1<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> 2<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> 3<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 27. File Based Streams</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="io.html" title="Part XI. Input and Output" /><link rel="prev" href="stringstreams.html" title="Chapter 26. Memory Based Streams" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html" title="Binary Input and Output" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 27. File Based Streams</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="stringstreams.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XI. 4 Input and Output 5 6</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 27. File Based Streams"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.io.filestreams"></a>Chapter 27. File Based Streams</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="fstreams.html#manual.io.filestreams.copying_a_file">Copying a File</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html">Binary Input and Output</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" title="Copying a File"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.io.filestreams.copying_a_file"></a>Copying a File</h2></div></div></div><p> 7 </p><p>So you want to copy a file quickly and easily, and most important, 8 completely portably. And since this is C++, you have an open 9 ifstream (call it IN) and an open ofstream (call it OUT): 10 </p><pre class="programlisting"> 11 #include <fstream> 12 13 std::ifstream IN ("input_file"); 14 std::ofstream OUT ("output_file"); </pre><p>Here's the easiest way to get it completely wrong: 15 </p><pre class="programlisting"> 16 OUT << IN;</pre><p>For those of you who don't already know why this doesn't work 17 (probably from having done it before), I invite you to quickly 18 create a simple text file called "input_file" containing 19 the sentence 20 </p><pre class="programlisting"> 21 The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.</pre><p>surrounded by blank lines. Code it up and try it. The contents 22 of "output_file" may surprise you. 23 </p><p>Seriously, go do it. Get surprised, then come back. It's worth it. 24 </p><p>The thing to remember is that the <code class="code">basic_[io]stream</code> classes 25 handle formatting, nothing else. In particular, they break up on 26 whitespace. The actual reading, writing, and storing of data is 27 handled by the <code class="code">basic_streambuf</code> family. Fortunately, the 28 <code class="code">operator<<</code> is overloaded to take an ostream and 29 a pointer-to-streambuf, in order to help with just this kind of 30 "dump the data verbatim" situation. 31 </p><p>Why a <span class="emphasis"><em>pointer</em></span> to streambuf and not just a streambuf? Well, 32 the [io]streams hold pointers (or references, depending on the 33 implementation) to their buffers, not the actual 34 buffers. This allows polymorphic behavior on the part of the buffers 35 as well as the streams themselves. The pointer is easily retrieved 36 using the <code class="code">rdbuf()</code> member function. Therefore, the easiest 37 way to copy the file is: 38 </p><pre class="programlisting"> 39 OUT << IN.rdbuf();</pre><p>So what <span class="emphasis"><em>was</em></span> happening with OUT<<IN? Undefined 40 behavior, since that particular << isn't defined by the Standard. 41 I have seen instances where it is implemented, but the character 42 extraction process removes all the whitespace, leaving you with no 43 blank lines and only "Thequickbrownfox...". With 44 libraries that do not define that operator, IN (or one of IN's 45 member pointers) sometimes gets converted to a void*, and the output 46 file then contains a perfect text representation of a hexadecimal 47 address (quite a big surprise). Others don't compile at all. 48 </p><p>Also note that none of this is specific to o<span class="emphasis"><em>*f*</em></span>streams. 49 The operators shown above are all defined in the parent 50 basic_ostream class and are therefore available with all possible 51 descendants. 52 </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="stringstreams.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="io.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 26. Memory Based Streams </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Binary Input and Output</td></tr></table></div></body></html> 53