1<!doctype html public "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" 2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> 3<html> <head> 4<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii"> 5<title> Postfix manual - sendmail(1) </title> 6</head> <body> <pre> 7SENDMAIL(1) SENDMAIL(1) 8 9<b>NAME</b> 10 sendmail - Postfix to Sendmail compatibility interface 11 12<b>SYNOPSIS</b> 13 <b>sendmail</b> [<i>option ...</i>] [<i>recipient ...</i>] 14 15 <b>mailq</b> 16 <b>sendmail -bp</b> 17 18 <b>newaliases</b> 19 <b>sendmail -I</b> 20 21<b>DESCRIPTION</b> 22 The Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>sendmail</b>(1)</a> command implements the Postfix to 23 Sendmail compatibility interface. For the sake of compat- 24 ibility with existing applications, some Sendmail command- 25 line options are recognized but silently ignored. 26 27 By default, Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>sendmail</b>(1)</a> reads a message from stan- 28 dard input until EOF or until it reads a line with only a 29 <b>.</b> character, and arranges for delivery. Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>send-</b></a> 30 <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>mail</b>(1)</a> relies on the <a href="postdrop.1.html"><b>postdrop</b>(1)</a> command to create a 31 queue file in the <b>maildrop</b> directory. 32 33 Specific command aliases are provided for other common 34 modes of operation: 35 36 <b>mailq</b> List the mail queue. Each entry shows the queue 37 file ID, message size, arrival time, sender, and 38 the recipients that still need to be delivered. If 39 mail could not be delivered upon the last attempt, 40 the reason for failure is shown. The queue ID 41 string is followed by an optional status character: 42 43 <b>*</b> The message is in the <b>active</b> queue, i.e. the 44 message is selected for delivery. 45 46 <b>!</b> The message is in the <b>hold</b> queue, i.e. no 47 further delivery attempt will be made until 48 the mail is taken off hold. 49 50 This mode of operation is implemented by executing 51 the <a href="postqueue.1.html"><b>postqueue</b>(1)</a> command. 52 53 <b>newaliases</b> 54 Initialize the alias database. If no input file is 55 specified (with the <b>-oA</b> option, see below), the 56 program processes the file(s) specified with the 57 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#alias_database">alias_database</a></b> configuration parameter. If no 58 alias database type is specified, the program uses 59 the type specified with the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_database_type">default_database_type</a></b> 60 configuration parameter. This mode of operation is 61 implemented by running the <a href="postalias.1.html"><b>postalias</b>(1)</a> command. 62 63 Note: it may take a minute or so before an alias 64 database update becomes visible. Use the "<b>postfix</b> 65 <b>reload</b>" command to eliminate this delay. 66 67 These and other features can be selected by specifying the 68 appropriate combination of command-line options. Some fea- 69 tures are controlled by parameters in the <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> configu- 70 ration file. 71 72 The following options are recognized: 73 74 <b>-Am</b> (ignored) 75 76 <b>-Ac</b> (ignored) 77 Postfix sendmail uses the same configuration file 78 regardless of whether or not a message is an ini- 79 tial submission. 80 81 <b>-B</b> <i>body</i><b>_</b><i>type</i> 82 The message body MIME type: <b>7BIT</b> or <b>8BITMIME</b>. 83 84 <b>-bd</b> Go into daemon mode. This mode of operation is 85 implemented by executing the "<b>postfix start</b>" com- 86 mand. 87 88 <b>-bh</b> (ignored) 89 90 <b>-bH</b> (ignored) 91 Postfix has no persistent host status database. 92 93 <b>-bi</b> Initialize alias database. See the <b>newaliases</b> com- 94 mand above. 95 96 <b>-bm</b> Read mail from standard input and arrange for 97 delivery. This is the default mode of operation. 98 99 <b>-bp</b> List the mail queue. See the <b>mailq</b> command above. 100 101 <b>-bs</b> Stand-alone SMTP server mode. Read SMTP commands 102 from standard input, and write responses to stan- 103 dard output. In stand-alone SMTP server mode, mail 104 relaying and other access controls are disabled by 105 default. To enable them, run the process as the 106 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#mail_owner">mail_owner</a></b> user. 107 108 This mode of operation is implemented by running 109 the <a href="smtpd.8.html"><b>smtpd</b>(8)</a> daemon. 110 111 <b>-bv</b> Do not collect or deliver a message. Instead, send 112 an email report after verifying each recipient 113 address. This is useful for testing address 114 rewriting and routing configurations. 115 116 This feature is available in Postfix version 2.1 117 and later. 118 119 <b>-C</b> <i>config</i><b>_</b><i>file</i> 120 121 <b>-C</b> <i>config</i><b>_</b><i>dir</i> 122 The path name of the Postfix <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> file, or of 123 its parent directory. This information is ignored 124 with Postfix versions before 2.3. 125 126 With all Postfix versions, you can specify a direc- 127 tory pathname with the MAIL_CONFIG environment 128 variable to override the location of configuration 129 files. 130 131 <b>-F</b> <i>full</i><b>_</b><i>name</i> 132 Set the sender full name. This overrides the NAME 133 environment variable, and is used only with mes- 134 sages that have no <b>From:</b> message header. 135 136 <b>-f</b> <i>sender</i> 137 Set the envelope sender address. This is the 138 address where delivery problems are sent to. With 139 Postfix versions before 2.1, the <b>Errors-To:</b> message 140 header overrides the error return address. 141 142 <b>-G</b> Gateway (relay) submission, as opposed to initial 143 user submission. Either do not rewrite addresses 144 at all, or update incomplete addresses with the 145 domain information specified with <b>remote_header_re-</b> 146 <b>write_domain</b>. 147 148 This option is ignored before Postfix version 2.3. 149 150 <b>-h</b> <i>hop</i><b>_</b><i>count</i> (ignored) 151 Hop count limit. Use the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#hopcount_limit">hopcount_limit</a></b> configura- 152 tion parameter instead. 153 154 <b>-I</b> Initialize alias database. See the <b>newaliases</b> com- 155 mand above. 156 157 <b>-i</b> When reading a message from standard input, don't 158 treat a line with only a <b>.</b> character as the end of 159 input. 160 161 <b>-L</b> <i>label</i> (ignored) 162 The logging label. Use the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#syslog_name">syslog_name</a></b> configura- 163 tion parameter instead. 164 165 <b>-m</b> (ignored) 166 Backwards compatibility. 167 168 <b>-N</b> <i>dsn</i> (default: 'delay, failure') 169 Delivery status notification control. Specify 170 either a comma-separated list with one or more of 171 <b>failure</b> (send notification when delivery fails), 172 <b>delay</b> (send notification when delivery is delayed), 173 or <b>success</b> (send notification when the message is 174 delivered); or specify <b>never</b> (don't send any noti- 175 fications at all). 176 177 This feature is available in Postfix 2.3 and later. 178 179 <b>-n</b> (ignored) 180 Backwards compatibility. 181 182 <b>-oA</b><i>alias</i><b>_</b><i>database</i> 183 Non-default alias database. Specify <i>pathname</i> or 184 <i>type</i>:<i>pathname</i>. See <a href="postalias.1.html"><b>postalias</b>(1)</a> for details. 185 186 <b>-O</b> <i>option=value</i> (ignored) 187 Backwards compatibility. 188 189 <b>-o7</b> (ignored) 190 191 <b>-o8</b> (ignored) 192 To send 8-bit or binary content, use an appropriate 193 MIME encapsulation and specify the appropriate <b>-B</b> 194 command-line option. 195 196 <b>-oi</b> When reading a message from standard input, don't 197 treat a line with only a <b>.</b> character as the end of 198 input. 199 200 <b>-om</b> (ignored) 201 The sender is never eliminated from alias etc. 202 expansions. 203 204 <b>-o</b> <i>x value</i> (ignored) 205 Set option <i>x</i> to <i>value</i>. Use the equivalent configu- 206 ration parameter in <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> instead. 207 208 <b>-r</b> <i>sender</i> 209 Set the envelope sender address. This is the 210 address where delivery problems are sent to. With 211 Postfix versions before 2.1, the <b>Errors-To:</b> message 212 header overrides the error return address. 213 214 <b>-R</b> <i>return</i><b>_</b><i>limit</i> (ignored) 215 Limit the size of bounced mail. Use the 216 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#bounce_size_limit">bounce_size_limit</a></b> configuration parameter instead. 217 218 <b>-q</b> Attempt to deliver all queued mail. This is imple- 219 mented by executing the <a href="postqueue.1.html"><b>postqueue</b>(1)</a> command. 220 221 Warning: flushing undeliverable mail frequently 222 will result in poor delivery performance of all 223 other mail. 224 225 <b>-q</b><i>interval</i> (ignored) 226 The interval between queue runs. Use the 227 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#queue_run_delay">queue_run_delay</a></b> configuration parameter instead. 228 229 <b>-qI</b><i>queueid</i> 230 Schedule immediate delivery of mail with the speci- 231 fied queue ID. This option is implemented by exe- 232 cuting the <a href="postqueue.1.html"><b>postqueue</b>(1)</a> command, and is available 233 with Postfix version 2.4 and later. 234 235 <b>-qR</b><i>site</i> 236 Schedule immediate delivery of all mail that is 237 queued for the named <i>site</i>. This option accepts only 238 <i>site</i> names that are eligible for the "fast flush" 239 service, and is implemented by executing the 240 <a href="postqueue.1.html"><b>postqueue</b>(1)</a> command. See <a href="flush.8.html"><b>flush</b>(8)</a> for more infor- 241 mation about the "fast flush" service. 242 243 <b>-qS</b><i>site</i> 244 This command is not implemented. Use the slower 245 "<b>sendmail -q</b>" command instead. 246 247 <b>-t</b> Extract recipients from message headers. These are 248 added to any recipients specified on the command 249 line. 250 251 With Postfix versions prior to 2.1, this option 252 requires that no recipient addresses are specified 253 on the command line. 254 255 <b>-U</b> (ignored) 256 Initial user submission. 257 258 <b>-V</b> <i>envid</i> 259 Specify the envelope ID for notification by servers 260 that support DSN. 261 262 This feature is available in Postfix 2.3 and later. 263 264 <b>-XV</b> (Postfix 2.2 and earlier: <b>-V</b>) 265 Variable Envelope Return Path. Given an envelope 266 sender address of the form <i>owner-listname</i>@<i>origin</i>, 267 each recipient <i>user</i>@<i>domain</i> receives mail with a 268 personalized envelope sender address. 269 270 By default, the personalized envelope sender 271 address is <i>owner-listname</i><b>+</b><i>user</i><b>=</b><i>domain</i>@<i>origin</i>. The 272 default <b>+</b> and <b>=</b> characters are configurable with 273 the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_verp_delimiters">default_verp_delimiters</a></b> configuration parame- 274 ter. 275 276 <b>-XV</b><i>xy</i> (Postfix 2.2 and earlier: <b>-V</b><i>xy</i>) 277 As <b>-XV</b>, but uses <i>x</i> and <i>y</i> as the VERP delimiter 278 characters, instead of the characters specified 279 with the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_verp_delimiters">default_verp_delimiters</a></b> configuration 280 parameter. 281 282 <b>-v</b> Send an email report of the first delivery attempt 283 (Postfix versions 2.1 and later). Mail delivery 284 always happens in the background. When multiple <b>-v</b> 285 options are given, enable verbose logging for 286 debugging purposes. 287 288 <b>-X</b> <i>log</i><b>_</b><i>file</i> (ignored) 289 Log mailer traffic. Use the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_list">debug_peer_list</a></b> and 290 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_level">debug_peer_level</a></b> configuration parameters instead. 291 292<b>SECURITY</b> 293 By design, this program is not set-user (or group) id. 294 However, it must handle data from untrusted, possibly 295 remote, users. Thus, the usual precautions need to be 296 taken against malicious inputs. 297 298<b>DIAGNOSTICS</b> 299 Problems are logged to <b>syslogd</b>(8) and to the standard 300 error stream. 301 302<b>ENVIRONMENT</b> 303 <b>MAIL_CONFIG</b> 304 Directory with Postfix configuration files. 305 306 <b>MAIL_VERBOSE</b> (value does not matter) 307 Enable verbose logging for debugging purposes. 308 309 <b>MAIL_DEBUG</b> (value does not matter) 310 Enable debugging with an external command, as spec- 311 ified with the <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debugger_command">debugger_command</a></b> configuration 312 parameter. 313 314 <b>NAME</b> The sender full name. This is used only with mes- 315 sages that have no <b>From:</b> message header. See also 316 the <b>-F</b> option above. 317 318<b>CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS</b> 319 The following <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>main.cf</b></a> parameters are especially relevant 320 to this program. The text below provides only a parameter 321 summary. See <a href="postconf.5.html"><b>postconf</b>(5)</a> for more details including exam- 322 ples. 323 324<b>COMPATIBILITY CONTROLS</b> 325 Available with Postfix 2.9 and later: 326 327 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#sendmail_fix_line_endings">sendmail_fix_line_endings</a> (always)</b> 328 Controls how the Postfix sendmail command converts 329 email message line endings from <CR><LF> into UNIX 330 format (<LF>). 331 332<b>TROUBLE SHOOTING CONTROLS</b> 333 The <a href="DEBUG_README.html">DEBUG_README</a> file gives examples of how to trouble 334 shoot a Postfix system. 335 336 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debugger_command">debugger_command</a> (empty)</b> 337 The external command to execute when a Postfix dae- 338 mon program is invoked with the -D option. 339 340 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_level">debug_peer_level</a> (2)</b> 341 The increment in verbose logging level when a 342 remote client or server matches a pattern in the 343 <a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_list">debug_peer_list</a> parameter. 344 345 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_list">debug_peer_list</a> (empty)</b> 346 Optional list of remote client or server hostname 347 or network address patterns that cause the verbose 348 logging level to increase by the amount specified 349 in $<a href="postconf.5.html#debug_peer_level">debug_peer_level</a>. 350 351<b>ACCESS CONTROLS</b> 352 Available in Postfix version 2.2 and later: 353 354 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#authorized_flush_users">authorized_flush_users</a> (<a href="DATABASE_README.html#types">static</a>:anyone)</b> 355 List of users who are authorized to flush the 356 queue. 357 358 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#authorized_mailq_users">authorized_mailq_users</a> (<a href="DATABASE_README.html#types">static</a>:anyone)</b> 359 List of users who are authorized to view the queue. 360 361 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#authorized_submit_users">authorized_submit_users</a> (<a href="DATABASE_README.html#types">static</a>:anyone)</b> 362 List of users who are authorized to submit mail 363 with the <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>sendmail</b>(1)</a> command (and with the privi- 364 leged <a href="postdrop.1.html"><b>postdrop</b>(1)</a> helper command). 365 366<b>RESOURCE AND RATE CONTROLS</b> 367 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#bounce_size_limit">bounce_size_limit</a> (50000)</b> 368 The maximal amount of original message text that is 369 sent in a non-delivery notification. 370 371 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#fork_attempts">fork_attempts</a> (5)</b> 372 The maximal number of attempts to fork() a child 373 process. 374 375 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#fork_delay">fork_delay</a> (1s)</b> 376 The delay between attempts to fork() a child 377 process. 378 379 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#hopcount_limit">hopcount_limit</a> (50)</b> 380 The maximal number of Received: message headers 381 that is allowed in the primary message headers. 382 383 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#queue_run_delay">queue_run_delay</a> (300s)</b> 384 The time between <a href="QSHAPE_README.html#deferred_queue">deferred queue</a> scans by the queue 385 manager; prior to Postfix 2.4 the default value was 386 1000s. 387 388<b>FAST FLUSH CONTROLS</b> 389 The <a href="ETRN_README.html">ETRN_README</a> file describes configuration and operation 390 details for the Postfix "fast flush" service. 391 392 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#fast_flush_domains">fast_flush_domains</a> ($<a href="postconf.5.html#relay_domains">relay_domains</a>)</b> 393 Optional list of destinations that are eligible for 394 per-destination logfiles with mail that is queued 395 to those destinations. 396 397<b>VERP CONTROLS</b> 398 The <a href="VERP_README.html">VERP_README</a> file describes configuration and operation 399 details of Postfix support for variable envelope return 400 path addresses. 401 402 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_verp_delimiters">default_verp_delimiters</a> (+=)</b> 403 The two default VERP delimiter characters. 404 405 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#verp_delimiter_filter">verp_delimiter_filter</a> (-=+)</b> 406 The characters Postfix accepts as VERP delimiter 407 characters on the Postfix <a href="sendmail.1.html"><b>sendmail</b>(1)</a> command line 408 and in SMTP commands. 409 410<b>MISCELLANEOUS CONTROLS</b> 411 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#alias_database">alias_database</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> 412 The alias databases for <a href="local.8.html"><b>local</b>(8)</a> delivery that are 413 updated with "<b>newaliases</b>" or with "<b>sendmail -bi</b>". 414 415 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#command_directory">command_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> 416 The location of all postfix administrative com- 417 mands. 418 419 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#config_directory">config_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> 420 The default location of the Postfix <a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a> and 421 <a href="master.5.html">master.cf</a> configuration files. 422 423 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#daemon_directory">daemon_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> 424 The directory with Postfix support programs and 425 daemon programs. 426 427 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#default_database_type">default_database_type</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> 428 The default database type for use in <a href="newaliases.1.html"><b>newaliases</b>(1)</a>, 429 <a href="postalias.1.html"><b>postalias</b>(1)</a> and <a href="postmap.1.html"><b>postmap</b>(1)</a> commands. 430 431 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#delay_warning_time">delay_warning_time</a> (0h)</b> 432 The time after which the sender receives the mes- 433 sage headers of mail that is still queued. 434 435 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#enable_errors_to">enable_errors_to</a> (no)</b> 436 Report mail delivery errors to the address speci- 437 fied with the non-standard Errors-To: message 438 header, instead of the envelope sender address 439 (this feature is removed with Postfix version 2.2, 440 is turned off by default with Postfix version 2.1, 441 and is always turned on with older Postfix ver- 442 sions). 443 444 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#mail_owner">mail_owner</a> (postfix)</b> 445 The UNIX system account that owns the Postfix queue 446 and most Postfix daemon processes. 447 448 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#queue_directory">queue_directory</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> 449 The location of the Postfix top-level queue direc- 450 tory. 451 452 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#remote_header_rewrite_domain">remote_header_rewrite_domain</a> (empty)</b> 453 Don't rewrite message headers from remote clients 454 at all when this parameter is empty; otherwise, re- 455 write message headers and append the specified 456 domain name to incomplete addresses. 457 458 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#syslog_facility">syslog_facility</a> (mail)</b> 459 The syslog facility of Postfix logging. 460 461 <b><a href="postconf.5.html#syslog_name">syslog_name</a> (see 'postconf -d' output)</b> 462 The mail system name that is prepended to the 463 process name in syslog records, so that "smtpd" 464 becomes, for example, "postfix/smtpd". 465 466<b>FILES</b> 467 /var/spool/postfix, mail queue 468 /etc/postfix, configuration files 469 470<b>SEE ALSO</b> 471 <a href="pickup.8.html">pickup(8)</a>, mail pickup daemon 472 <a href="qmgr.8.html">qmgr(8)</a>, queue manager 473 <a href="smtpd.8.html">smtpd(8)</a>, SMTP server 474 <a href="flush.8.html">flush(8)</a>, fast flush service 475 <a href="postsuper.1.html">postsuper(1)</a>, queue maintenance 476 <a href="postalias.1.html">postalias(1)</a>, create/update/query alias database 477 <a href="postdrop.1.html">postdrop(1)</a>, mail posting utility 478 <a href="postfix.1.html">postfix(1)</a>, mail system control 479 <a href="postqueue.1.html">postqueue(1)</a>, mail queue control 480 syslogd(8), system logging 481 482<b>README_FILES</b> 483 <a href="DEBUG_README.html">DEBUG_README</a>, Postfix debugging howto 484 <a href="ETRN_README.html">ETRN_README</a>, Postfix ETRN howto 485 <a href="VERP_README.html">VERP_README</a>, Postfix VERP howto 486 487<b>LICENSE</b> 488 The Secure Mailer license must be distributed with this 489 software. 490 491<b>AUTHOR(S)</b> 492 Wietse Venema 493 IBM T.J. Watson Research 494 P.O. Box 704 495 Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA 496 497 SENDMAIL(1) 498</pre> </body> </html> 499