1<!doctype html public "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" 2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> 3<html> <head> 4<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii"> 5<title> Postfix manual - sendmail(1) </title> 6</head> <body> <pre> 7SENDMAIL(1) SENDMAIL(1) 8 9<b>NAME</b> 10 sendmail - Postfix to Sendmail compatibility interface 11 12<b>SYNOPSIS</b> 13 <b>sendmail</b> [<i>option ...</i>] [<i>recipient ...</i>] 14 15 <b>mailq</b> 16 <b>sendmail -bp</b> 17 18 <b>newaliases</b> 19 <b>sendmail -I</b> 20 21<b>DESCRIPTION</b> 22 The Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>sendmail</b>(1)</a> command implements the Postfix to Sendmail com- 23 patibility interface. For the sake of compatibility with existing 24 applications, some Sendmail command-line options are recognized but 25 silently ignored. 26 27 By default, Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>sendmail</b>(1)</a> reads a message from standard input 28 until EOF or until it reads a line with only a <b>.</b> character, and 29 arranges for delivery. Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>sendmail</b>(1)</a> relies on the <a href="postdrop.1.html"><b>postdrop</b>(1)</a> 30 command to create a queue file in the <b>maildrop</b> directory. 31 32 Specific command aliases are provided for other common modes of opera- 33 tion: 34 35 <b>mailq</b> List the mail queue. Each entry shows the queue file ID, message 36 size, arrival time, sender, and the recipients that still need 37 to be delivered. If mail could not be delivered upon the last 38 attempt, the reason for failure is shown. The queue ID string is 39 followed by an optional status character: 40 41 <b>*</b> The message is in the <b>active</b> queue, i.e. the message is 42 selected for delivery. 43 44 <b>!</b> The message is in the <b>hold</b> queue, i.e. no further deliv- 45 ery attempt will be made until the mail is taken off 46 hold. 47 48 This mode of operation is implemented by executing the 49 <a href="postqueue.1.html"><b>postqueue</b>(1)</a> command. 50 51 <b>newaliases</b> 52 Initialize the alias database. If no input file is specified 53 (with the <b>-oA</b> option, see below), the program processes the 54 file(s) specified with the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#alias_database">alias_database</a></b> configuration parame- 55 ter. If no alias database type is specified, the program uses 56 the type specified with the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_database_type">default_database_type</a></b> configuration 57 parameter. This mode of operation is implemented by running the 58 <a href="postalias.1.html"><b>postalias</b>(1)</a> command. 59 60 Note: it may take a minute or so before an alias database update 61 becomes visible. Use the "<b>postfix reload</b>" command to eliminate 62 this delay. 63 64 These and other features can be selected by specifying the appropriate 65 combination of command-line options. Some features are controlled by 66 parameters in the <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> configuration file. 67 68 The following options are recognized: 69 70 <b>-Am</b> (ignored) 71 72 <b>-Ac</b> (ignored) 73 Postfix sendmail uses the same configuration file regardless of 74 whether or not a message is an initial submission. 75 76 <b>-B</b> <i>body</i><b>_</b><i>type</i> 77 The message body MIME type: <b>7BIT</b> or <b>8BITMIME</b>. 78 79 <b>-bd</b> Go into daemon mode. This mode of operation is implemented by 80 executing the "<b>postfix start</b>" command. 81 82 <b>-bh</b> (ignored) 83 84 <b>-bH</b> (ignored) 85 Postfix has no persistent host status database. 86 87 <b>-bi</b> Initialize alias database. See the <b>newaliases</b> command above. 88 89 <b>-bl</b> Go into daemon mode. To accept only local connections as with 90 Sendmail's <b>-bl</b> option, specify "<b><a href="postconf.5.html#inet_interfaces">inet_interfaces</a> = loopback</b>" in 91 the Postfix <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> configuration file. 92 93 <b>-bm</b> Read mail from standard input and arrange for delivery. This is 94 the default mode of operation. 95 96 <b>-bp</b> List the mail queue. See the <b>mailq</b> command above. 97 98 <b>-bs</b> Stand-alone SMTP server mode. Read SMTP commands from standard 99 input, and write responses to standard output. In stand-alone 100 SMTP server mode, mail relaying and other access controls are 101 disabled by default. To enable them, run the process as the 102 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#mail_owner">mail_owner</a></b> user. 103 104 This mode of operation is implemented by running the <a href="smtpd.8.html"><b>smtpd</b>(8)</a> 105 daemon. 106 107 <b>-bv</b> Do not collect or deliver a message. Instead, send an email 108 report after verifying each recipient address. This is useful 109 for testing address rewriting and routing configurations. 110 111 This feature is available in Postfix version 2.1 and later. 112 113 <b>-C</b> <i>config</i><b>_</b><i>file</i> 114 115 <b>-C</b> <i>config</i><b>_</b><i>dir</i> 116 The path name of the Postfix <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> file, or of its parent 117 directory. This information is ignored with Postfix versions 118 before 2.3. 119 120 With all Postfix versions, you can specify a directory pathname 121 with the MAIL_CONFIG environment variable to override the loca- 122 tion of configuration files. 123 124 <b>-F</b> <i>full</i><b>_</b><i>name</i> 125 Set the sender full name. This overrides the NAME environment 126 variable, and is used only with messages that have no <b>From:</b> mes- 127 sage header. 128 129 <b>-f</b> <i>sender</i> 130 Set the envelope sender address. This is the address where 131 delivery problems are sent to. With Postfix versions before 2.1, 132 the <b>Errors-To:</b> message header overrides the error return 133 address. 134 135 <b>-G</b> Gateway (relay) submission, as opposed to initial user submis- 136 sion. Either do not rewrite addresses at all, or update incom- 137 plete addresses with the domain information specified with 138 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#remote_header_rewrite_domain">remote_header_rewrite_domain</a></b>. 139 140 This option is ignored before Postfix version 2.3. 141 142 <b>-h</b> <i>hop</i><b>_</b><i>count</i> (ignored) 143 Hop count limit. Use the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#hopcount_limit">hopcount_limit</a></b> configuration parameter 144 instead. 145 146 <b>-I</b> Initialize alias database. See the <b>newaliases</b> command above. 147 148 <b>-i</b> When reading a message from standard input, don't treat a line 149 with only a <b>.</b> character as the end of input. 150 151 <b>-L</b> <i>label</i> (ignored) 152 The logging label. Use the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#syslog_name">syslog_name</a></b> configuration parameter 153 instead. 154 155 <b>-m</b> (ignored) 156 Backwards compatibility. 157 158 <b>-N</b> <i>dsn</i> (default: 'delay, failure') 159 Delivery status notification control. Specify either a 160 comma-separated list with one or more of <b>failure</b> (send notifica- 161 tion when delivery fails), <b>delay</b> (send notification when deliv- 162 ery is delayed), or <b>success</b> (send notification when the message 163 is delivered); or specify <b>never</b> (don't send any notifications at 164 all). 165 166 This feature is available in Postfix 2.3 and later. 167 168 <b>-n</b> (ignored) 169 Backwards compatibility. 170 171 <b>-oA</b><i>alias</i><b>_</b><i>database</i> 172 Non-default alias database. Specify <i>pathname</i> or <i>type</i>:<i>pathname</i>. 173 See <a href="postalias.1.html"><b>postalias</b>(1)</a> for details. 174 175 <b>-O</b> <i>option=value</i> (ignored) 176 Set the named <i>option</i> to <i>value</i>. Use the equivalent configuration 177 parameter in <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> instead. 178 179 <b>-o7</b> (ignored) 180 181 <b>-o8</b> (ignored) 182 To send 8-bit or binary content, use an appropriate MIME encap- 183 sulation and specify the appropriate <b>-B</b> command-line option. 184 185 <b>-oi</b> When reading a message from standard input, don't treat a line 186 with only a <b>.</b> character as the end of input. 187 188 <b>-om</b> (ignored) 189 The sender is never eliminated from alias etc. expansions. 190 191 <b>-o</b> <i>x value</i> (ignored) 192 Set option <i>x</i> to <i>value</i>. Use the equivalent configuration parame- 193 ter in <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> instead. 194 195 <b>-r</b> <i>sender</i> 196 Set the envelope sender address. This is the address where 197 delivery problems are sent to. With Postfix versions before 2.1, 198 the <b>Errors-To:</b> message header overrides the error return 199 address. 200 201 <b>-R</b> <i>return</i> 202 Delivery status notification control. Specify "hdrs" to return 203 only the header when a message bounces, "full" to return a full 204 copy (the default behavior). 205 206 The <b>-R</b> option specifies an upper bound; Postfix will return only 207 the header, when a full copy would exceed the <a href="postconf.5.html#bounce_size_limit">bounce_size_limit</a> 208 setting. 209 210 This option is ignored before Postfix version 2.10. 211 212 <b>-q</b> Attempt to deliver all queued mail. This is implemented by exe- 213 cuting the <a href="postqueue.1.html"><b>postqueue</b>(1)</a> command. 214 215 Warning: flushing undeliverable mail frequently will result in 216 poor delivery performance of all other mail. 217 218 <b>-q</b><i>interval</i> (ignored) 219 The interval between queue runs. Use the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#queue_run_delay">queue_run_delay</a></b> config- 220 uration parameter instead. 221 222 <b>-qI</b><i>queueid</i> 223 Schedule immediate delivery of mail with the specified queue ID. 224 This option is implemented by executing the <a href="postqueue.1.html"><b>postqueue</b>(1)</a> com- 225 mand, and is available with Postfix version 2.4 and later. 226 227 <b>-qR</b><i>site</i> 228 Schedule immediate delivery of all mail that is queued for the 229 named <i>site</i>. This option accepts only <i>site</i> names that are eligi- 230 ble for the "fast flush" service, and is implemented by execut- 231 ing the <a href="postqueue.1.html"><b>postqueue</b>(1)</a> command. See <a href="flush.8.html"><b>flush</b>(8)</a> for more information 232 about the "fast flush" service. 233 234 <b>-qS</b><i>site</i> 235 This command is not implemented. Use the slower "<b>sendmail -q</b>" 236 command instead. 237 238 <b>-t</b> Extract recipients from message headers. These are added to any 239 recipients specified on the command line. 240 241 With Postfix versions prior to 2.1, this option requires that no 242 recipient addresses are specified on the command line. 243 244 <b>-U</b> (ignored) 245 Initial user submission. 246 247 <b>-V</b> <i>envid</i> 248 Specify the envelope ID for notification by servers that support 249 DSN. 250 251 This feature is available in Postfix 2.3 and later. 252 253 <b>-XV</b> (Postfix 2.2 and earlier: <b>-V</b>) 254 Variable Envelope Return Path. Given an envelope sender address 255 of the form <i>owner-listname</i>@<i>origin</i>, each recipient <i>user</i>@<i>domain</i> 256 receives mail with a personalized envelope sender address. 257 258 By default, the personalized envelope sender address is 259 <i>owner-listname</i><b>+</b><i>user</i><b>=</b><i>domain</i>@<i>origin</i>. The default <b>+</b> and <b>=</b> charac- 260 ters are configurable with the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_verp_delimiters">default_verp_delimiters</a></b> configu- 261 ration parameter. 262 263 <b>-XV</b><i>xy</i> (Postfix 2.2 and earlier: <b>-V</b><i>xy</i>) 264 As <b>-XV</b>, but uses <i>x</i> and <i>y</i> as the VERP delimiter characters, 265 instead of the characters specified with the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_verp_delimiters">default_verp_delim</a>-</b> 266 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_verp_delimiters">iters</a></b> configuration parameter. 267 268 <b>-v</b> Send an email report of the first delivery attempt (Postfix ver- 269 sions 2.1 and later). Mail delivery always happens in the back- 270 ground. When multiple <b>-v</b> options are given, enable verbose log- 271 ging for debugging purposes. 272 273 <b>-X</b> <i>log</i><b>_</b><i>file</i> (ignored) 274 Log mailer traffic. Use the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_list">debug_peer_list</a></b> and <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_level">debug_peer_level</a></b> 275 configuration parameters instead. 276 277<b>SECURITY</b> 278 By design, this program is not set-user (or group) id. However, it must 279 handle data from untrusted, possibly remote, users. Thus, the usual 280 precautions need to be taken against malicious inputs. 281 282<b>DIAGNOSTICS</b> 283 Problems are logged to <b>syslogd</b>(8) and to the standard error stream. 284 285<b>ENVIRONMENT</b> 286 <b>MAIL_CONFIG</b> 287 Directory with Postfix configuration files. 288 289 <b>MAIL_VERBOSE</b> (value does not matter) 290 Enable verbose logging for debugging purposes. 291 292 <b>MAIL_DEBUG</b> (value does not matter) 293 Enable debugging with an external command, as specified with the 294 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debugger_command">debugger_command</a></b> configuration parameter. 295 296 <b>NAME</b> The sender full name. This is used only with messages that have 297 no <b>From:</b> message header. See also the <b>-F</b> option above. 298 299<b>CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS</b> 300 The following <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> parameters are especially relevant to this pro- 301 gram. The text below provides only a parameter summary. See <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>post-</b></a> 302 <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>conf</b>(5)</a> for more details including examples. 303 304<b>COMPATIBILITY CONTROLS</b> 305 Available with Postfix 2.9 and later: 306 307 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#sendmail_fix_line_endings">sendmail_fix_line_endings</a> (always)</b> 308 Controls how the Postfix sendmail command converts email message 309 line endings from <CR><LF> into UNIX format (<LF>). 310 311<b>TROUBLE SHOOTING CONTROLS</b> 312 The <a href="DEBUG_README.html">DEBUG_README</a> file gives examples of how to trouble shoot a Postfix 313 system. 314 315 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debugger_command">debugger_command</a> (empty)</b> 316 The external command to execute when a Postfix daemon program is 317 invoked with the -D option. 318 319 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_level">debug_peer_level</a> (2)</b> 320 The increment in verbose logging level when a remote client or 321 server matches a pattern in the <a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_list">debug_peer_list</a> parameter. 322 323 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_list">debug_peer_list</a> (empty)</b> 324 Optional list of remote client or server hostname or network 325 address patterns that cause the verbose logging level to 326 increase by the amount specified in $<a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_level">debug_peer_level</a>. 327 328<b>ACCESS CONTROLS</b> 329 Available in Postfix version 2.2 and later: 330 331 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#authorized_flush_users">authorized_flush_users</a> (<a href="DATABASE_README.html#types">static</a>:anyone)</b> 332 List of users who are authorized to flush the queue. 333 334 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#authorized_mailq_users">authorized_mailq_users</a> (<a href="DATABASE_README.html#types">static</a>:anyone)</b> 335 List of users who are authorized to view the queue. 336 337 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#authorized_submit_users">authorized_submit_users</a> (<a href="DATABASE_README.html#types">static</a>:anyone)</b> 338 List of users who are authorized to submit mail with the <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>send-</b></a> 339 <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>mail</b>(1)</a> command (and with the privileged <a href="postdrop.1.html"><b>postdrop</b>(1)</a> helper com- 340 mand). 341 342<b>RESOURCE AND RATE CONTROLS</b> 343 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#bounce_size_limit">bounce_size_limit</a> (50000)</b> 344 The maximal amount of original message text that is sent in a 345 non-delivery notification. 346 347 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#fork_attempts">fork_attempts</a> (5)</b> 348 The maximal number of attempts to fork() a child process. 349 350 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#fork_delay">fork_delay</a> (1s)</b> 351 The delay between attempts to fork() a child process. 352 353 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#hopcount_limit">hopcount_limit</a> (50)</b> 354 The maximal number of Received: message headers that is allowed 355 in the primary message headers. 356 357 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#queue_run_delay">queue_run_delay</a> (300s)</b> 358 The time between <a href="QSHAPE_README.html#deferred_queue">deferred queue</a> scans by the queue manager; 359 prior to Postfix 2.4 the default value was 1000s. 360 361<b>FAST FLUSH CONTROLS</b> 362 The <a href="ETRN_README.html">ETRN_README</a> file describes configuration and operation details for 363 the Postfix "fast flush" service. 364 365 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#fast_flush_domains">fast_flush_domains</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#relay_domains">relay_domains</a>)</b> 366 Optional list of destinations that are eligible for per-destina- 367 tion logfiles with mail that is queued to those destinations. 368 369<b>VERP CONTROLS</b> 370 The <a href="VERP_README.html">VERP_README</a> file describes configuration and operation details of 371 Postfix support for variable envelope return path addresses. 372 373 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_verp_delimiters">default_verp_delimiters</a> (+=)</b> 374 The two default VERP delimiter characters. 375 376 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#verp_delimiter_filter">verp_delimiter_filter</a> (-=+)</b> 377 The characters Postfix accepts as VERP delimiter characters on 378 the Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>sendmail</b>(1)</a> command line and in SMTP commands. 379 380<b>MISCELLANEOUS CONTROLS</b> 381 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#alias_database">alias_database</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> 382 The alias databases for <a href="local.8.html"><b>local</b>(8)</a> delivery that are updated with 383 "<b>newaliases</b>" or with "<b>sendmail -bi</b>". 384 385 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#command_directory">command_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> 386 The location of all postfix administrative commands. 387 388 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#config_directory">config_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> 389 The default location of the Postfix <a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a> and <a href="master.5.html">master.cf</a> con- 390 figuration files. 391 392 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#daemon_directory">daemon_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> 393 The directory with Postfix support programs and daemon programs. 394 395 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_database_type">default_database_type</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> 396 The default database type for use in <a href="newaliases.1.html"><b>newaliases</b>(1)</a>, <a href="postalias.1.html"><b>postalias</b>(1)</a> 397 and <a href="postmap.1.html"><b>postmap</b>(1)</a> commands. 398 399 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#delay_warning_time">delay_warning_time</a> (0h)</b> 400 The time after which the sender receives a copy of the message 401 headers of mail that is still queued. 402 403 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#mail_owner">mail_owner</a> (postfix)</b> 404 The UNIX system account that owns the Postfix queue and most 405 Postfix daemon processes. 406 407 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#queue_directory">queue_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> 408 The location of the Postfix top-level queue directory. 409 410 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#remote_header_rewrite_domain">remote_header_rewrite_domain</a> (empty)</b> 411 Don't rewrite message headers from remote clients at all when 412 this parameter is empty; otherwise, rewrite message headers and 413 append the specified domain name to incomplete addresses. 414 415 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#syslog_facility">syslog_facility</a> (mail)</b> 416 The syslog facility of Postfix logging. 417 418 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#syslog_name">syslog_name</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> 419 The mail system name that is prepended to the process name in 420 syslog records, so that "smtpd" becomes, for example, "post- 421 fix/smtpd". 422 423<b>FILES</b> 424 /var/spool/postfix, mail queue 425 /etc/postfix, configuration files 426 427<b>SEE ALSO</b> 428 <a href="pickup.8.html">pickup(8)</a>, mail pickup daemon 429 <a href="qmgr.8.html">qmgr(8)</a>, queue manager 430 <a href="smtpd.8.html">smtpd(8)</a>, SMTP server 431 <a href="flush.8.html">flush(8)</a>, fast flush service 432 <a href="postsuper.1.html">postsuper(1)</a>, queue maintenance 433 <a href="postalias.1.html">postalias(1)</a>, create/update/query alias database 434 <a href="postdrop.1.html">postdrop(1)</a>, mail posting utility 435 <a href="postfix.1.html">postfix(1)</a>, mail system control 436 <a href="postqueue.1.html">postqueue(1)</a>, mail queue control 437 syslogd(8), system logging 438 439<b>README_FILES</b> 440 Use "<b>postconf <a href="postconf.5.html#readme_directory">readme_directory</a></b>" or "<b>postconf <a href="postconf.5.html#html_directory">html_directory</a></b>" to locate 441 this information. 442 <a href="DEBUG_README.html">DEBUG_README</a>, Postfix debugging howto 443 <a href="ETRN_README.html">ETRN_README</a>, Postfix ETRN howto 444 <a href="VERP_README.html">VERP_README</a>, Postfix VERP howto 445 446<b>LICENSE</b> 447 The Secure Mailer license must be distributed with this software. 448 449<b>AUTHOR(S)</b> 450 Wietse Venema 451 IBM T.J. Watson Research 452 P.O. Box 704 453 Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA 454 455 Wietse Venema 456 Google, Inc. 457 111 8th Avenue 458 New York, NY 10011, USA 459 460 SENDMAIL(1) 461</pre> </body> </html> 462