRAGSIZE;
626 				else if (fssize < MEDIUM_FSSIZE)
627 					fsize = M_DFL_FRAGSIZE;
628 				else
629 					fsize = L_DFL_FRAGSIZE;
630 				if (fsize < sectorsize)
631 					fsize = sectorsize;
632 			}
633 		}
634 	}
635 	if (bsize <= 0) {
636 		if (isappleufs)
637 			bsize = APPLEUFS_DFL_BLKSIZE;
638 		else
639 			bsize = DFL_FRAG_BLK * fsize;
640 	}
641 
642 	if (isappleufs && (fsize < APPLEUFS_DFL_FRAGSIZE)) {
643 		warnx("Warning: chosen fsize of %d is less than Apple UFS minimum of %d",
644 			fsize, APPLEUFS_DFL_FRAGSIZE);
645 	}
646 	if (isappleufs && (bsize > APPLEUFS_DFL_BLKSIZE)) {
647 		warnx("Warning: chosen bsize of %d is greater than Apple UFS maximum of %d",
648 			bsize, APPLEUFS_DFL_BLKSIZE);
649 	}
650 
651 	/*
652 	 * Maxcontig sets the default for the maximum number of blocks
653 	 * that may be allocated sequentially. With filesystem clustering
654 	 * it is possible to allocate contiguous blocks up to the maximum
655 	 * transfer size permitted by the controller or buffering.
656 	 */
657 	if (maxcontig == 0)
658 		maxcontig = MAX(1, MIN(MAXPHYS, MAXBSIZE) / bsize);
659 	if (density == 0)
660 		density = NFPI * fsize;
661 	if (minfree < MINFREE && opt != FS_OPTSPACE) {
662 		warnx("%s %s %d%%", "Warning: changing optimization to space",
663 		    "because minfree is less than", MINFREE);
664 		opt = FS_OPTSPACE;
665 	}
666 	if (maxbpg == 0) {
667 		if (Oflag <= 1)
668 			maxbpg = MAXBLKPG_UFS1(bsize);
669 		else
670 			maxbpg = MAXBLKPG_UFS2(bsize);
671 	}
672 	mkfs(special, fsi, fso, mfsmode, mfsuid, mfsgid);
673 	if (fsi != -1 && fsi != fso)
674 		close(fsi);
675 	if (fso != -1)
676 		close(fso);
677 #ifdef MFS
678 	if (mfs) {
679 
680 		pathadj(argv[1], mounttoname);
681 		switch (pid = fork()) {
682 		case -1:
683 			perror("mfs");
684 			exit(10);
685 		case 0:
686 			(void)snprintf(mountfromname, sizeof(mountfromname),
687 			    "mfs:%d", getpid());
688 			break;
689 		default:
690 			(void)snprintf(mountfromname, sizeof(mountfromname),
691 			    "mfs:%d", pid);
692 			for (;;) {
693 				/*
694 				 * spin until the mount succeeds
695 				 * or the child exits
696 				 */
697 				usleep(1);
698 
699 				/*
700 				 * XXX Here is a race condition: another process
701 				 * can mount a filesystem which hides our
702 				 * ramdisk before we see the success.
703 				 */
704 				if (statvfs(mounttoname, &sf) < 0)
705 					err(88, "statvfs %s", mounttoname);
706 				if (!strcmp(sf.f_mntfromname, mountfromname) &&
707 				    !strncmp(sf.f_mntonname, mounttoname,
708 					     MNAMELEN) &&
709 				    !strcmp(sf.f_fstypename, "mfs"))
710 					exit(0);
711 
712 				res = waitpid(pid, &status, WNOHANG);
713 				if (res == -1)
714 					err(11, "waitpid");
715 				if (res != pid)
716 					continue;
717 				if (WIFEXITED(status)) {
718 					if (WEXITSTATUS(status) == 0)
719 						exit(0);
720 					errx(1, "%s: mount: %s", mounttoname,
721 					     strerror(WEXITSTATUS(status)));
722 				} else
723 					errx(11, "abnormal termination");
724 			}
725 			/* NOTREACHED */
726 		}
727 
728 		(void) setsid();
729 		(void) close(0);
730 		(void) close(1);
731 		(void) close(2);
732 		(void) chdir("/");
733 
734 		args.base = membase;
735 		args.size = fssize * sectorsize;
736 		if (mount(MOUNT_MFS, mounttoname, mntflags | MNT_ASYNC,
737 		    &args, sizeof args) == -1)
738 			exit(errno); /* parent prints message */
739 	}
740 #endif
741 	exit(0);
742 }
743 
744 static gid_t
745 mfs_group(const char *gname)
746 {
747 	struct group *gp;
748 
749 	if (!(gp = getgrnam(gname)) && !isdigit((unsigned char)*gname))
750 		errx(1, "unknown gname %s", gname);
751 	return gp ? gp->gr_gid : (gid_t)atoi(gname);
752 }
753 
754 static uid_t
755 mfs_user(const char *uname)
756 {
757 	struct passwd *pp;
758 
759 	if (!(pp = getpwnam(uname)) && !isdigit((unsigned char)*uname))
760 		errx(1, "unknown user %s", uname);
761 	return pp ? pp->pw_uid : (uid_t)atoi(uname);
762 }
763 
764 static int64_t
765 strsuftoi64(const char *desc, const char *arg, int64_t min, int64_t max, int *num_suffix)
766 {
767 	int64_t result, r1;
768 	int shift = 0;
769 	char	*ep;
770 
771 	errno = 0;
772 	r1 = strtoll(arg, &ep, 10);
773 	if (ep[0] != '\0' && ep[1] != '\0')
774 		errx(1, "%s `%s' is not a valid number.", desc, arg);
775 	switch (ep[0]) {
776 	case '\0':
777 	case 's': case 'S':
778 		if (num_suffix != NULL)
779 			*num_suffix = 0;
780 		break;
781 	case 't': case 'T':
782 		shift += 10;
783 		/* FALLTHROUGH */
784 	case 'g': case 'G':
785 		shift += 10;
786 		/* FALLTHROUGH */
787 	case 'm': case 'M':
788 		shift += 10;
789 		/* FALLTHROUGH */
790 	case 'k': case 'K':
791 		shift += 10;
792 		/* FALLTHROUGH */
793 	case 'b': case 'B':
794 		if (num_suffix != NULL)
795 			*num_suffix = 1;
796 		break;
797 	default:
798 		errx(1, "`%s' is not a valid suffix for %s.", ep, desc);
799 	}
800 	result = r1 << shift;
801 	if (errno == ERANGE || result >> shift != r1)
802 		errx(1, "%s `%s' is too large to convert.", desc, arg);
803 	if (result < min) {
804 		if (Gflag) {
805 			warnx("%s `%s' (%" PRId64 ") is less than the "
806 			    "minimum (%" PRId64 ").", desc, arg, result, min);
807 		} else {
808 			errx(1, "%s `%s' (%" PRId64 ") is less than the "
809 			    "minimum (%" PRId64 ").", desc, arg, result, min);
810 		}
811 	}
812 	if (result > max) {
813 		if (Gflag) {
814 			warnx("%s `%s' (%" PRId64 ") is greater than the "
815 			    "maximum (%" PRId64 ").", desc, arg, result, max);
816 		} else {
817 			errx(1, "%s `%s' (%" PRId64 ") is greater than the "
818 			    "maximum (%" PRId64 ").", desc, arg, result, max);
819 		}
820 	}
821 	return result;
822 }
823 
824 #define	NEWFS		1
825 #define	MFS_MOUNT	2
826 #define	BOTH		NEWFS | MFS_MOUNT
827 
828 struct help_strings {
829 	int flags;
830 	const char *str;
831 } const help_strings[] = {
832 	{ NEWFS,	"-B byteorder\tbyte order (`be' or `le')" },
833 	{ NEWFS,	"-F \t\tcreate file system image in regular file" },
834 	{ NEWFS,	"-G \t\tmake sanity calculations non-fatal (testing only!)" },
835 	{ NEWFS,	"-I \t\tdo not check that the file system type is '4.2BSD'" },
836 	{ BOTH,		"-N \t\tdo not create file system, just print out "
837 			    "parameters" },
838 	{ NEWFS,	"-O N\t\tfilesystem format: 0 => 4.3BSD, 1 => FFSv1, 2 => FFSv2" },
839 	{ NEWFS,	"-S secsize\tsector size" },
840 #ifdef COMPAT
841 	{ NEWFS,	"-T disktype\tdisk type" },
842 #endif
843 	{ BOTH,		"-V verbose\toutput verbosity: 0 ==> none, 4 ==> max" },
844 	{ NEWFS,	"-Z \t\tpre-zero the image file" },
845 	{ BOTH,		"-a maxcontig\tmaximum contiguous blocks" },
846 	{ BOTH,		"-b bsize\tblock size" },
847 	{ BOTH,		"-d maxbsize\tmaximum extent size" },
848 	{ BOTH,		"-e maxbpg\tmaximum blocks per file in a cylinder group"
849 			    },
850 	{ BOTH,		"-f fsize\tfrag size" },
851 	{ NEWFS,	"-g avgfilesize\taverage file size" },
852 	{ MFS_MOUNT,	"-g groupname\tgroup name of mount point" },
853 	{ BOTH,		"-h avgfpdir\taverage files per directory" },
854 	{ BOTH,		"-i density\tnumber of bytes per inode" },
855 	{ BOTH,		"-m minfree\tminimum free space %%" },
856 	{ BOTH,		"-n inodes\tnumber of inodes (overrides -i density)" },
857 	{ BOTH,		"-o optim\toptimization preference (`space' or `time')"
858 			    },
859 	{ BOTH,		"-q (user|group) enable specified quota" },
860 	{ MFS_MOUNT,	"-p perm\t\tpermissions (in octal)" },
861 	{ BOTH,		"-s fssize\tfile system size (sectors)" },
862 	{ MFS_MOUNT,	"-u username\tuser name of mount point" },
863 	{ NEWFS,	"-v volname\tApple UFS volume name" },
864 	{ 0, NULL }
865 };
866 
867 static void
868 usage(void)
869 {
870 	int match;
871 	const struct help_strings *hs;
872 
873 	if (mfs) {
874 		fprintf(stderr,
875 		    "usage: %s [ fsoptions ] special-device mount-point\n",
876 			getprogname());
877 	} else
878 		fprintf(stderr,
879 		    "usage: %s [ fsoptions ] special-device%s\n",
880 		    getprogname(),
881 #ifdef COMPAT
882 		    " [disk-type]");
883 #else
884 		    "");
885 #endif
886 	fprintf(stderr, "where fsoptions are:\n");
887 
888 	match = mfs ? MFS_MOUNT : NEWFS;
889 	for (hs = help_strings; hs->flags != 0; hs++)
890 		if (hs->flags & match)
891 			fprintf(stderr, "\t%s\n", hs->str);
892 	exit(1);
893 }
894