1This is mpc.info, produced by makeinfo version 5.2 from mpc.texi. 2 3This manual is for GNU MPC, a library for multiple precision complex 4arithmetic, version 1.0.3 of February 2015. 5 6 Copyright (C) 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 72011, 2012 INRIA 8 9 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this 10 document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, 11 Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software 12 Foundation; with no Invariant Sections. A copy of the license is 13 included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License." 14INFO-DIR-SECTION GNU Packages 15START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY 16* mpc: (mpc)Multiple Precision Complex Library. 17END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY 18 19 20File: mpc.info, Node: Top, Next: Copying, Up: (dir) 21 22GNU MPC 23******* 24 25This manual documents how to install and use the GNU Multiple Precision 26Complex Library, version 1.0.3 27 28* Menu: 29 30* Copying:: GNU MPC Copying Conditions (LGPL). 31* Introduction to GNU MPC:: Brief introduction to GNU MPC. 32* Installing GNU MPC:: How to configure and compile the GNU MPC library. 33* Reporting Bugs:: How to usefully report bugs. 34* GNU MPC Basics:: What every GNU MPC user should know. 35* Complex Functions:: Functions for arithmetic on complex numbers. 36* References:: 37* Concept Index:: 38* Function Index:: 39* GNU Free Documentation License:: 40 41 42File: mpc.info, Node: Copying, Next: Introduction to GNU MPC, Prev: Top, Up: Top 43 44GNU MPC Copying Conditions 45************************** 46 47GNU MPC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under 48the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the 49Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at your 50option) any later version. 51 52 GNU MPC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but 53WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 54MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser 55General Public License for more details. 56 57 You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public 58License along with this program. If not, see 59<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. 60 61 62File: mpc.info, Node: Introduction to GNU MPC, Next: Installing GNU MPC, Prev: Copying, Up: Top 63 641 Introduction to GNU MPC 65************************* 66 67GNU MPC is a portable library written in C for arbitrary precision 68arithmetic on complex numbers providing correct rounding. It implements 69a multiprecision equivalent of the C99 standard. It builds upon the GNU 70MP and the GNU MPFR libraries. 71 721.1 How to use this Manual 73========================== 74 75Everyone should read *note GNU MPC Basics::. If you need to install the 76library yourself, you need to read *note Installing GNU MPC::, too. 77 78 The remainder of the manual can be used for later reference, although 79it is probably a good idea to skim through it. 80 81 82File: mpc.info, Node: Installing GNU MPC, Next: Reporting Bugs, Prev: Introduction to GNU MPC, Up: Top 83 842 Installing GNU MPC 85******************** 86 87To build GNU MPC, you first have to install GNU MP (version 4.3.2 or 88higher) and GNU MPFR (version 2.4.2 or higher) on your computer. You 89need a C compiler; GCC version 4.4 or higher is recommended, since GNU 90MPC may trigger a bug in previous versions, see the thread at 91<http://lists.gforge.inria.fr/pipermail/mpc-discuss/2011-February/000823.html>. 92And you need a standard Unix 'make' program, plus some other standard 93Unix utility programs. 94 95 Here are the steps needed to install the library on Unix systems: 96 97 1. 'tar xzf mpc-1.0.3.tar.gz' 98 99 2. 'cd mpc-1.0.3' 100 101 3. './configure' 102 103 if GMP and GNU MPFR are installed into standard directories, that 104 is, directories that are searched by default by the compiler and 105 the linking tools. 106 107 './configure --with-gmp=<gmp_install_dir>' 108 109 is used to indicate a different location where GMP is installed. 110 Alternatively, you can specify directly GMP include and GMP lib 111 directories with './configure --with-gmp-lib=<gmp_lib_dir> 112 --with-gmp-include=<gmp_include_dir>'. 113 114 './configure --with-mpfr=<mpfr_install_dir>' 115 116 is used to indicate a different location where GNU MPFR is 117 installed. Alternatively, you can specify directly GNU MPFR 118 include and GNU MPFR lib directories with './configure 119 --with-mpf-lib=<mpfr_lib_dir> 120 --with-mpfr-include=<mpfr_include_dir>'. 121 122 Another useful parameter is '--prefix', which can be used to 123 specify an alternative installation location instead of 124 '/usr/local'; see 'make install' below. 125 126 To enable checking for memory leaks using 'valgrind' during 'make 127 check', add the parameter '--enable-valgrind-tests'. 128 129 If for debugging purposes you wish to log calls to GNU MPC 130 functions from within your code, add the parameter 131 '--enable-logging'. In your code, replace the inclusion of 'mpc.h' 132 by 'mpc-log.h' and link the executable dynamically. Then all calls 133 to functions with only complex arguments are printed to 'stderr' in 134 the following form: First, the function name is given, followed by 135 its type such as 'c_cc', meaning that the function has one complex 136 result (one 'c' in front of the '_'), computed from two complex 137 arguments (two 'c' after the '_'). Then, the precisions of the 138 real and the imaginary part of the first result is given, followed 139 by the second one and so on. Finally, for each argument, the 140 precisions of its real and imaginary part are specified and the 141 argument itself is printed in hexadecimal via the function 142 'mpc_out_str' (*note String and Stream Input and Output::). The 143 option requires a dynamic library, so it may not be combined with 144 '--disable-shared'. 145 146 Use './configure --help' for an exhaustive list of parameters. 147 148 4. 'make' 149 150 This compiles GNU MPC in the working directory. 151 152 5. 'make check' 153 154 This will make sure GNU MPC was built correctly. 155 156 If you get error messages, please report them to 157 'mpc-discuss@lists.gforge.inria.fr' (*Note Reporting Bugs::, for 158 information on what to include in useful bug reports). 159 160 6. 'make install' 161 162 This will copy the file 'mpc.h' to the directory 163 '/usr/local/include', the file 'libmpc.a' to the directory 164 '/usr/local/lib', and the file 'mpc.info' to the directory 165 '/usr/local/share/info' (or if you passed the '--prefix' option to 166 'configure', using the prefix directory given as argument to 167 '--prefix' instead of '/usr/local'). Note: you need write 168 permissions on these directories. 169 1702.1 Other 'make' Targets 171======================== 172 173There are some other useful make targets: 174 175 * 'info' 176 177 Create an info version of the manual, in 'mpc.info'. 178 179 * 'pdf' 180 181 Create a PDF version of the manual, in 'doc/mpc.pdf'. 182 183 * 'dvi' 184 185 Create a DVI version of the manual, in 'doc/mpc.dvi'. 186 187 * 'ps' 188 189 Create a Postscript version of the manual, in 'doc/mpc.ps'. 190 191 * 'html' 192 193 Create an HTML version of the manual, in several pages in the 194 directory 'doc/mpc.html'; if you want only one output HTML file, 195 then type 'makeinfo --html --no-split mpc.texi' instead. 196 197 * 'clean' 198 199 Delete all object files and archive files, but not the 200 configuration files. 201 202 * 'distclean' 203 204 Delete all files not included in the distribution. 205 206 * 'uninstall' 207 208 Delete all files copied by 'make install'. 209 2102.2 Known Build Problems 211======================== 212 213On AIX, if GMP was built with the 64-bit ABI, before building and 214testing GNU MPC, it might be necessary to set the 'OBJECT_MODE' 215environment variable to 64 by, e.g., 216 217 'export OBJECT_MODE=64' 218 219 This has been tested with the C compiler IBM XL C/C++ Enterprise 220Edition V8.0 for AIX, version: 08.00.0000.0021, GMP 4.2.4 and GNU MPFR 2212.4.1. 222 223 Please report any other problems you encounter to 224'mpc-discuss@lists.gforge.inria.fr'. *Note Reporting Bugs::. 225 226 227File: mpc.info, Node: Reporting Bugs, Next: GNU MPC Basics, Prev: Installing GNU MPC, Up: Top 228 2293 Reporting Bugs 230**************** 231 232If you think you have found a bug in the GNU MPC library, please 233investigate and report it. We have made this library available to you, 234and it is not to ask too much from you, to ask you to report the bugs 235that you find. 236 237 There are a few things you should think about when you put your bug 238report together. 239 240 You have to send us a test case that makes it possible for us to 241reproduce the bug. Include instructions on how to run the test case. 242 243 You also have to explain what is wrong; if you get a crash, or if the 244results printed are incorrect and in that case, in what way. 245 246 Please include compiler version information in your bug report. This 247can be extracted using 'gcc -v', or 'cc -V' on some machines. Also, 248include the output from 'uname -a'. 249 250 If your bug report is good, we will do our best to help you to get a 251corrected version of the library; if the bug report is poor, we will not 252do anything about it (aside of chiding you to send better bug reports). 253 254 Send your bug report to: 'mpc-discuss@lists.gforge.inria.fr'. 255 256 If you think something in this manual is unclear, or downright 257incorrect, or if the language needs to be improved, please send a note 258to the same address. 259 260 261File: mpc.info, Node: GNU MPC Basics, Next: Complex Functions, Prev: Reporting Bugs, Up: Top 262 2634 GNU MPC Basics 264**************** 265 266All declarations needed to use GNU MPC are collected in the include file 267'mpc.h'. It is designed to work with both C and C++ compilers. You 268should include that file in any program using the GNU MPC library by 269adding the line 270 #include "mpc.h" 271 2724.1 Nomenclature and Types 273========================== 274 275"Complex number" or "Complex" for short, is a pair of two arbitrary 276precision floating-point numbers (for the real and imaginary parts). 277The C data type for such objects is 'mpc_t'. 278 279The "Precision" is the number of bits used to represent the mantissa of 280the real and imaginary parts; the corresponding C data type is 281'mpfr_prec_t'. For more details on the allowed precision range, *note 282(mpfr.info)Nomenclature and Types::. 283 284The "rounding mode" specifies the way to round the result of a complex 285operation, in case the exact result can not be represented exactly in 286the destination mantissa; the corresponding C data type is 'mpc_rnd_t'. 287A complex rounding mode is a pair of two rounding modes: one for the 288real part, one for the imaginary part. 289 2904.2 Function Classes 291==================== 292 293There is only one class of functions in the GNU MPC library, namely 294functions for complex arithmetic. The function names begin with 'mpc_'. 295The associated type is 'mpc_t'. 296 2974.3 GNU MPC Variable Conventions 298================================ 299 300As a general rule, all GNU MPC functions expect output arguments before 301input arguments. This notation is based on an analogy with the 302assignment operator. 303 304 GNU MPC allows you to use the same variable for both input and output 305in the same expression. For example, the main function for 306floating-point multiplication, 'mpc_mul', can be used like this: 307'mpc_mul (x, x, x, rnd_mode)'. This computes the square of X with 308rounding mode 'rnd_mode' and puts the result back in X. 309 310 Before you can assign to an GNU MPC variable, you need to initialize 311it by calling one of the special initialization functions. When you are 312done with a variable, you need to clear it out, using one of the 313functions for that purpose. 314 315 A variable should only be initialized once, or at least cleared out 316between each initialization. After a variable has been initialized, it 317may be assigned to any number of times. 318 319 For efficiency reasons, avoid to initialize and clear out a variable 320in loops. Instead, initialize it before entering the loop, and clear it 321out after the loop has exited. 322 323 You do not need to be concerned about allocating additional space for 324GNU MPC variables, since each of its real and imaginary part has a 325mantissa of fixed size. Hence unless you change its precision, or clear 326and reinitialize it, a complex variable will have the same allocated 327space during all its life. 328 3294.4 Rounding Modes 330================== 331 332A complex rounding mode is of the form 'MPC_RNDxy' where 'x' and 'y' are 333one of 'N' (to nearest), 'Z' (towards zero), 'U' (towards plus 334infinity), 'D' (towards minus infinity). The first letter refers to the 335rounding mode for the real part, and the second one for the imaginary 336part. For example 'MPC_RNDZU' indicates to round the real part towards 337zero, and the imaginary part towards plus infinity. 338 339 The 'round to nearest' mode works as in the IEEE P754 standard: in 340case the number to be rounded lies exactly in the middle of two 341representable numbers, it is rounded to the one with the least 342significant bit set to zero. For example, the number 5, which is 343represented by (101) in binary, is rounded to (100)=4 with a precision 344of two bits, and not to (110)=6. 345 3464.5 Return Value 347================ 348 349Most GNU MPC functions have a return value of type 'int', which is used 350to indicate the position of the rounded real and imaginary parts with 351respect to the exact (infinite precision) values. If this integer is 352'i', the macros 'MPC_INEX_RE(i)' and 'MPC_INEX_IM(i)' give 0 if the 353corresponding rounded value is exact, a negative value if the rounded 354value is less than the exact one, and a positive value if it is greater 355than the exact one. Similarly, functions computing a result of type 356'mpfr_t' return an integer that is 0, positive or negative depending on 357whether the rounded value is the same, larger or smaller then the exact 358result. 359 360 Some functions, such as 'mpc_sin_cos', compute two complex results; 361the macros 'MPC_INEX1(i)' and 'MPC_INEX2(i)', applied to the return 362value 'i' of such a function, yield the exactness value corresponding to 363the first or the second computed value, respectively. 364 3654.6 Branch Cuts And Special Values 366================================== 367 368Some complex functions have branch cuts, across which the function is 369discontinous. In GNU MPC, the branch cuts chosen are the same as those 370specified for the corresponding functions in the ISO C99 standard. 371 372 Likewise, when evaluated at a point whose real or imaginary part is 373either infinite or a NaN or a signed zero, a function returns the same 374value as those specified for the corresponding function in the ISO C99 375standard. 376 377 378File: mpc.info, Node: Complex Functions, Next: References, Prev: GNU MPC Basics, Up: Top 379 3805 Complex Functions 381******************* 382 383The complex functions expect arguments of type 'mpc_t'. 384 385 The GNU MPC floating-point functions have an interface that is 386similar to the GNU MP integer functions. The function prefix for 387operations on complex numbers is 'mpc_'. 388 389 The precision of a computation is defined as follows: Compute the 390requested operation exactly (with "infinite precision"), and round the 391result to the destination variable precision with the given rounding 392mode. 393 394 The GNU MPC complex functions are intended to be a smooth extension 395of the IEEE P754 arithmetic. The results obtained on one computer 396should not differ from the results obtained on a computer with a 397different word size. 398 399* Menu: 400 401* Initializing Complex Numbers:: 402* Assigning Complex Numbers:: 403* Converting Complex Numbers:: 404* String and Stream Input and Output:: 405* Complex Comparison:: 406* Projection & Decomposing:: 407* Basic Arithmetic:: 408* Power Functions and Logarithm:: 409* Trigonometric Functions:: 410* Miscellaneous Complex Functions:: 411* Advanced Functions:: 412* Internals:: 413 414 415File: mpc.info, Node: Initializing Complex Numbers, Next: Assigning Complex Numbers, Up: Complex Functions 416 4175.1 Initialization Functions 418============================ 419 420An 'mpc_t' object must be initialized before storing the first value in 421it. The functions 'mpc_init2' and 'mpc_init3' are used for that 422purpose. 423 424 -- Function: void mpc_init2 (mpc_t Z, mpfr_prec_t PREC) 425 Initialize Z to precision PREC bits and set its real and imaginary 426 parts to NaN. Normally, a variable should be initialized once only 427 or at least be cleared, using 'mpc_clear', between initializations. 428 429 -- Function: void mpc_init3 (mpc_t Z, mpfr_prec_t PREC_R, mpfr_prec_t 430 PREC_I) 431 Initialize Z with the precision of its real part being PREC_R bits 432 and the precision of its imaginary part being PREC_I bits, and set 433 the real and imaginary parts to NaN. 434 435 -- Function: void mpc_clear (mpc_t Z) 436 Free the space occupied by Z. Make sure to call this function for 437 all 'mpc_t' variables when you are done with them. 438 439 Here is an example on how to initialize complex variables: 440 { 441 mpc_t x, y; 442 mpc_init2 (x, 256); /* precision _exactly_ 256 bits */ 443 mpc_init3 (y, 100, 50); /* 100/50 bits for the real/imaginary part */ 444 ... 445 mpc_clear (x); 446 mpc_clear (y); 447 } 448 449 The following function is useful for changing the precision during a 450calculation. A typical use would be for adjusting the precision 451gradually in iterative algorithms like Newton-Raphson, making the 452computation precision closely match the actual accurate part of the 453numbers. 454 455 -- Function: void mpc_set_prec (mpc_t X, mpfr_prec_t PREC) 456 Reset the precision of X to be *exactly* PREC bits, and set its 457 real/imaginary parts to NaN. The previous value stored in X is 458 lost. It is equivalent to a call to 'mpc_clear(x)' followed by a 459 call to 'mpc_init2(x, prec)', but more efficient as no allocation 460 is done in case the current allocated space for the mantissa of X 461 is sufficient. 462 463 -- Function: mpfr_prec_t mpc_get_prec (mpc_t X) 464 If the real and imaginary part of X have the same precision, it is 465 returned, otherwise, 0 is returned. 466 467 -- Function: void mpc_get_prec2 (mpfr_prec_t* PR, mpfr_prec_t* PI, 468 mpc_t X) 469 Returns the precision of the real part of X via PR and of its 470 imaginary part via PI. 471 472 473File: mpc.info, Node: Assigning Complex Numbers, Next: Converting Complex Numbers, Prev: Initializing Complex Numbers, Up: Complex Functions 474 4755.2 Assignment Functions 476======================== 477 478These functions assign new values to already initialized complex numbers 479(*note Initializing Complex Numbers::). When using any functions with 480'intmax_t' or 'uintmax_t' parameters, you must include '<stdint.h>' or 481'<inttypes.h>' _before_ 'mpc.h', to allow 'mpc.h' to define prototypes 482for these functions. Similarly, functions with parameters of type 483'complex' or 'long complex' are defined only if '<complex.h>' is 484included _before_ 'mpc.h'. If you need assignment functions that are 485not in the current API, you can define them using the 'MPC_SET_X_Y' 486macro (*note Advanced Functions::). 487 488 -- Function: int mpc_set (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP, mpc_rnd_t RND) 489 Set the value of ROP from OP, rounded to the precision of ROP with 490 the given rounding mode RND. 491 492 -- Function: int mpc_set_ui (mpc_t ROP, unsigned long int OP, mpc_rnd_t 493 RND) 494 -- Function: int mpc_set_si (mpc_t ROP, long int OP, mpc_rnd_t RND) 495 -- Function: int mpc_set_uj (mpc_t ROP, uintmax_t OP, mpc_rnd_t RND) 496 -- Function: int mpc_set_sj (mpc_t ROP, intmax_t OP, mpc_rnd_t RND) 497 -- Function: int mpc_set_d (mpc_t ROP, double OP, mpc_rnd_t RND) 498 -- Function: int mpc_set_ld (mpc_t ROP, long double OP, mpc_rnd_t RND) 499 -- Function: int mpc_set_dc (mpc_t ROP, double _Complex OP, mpc_rnd_t 500 RND) 501 -- Function: int mpc_set_ldc (mpc_t ROP, long double _Complex OP, 502 mpc_rnd_t RND) 503 -- Function: int mpc_set_z (mpc_t ROP, mpz_t OP mpc_rnd_t RND) 504 -- Function: int mpc_set_q (mpc_t ROP, mpq_t OP mpc_rnd_t RND) 505 -- Function: int mpc_set_f (mpc_t ROP, mpf_t OP mpc_rnd_t RND) 506 -- Function: int mpc_set_fr (mpc_t ROP, mpfr_t OP, mpc_rnd_t RND) 507 Set the value of ROP from OP, rounded to the precision of ROP with 508 the given rounding mode RND. The argument OP is interpreted as 509 real, so the imaginary part of ROP is set to zero with a positive 510 sign. Please note that even a 'long int' may have to be rounded, 511 if the destination precision is less than the machine word width. 512 For 'mpc_set_d', be careful that the input number OP may not be 513 exactly representable as a double-precision number (this happens 514 for 0.1 for instance), in which case it is first rounded by the C 515 compiler to a double-precision number, and then only to a complex 516 number. 517 518 -- Function: int mpc_set_ui_ui (mpc_t ROP, unsigned long int OP1, 519 unsigned long int OP2, mpc_rnd_t RND) 520 -- Function: int mpc_set_si_si (mpc_t ROP, long int OP1, long int OP2, 521 mpc_rnd_t RND) 522 -- Function: int mpc_set_uj_uj (mpc_t ROP, uintmax_t OP1, uintmax_t 523 OP2, mpc_rnd_t RND) 524 -- Function: int mpc_set_sj_sj (mpc_t ROP, intmax_t OP1, intmax_t OP2, 525 mpc_rnd_t RND) 526 -- Function: int mpc_set_d_d (mpc_t ROP, double OP1, double OP2, 527 mpc_rnd_t RND) 528 -- Function: int mpc_set_ld_ld (mpc_t ROP, long double OP1, long double 529 OP2, mpc_rnd_t RND) 530 -- Function: int mpc_set_z_z (mpc_t ROP, mpz_t OP1, mpz_t OP2, 531 mpc_rnd_t RND) 532 -- Function: int mpc_set_q_q (mpc_t ROP, mpq_t OP1, mpq_t OP2, 533 mpc_rnd_t RND) 534 -- Function: int mpc_set_f_f (mpc_t ROP, mpf_t OP1, mpf_t OP2, 535 mpc_rnd_t RND) 536 -- Function: int mpc_set_fr_fr (mpc_t ROP, mpfr_t OP1, mpfr_t OP2, 537 mpc_rnd_t RND) 538 Set the real part of ROP from OP1, and its imaginary part from OP2, 539 according to the rounding mode RND. 540 541 Beware that the behaviour of 'mpc_set_fr_fr' is undefined if OP1 or 542 OP2 is a pointer to the real or imaginary part of ROP. To exchange 543 the real and the imaginary part of a complex number, either use 544 'mpfr_swap (mpc_realref (rop), mpc_imagref (rop))', which also 545 exchanges the precisions of the two parts; or use a temporary 546 variable. 547 548 For functions assigning complex variables from strings or input 549streams, *note String and Stream Input and Output::. 550 551 -- Function: void mpc_set_nan (mpc_t ROP) 552 Set ROP to Nan+i*NaN. 553 554 -- Function: void mpc_swap (mpc_t OP1, mpc_t OP2) 555 Swap the values of OP1 and OP2 efficiently. Warning: The 556 precisions are exchanged, too; in case these are different, 557 'mpc_swap' is thus not equivalent to three 'mpc_set' calls using a 558 third auxiliary variable. 559 560 561File: mpc.info, Node: Converting Complex Numbers, Next: String and Stream Input and Output, Prev: Assigning Complex Numbers, Up: Complex Functions 562 5635.3 Conversion Functions 564======================== 565 566The following functions are available only if '<complex.h>' is included 567_before_ 'mpc.h'. 568 569 -- Function: double _Complex mpc_get_dc (mpc_t OP, mpc_rnd_t RND) 570 -- Function: long double _Complex mpc_get_ldc (mpc_t OP, mpc_rnd_t RND) 571 Convert OP to a C complex number, using the rounding mode RND. 572 573 For functions converting complex variables to strings or stream 574output, *note String and Stream Input and Output::. 575 576 577File: mpc.info, Node: String and Stream Input and Output, Next: Complex Comparison, Prev: Converting Complex Numbers, Up: Complex Functions 578 5795.4 String and Stream Input and Output 580====================================== 581 582 -- Function: int mpc_strtoc (mpc_t ROP, const char *NPTR, char 583 **ENDPTR, int BASE, mpc_rnd_t RND) 584 Read a complex number from a string NPTR in base BASE, rounded to 585 the precision of ROP with the given rounding mode RND. The BASE 586 must be either 0 or a number from 2 to 36 (otherwise the behaviour 587 is undefined). If NPTR starts with valid data, the result is 588 stored in ROP, the usual inexact value is returned (*note Return 589 Value: return-value.) and, if ENDPTR is not the null pointer, 590 *ENDPTR points to the character just after the valid data. 591 Otherwise, ROP is set to 'NaN + i * NaN', -1 is returned and, if 592 ENDPTR is not the null pointer, the value of NPTR is stored in the 593 location referenced by ENDPTR. 594 595 The expected form of a complex number string is either a real 596 number (an optional leading whitespace, an optional sign followed 597 by a floating-point number), or a pair of real numbers in 598 parentheses separated by whitespace. If a real number is read, the 599 missing imaginary part is set to +0. The form of a floating-point 600 number depends on the base and is described in the documentation of 601 'mpfr_strtofr' (*note (mpfr.info)Assignment Functions::). For 602 instance, '"3.1415926"', '"(1.25e+7 +.17)"', '"(@nan@ 2)"' and 603 '"(-0 -7)"' are valid strings for BASE = 10. If BASE = 0, then a 604 prefix may be used to indicate the base in which the floating-point 605 number is written. Use prefix '0b' for binary numbers, prefix '0x' 606 for hexadecimal numbers, and no prefix for decimal numbers. The 607 real and imaginary part may then be written in different bases. 608 For instance, '"(1.024e+3 +2.05e+3)"' and '"(0b1p+10 +0x802)"' are 609 valid strings for 'base'=0 and represent the same value. 610 611 -- Function: int mpc_set_str (mpc_t ROP, const char *S, int BASE, 612 mpc_rnd_t rnd) 613 Set ROP to the value of the string S in base BASE, rounded to the 614 precision of ROP with the given rounding mode RND. See the 615 documentation of 'mpc_strtoc' for a detailed description of the 616 valid string formats. Contrarily to 'mpc_strtoc', 'mpc_set_str' 617 requires the _whole_ string to represent a valid complex number 618 (potentially followed by additional white space). This function 619 returns the usual inexact value (*note Return Value: return-value.) 620 if the entire string up to the final null character is a valid 621 number in base BASE; otherwise it returns -1, and ROP is set to 622 NaN+i*NaN. 623 624 -- Function: char * mpc_get_str (int B, size_t N, mpc_t OP, mpc_rnd_t 625 RND) 626 Convert OP to a string containing its real and imaginary parts, 627 separated by a space and enclosed in a pair of parentheses. The 628 numbers are written in base B (which may vary from 2 to 36) and 629 rounded according to RND. The number of significant digits, at 630 least 2, is given by N. It is also possible to let N be zero, in 631 which case the number of digits is chosen large enough so that 632 re-reading the printed value with the same precision, assuming both 633 output and input use rounding to nearest, will recover the original 634 value of OP. Note that 'mpc_get_str' uses the decimal point of the 635 current locale if available, and '.' otherwise. 636 637 The string is generated using the current memory allocation 638 function ('malloc' by default, unless it has been modified using 639 the custom memory allocation interface of 'gmp'); once it is not 640 needed any more, it should be freed by calling 'mpc_free_str'. 641 642 -- Function: void mpc_free_str (char *STR) 643 Free the string STR, which needs to have been allocated by a call 644 to 'mpc_get_str'. 645 646 The following two functions read numbers from input streams and write 647them to output streams. When using any of these functions, you need to 648include 'stdio.h' _before_ 'mpc.h'. 649 650 -- Function: int mpc_inp_str (mpc_t ROP, FILE *STREAM, size_t *READ, 651 int BASE, mpc_rnd_t RND) 652 Input a string in base BASE in the same format as for 'mpc_strtoc' 653 from stdio stream STREAM, rounded according to RND, and put the 654 read complex number into ROP. If STREAM is the null pointer, ROP 655 is read from 'stdin'. Return the usual inexact value; if an error 656 occurs, set ROP to 'NaN + i * NaN' and return -1. If READ is not 657 the null pointer, it is set to the number of read characters. 658 659 Unlike 'mpc_strtoc', the function 'mpc_inp_str' does not possess 660 perfect knowledge of the string to transform and has to read it 661 character by character, so it behaves slightly differently: It 662 tries to read a string describing a complex number and processes 663 this string through a call to 'mpc_set_str'. Precisely, after 664 skipping optional whitespace, a minimal string is read according to 665 the regular expression 'mpfr | '(' \s* mpfr \s+ mpfr \s* ')'', 666 where '\s' denotes a whitespace, and 'mpfr' is either a string 667 containing neither whitespaces nor parentheses, or 668 'nan(n-char-sequence)' or '@nan@(n-char-sequence)' (regardless of 669 capitalisation) with 'n-char-sequence' a string of ascii letters, 670 digits or ''_''. 671 672 For instance, upon input of '"nan(13 1)"', the function 673 'mpc_inp_str' starts to recognise a value of NaN followed by an 674 n-char-sequence indicated by the opening parenthesis; as soon as 675 the space is reached, it becocmes clear that the expression in 676 parentheses is not an n-char-sequence, and the error flag -1 is 677 returned after 6 characters have been consumed from the stream (the 678 whitespace itself remaining in the stream). The function 679 'mpc_strtoc', on the other hand, may track back when reaching the 680 whitespace; it treats the string as the two successive complex 681 numbers 'NaN + i * 0' and '13 + i'. It is thus recommended to have 682 a whitespace follow each floating point number to avoid this 683 problem. 684 685 -- Function: size_t mpc_out_str (FILE *STREAM, int BASE, size_t 686 N_DIGITS, mpc_t OP, mpc_rnd_t RND) 687 Output OP on stdio stream STREAM in base BASE, rounded according to 688 RND, in the same format as for 'mpc_strtoc' If STREAM is the null 689 pointer, ROP is written to 'stdout'. 690 691 Return the number of characters written. 692 693 694File: mpc.info, Node: Complex Comparison, Next: Projection & Decomposing, Prev: String and Stream Input and Output, Up: Complex Functions 695 6965.5 Comparison Functions 697======================== 698 699 -- Function: int mpc_cmp (mpc_t OP1, mpc_t OP2) 700 -- Function: int mpc_cmp_si_si (mpc_t OP1, long int OP2R, long int 701 OP2I) 702 -- Macro: int mpc_cmp_si (mpc_t OP1, long int OP2) 703 704 Compare OP1 and OP2, where in the case of 'mpc_cmp_si_si', OP2 is 705 taken to be OP2R + i OP2I. The return value C can be decomposed 706 into 'x = MPC_INEX_RE(c)' and 'y = MPC_INEX_IM(c)', such that X is 707 positive if the real part of OP1 is greater than that of OP2, zero 708 if both real parts are equal, and negative if the real part of OP1 709 is less than that of OP2, and likewise for Y. Both OP1 and OP2 are 710 considered to their full own precision, which may differ. It is 711 not allowed that one of the operands has a NaN (Not-a-Number) part. 712 713 The storage of the return value is such that equality can be simply 714 checked with 'mpc_cmp (op1, op2) == 0'. 715 716 717File: mpc.info, Node: Projection & Decomposing, Next: Basic Arithmetic, Prev: Complex Comparison, Up: Complex Functions 718 7195.6 Projection and Decomposing Functions 720======================================== 721 722 -- Function: int mpc_real (mpfr_t ROP, mpc_t OP, mpfr_rnd_t RND) 723 Set ROP to the value of the real part of OP rounded in the 724 direction RND. 725 726 -- Function: int mpc_imag (mpfr_t ROP, mpc_t OP, mpfr_rnd_t RND) 727 Set ROP to the value of the imaginary part of OP rounded in the 728 direction RND. 729 730 -- Macro: mpfr_t mpc_realref (mpc_t OP) 731 -- Macro: mpfr_t mpc_imagref (mpc_t OP) 732 Return a reference to the real part and imaginary part of OP, 733 respectively. The 'mpfr' functions can be used on the result of 734 these macros (note that the 'mpfr_t' type is itself a pointer). 735 736 -- Function: int mpc_arg (mpfr_t ROP, mpc_t OP, mpfr_rnd_t RND) 737 Set ROP to the argument of OP, with a branch cut along the negative 738 real axis. 739 740 -- Function: int mpc_proj (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP, mpc_rnd_t RND) 741 Compute a projection of OP onto the Riemann sphere. Set ROP to OP 742 rounded in the direction RND, except when at least one part of OP 743 is infinite (even if the other part is a NaN) in which case the 744 real part of ROP is set to plus infinity and its imaginary part to 745 a signed zero with the same sign as the imaginary part of OP. 746 747 748File: mpc.info, Node: Basic Arithmetic, Next: Power Functions and Logarithm, Prev: Projection & Decomposing, Up: Complex Functions 749 7505.7 Basic Arithmetic Functions 751============================== 752 753All the following functions are designed in such a way that, when 754working with real numbers instead of complex numbers, their complexity 755should essentially be the same as with the GNU MPFR library, with only a 756marginal overhead due to the GNU MPC layer. 757 758 -- Function: int mpc_add (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP1, mpc_t OP2, mpc_rnd_t 759 RND) 760 -- Function: int mpc_add_ui (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP1, unsigned long int 761 OP2, mpc_rnd_t RND) 762 -- Function: int mpc_add_fr (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP1, mpfr_t OP2, 763 mpc_rnd_t RND) 764 Set ROP to OP1 + OP2 rounded according to RND. 765 766 -- Function: int mpc_sub (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP1, mpc_t OP2, mpc_rnd_t 767 RND) 768 -- Function: int mpc_sub_fr (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP1, mpfr_t OP2, 769 mpc_rnd_t RND) 770 -- Function: int mpc_fr_sub (mpc_t ROP, mpfr_t OP1, mpc_t OP2, 771 mpc_rnd_t RND) 772 -- Function: int mpc_sub_ui (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP1, unsigned long int 773 OP2, mpc_rnd_t RND) 774 -- Macro: int mpc_ui_sub (mpc_t ROP, unsigned long int OP1, mpc_t OP2, 775 mpc_rnd_t RND) 776 -- Function: int mpc_ui_ui_sub (mpc_t ROP, unsigned long int RE1, 777 unsigned long int IM1, mpc_t OP2, mpc_rnd_t RND) 778 Set ROP to OP1 - OP2 rounded according to RND. For 779 'mpc_ui_ui_sub', OP1 is RE1 + IM1. 780 781 -- Function: int mpc_neg (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP, mpc_rnd_t RND) 782 Set ROP to -OP rounded according to RND. Just changes the sign if 783 ROP and OP are the same variable. 784 785 -- Function: int mpc_mul (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP1, mpc_t OP2, mpc_rnd_t 786 RND) 787 -- Function: int mpc_mul_ui (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP1, unsigned long int 788 OP2, mpc_rnd_t RND) 789 -- Function: int mpc_mul_si (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP1, long int OP2, 790 mpc_rnd_t RND) 791 -- Function: int mpc_mul_fr (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP1, mpfr_t OP2, 792 mpc_rnd_t RND) 793 Set ROP to OP1 times OP2 rounded according to RND. Note: for 794 'mpc_mul', in case OP1 and OP2 have the same value, use 'mpc_sqr' 795 for better efficiency. 796 797 -- Function: int mpc_mul_i (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP, int SGN, mpc_rnd_t 798 RND) 799 Set ROP to OP times the imaginary unit i if SGN is non-negative, 800 set ROP to OP times -i otherwise, in both cases rounded according 801 to RND. 802 803 -- Function: int mpc_sqr (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP, mpc_rnd_t RND) 804 Set ROP to the square of OP rounded according to RND. 805 806 -- Function: int mpc_fma (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP1, mpc_t OP2, mpc_t OP3, 807 mpc_rnd_t RND) 808 Set ROP to OP1*OP2+OP3, rounded according to RND, with only one 809 final rounding. 810 811 -- Function: int mpc_div (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP1, mpc_t OP2, mpc_rnd_t 812 RND) 813 -- Function: int mpc_div_ui (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP1, unsigned long int 814 OP2, mpc_rnd_t RND) 815 -- Function: int mpc_div_fr (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP1, mpfr_t OP2, 816 mpc_rnd_t RND) 817 -- Function: int mpc_ui_div (mpc_t ROP, unsigned long int OP1, mpc_t 818 OP2, mpc_rnd_t RND) 819 -- Function: int mpc_fr_div (mpc_t ROP, mpfr_t OP1, mpc_t OP2, 820 mpc_rnd_t RND) 821 Set ROP to OP1/OP2 rounded according to RND. 822 823 -- Function: int mpc_conj (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP, mpc_rnd_t RND) 824 Set ROP to the conjugate of OP rounded according to RND. Just 825 changes the sign of the imaginary part if ROP and OP are the same 826 variable. 827 828 -- Function: int mpc_abs (mpfr_t ROP, mpc_t OP, mpfr_rnd_t RND) 829 Set the floating-point number ROP to the absolute value of OP, 830 rounded in the direction RND. 831 832 -- Function: int mpc_norm (mpfr_t ROP, mpc_t OP, mpfr_rnd_t RND) 833 Set the floating-point number ROP to the norm of OP (i.e., the 834 square of its absolute value), rounded in the direction RND. 835 836 -- Function: int mpc_mul_2ui (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP1, unsigned long int 837 OP2, mpc_rnd_t RND) 838 -- Function: int mpc_mul_2si (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP1, long int OP2, 839 mpc_rnd_t RND) 840 Set ROP to OP1 times 2 raised to OP2 rounded according to RND. 841 Just modifies the exponents of the real and imaginary parts by OP2 842 when ROP and OP1 are identical. 843 844 -- Function: int mpc_div_2ui (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP1, unsigned long int 845 OP2, mpc_rnd_t RND) 846 -- Function: int mpc_div_2si (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP1, long int OP2, 847 mpc_rnd_t RND) 848 Set ROP to OP1 divided by 2 raised to OP2 rounded according to RND. 849 Just modifies the exponents of the real and imaginary parts by OP2 850 when ROP and OP1 are identical. 851 852 853File: mpc.info, Node: Power Functions and Logarithm, Next: Trigonometric Functions, Prev: Basic Arithmetic, Up: Complex Functions 854 8555.8 Power Functions and Logarithm 856================================= 857 858 -- Function: int mpc_sqrt (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP, mpc_rnd_t RND) 859 Set ROP to the square root of OP rounded according to RND. The 860 returned value ROP has a non-negative real part, and if its real 861 part is zero, a non-negative imaginary part. 862 863 -- Function: int mpc_pow (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP1, mpc_t OP2, mpc_rnd_t 864 RND) 865 -- Function: int mpc_pow_d (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP1, double OP2, mpc_rnd_t 866 RND) 867 -- Function: int mpc_pow_ld (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP1, long double OP2, 868 mpc_rnd_t RND) 869 -- Function: int mpc_pow_si (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP1, long OP2, mpc_rnd_t 870 RND) 871 -- Function: int mpc_pow_ui (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP1, unsigned long OP2, 872 mpc_rnd_t RND) 873 -- Function: int mpc_pow_z (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP1, mpz_t OP2, mpc_rnd_t 874 RND) 875 -- Function: int mpc_pow_fr (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP1, mpfr_t OP2, 876 mpc_rnd_t RND) 877 Set ROP to OP1 raised to the power OP2, rounded according to RND. 878 For 'mpc_pow_d', 'mpc_pow_ld', 'mpc_pow_si', 'mpc_pow_ui', 879 'mpc_pow_z' and 'mpc_pow_fr', the imaginary part of OP2 is 880 considered as +0. When both OP1 and OP2 are zero, the result has 881 real part 1, and imaginary part 0, with sign being the opposite of 882 that of OP2. 883 884 -- Function: int mpc_exp (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP, mpc_rnd_t RND) 885 Set ROP to the exponential of OP, rounded according to RND with the 886 precision of ROP. 887 888 -- Function: int mpc_log (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP, mpc_rnd_t RND) 889 -- Function: int mpc_log10 (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP, mpc_rnd_t RND) 890 Set ROP to the natural and base-10 logarithm of OP respectively, 891 rounded according to RND with the precision of ROP. The principal 892 branch is chosen, with the branch cut on the negative real axis, so 893 that the imaginary part of the result lies in ]-\pi , \pi] and 894 ]-\pi/log(10) , \pi/log(10)] respectively. 895 896 897File: mpc.info, Node: Trigonometric Functions, Next: Miscellaneous Complex Functions, Prev: Power Functions and Logarithm, Up: Complex Functions 898 8995.9 Trigonometric Functions 900=========================== 901 902 -- Function: int mpc_sin (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP, mpc_rnd_t RND) 903 Set ROP to the sine of OP, rounded according to RND with the 904 precision of ROP. 905 906 -- Function: int mpc_cos (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP, mpc_rnd_t RND) 907 Set ROP to the cosine of OP, rounded according to RND with the 908 precision of ROP. 909 910 -- Function: int mpc_sin_cos (mpc_t ROP_SIN, mpc_t ROP_COS, mpc_t OP, 911 mpc_rnd_t RND_SIN, mpc_rnd_t RND_COS) 912 Set ROP_SIN to the sine of OP, rounded according to RND_SIN with 913 the precision of ROP_SIN, and ROP_COS to the cosine of OP, rounded 914 according to RND_COS with the precision of ROP_COS. 915 916 -- Function: int mpc_tan (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP, mpc_rnd_t RND) 917 Set ROP to the tangent of OP, rounded according to RND with the 918 precision of ROP. 919 920 -- Function: int mpc_sinh (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP, mpc_rnd_t RND) 921 Set ROP to the hyperbolic sine of OP, rounded according to RND with 922 the precision of ROP. 923 924 -- Function: int mpc_cosh (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP, mpc_rnd_t RND) 925 Set ROP to the hyperbolic cosine of OP, rounded according to RND 926 with the precision of ROP. 927 928 -- Function: int mpc_tanh (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP, mpc_rnd_t RND) 929 Set ROP to the hyperbolic tangent of OP, rounded according to RND 930 with the precision of ROP. 931 932 -- Function: int mpc_asin (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP, mpc_rnd_t RND) 933 -- Function: int mpc_acos (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP, mpc_rnd_t RND) 934 -- Function: int mpc_atan (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP, mpc_rnd_t RND) 935 Set ROP to the inverse sine, inverse cosine, inverse tangent of OP, 936 rounded according to RND with the precision of ROP. 937 938 -- Function: int mpc_asinh (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP, mpc_rnd_t RND) 939 -- Function: int mpc_acosh (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP, mpc_rnd_t RND) 940 -- Function: int mpc_atanh (mpc_t ROP, mpc_t OP, mpc_rnd_t RND) 941 Set ROP to the inverse hyperbolic sine, inverse hyperbolic cosine, 942 inverse hyperbolic tangent of OP, rounded according to RND with the 943 precision of ROP. The branch cut of MPC_ACOSH is (-\infty, 1). 944 945 946File: mpc.info, Node: Miscellaneous Complex Functions, Next: Advanced Functions, Prev: Trigonometric Functions, Up: Complex Functions 947 9485.10 Miscellaneous Functions 949============================ 950 951 -- Function: int mpc_urandom (mpc_t ROP, gmp_randstate_t STATE) 952 Generate a uniformly distributed random complex in the unit square 953 [0, 1] x [0, 1]. Return 0, unless an exponent in the real or 954 imaginary part is not in the current exponent range, in which case 955 that part is set to NaN and a zero value is returned. The second 956 argument is a 'gmp_randstate_t' structure which should be created 957 using the GMP 'rand_init' function, see the GMP manual. 958 959 -- Function: const char * mpc_get_version (void) 960 Return the GNU MPC version, as a null-terminated string. 961 962 -- Macro: MPC_VERSION 963 -- Macro: MPC_VERSION_MAJOR 964 -- Macro: MPC_VERSION_MINOR 965 -- Macro: MPC_VERSION_PATCHLEVEL 966 -- Macro: MPC_VERSION_STRING 967 'MPC_VERSION' is the version of GNU MPC as a preprocessing 968 constant. 'MPC_VERSION_MAJOR', 'MPC_VERSION_MINOR' and 969 'MPC_VERSION_PATCHLEVEL' are respectively the major, minor and 970 patch level of GNU MPC version, as preprocessing constants. 971 'MPC_VERSION_STRING' is the version as a string constant, which can 972 be compared to the result of 'mpc_get_version' to check at run time 973 the header file and library used match: 974 if (strcmp (mpc_get_version (), MPC_VERSION_STRING)) 975 fprintf (stderr, "Warning: header and library do not match\n"); 976 Note: Obtaining different strings is not necessarily an error, as 977 in general, a program compiled with some old GNU MPC version can be 978 dynamically linked with a newer GNU MPC library version (if allowed 979 by the library versioning system). 980 981 -- Macro: long MPC_VERSION_NUM (MAJOR, MINOR, PATCHLEVEL) 982 Create an integer in the same format as used by 'MPC_VERSION' from 983 the given MAJOR, MINOR and PATCHLEVEL. Here is an example of how 984 to check the GNU MPC version at compile time: 985 #if (!defined(MPC_VERSION) || (MPC_VERSION<MPC_VERSION_NUM(2,1,0))) 986 # error "Wrong GNU MPC version." 987 #endif 988 989 990File: mpc.info, Node: Advanced Functions, Next: Internals, Prev: Miscellaneous Complex Functions, Up: Complex Functions 991 9925.11 Advanced Functions 993======================= 994 995 -- Macro: MPC_SET_X_Y (REAL_SUFFIX, IMAG_SUFFIX, ROP, REAL, IMAG, RND) 996 The macro MPC_SET_X_Y is designed to serve as the body of an 997 assignment function and cannot be used by itself. The REAL_SUFFIX 998 and IMAG_SUFFIX parameters are the types of the real and imaginary 999 part, that is, the 'x' in the 'mpfr_set_x' function one would use 1000 to set the part; for the mpfr type, use 'fr'. REAL (respectively 1001 IMAG) is the value you want to assign to the real (resp. 1002 imaginary) part, its type must conform to REAL_SUFFIX (resp. 1003 IMAG_SUFFIX). RND is the 'mpc_rnd_t' rounding mode. The return 1004 value is the usual inexact value (*note Return Value: 1005 return-value.). 1006 1007 For instance, you can define mpc_set_ui_fr as follows: 1008 int mpc_set_ui_fr (mpc_t rop, long int re, double im, mpc_rnd_t rnd) 1009 MPC_SET_X_Y (ui, fr, rop, re, im, rnd); 1010 1011 1012File: mpc.info, Node: Internals, Prev: Advanced Functions, Up: Complex Functions 1013 10145.12 Internals 1015============== 1016 1017These macros and functions are mainly designed for the implementation of 1018GNU MPC, but may be useful for users too. However, no upward 1019compatibility is guaranteed. You need to include 'mpc-impl.h' to use 1020them. 1021 1022 The macro 'MPC_MAX_PREC(z)' gives the maximum of the precisions of 1023the real and imaginary parts of a complex number. 1024 1025 1026File: mpc.info, Node: References, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Complex Functions, Up: Top 1027 1028References 1029********** 1030 1031 * Torbjo"rn Granlund et al. 'gmp' - GNU multiprecision library. 1032 Version 4.2.4, <http://gmplib.org/>. 1033 1034 * Guillaume Hanrot, Vincent Lefe`vre, Patrick Pe'lissier, Paul 1035 Zimmermann et al. 'mpfr' - A library for multiple-precision 1036 floating-point computations with exact rounding. Version 2.4.1, 1037 <http://www.mpfr.org>. 1038 1039 * IEEE standard for binary floating-point arithmetic, Technical 1040 Report ANSI-IEEE Standard 754-1985, New York, 1985. Approved March 1041 21, 1985: IEEE Standards Board; approved July 26, 1985: American 1042 National Standards Institute, 18 pages. 1043 1044 * Donald E. Knuth, "The Art of Computer Programming", vol 2, 1045 "Seminumerical Algorithms", 2nd edition, Addison-Wesley, 1981. 1046 1047 * ISO/IEC 9899:1999, Programming languages — C. 1048 1049 1050File: mpc.info, Node: Concept Index, Next: Function Index, Prev: References, Up: Top 1051 1052Concept Index 1053************* 1054 1055�[index�] 1056* Menu: 1057 1058* Arithmetic functions: Basic Arithmetic. (line 6) 1059* Comparison functions: Complex Comparison. (line 6) 1060* Complex arithmetic functions: Basic Arithmetic. (line 6) 1061* Complex assignment functions: Assigning Complex Numbers. 1062 (line 6) 1063* Complex comparisons functions: Complex Comparison. (line 6) 1064* Complex functions: Complex Functions. (line 6) 1065* Complex number: GNU MPC Basics. (line 15) 1066* Conditions for copying GNU MPC: Copying. (line 6) 1067* Conversion functions: Converting Complex Numbers. 1068 (line 6) 1069* Copying conditions: Copying. (line 6) 1070* Installation: Installing GNU MPC. (line 6) 1071* Logarithm: Power Functions and Logarithm. 1072 (line 6) 1073* Miscellaneous complex functions: Miscellaneous Complex Functions. 1074 (line 6) 1075* 'mpc.h': GNU MPC Basics. (line 6) 1076* Power functions: Power Functions and Logarithm. 1077 (line 6) 1078* Precision: GNU MPC Basics. (line 19) 1079* Projection and Decomposing Functions: Projection & Decomposing. 1080 (line 6) 1081* Reporting bugs: Reporting Bugs. (line 6) 1082* Rounding Mode: GNU MPC Basics. (line 24) 1083* String and stream input and output: String and Stream Input and Output. 1084 (line 6) 1085* Trigonometric functions: Trigonometric Functions. 1086 (line 6) 1087* User-defined precision: Complex Functions. (line 12) 1088 1089 1090File: mpc.info, Node: Function Index, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Concept Index, Up: Top 1091 1092Function Index 1093************** 1094 1095�[index�] 1096* Menu: 1097 1098* _Complex: Converting Complex Numbers. 1099 (line 9) 1100* mpc_abs: Basic Arithmetic. (line 81) 1101* mpc_acos: Trigonometric Functions. 1102 (line 37) 1103* mpc_acosh: Trigonometric Functions. 1104 (line 43) 1105* mpc_add: Basic Arithmetic. (line 11) 1106* mpc_add_fr: Basic Arithmetic. (line 15) 1107* mpc_add_ui: Basic Arithmetic. (line 13) 1108* mpc_arg: Projection & Decomposing. 1109 (line 20) 1110* mpc_asin: Trigonometric Functions. 1111 (line 36) 1112* mpc_asinh: Trigonometric Functions. 1113 (line 42) 1114* mpc_atan: Trigonometric Functions. 1115 (line 38) 1116* mpc_atanh: Trigonometric Functions. 1117 (line 44) 1118* mpc_clear: Initializing Complex Numbers. 1119 (line 21) 1120* mpc_cmp: Complex Comparison. (line 6) 1121* mpc_cmp_si: Complex Comparison. (line 9) 1122* mpc_cmp_si_si: Complex Comparison. (line 7) 1123* mpc_conj: Basic Arithmetic. (line 76) 1124* mpc_cos: Trigonometric Functions. 1125 (line 10) 1126* mpc_cosh: Trigonometric Functions. 1127 (line 28) 1128* mpc_div: Basic Arithmetic. (line 64) 1129* mpc_div_2si: Basic Arithmetic. (line 99) 1130* mpc_div_2ui: Basic Arithmetic. (line 97) 1131* mpc_div_fr: Basic Arithmetic. (line 68) 1132* mpc_div_ui: Basic Arithmetic. (line 66) 1133* mpc_exp: Power Functions and Logarithm. 1134 (line 32) 1135* mpc_fma: Basic Arithmetic. (line 59) 1136* mpc_free_str: String and Stream Input and Output. 1137 (line 66) 1138* mpc_fr_div: Basic Arithmetic. (line 72) 1139* mpc_fr_sub: Basic Arithmetic. (line 23) 1140* mpc_get_ldc: Converting Complex Numbers. 1141 (line 10) 1142* mpc_get_prec: Initializing Complex Numbers. 1143 (line 49) 1144* mpc_get_prec2: Initializing Complex Numbers. 1145 (line 53) 1146* mpc_get_str: String and Stream Input and Output. 1147 (line 48) 1148* mpc_get_version: Miscellaneous Complex Functions. 1149 (line 14) 1150* mpc_imag: Projection & Decomposing. 1151 (line 10) 1152* mpc_imagref: Projection & Decomposing. 1153 (line 15) 1154* mpc_init2: Initializing Complex Numbers. 1155 (line 10) 1156* mpc_init3: Initializing Complex Numbers. 1157 (line 15) 1158* mpc_inp_str: String and Stream Input and Output. 1159 (line 74) 1160* mpc_log: Power Functions and Logarithm. 1161 (line 36) 1162* mpc_log10: Power Functions and Logarithm. 1163 (line 37) 1164* mpc_mul: Basic Arithmetic. (line 38) 1165* mpc_mul_2si: Basic Arithmetic. (line 91) 1166* mpc_mul_2ui: Basic Arithmetic. (line 89) 1167* mpc_mul_fr: Basic Arithmetic. (line 44) 1168* mpc_mul_i: Basic Arithmetic. (line 50) 1169* mpc_mul_si: Basic Arithmetic. (line 42) 1170* mpc_mul_ui: Basic Arithmetic. (line 40) 1171* mpc_neg: Basic Arithmetic. (line 34) 1172* mpc_norm: Basic Arithmetic. (line 85) 1173* mpc_out_str: String and Stream Input and Output. 1174 (line 109) 1175* mpc_pow: Power Functions and Logarithm. 1176 (line 11) 1177* mpc_pow_d: Power Functions and Logarithm. 1178 (line 13) 1179* mpc_pow_fr: Power Functions and Logarithm. 1180 (line 23) 1181* mpc_pow_ld: Power Functions and Logarithm. 1182 (line 15) 1183* mpc_pow_si: Power Functions and Logarithm. 1184 (line 17) 1185* mpc_pow_ui: Power Functions and Logarithm. 1186 (line 19) 1187* mpc_pow_z: Power Functions and Logarithm. 1188 (line 21) 1189* mpc_proj: Projection & Decomposing. 1190 (line 24) 1191* mpc_real: Projection & Decomposing. 1192 (line 6) 1193* mpc_realref: Projection & Decomposing. 1194 (line 14) 1195* 'mpc_rnd_t': GNU MPC Basics. (line 24) 1196* mpc_set: Assigning Complex Numbers. 1197 (line 16) 1198* mpc_set_d: Assigning Complex Numbers. 1199 (line 25) 1200* mpc_set_dc: Assigning Complex Numbers. 1201 (line 27) 1202* mpc_set_d_d: Assigning Complex Numbers. 1203 (line 54) 1204* mpc_set_f: Assigning Complex Numbers. 1205 (line 33) 1206* mpc_set_fr: Assigning Complex Numbers. 1207 (line 34) 1208* mpc_set_fr_fr: Assigning Complex Numbers. 1209 (line 64) 1210* mpc_set_f_f: Assigning Complex Numbers. 1211 (line 62) 1212* mpc_set_ld: Assigning Complex Numbers. 1213 (line 26) 1214* mpc_set_ldc: Assigning Complex Numbers. 1215 (line 29) 1216* mpc_set_ld_ld: Assigning Complex Numbers. 1217 (line 56) 1218* mpc_set_nan: Assigning Complex Numbers. 1219 (line 79) 1220* mpc_set_prec: Initializing Complex Numbers. 1221 (line 41) 1222* mpc_set_q: Assigning Complex Numbers. 1223 (line 32) 1224* mpc_set_q_q: Assigning Complex Numbers. 1225 (line 60) 1226* mpc_set_si: Assigning Complex Numbers. 1227 (line 22) 1228* mpc_set_si_si: Assigning Complex Numbers. 1229 (line 48) 1230* mpc_set_sj: Assigning Complex Numbers. 1231 (line 24) 1232* mpc_set_sj_sj: Assigning Complex Numbers. 1233 (line 52) 1234* mpc_set_str: String and Stream Input and Output. 1235 (line 35) 1236* mpc_set_ui: Assigning Complex Numbers. 1237 (line 20) 1238* mpc_set_ui_ui: Assigning Complex Numbers. 1239 (line 46) 1240* mpc_set_uj: Assigning Complex Numbers. 1241 (line 23) 1242* mpc_set_uj_uj: Assigning Complex Numbers. 1243 (line 50) 1244* MPC_SET_X_Y: Advanced Functions. (line 6) 1245* mpc_set_z: Assigning Complex Numbers. 1246 (line 31) 1247* mpc_set_z_z: Assigning Complex Numbers. 1248 (line 58) 1249* mpc_sin: Trigonometric Functions. 1250 (line 6) 1251* mpc_sinh: Trigonometric Functions. 1252 (line 24) 1253* mpc_sin_cos: Trigonometric Functions. 1254 (line 14) 1255* mpc_sqr: Basic Arithmetic. (line 56) 1256* mpc_sqrt: Power Functions and Logarithm. 1257 (line 6) 1258* mpc_strtoc: String and Stream Input and Output. 1259 (line 6) 1260* mpc_sub: Basic Arithmetic. (line 19) 1261* mpc_sub_fr: Basic Arithmetic. (line 21) 1262* mpc_sub_ui: Basic Arithmetic. (line 25) 1263* mpc_swap: Assigning Complex Numbers. 1264 (line 82) 1265* 'mpc_t': GNU MPC Basics. (line 15) 1266* mpc_tan: Trigonometric Functions. 1267 (line 20) 1268* mpc_tanh: Trigonometric Functions. 1269 (line 32) 1270* mpc_ui_div: Basic Arithmetic. (line 70) 1271* mpc_ui_sub: Basic Arithmetic. (line 27) 1272* mpc_ui_ui_sub: Basic Arithmetic. (line 29) 1273* mpc_urandom: Miscellaneous Complex Functions. 1274 (line 6) 1275* MPC_VERSION: Miscellaneous Complex Functions. 1276 (line 17) 1277* MPC_VERSION_MAJOR: Miscellaneous Complex Functions. 1278 (line 18) 1279* MPC_VERSION_MINOR: Miscellaneous Complex Functions. 1280 (line 19) 1281* MPC_VERSION_NUM: Miscellaneous Complex Functions. 1282 (line 36) 1283* MPC_VERSION_PATCHLEVEL: Miscellaneous Complex Functions. 1284 (line 20) 1285* MPC_VERSION_STRING: Miscellaneous Complex Functions. 1286 (line 21) 1287* 'mpfr_prec_t': GNU MPC Basics. (line 19) 1288 1289 1290File: mpc.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Function Index, Up: Top 1291 1292Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License 1293***************************************** 1294 1295 Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 1296 1297 Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 1298 <http://fsf.org/> 1299 1300 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies 1301 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 1302 1303 0. PREAMBLE 1304 1305 The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other 1306 functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to 1307 assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, 1308 with or without modifying it, either commercially or 1309 noncommercially. 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APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS 1328 1329 This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, 1330 that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can 1331 be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice 1332 grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, 1333 to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The 1334 "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member 1335 of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". 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AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS 1623 1624 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other 1625 separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a 1626 storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the 1627 copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the 1628 legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual 1629 works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this 1630 License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which 1631 are not themselves derivative works of the Document. 1632 1633 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these 1634 copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half 1635 of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed 1636 on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the 1637 electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic 1638 form. 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If your rights have been terminated and not 1686 permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the 1687 same material does not give you any rights to use it. 1688 1689 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE 1690 1691 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of 1692 the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new 1693 versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may 1694 differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See 1695 <http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/>. 1696 1697 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version 1698 number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered 1699 version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you 1700 have the option of following the terms and conditions either of 1701 that specified version or of any later version that has been 1702 published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. 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A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU 1753 Free Documentation License''. 1754 1755 If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover 1756Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this: 1757 1758 with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with 1759 the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts 1760 being LIST. 1761 1762 If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other 1763combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the 1764situation. 1765 1766 If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we 1767recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free 1768software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit 1769their use in free software. 1770 1771 1772 1773Tag Table: 1774Node: Top736 1775Node: Copying1443 1776Node: Introduction to GNU MPC2215 1777Node: Installing GNU MPC2934 1778Node: Reporting Bugs8019 1779Node: GNU MPC Basics9363 1780Ref: return-value13040 1781Node: Complex Functions14491 1782Node: Initializing Complex Numbers15651 1783Node: Assigning Complex Numbers18038 1784Node: Converting Complex Numbers22438 1785Node: String and Stream Input and Output23063 1786Node: Complex Comparison29620 1787Node: Projection & Decomposing30695 1788Node: Basic Arithmetic32072 1789Node: Power Functions and Logarithm36645 1790Node: Trigonometric Functions38712 1791Node: Miscellaneous Complex Functions40937 1792Node: Advanced Functions43113 1793Node: Internals44186 1794Node: References44637 1795Node: Concept Index45540 1796Node: Function Index47854 1797Node: GNU Free Documentation License61638 1798 1799End Tag Table 1800