1<!doctype html public "-//W30//DTD W3 HTML 2.0//EN"> 2 3<HTML> 4 5<!-- This file was generated using SDF 2.001 by 6 Ian Clatworthy (ianc@mincom.com). SDF is freely 7 available from http://www.mincom.com/mtr/sdf. --> 8 9<HEAD> 10<TITLE>OpenLDAP Software 2.4 Administrator's Guide</TITLE> 11</HEAD> 12<BODY> 13 14<DIV CLASS="header"> 15<A HREF="http://www.OpenLDAP.org/"> 16<P><IMG SRC="../images/LDAPlogo.gif" ALIGN="Left" BORDER=0></P> 17</A> 18<DIV CLASS="navigate"> 19<P ALIGN="Center"><A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/">Home</A> | <A HREF="../index.html">Catalog</A></P> 20</DIV> 21<BR CLEAR="Left"> 22</DIV> 23<DIV CLASS="title"> 24<H1 CLASS="doc-title">OpenLDAP Software 2.4 Administrator's Guide</H1> 25<ADDRESS CLASS="doc-author">The OpenLDAP Project <<A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/">http://www.openldap.org/</A>></ADDRESS> 26<ADDRESS CLASS="doc-modified">25 January 2014</ADDRESS> 27<BR CLEAR="All"> 28</DIV> 29<DIV CLASS="contents"> 30<HR> 31<H2>Table of Contents</H2> 32<UL> 33<A HREF="#Preface">Preface</A> 34<BR> 35<A HREF="#Introduction to OpenLDAP Directory Services">1. Introduction to OpenLDAP Directory Services</A><UL> 36<A HREF="#What is a directory service">1.1. What is a directory service?</A> 37<BR> 38<A HREF="#What is LDAP">1.2. What is LDAP?</A> 39<BR> 40<A HREF="#When should I use LDAP">1.3. When should I use LDAP?</A> 41<BR> 42<A HREF="#When should I not use LDAP">1.4. When should I not use LDAP?</A> 43<BR> 44<A HREF="#How does LDAP work">1.5. How does LDAP work?</A> 45<BR> 46<A HREF="#What about X.500">1.6. What about X.500?</A> 47<BR> 48<A HREF="#What is the difference between LDAPv2 and LDAPv3">1.7. What is the difference between LDAPv2 and LDAPv3?</A> 49<BR> 50<A HREF="#LDAP vs RDBMS">1.8. LDAP vs RDBMS</A> 51<BR> 52<A HREF="#What is slapd and what can it do">1.9. What is slapd and what can it do?</A></UL> 53<BR> 54<A HREF="#A Quick-Start Guide">2. A Quick-Start Guide</A> 55<BR> 56<A HREF="#The Big Picture - Configuration Choices">3. The Big Picture - Configuration Choices</A><UL> 57<A HREF="#Local Directory Service">3.1. Local Directory Service</A> 58<BR> 59<A HREF="#Local Directory Service with Referrals">3.2. Local Directory Service with Referrals</A> 60<BR> 61<A HREF="#Replicated Directory Service">3.3. Replicated Directory Service</A> 62<BR> 63<A HREF="#Distributed Local Directory Service">3.4. Distributed Local Directory Service</A></UL> 64<BR> 65<A HREF="#Building and Installing OpenLDAP Software">4. Building and Installing OpenLDAP Software</A><UL> 66<A HREF="#Obtaining and Extracting the Software">4.1. Obtaining and Extracting the Software</A> 67<BR> 68<A HREF="#Prerequisite software">4.2. Prerequisite software</A><UL> 69<A HREF="#{{TERM[expand]TLS}}">4.2.1. <TERM>Transport Layer Security</TERM></A> 70<BR> 71<A HREF="#{{TERM[expand]SASL}}">4.2.2. <TERM>Simple Authentication and Security Layer</TERM></A> 72<BR> 73<A HREF="#{{TERM[expand]Kerberos}}">4.2.3. <TERM>Kerberos Authentication Service</TERM></A> 74<BR> 75<A HREF="#Database Software">4.2.4. Database Software</A> 76<BR> 77<A HREF="#Threads">4.2.5. Threads</A> 78<BR> 79<A HREF="#TCP Wrappers">4.2.6. TCP Wrappers</A></UL> 80<BR> 81<A HREF="#Running configure">4.3. Running configure</A> 82<BR> 83<A HREF="#Building the Software">4.4. Building the Software</A> 84<BR> 85<A HREF="#Testing the Software">4.5. Testing the Software</A> 86<BR> 87<A HREF="#Installing the Software">4.6. Installing the Software</A></UL> 88<BR> 89<A HREF="#Configuring slapd">5. Configuring slapd</A><UL> 90<A HREF="#Configuration Layout">5.1. Configuration Layout</A> 91<BR> 92<A HREF="#Configuration Directives">5.2. Configuration Directives</A><UL> 93<A HREF="#cn=config">5.2.1. cn=config</A> 94<BR> 95<A HREF="#cn=module">5.2.2. cn=module</A> 96<BR> 97<A HREF="#cn=schema">5.2.3. cn=schema</A> 98<BR> 99<A HREF="#Backend-specific Directives">5.2.4. Backend-specific Directives</A> 100<BR> 101<A HREF="#Database-specific Directives">5.2.5. Database-specific Directives</A> 102<BR> 103<A HREF="#BDB and HDB Database Directives">5.2.6. BDB and HDB Database Directives</A></UL> 104<BR> 105<A HREF="#Configuration Example">5.3. Configuration Example</A> 106<BR> 107<A HREF="#Converting old style {{slapd.conf}}(5) file to {{cn=config}} format">5.4. Converting old style <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) file to <EM>cn=config</EM> format</A></UL> 108<BR> 109<A HREF="#The slapd Configuration File">6. The slapd Configuration File</A><UL> 110<A HREF="#Configuration File Format">6.1. Configuration File Format</A> 111<BR> 112<A HREF="#Configuration File Directives">6.2. Configuration File Directives</A><UL> 113<A HREF="#Global Directives">6.2.1. Global Directives</A> 114<BR> 115<A HREF="#General Backend Directives">6.2.2. General Backend Directives</A> 116<BR> 117<A HREF="#General Database Directives">6.2.3. General Database Directives</A> 118<BR> 119<A HREF="#BDB and HDB Database Directives">6.2.4. BDB and HDB Database Directives</A></UL> 120<BR> 121<A HREF="#Configuration File Example">6.3. Configuration File Example</A></UL> 122<BR> 123<A HREF="#Running slapd">7. Running slapd</A><UL> 124<A HREF="#Command-Line Options">7.1. Command-Line Options</A> 125<BR> 126<A HREF="#Starting slapd">7.2. Starting slapd</A> 127<BR> 128<A HREF="#Stopping slapd">7.3. Stopping slapd</A></UL> 129<BR> 130<A HREF="#Access Control">8. Access Control</A><UL> 131<A HREF="#Introduction">8.1. Introduction</A> 132<BR> 133<A HREF="#Access Control via Static Configuration">8.2. Access Control via Static Configuration</A><UL> 134<A HREF="#What to control access to">8.2.1. What to control access to</A> 135<BR> 136<A HREF="#Who to grant access to">8.2.2. Who to grant access to</A> 137<BR> 138<A HREF="#The access to grant">8.2.3. The access to grant</A> 139<BR> 140<A HREF="#Access Control Evaluation">8.2.4. Access Control Evaluation</A> 141<BR> 142<A HREF="#Access Control Examples">8.2.5. Access Control Examples</A></UL> 143<BR> 144<A HREF="#Access Control via Dynamic Configuration">8.3. Access Control via Dynamic Configuration</A><UL> 145<A HREF="#What to control access to">8.3.1. What to control access to</A> 146<BR> 147<A HREF="#Who to grant access to">8.3.2. Who to grant access to</A> 148<BR> 149<A HREF="#The access to grant">8.3.3. The access to grant</A> 150<BR> 151<A HREF="#Access Control Evaluation">8.3.4. Access Control Evaluation</A> 152<BR> 153<A HREF="#Access Control Examples">8.3.5. Access Control Examples</A> 154<BR> 155<A HREF="#Access Control Ordering">8.3.6. Access Control Ordering</A></UL> 156<BR> 157<A HREF="#Access Control Common Examples">8.4. Access Control Common Examples</A><UL> 158<A HREF="#Basic ACLs">8.4.1. Basic ACLs</A> 159<BR> 160<A HREF="#Matching Anonymous and Authenticated users">8.4.2. Matching Anonymous and Authenticated users</A> 161<BR> 162<A HREF="#Controlling rootdn access">8.4.3. Controlling rootdn access</A> 163<BR> 164<A HREF="#Managing access with Groups">8.4.4. Managing access with Groups</A> 165<BR> 166<A HREF="#Granting access to a subset of attributes">8.4.5. Granting access to a subset of attributes</A> 167<BR> 168<A HREF="#Allowing a user write to all entries below theirs">8.4.6. Allowing a user write to all entries below theirs</A> 169<BR> 170<A HREF="#Allowing entry creation">8.4.7. Allowing entry creation</A> 171<BR> 172<A HREF="#Tips for using regular expressions in Access Control">8.4.8. Tips for using regular expressions in Access Control</A> 173<BR> 174<A HREF="#Granting and Denying access based on security strength factors (ssf)">8.4.9. Granting and Denying access based on security strength factors (ssf)</A> 175<BR> 176<A HREF="#When things aren\'t working as expected">8.4.10. When things aren't working as expected</A></UL> 177<BR> 178<A HREF="#Sets - Granting rights based on relationships">8.5. Sets - Granting rights based on relationships</A><UL> 179<A HREF="#Groups of Groups">8.5.1. Groups of Groups</A> 180<BR> 181<A HREF="#Group ACLs without DN syntax">8.5.2. Group ACLs without DN syntax</A> 182<BR> 183<A HREF="#Following references">8.5.3. Following references</A></UL></UL> 184<BR> 185<A HREF="#Limits">9. Limits</A><UL> 186<A HREF="#Introduction">9.1. Introduction</A> 187<BR> 188<A HREF="#Soft and Hard limits">9.2. Soft and Hard limits</A> 189<BR> 190<A HREF="#Global Limits">9.3. Global Limits</A> 191<BR> 192<A HREF="#Per-Database Limits">9.4. Per-Database Limits</A><UL> 193<A HREF="#Specify who the limits apply to">9.4.1. Specify who the limits apply to</A> 194<BR> 195<A HREF="#Specify time limits">9.4.2. Specify time limits</A> 196<BR> 197<A HREF="#Specifying size limits">9.4.3. Specifying size limits</A> 198<BR> 199<A HREF="#Size limits and Paged Results">9.4.4. Size limits and Paged Results</A></UL> 200<BR> 201<A HREF="#Example Limit Configurations">9.5. Example Limit Configurations</A><UL> 202<A HREF="#Simple Global Limits">9.5.1. Simple Global Limits</A> 203<BR> 204<A HREF="#Global Hard and Soft Limits">9.5.2. Global Hard and Soft Limits</A> 205<BR> 206<A HREF="#Giving specific users larger limits">9.5.3. Giving specific users larger limits</A> 207<BR> 208<A HREF="#Limiting who can do paged searches">9.5.4. Limiting who can do paged searches</A></UL> 209<BR> 210<A HREF="#Further Information">9.6. Further Information</A></UL> 211<BR> 212<A HREF="#Database Creation and Maintenance Tools">10. Database Creation and Maintenance Tools</A><UL> 213<A HREF="#Creating a database over LDAP">10.1. Creating a database over LDAP</A> 214<BR> 215<A HREF="#Creating a database off-line">10.2. Creating a database off-line</A><UL> 216<A HREF="#The {{EX:slapadd}} program">10.2.1. The <TT>slapadd</TT> program</A> 217<BR> 218<A HREF="#The {{EX:slapindex}} program">10.2.2. The <TT>slapindex</TT> program</A> 219<BR> 220<A HREF="#The {{EX:slapcat}} program">10.2.3. The <TT>slapcat</TT> program</A></UL> 221<BR> 222<A HREF="#The LDIF text entry format">10.3. The LDIF text entry format</A></UL> 223<BR> 224<A HREF="#Backends">11. Backends</A><UL> 225<A HREF="#Berkeley DB Backends">11.1. Berkeley DB Backends</A><UL> 226<A HREF="#Overview">11.1.1. Overview</A> 227<BR> 228<A HREF="#back-bdb/back-hdb Configuration">11.1.2. back-bdb/back-hdb Configuration</A> 229<BR> 230<A HREF="#Further Information">11.1.3. Further Information</A></UL> 231<BR> 232<A HREF="#LDAP">11.2. LDAP</A><UL> 233<A HREF="#Overview">11.2.1. Overview</A> 234<BR> 235<A HREF="#back-ldap Configuration">11.2.2. back-ldap Configuration</A> 236<BR> 237<A HREF="#Further Information">11.2.3. Further Information</A></UL> 238<BR> 239<A HREF="#LDIF">11.3. LDIF</A><UL> 240<A HREF="#Overview">11.3.1. Overview</A> 241<BR> 242<A HREF="#back-ldif Configuration">11.3.2. back-ldif Configuration</A> 243<BR> 244<A HREF="#Further Information">11.3.3. Further Information</A></UL> 245<BR> 246<A HREF="#LMDB">11.4. LMDB</A><UL> 247<A HREF="#Overview">11.4.1. Overview</A> 248<BR> 249<A HREF="#back-mdb Configuration">11.4.2. back-mdb Configuration</A> 250<BR> 251<A HREF="#Further Information">11.4.3. Further Information</A></UL> 252<BR> 253<A HREF="#Metadirectory">11.5. Metadirectory</A><UL> 254<A HREF="#Overview">11.5.1. Overview</A> 255<BR> 256<A HREF="#back-meta Configuration">11.5.2. back-meta Configuration</A> 257<BR> 258<A HREF="#Further Information">11.5.3. Further Information</A></UL> 259<BR> 260<A HREF="#Monitor">11.6. Monitor</A><UL> 261<A HREF="#Overview">11.6.1. Overview</A> 262<BR> 263<A HREF="#back-monitor Configuration">11.6.2. back-monitor Configuration</A> 264<BR> 265<A HREF="#Further Information">11.6.3. Further Information</A></UL> 266<BR> 267<A HREF="#Null">11.7. Null</A><UL> 268<A HREF="#Overview">11.7.1. Overview</A> 269<BR> 270<A HREF="#back-null Configuration">11.7.2. back-null Configuration</A> 271<BR> 272<A HREF="#Further Information">11.7.3. Further Information</A></UL> 273<BR> 274<A HREF="#Passwd">11.8. Passwd</A><UL> 275<A HREF="#Overview">11.8.1. Overview</A> 276<BR> 277<A HREF="#back-passwd Configuration">11.8.2. back-passwd Configuration</A> 278<BR> 279<A HREF="#Further Information">11.8.3. Further Information</A></UL> 280<BR> 281<A HREF="#Perl/Shell">11.9. Perl/Shell</A><UL> 282<A HREF="#Overview">11.9.1. Overview</A> 283<BR> 284<A HREF="#back-perl/back-shell Configuration">11.9.2. back-perl/back-shell Configuration</A> 285<BR> 286<A HREF="#Further Information">11.9.3. Further Information</A></UL> 287<BR> 288<A HREF="#Relay">11.10. Relay</A><UL> 289<A HREF="#Overview">11.10.1. Overview</A> 290<BR> 291<A HREF="#back-relay Configuration">11.10.2. back-relay Configuration</A> 292<BR> 293<A HREF="#Further Information">11.10.3. Further Information</A></UL> 294<BR> 295<A HREF="#SQL">11.11. SQL</A><UL> 296<A HREF="#Overview">11.11.1. Overview</A> 297<BR> 298<A HREF="#back-sql Configuration">11.11.2. back-sql Configuration</A> 299<BR> 300<A HREF="#Further Information">11.11.3. Further Information</A></UL></UL> 301<BR> 302<A HREF="#Overlays">12. Overlays</A><UL> 303<A HREF="#Access Logging">12.1. Access Logging</A><UL> 304<A HREF="#Overview">12.1.1. Overview</A> 305<BR> 306<A HREF="#Access Logging Configuration">12.1.2. Access Logging Configuration</A> 307<BR> 308<A HREF="#Further Information">12.1.3. Further Information</A></UL> 309<BR> 310<A HREF="#Audit Logging">12.2. Audit Logging</A><UL> 311<A HREF="#Overview">12.2.1. Overview</A> 312<BR> 313<A HREF="#Audit Logging Configuration">12.2.2. Audit Logging Configuration</A> 314<BR> 315<A HREF="#Further Information">12.2.3. Further Information</A></UL> 316<BR> 317<A HREF="#Chaining">12.3. Chaining</A><UL> 318<A HREF="#Overview">12.3.1. Overview</A> 319<BR> 320<A HREF="#Chaining Configuration">12.3.2. Chaining Configuration</A> 321<BR> 322<A HREF="#Handling Chaining Errors">12.3.3. Handling Chaining Errors</A> 323<BR> 324<A HREF="#Read-Back of Chained Modifications">12.3.4. Read-Back of Chained Modifications</A> 325<BR> 326<A HREF="#Further Information">12.3.5. Further Information</A></UL> 327<BR> 328<A HREF="#Constraints">12.4. Constraints</A><UL> 329<A HREF="#Overview">12.4.1. Overview</A> 330<BR> 331<A HREF="#Constraint Configuration">12.4.2. Constraint Configuration</A> 332<BR> 333<A HREF="#Further Information">12.4.3. Further Information</A></UL> 334<BR> 335<A HREF="#Dynamic Directory Services">12.5. Dynamic Directory Services</A><UL> 336<A HREF="#Overview">12.5.1. Overview</A> 337<BR> 338<A HREF="#Dynamic Directory Service Configuration">12.5.2. Dynamic Directory Service Configuration</A> 339<BR> 340<A HREF="#Further Information">12.5.3. Further Information</A></UL> 341<BR> 342<A HREF="#Dynamic Groups">12.6. Dynamic Groups</A><UL> 343<A HREF="#Overview">12.6.1. Overview</A> 344<BR> 345<A HREF="#Dynamic Group Configuration">12.6.2. Dynamic Group Configuration</A></UL> 346<BR> 347<A HREF="#Dynamic Lists">12.7. Dynamic Lists</A><UL> 348<A HREF="#Overview">12.7.1. Overview</A> 349<BR> 350<A HREF="#Dynamic List Configuration">12.7.2. Dynamic List Configuration</A> 351<BR> 352<A HREF="#Further Information">12.7.3. Further Information</A></UL> 353<BR> 354<A HREF="#Reverse Group Membership Maintenance">12.8. Reverse Group Membership Maintenance</A><UL> 355<A HREF="#Overview">12.8.1. Overview</A> 356<BR> 357<A HREF="#Member Of Configuration">12.8.2. Member Of Configuration</A> 358<BR> 359<A HREF="#Further Information">12.8.3. Further Information</A></UL> 360<BR> 361<A HREF="#The Proxy Cache Engine">12.9. The Proxy Cache Engine</A><UL> 362<A HREF="#Overview">12.9.1. Overview</A> 363<BR> 364<A HREF="#Proxy Cache Configuration">12.9.2. Proxy Cache Configuration</A> 365<BR> 366<A HREF="#Further Information">12.9.3. Further Information</A></UL> 367<BR> 368<A HREF="#Password Policies">12.10. Password Policies</A><UL> 369<A HREF="#Overview">12.10.1. Overview</A> 370<BR> 371<A HREF="#Password Policy Configuration">12.10.2. Password Policy Configuration</A> 372<BR> 373<A HREF="#Further Information">12.10.3. Further Information</A></UL> 374<BR> 375<A HREF="#Referential Integrity">12.11. Referential Integrity</A><UL> 376<A HREF="#Overview">12.11.1. Overview</A> 377<BR> 378<A HREF="#Referential Integrity Configuration">12.11.2. Referential Integrity Configuration</A> 379<BR> 380<A HREF="#Further Information">12.11.3. Further Information</A></UL> 381<BR> 382<A HREF="#Return Code">12.12. Return Code</A><UL> 383<A HREF="#Overview">12.12.1. Overview</A> 384<BR> 385<A HREF="#Return Code Configuration">12.12.2. Return Code Configuration</A> 386<BR> 387<A HREF="#Further Information">12.12.3. Further Information</A></UL> 388<BR> 389<A HREF="#Rewrite/Remap">12.13. Rewrite/Remap</A><UL> 390<A HREF="#Overview">12.13.1. Overview</A> 391<BR> 392<A HREF="#Rewrite/Remap Configuration">12.13.2. Rewrite/Remap Configuration</A> 393<BR> 394<A HREF="#Further Information">12.13.3. Further Information</A></UL> 395<BR> 396<A HREF="#Sync Provider">12.14. Sync Provider</A><UL> 397<A HREF="#Overview">12.14.1. Overview</A> 398<BR> 399<A HREF="#Sync Provider Configuration">12.14.2. Sync Provider Configuration</A> 400<BR> 401<A HREF="#Further Information">12.14.3. Further Information</A></UL> 402<BR> 403<A HREF="#Translucent Proxy">12.15. Translucent Proxy</A><UL> 404<A HREF="#Overview">12.15.1. Overview</A> 405<BR> 406<A HREF="#Translucent Proxy Configuration">12.15.2. Translucent Proxy Configuration</A> 407<BR> 408<A HREF="#Further Information">12.15.3. Further Information</A></UL> 409<BR> 410<A HREF="#Attribute Uniqueness">12.16. Attribute Uniqueness</A><UL> 411<A HREF="#Overview">12.16.1. Overview</A> 412<BR> 413<A HREF="#Attribute Uniqueness Configuration">12.16.2. Attribute Uniqueness Configuration</A> 414<BR> 415<A HREF="#Further Information">12.16.3. Further Information</A></UL> 416<BR> 417<A HREF="#Value Sorting">12.17. Value Sorting</A><UL> 418<A HREF="#Overview">12.17.1. Overview</A> 419<BR> 420<A HREF="#Value Sorting Configuration">12.17.2. Value Sorting Configuration</A> 421<BR> 422<A HREF="#Further Information">12.17.3. Further Information</A></UL> 423<BR> 424<A HREF="#Overlay Stacking">12.18. Overlay Stacking</A><UL> 425<A HREF="#Overview">12.18.1. Overview</A> 426<BR> 427<A HREF="#Example Scenarios">12.18.2. Example Scenarios</A></UL></UL> 428<BR> 429<A HREF="#Schema Specification">13. Schema Specification</A><UL> 430<A HREF="#Distributed Schema Files">13.1. Distributed Schema Files</A> 431<BR> 432<A HREF="#Extending Schema">13.2. Extending Schema</A><UL> 433<A HREF="#Object Identifiers">13.2.1. Object Identifiers</A> 434<BR> 435<A HREF="#Naming Elements">13.2.2. Naming Elements</A> 436<BR> 437<A HREF="#Local schema file">13.2.3. Local schema file</A> 438<BR> 439<A HREF="#Attribute Type Specification">13.2.4. Attribute Type Specification</A> 440<BR> 441<A HREF="#Object Class Specification">13.2.5. Object Class Specification</A> 442<BR> 443<A HREF="#OID Macros">13.2.6. OID Macros</A></UL></UL> 444<BR> 445<A HREF="#Security Considerations">14. Security Considerations</A><UL> 446<A HREF="#Network Security">14.1. Network Security</A><UL> 447<A HREF="#Selective Listening">14.1.1. Selective Listening</A> 448<BR> 449<A HREF="#IP Firewall">14.1.2. IP Firewall</A> 450<BR> 451<A HREF="#TCP Wrappers">14.1.3. TCP Wrappers</A></UL> 452<BR> 453<A HREF="#Data Integrity and Confidentiality Protection">14.2. Data Integrity and Confidentiality Protection</A><UL> 454<A HREF="#Security Strength Factors">14.2.1. Security Strength Factors</A></UL> 455<BR> 456<A HREF="#Authentication Methods">14.3. Authentication Methods</A><UL> 457<A HREF="#"simple" method">14.3.1. "simple" method</A> 458<BR> 459<A HREF="#SASL method">14.3.2. SASL method</A></UL> 460<BR> 461<A HREF="#Password Storage">14.4. Password Storage</A><UL> 462<A HREF="#SSHA password storage scheme">14.4.1. SSHA password storage scheme</A> 463<BR> 464<A HREF="#CRYPT password storage scheme">14.4.2. CRYPT password storage scheme</A> 465<BR> 466<A HREF="#MD5 password storage scheme">14.4.3. MD5 password storage scheme</A> 467<BR> 468<A HREF="#SMD5 password storage scheme">14.4.4. SMD5 password storage scheme</A> 469<BR> 470<A HREF="#SHA password storage scheme">14.4.5. SHA password storage scheme</A> 471<BR> 472<A HREF="#SASL password storage scheme">14.4.6. SASL password storage scheme</A></UL> 473<BR> 474<A HREF="#Pass-Through authentication">14.5. Pass-Through authentication</A><UL> 475<A HREF="#Configuring slapd to use an authentication provider">14.5.1. Configuring slapd to use an authentication provider</A> 476<BR> 477<A HREF="#Configuring saslauthd">14.5.2. Configuring saslauthd</A> 478<BR> 479<A HREF="#Testing pass-through authentication">14.5.3. Testing pass-through authentication</A></UL></UL> 480<BR> 481<A HREF="#Using SASL">15. Using SASL</A><UL> 482<A HREF="#SASL Security Considerations">15.1. SASL Security Considerations</A> 483<BR> 484<A HREF="#SASL Authentication">15.2. SASL Authentication</A><UL> 485<A HREF="#GSSAPI">15.2.1. GSSAPI</A> 486<BR> 487<A HREF="#KERBEROS_V4">15.2.2. KERBEROS_V4</A> 488<BR> 489<A HREF="#DIGEST-MD5">15.2.3. DIGEST-MD5</A> 490<BR> 491<A HREF="#EXTERNAL">15.2.4. EXTERNAL</A> 492<BR> 493<A HREF="#Mapping Authentication Identities">15.2.5. Mapping Authentication Identities</A> 494<BR> 495<A HREF="#Direct Mapping">15.2.6. Direct Mapping</A> 496<BR> 497<A HREF="#Search-based mappings">15.2.7. Search-based mappings</A></UL> 498<BR> 499<A HREF="#SASL Proxy Authorization">15.3. SASL Proxy Authorization</A><UL> 500<A HREF="#Uses of Proxy Authorization">15.3.1. Uses of Proxy Authorization</A> 501<BR> 502<A HREF="#SASL Authorization Identities">15.3.2. SASL Authorization Identities</A> 503<BR> 504<A HREF="#Proxy Authorization Rules">15.3.3. Proxy Authorization Rules</A></UL></UL> 505<BR> 506<A HREF="#Using TLS">16. Using TLS</A><UL> 507<A HREF="#TLS Certificates">16.1. TLS Certificates</A><UL> 508<A HREF="#Server Certificates">16.1.1. Server Certificates</A> 509<BR> 510<A HREF="#Client Certificates">16.1.2. Client Certificates</A></UL> 511<BR> 512<A HREF="#TLS Configuration">16.2. TLS Configuration</A><UL> 513<A HREF="#Server Configuration">16.2.1. Server Configuration</A> 514<BR> 515<A HREF="#Client Configuration">16.2.2. Client Configuration</A></UL></UL> 516<BR> 517<A HREF="#Constructing a Distributed Directory Service">17. Constructing a Distributed Directory Service</A><UL> 518<A HREF="#Subordinate Knowledge Information">17.1. Subordinate Knowledge Information</A> 519<BR> 520<A HREF="#Superior Knowledge Information">17.2. Superior Knowledge Information</A> 521<BR> 522<A HREF="#The ManageDsaIT Control">17.3. The ManageDsaIT Control</A></UL> 523<BR> 524<A HREF="#Replication">18. Replication</A><UL> 525<A HREF="#Replication Technology">18.1. Replication Technology</A><UL> 526<A HREF="#LDAP Sync Replication">18.1.1. LDAP Sync Replication</A></UL> 527<BR> 528<A HREF="#Deployment Alternatives">18.2. Deployment Alternatives</A><UL> 529<A HREF="#Delta-syncrepl replication">18.2.1. Delta-syncrepl replication</A> 530<BR> 531<A HREF="#N-Way Multi-Master replication">18.2.2. N-Way Multi-Master replication</A> 532<BR> 533<A HREF="#MirrorMode replication">18.2.3. MirrorMode replication</A> 534<BR> 535<A HREF="#Syncrepl Proxy Mode">18.2.4. Syncrepl Proxy Mode</A></UL> 536<BR> 537<A HREF="#Configuring the different replication types">18.3. Configuring the different replication types</A><UL> 538<A HREF="#Syncrepl">18.3.1. Syncrepl</A> 539<BR> 540<A HREF="#Delta-syncrepl">18.3.2. Delta-syncrepl</A> 541<BR> 542<A HREF="#N-Way Multi-Master">18.3.3. N-Way Multi-Master</A> 543<BR> 544<A HREF="#MirrorMode">18.3.4. MirrorMode</A> 545<BR> 546<A HREF="#Syncrepl Proxy">18.3.5. Syncrepl Proxy</A></UL></UL> 547<BR> 548<A HREF="#Maintenance">19. Maintenance</A><UL> 549<A HREF="#Directory Backups">19.1. Directory Backups</A> 550<BR> 551<A HREF="#Berkeley DB Logs">19.2. Berkeley DB Logs</A> 552<BR> 553<A HREF="#Checkpointing">19.3. Checkpointing</A> 554<BR> 555<A HREF="#Migration">19.4. Migration</A></UL> 556<BR> 557<A HREF="#Monitoring">20. Monitoring</A><UL> 558<A HREF="#Monitor configuration via cn=config(5)">20.1. Monitor configuration via cn=config(5)</A> 559<BR> 560<A HREF="#Monitor configuration via slapd.conf(5)">20.2. Monitor configuration via slapd.conf(5)</A> 561<BR> 562<A HREF="#Accessing Monitoring Information">20.3. Accessing Monitoring Information</A> 563<BR> 564<A HREF="#Monitor Information">20.4. Monitor Information</A><UL> 565<A HREF="#Backends">20.4.1. Backends</A> 566<BR> 567<A HREF="#Connections">20.4.2. Connections</A> 568<BR> 569<A HREF="#Databases">20.4.3. Databases</A> 570<BR> 571<A HREF="#Listener">20.4.4. Listener</A> 572<BR> 573<A HREF="#Log">20.4.5. Log</A> 574<BR> 575<A HREF="#Operations">20.4.6. Operations</A> 576<BR> 577<A HREF="#Overlays">20.4.7. Overlays</A> 578<BR> 579<A HREF="#SASL">20.4.8. SASL</A> 580<BR> 581<A HREF="#Statistics">20.4.9. Statistics</A> 582<BR> 583<A HREF="#Threads">20.4.10. Threads</A> 584<BR> 585<A HREF="#Time">20.4.11. Time</A> 586<BR> 587<A HREF="#TLS">20.4.12. TLS</A> 588<BR> 589<A HREF="#Waiters">20.4.13. Waiters</A></UL></UL> 590<BR> 591<A HREF="#Tuning">21. Tuning</A><UL> 592<A HREF="#Performance Factors">21.1. Performance Factors</A><UL> 593<A HREF="#Memory">21.1.1. Memory</A> 594<BR> 595<A HREF="#Disks">21.1.2. Disks</A> 596<BR> 597<A HREF="#Network Topology">21.1.3. Network Topology</A> 598<BR> 599<A HREF="#Directory Layout Design">21.1.4. Directory Layout Design</A> 600<BR> 601<A HREF="#Expected Usage">21.1.5. Expected Usage</A></UL> 602<BR> 603<A HREF="#Indexes">21.2. Indexes</A><UL> 604<A HREF="#Understanding how a search works">21.2.1. Understanding how a search works</A> 605<BR> 606<A HREF="#What to index">21.2.2. What to index</A> 607<BR> 608<A HREF="#Presence indexing">21.2.3. Presence indexing</A></UL> 609<BR> 610<A HREF="#Logging">21.3. Logging</A><UL> 611<A HREF="#What log level to use">21.3.1. What log level to use</A> 612<BR> 613<A HREF="#What to watch out for">21.3.2. What to watch out for</A> 614<BR> 615<A HREF="#Improving throughput">21.3.3. Improving throughput</A></UL> 616<BR> 617<A HREF="#Caching">21.4. Caching</A><UL> 618<A HREF="#Berkeley DB Cache">21.4.1. Berkeley DB Cache</A> 619<BR> 620<A HREF="#{{slapd}}(8) Entry Cache (cachesize)">21.4.2. <EM>slapd</EM>(8) Entry Cache (cachesize)</A> 621<BR> 622<A HREF="#{{TERM:IDL}} Cache (idlcachesize)">21.4.3. <TERM>IDL</TERM> Cache (idlcachesize)</A></UL> 623<BR> 624<A HREF="#{{slapd}}(8) Threads">21.5. <EM>slapd</EM>(8) Threads</A></UL> 625<BR> 626<A HREF="#Troubleshooting">22. Troubleshooting</A><UL> 627<A HREF="#User or Software errors">22.1. User or Software errors?</A> 628<BR> 629<A HREF="#Checklist">22.2. Checklist</A> 630<BR> 631<A HREF="#OpenLDAP Bugs">22.3. OpenLDAP Bugs</A> 632<BR> 633<A HREF="#3rd party software error">22.4. 3rd party software error</A> 634<BR> 635<A HREF="#How to contact the OpenLDAP Project">22.5. How to contact the OpenLDAP Project</A> 636<BR> 637<A HREF="#How to present your problem">22.6. How to present your problem</A> 638<BR> 639<A HREF="#Debugging {{slapd}}(8)">22.7. Debugging <EM>slapd</EM>(8)</A> 640<BR> 641<A HREF="#Commercial Support">22.8. Commercial Support</A></UL> 642<BR> 643<A HREF="#Changes Since Previous Release">A. Changes Since Previous Release</A><UL> 644<A HREF="#New Guide Sections">A.1. New Guide Sections</A> 645<BR> 646<A HREF="#New Features and Enhancements in 2.4">A.2. New Features and Enhancements in 2.4</A><UL> 647<A HREF="#Better {{B:cn=config}} functionality">A.2.1. Better <B>cn=config</B> functionality</A> 648<BR> 649<A HREF="#Better {{B:cn=schema}} functionality">A.2.2. Better <B>cn=schema</B> functionality</A> 650<BR> 651<A HREF="#More sophisticated Syncrepl configurations">A.2.3. More sophisticated Syncrepl configurations</A> 652<BR> 653<A HREF="#N-Way Multimaster Replication">A.2.4. N-Way Multimaster Replication</A> 654<BR> 655<A HREF="#Replicating {{slapd}} Configuration (syncrepl and {{B:cn=config}})">A.2.5. Replicating <EM>slapd</EM> Configuration (syncrepl and <B>cn=config</B>)</A> 656<BR> 657<A HREF="#Push-Mode Replication">A.2.6. Push-Mode Replication</A> 658<BR> 659<A HREF="#More extensive TLS configuration control">A.2.7. More extensive TLS configuration control</A> 660<BR> 661<A HREF="#Performance enhancements">A.2.8. Performance enhancements</A> 662<BR> 663<A HREF="#New overlays">A.2.9. New overlays</A> 664<BR> 665<A HREF="#New features in existing Overlays">A.2.10. New features in existing Overlays</A> 666<BR> 667<A HREF="#New features in slapd">A.2.11. New features in slapd</A> 668<BR> 669<A HREF="#New features in libldap">A.2.12. New features in libldap</A> 670<BR> 671<A HREF="#New clients, tools and tool enhancements">A.2.13. New clients, tools and tool enhancements</A> 672<BR> 673<A HREF="#New build options">A.2.14. New build options</A></UL> 674<BR> 675<A HREF="#Obsolete Features Removed From 2.4">A.3. Obsolete Features Removed From 2.4</A><UL> 676<A HREF="#Slurpd">A.3.1. Slurpd</A> 677<BR> 678<A HREF="#back-ldbm">A.3.2. back-ldbm</A></UL></UL> 679<BR> 680<A HREF="#Upgrading from 2.3.x">B. Upgrading from 2.3.x</A><UL> 681<A HREF="#{{B:cn=config}} olc* attributes">B.1. <B>cn=config</B> olc* attributes</A> 682<BR> 683<A HREF="#ACLs: searches require privileges on the search base">B.2. ACLs: searches require privileges on the search base</A></UL> 684<BR> 685<A HREF="#Common errors encountered when using OpenLDAP Software">C. Common errors encountered when using OpenLDAP Software</A><UL> 686<A HREF="#Common causes of LDAP errors">C.1. Common causes of LDAP errors</A><UL> 687<A HREF="#ldap_*: Can\'t contact LDAP server">C.1.1. ldap_*: Can't contact LDAP server</A> 688<BR> 689<A HREF="#ldap_*: No such object">C.1.2. ldap_*: No such object</A> 690<BR> 691<A HREF="#ldap_*: Can\'t chase referral">C.1.3. ldap_*: Can't chase referral</A> 692<BR> 693<A HREF="#ldap_*: server is unwilling to perform">C.1.4. ldap_*: server is unwilling to perform</A> 694<BR> 695<A HREF="#ldap_*: Insufficient access">C.1.5. ldap_*: Insufficient access</A> 696<BR> 697<A HREF="#ldap_*: Invalid DN syntax">C.1.6. ldap_*: Invalid DN syntax</A> 698<BR> 699<A HREF="#ldap_*: Referral hop limit exceeded">C.1.7. ldap_*: Referral hop limit exceeded</A> 700<BR> 701<A HREF="#ldap_*: operations error">C.1.8. ldap_*: operations error</A> 702<BR> 703<A HREF="#ldap_*: other error">C.1.9. ldap_*: other error</A> 704<BR> 705<A HREF="#ldap_add/modify: Invalid syntax">C.1.10. ldap_add/modify: Invalid syntax</A> 706<BR> 707<A HREF="#ldap_add/modify: Object class violation">C.1.11. ldap_add/modify: Object class violation</A> 708<BR> 709<A HREF="#ldap_add: No such object">C.1.12. ldap_add: No such object</A> 710<BR> 711<A HREF="#ldap add: invalid structural object class chain">C.1.13. ldap add: invalid structural object class chain</A> 712<BR> 713<A HREF="#ldap_add: no structuralObjectClass operational attribute">C.1.14. ldap_add: no structuralObjectClass operational attribute</A> 714<BR> 715<A HREF="#ldap_add/modify/rename: Naming violation">C.1.15. ldap_add/modify/rename: Naming violation</A> 716<BR> 717<A HREF="#ldap_add/delete/modify/rename: no global superior knowledge">C.1.16. ldap_add/delete/modify/rename: no global superior knowledge</A> 718<BR> 719<A HREF="#ldap_bind: Insufficient access">C.1.17. ldap_bind: Insufficient access</A> 720<BR> 721<A HREF="#ldap_bind: Invalid credentials">C.1.18. ldap_bind: Invalid credentials</A> 722<BR> 723<A HREF="#ldap_bind: Protocol error">C.1.19. ldap_bind: Protocol error</A> 724<BR> 725<A HREF="#ldap_modify: cannot modify object class">C.1.20. ldap_modify: cannot modify object class</A> 726<BR> 727<A HREF="#ldap_sasl_interactive_bind_s: ..">C.1.21. ldap_sasl_interactive_bind_s: ...</A> 728<BR> 729<A HREF="#ldap_sasl_interactive_bind_s: No such Object">C.1.22. ldap_sasl_interactive_bind_s: No such Object</A> 730<BR> 731<A HREF="#ldap_sasl_interactive_bind_s: No such attribute">C.1.23. ldap_sasl_interactive_bind_s: No such attribute</A> 732<BR> 733<A HREF="#ldap_sasl_interactive_bind_s: Unknown authentication method">C.1.24. ldap_sasl_interactive_bind_s: Unknown authentication method</A> 734<BR> 735<A HREF="#ldap_sasl_interactive_bind_s: Local error (82)">C.1.25. ldap_sasl_interactive_bind_s: Local error (82)</A> 736<BR> 737<A HREF="#ldap_search: Partial results and referral received">C.1.26. ldap_search: Partial results and referral received</A> 738<BR> 739<A HREF="#ldap_start_tls: Operations error">C.1.27. ldap_start_tls: Operations error</A></UL> 740<BR> 741<A HREF="#Other Errors">C.2. Other Errors</A><UL> 742<A HREF="#ber_get_next on fd X failed errno=34 (Numerical result out of range)">C.2.1. ber_get_next on fd X failed errno=34 (Numerical result out of range)</A> 743<BR> 744<A HREF="#ber_get_next on fd X failed errno=11 (Resource temporarily unavailable)">C.2.2. ber_get_next on fd X failed errno=11 (Resource temporarily unavailable)</A> 745<BR> 746<A HREF="#daemon: socket() failed errno=97 (Address family not supported)">C.2.3. daemon: socket() failed errno=97 (Address family not supported)</A> 747<BR> 748<A HREF="#GSSAPI: gss_acquire_cred: Miscellaneous failure; Permission denied;">C.2.4. GSSAPI: gss_acquire_cred: Miscellaneous failure; Permission denied;</A> 749<BR> 750<A HREF="#access from unknown denied">C.2.5. access from unknown denied</A> 751<BR> 752<A HREF="#ldap_read: want=# error=Resource temporarily unavailable">C.2.6. ldap_read: want=# error=Resource temporarily unavailable</A> 753<BR> 754<A HREF="#`make test\' fails">C.2.7. `make test' fails</A> 755<BR> 756<A HREF="#ldap_*: Internal (implementation specific) error (80) - additional info: entry index delete failed">C.2.8. ldap_*: Internal (implementation specific) error (80) - additional info: entry index delete failed</A> 757<BR> 758<A HREF="#ldap_sasl_interactive_bind_s: Can\'t contact LDAP server (-1)">C.2.9. ldap_sasl_interactive_bind_s: Can't contact LDAP server (-1)</A></UL></UL> 759<BR> 760<A HREF="#Recommended OpenLDAP Software Dependency Versions">D. Recommended OpenLDAP Software Dependency Versions</A><UL> 761<A HREF="#Dependency Versions">D.1. Dependency Versions</A></UL> 762<BR> 763<A HREF="#Real World OpenLDAP Deployments and Examples">E. Real World OpenLDAP Deployments and Examples</A> 764<BR> 765<A HREF="#OpenLDAP Software Contributions">F. OpenLDAP Software Contributions</A><UL> 766<A HREF="#Client APIs">F.1. Client APIs</A><UL> 767<A HREF="#ldapc++">F.1.1. ldapc++</A> 768<BR> 769<A HREF="#ldaptcl">F.1.2. ldaptcl</A></UL> 770<BR> 771<A HREF="#Overlays">F.2. Overlays</A><UL> 772<A HREF="#acl">F.2.1. acl</A> 773<BR> 774<A HREF="#addpartial">F.2.2. addpartial</A> 775<BR> 776<A HREF="#allop">F.2.3. allop</A> 777<BR> 778<A HREF="#autogroup">F.2.4. autogroup</A> 779<BR> 780<A HREF="#comp_match">F.2.5. comp_match</A> 781<BR> 782<A HREF="#denyop">F.2.6. denyop</A> 783<BR> 784<A HREF="#dsaschema">F.2.7. dsaschema</A> 785<BR> 786<A HREF="#lastmod">F.2.8. lastmod</A> 787<BR> 788<A HREF="#nops">F.2.9. nops</A> 789<BR> 790<A HREF="#nssov">F.2.10. nssov</A> 791<BR> 792<A HREF="#passwd">F.2.11. passwd</A> 793<BR> 794<A HREF="#proxyOld">F.2.12. proxyOld</A> 795<BR> 796<A HREF="#smbk5pwd">F.2.13. smbk5pwd</A> 797<BR> 798<A HREF="#trace">F.2.14. trace</A> 799<BR> 800<A HREF="#usn">F.2.15. usn</A></UL> 801<BR> 802<A HREF="#Tools">F.3. Tools</A><UL> 803<A HREF="#Statistic Logging">F.3.1. Statistic Logging</A></UL> 804<BR> 805<A HREF="#SLAPI Plugins">F.4. SLAPI Plugins</A><UL> 806<A HREF="#addrdnvalues">F.4.1. addrdnvalues</A></UL></UL> 807<BR> 808<A HREF="#Configuration File Examples">G. Configuration File Examples</A><UL> 809<A HREF="#slapd.conf">G.1. slapd.conf</A> 810<BR> 811<A HREF="#ldap.conf">G.2. ldap.conf</A> 812<BR> 813<A HREF="#a-n-other.conf">G.3. a-n-other.conf</A></UL> 814<BR> 815<A HREF="#LDAP Result Codes">H. LDAP Result Codes</A><UL> 816<A HREF="#Non-Error Result Codes">H.1. Non-Error Result Codes</A> 817<BR> 818<A HREF="#Result Codes">H.2. Result Codes</A> 819<BR> 820<A HREF="#success (0)">H.3. success (0)</A> 821<BR> 822<A HREF="#operationsError (1)">H.4. operationsError (1)</A> 823<BR> 824<A HREF="#protocolError (2)">H.5. protocolError (2)</A> 825<BR> 826<A HREF="#timeLimitExceeded (3)">H.6. timeLimitExceeded (3)</A> 827<BR> 828<A HREF="#sizeLimitExceeded (4)">H.7. sizeLimitExceeded (4)</A> 829<BR> 830<A HREF="#compareFalse (5)">H.8. compareFalse (5)</A> 831<BR> 832<A HREF="#compareTrue (6)">H.9. compareTrue (6)</A> 833<BR> 834<A HREF="#authMethodNotSupported (7)">H.10. authMethodNotSupported (7)</A> 835<BR> 836<A HREF="#strongerAuthRequired (8)">H.11. strongerAuthRequired (8)</A> 837<BR> 838<A HREF="#referral (10)">H.12. referral (10)</A> 839<BR> 840<A HREF="#adminLimitExceeded (11)">H.13. adminLimitExceeded (11)</A> 841<BR> 842<A HREF="#unavailableCriticalExtension (12)">H.14. unavailableCriticalExtension (12)</A> 843<BR> 844<A HREF="#confidentialityRequired (13)">H.15. confidentialityRequired (13)</A> 845<BR> 846<A HREF="#saslBindInProgress (14)">H.16. saslBindInProgress (14)</A> 847<BR> 848<A HREF="#noSuchAttribute (16)">H.17. noSuchAttribute (16)</A> 849<BR> 850<A HREF="#undefinedAttributeType (17)">H.18. undefinedAttributeType (17)</A> 851<BR> 852<A HREF="#inappropriateMatching (18)">H.19. inappropriateMatching (18)</A> 853<BR> 854<A HREF="#constraintViolation (19)">H.20. constraintViolation (19)</A> 855<BR> 856<A HREF="#attributeOrValueExists (20)">H.21. attributeOrValueExists (20)</A> 857<BR> 858<A HREF="#invalidAttributeSyntax (21)">H.22. invalidAttributeSyntax (21)</A> 859<BR> 860<A HREF="#noSuchObject (32)">H.23. noSuchObject (32)</A> 861<BR> 862<A HREF="#aliasProblem (33)">H.24. aliasProblem (33)</A> 863<BR> 864<A HREF="#invalidDNSyntax (34)">H.25. invalidDNSyntax (34)</A> 865<BR> 866<A HREF="#aliasDereferencingProblem (36)">H.26. aliasDereferencingProblem (36)</A> 867<BR> 868<A HREF="#inappropriateAuthentication (48)">H.27. inappropriateAuthentication (48)</A> 869<BR> 870<A HREF="#invalidCredentials (49)">H.28. invalidCredentials (49)</A> 871<BR> 872<A HREF="#insufficientAccessRights (50)">H.29. insufficientAccessRights (50)</A> 873<BR> 874<A HREF="#busy (51)">H.30. busy (51)</A> 875<BR> 876<A HREF="#unavailable (52)">H.31. unavailable (52)</A> 877<BR> 878<A HREF="#unwillingToPerform (53)">H.32. unwillingToPerform (53)</A> 879<BR> 880<A HREF="#loopDetect (54)">H.33. loopDetect (54)</A> 881<BR> 882<A HREF="#namingViolation (64)">H.34. namingViolation (64)</A> 883<BR> 884<A HREF="#objectClassViolation (65)">H.35. objectClassViolation (65)</A> 885<BR> 886<A HREF="#notAllowedOnNonLeaf (66)">H.36. notAllowedOnNonLeaf (66)</A> 887<BR> 888<A HREF="#notAllowedOnRDN (67)">H.37. notAllowedOnRDN (67)</A> 889<BR> 890<A HREF="#entryAlreadyExists (68)">H.38. entryAlreadyExists (68)</A> 891<BR> 892<A HREF="#objectClassModsProhibited (69)">H.39. objectClassModsProhibited (69)</A> 893<BR> 894<A HREF="#affectsMultipleDSAs (71)">H.40. affectsMultipleDSAs (71)</A> 895<BR> 896<A HREF="#other (80)">H.41. other (80)</A></UL> 897<BR> 898<A HREF="#Glossary">I. Glossary</A><UL> 899<A HREF="#Terms">I.1. Terms</A> 900<BR> 901<A HREF="#Related Organizations">I.2. Related Organizations</A> 902<BR> 903<A HREF="#Related Products">I.3. Related Products</A> 904<BR> 905<A HREF="#References">I.4. References</A></UL> 906<BR> 907<A HREF="#Generic configure Instructions">J. Generic configure Instructions</A> 908<BR> 909<A HREF="#OpenLDAP Software Copyright Notices">K. OpenLDAP Software Copyright Notices</A><UL> 910<A HREF="#OpenLDAP Copyright Notice">K.1. OpenLDAP Copyright Notice</A> 911<BR> 912<A HREF="#Additional Copyright Notices">K.2. Additional Copyright Notices</A> 913<BR> 914<A HREF="#University of Michigan Copyright Notice">K.3. University of Michigan Copyright Notice</A></UL> 915<BR> 916<A HREF="#OpenLDAP Public License">L. OpenLDAP Public License</A></UL> 917</DIV> 918<DIV CLASS="main"> 919<P></P> 920<HR> 921<H1><A NAME="Preface">Preface</A></H1> 922<H2>Copyright</H2> 923<P>Copyright 1998-2012, The <A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/foundation/">OpenLDAP Foundation</A>, <EM>All Rights Reserved</EM>.</P> 924<P>Copyright 1992-1996, Regents of the <A HREF="http://www.umich.edu/">University of Michigan</A>, <EM>All Rights Reserved</EM>.</P> 925<P>This document is considered a part of OpenLDAP Software. This document is subject to terms of conditions set forth in <A HREF="#OpenLDAP Software Copyright Notices">OpenLDAP Software Copyright Notices</A> and the <A HREF="#OpenLDAP Public License">OpenLDAP Public License</A>. Complete copies of the notices and associated license can be found in Appendix K and L, respectively.</P> 926<P>Portions of OpenLDAP Software and this document may be copyright by other parties and/or subject to additional restrictions. Individual source files should be consulted for additional copyright notices.</P> 927<H2>Scope of this Document</H2> 928<P>This document provides a guide for installing OpenLDAP Software 2.4 (<A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/software/">http://www.openldap.org/software/</A>) on <TERM>UNIX</TERM> (and UNIX-like) systems. The document is aimed at experienced system administrators with basic understanding of <TERM>LDAP</TERM>-based directory services.</P> 929<P>This document is meant to be used in conjunction with other OpenLDAP information resources provided with the software package and on the project's site (<A HREF="http://www.OpenLDAP.org/">http://www.OpenLDAP.org/</A>) on the <TERM>World Wide Web</TERM>. The site makes available a number of resources.</P> 930<TABLE CLASS="columns" BORDER ALIGN='Center'> 931<CAPTION ALIGN=top>OpenLDAP Resources</CAPTION> 932<TR CLASS="heading"> 933<TD> 934<STRONG>Resource</STRONG> 935</TD> 936<TD> 937<STRONG>URL</STRONG> 938</TD> 939</TR> 940<TR> 941<TD> 942Document Catalog 943</TD> 944<TD> 945<A HREF="http://www.OpenLDAP.org/doc/">http://www.OpenLDAP.org/doc/</A> 946</TD> 947</TR> 948<TR> 949<TD> 950Frequently Asked Questions 951</TD> 952<TD> 953<A HREF="http://www.OpenLDAP.org/faq/">http://www.OpenLDAP.org/faq/</A> 954</TD> 955</TR> 956<TR> 957<TD> 958Issue Tracking System 959</TD> 960<TD> 961<A HREF="http://www.OpenLDAP.org/its/">http://www.OpenLDAP.org/its/</A> 962</TD> 963</TR> 964<TR> 965<TD> 966Mailing Lists 967</TD> 968<TD> 969<A HREF="http://www.OpenLDAP.org/lists/">http://www.OpenLDAP.org/lists/</A> 970</TD> 971</TR> 972<TR> 973<TD> 974Manual Pages 975</TD> 976<TD> 977<A HREF="http://www.OpenLDAP.org/software/man.cgi">http://www.OpenLDAP.org/software/man.cgi</A> 978</TD> 979</TR> 980<TR> 981<TD> 982Software Pages 983</TD> 984<TD> 985<A HREF="http://www.OpenLDAP.org/software/">http://www.OpenLDAP.org/software/</A> 986</TD> 987</TR> 988<TR> 989<TD> 990Support Pages 991</TD> 992<TD> 993<A HREF="http://www.OpenLDAP.org/support/">http://www.OpenLDAP.org/support/</A> 994</TD> 995</TR> 996</TABLE> 997 998<P>This document is not a complete reference for OpenLDAP software; the manual pages are the definitive documentation. For best results, you should use the manual pages that were installed on your system with your version of OpenLDAP software so that you're looking at documentation that matches the code. While the OpenLDAP web site also provides the manual pages for convenience, you can not assume that they corresond to the particular version you're running.</P> 999<H2>Acknowledgments</H2> 1000<P>The <A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/project/">OpenLDAP Project</A> is comprised of a team of volunteers. This document would not be possible without their contribution of time and energy.</P> 1001<P>The OpenLDAP Project would also like to thank the <A HREF="http://www.umich.edu/~dirsvcs/ldap/ldap.html">University of Michigan LDAP Team</A> for building the foundation of LDAP software and information to which OpenLDAP Software is built upon. This document is based upon University of Michigan document: <A HREF="http://www.umich.edu/~dirsvcs/ldap/doc/guides/slapd/guide.pdf">The SLAPD and SLURPD Administrators Guide</A>.</P> 1002<H2>Amendments</H2> 1003<P>Suggested enhancements and corrections to this document should be submitted using the <A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/">OpenLDAP</A> <TERM>Issue Tracking System</TERM> (<A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/its/">http://www.openldap.org/its/</A>).</P> 1004<H2>About this document</H2> 1005<P>This document was produced using the <TERM>Simple Document Format</TERM> (<TERM>SDF</TERM>) documentation system (<A HREF="http://search.cpan.org/src/IANC/sdf-2.001/doc/catalog.html">http://search.cpan.org/src/IANC/sdf-2.001/doc/catalog.html</A>) developed by <EM>Ian Clatworthy</EM>. Tools for SDF are available from <A HREF="http://cpan.org/">CPAN</A> (<A HREF="http://search.cpan.org/search?query=SDF&mode=dist">http://search.cpan.org/search?query=SDF&mode=dist</A>).</P> 1006<P></P> 1007<HR> 1008<H1><A NAME="Introduction to OpenLDAP Directory Services">1. Introduction to OpenLDAP Directory Services</A></H1> 1009<P>This document describes how to build, configure, and operate <A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/">OpenLDAP</A> Software to provide directory services. This includes details on how to configure and run the Standalone <TERM>LDAP</TERM> Daemon, <EM>slapd</EM>(8). It is intended for new and experienced administrators alike. This section provides a basic introduction to directory services and, in particular, the directory services provided by <EM>slapd</EM>(8). This introduction is only intended to provide enough information so one might get started learning about <TERM>LDAP</TERM>, <TERM>X.500</TERM>, and directory services.</P> 1010<H2><A NAME="What is a directory service">1.1. What is a directory service?</A></H2> 1011<P>A directory is a specialized database specifically designed for searching and browsing, in additional to supporting basic lookup and update functions.</P> 1012<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 1013<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>A directory is defined by some as merely a database optimized for read access. This definition, at best, is overly simplistic. 1014<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 1015<P>Directories tend to contain descriptive, attribute-based information and support sophisticated filtering capabilities. Directories generally do not support complicated transaction or roll-back schemes found in database management systems designed for handling high-volume complex updates. Directory updates are typically simple all-or-nothing changes, if they are allowed at all. Directories are generally tuned to give quick response to high-volume lookup or search operations. They may have the ability to replicate information widely in order to increase availability and reliability, while reducing response time. When directory information is replicated, temporary inconsistencies between the replicas may be okay, as long as inconsistencies are resolved in a timely manner.</P> 1016<P>There are many different ways to provide a directory service. Different methods allow different kinds of information to be stored in the directory, place different requirements on how that information can be referenced, queried and updated, how it is protected from unauthorized access, etc. Some directory services are <EM>local</EM>, providing service to a restricted context (e.g., the finger service on a single machine). Other services are global, providing service to a much broader context (e.g., the entire Internet). Global services are usually <EM>distributed</EM>, meaning that the data they contain is spread across many machines, all of which cooperate to provide the directory service. Typically a global service defines a uniform <EM>namespace</EM> which gives the same view of the data no matter where you are in relation to the data itself.</P> 1017<P>A web directory, such as provided by the <EM>Open Directory Project</EM> <<A HREF="http://dmoz.org">http://dmoz.org</A>>, is a good example of a directory service. These services catalog web pages and are specifically designed to support browsing and searching.</P> 1018<P>While some consider the Internet <TERM>Domain Name System</TERM> (DNS) is an example of a globally distributed directory service, DNS is not browseable nor searchable. It is more properly described as a globally distributed <EM>lookup</EM> service.</P> 1019<H2><A NAME="What is LDAP">1.2. What is LDAP?</A></H2> 1020<P><TERM>LDAP</TERM> stands for <TERM>Lightweight Directory Access Protocol</TERM>. As the name suggests, it is a lightweight protocol for accessing directory services, specifically <TERM>X.500</TERM>-based directory services. LDAP runs over <TERM>TCP</TERM>/<TERM>IP</TERM> or other connection oriented transfer services. LDAP is an <A HREF="http://www.ietf.org/">IETF</A> Standard Track protocol and is specified in "Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) Technical Specification Road Map" <A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4510.txt">RFC4510</A>.</P> 1021<P>This section gives an overview of LDAP from a user's perspective.</P> 1022<P><EM>What kind of information can be stored in the directory?</EM> The LDAP information model is based on <EM>entries</EM>. An entry is a collection of attributes that has a globally-unique <TERM>Distinguished Name</TERM> (DN). The DN is used to refer to the entry unambiguously. Each of the entry's attributes has a <EM>type</EM> and one or more <EM>values</EM>. The types are typically mnemonic strings, like "<TT>cn</TT>" for common name, or "<TT>mail</TT>" for email address. The syntax of values depend on the attribute type. For example, a <TT>cn</TT> attribute might contain the value <TT>Babs Jensen</TT>. A <TT>mail</TT> attribute might contain the value "<TT>babs@example.com</TT>". A <TT>jpegPhoto</TT> attribute would contain a photograph in the <TERM>JPEG</TERM> (binary) format.</P> 1023<P><EM>How is the information arranged?</EM> In LDAP, directory entries are arranged in a hierarchical tree-like structure. Traditionally, this structure reflected the geographic and/or organizational boundaries. Entries representing countries appear at the top of the tree. Below them are entries representing states and national organizations. Below them might be entries representing organizational units, people, printers, documents, or just about anything else you can think of. Figure 1.1 shows an example LDAP directory tree using traditional naming.</P> 1024<P><CENTER><IMG SRC="intro_tree.png" ALIGN="center"></CENTER></P> 1025<P ALIGN="Center">Figure 1.1: LDAP directory tree (traditional naming)</P> 1026<P>The tree may also be arranged based upon Internet domain names. This naming approach is becoming increasing popular as it allows for directory services to be located using the <EM>DNS</EM>. Figure 1.2 shows an example LDAP directory tree using domain-based naming.</P> 1027<P><CENTER><IMG SRC="intro_dctree.png" ALIGN="center"></CENTER></P> 1028<P ALIGN="Center">Figure 1.2: LDAP directory tree (Internet naming)</P> 1029<P>In addition, LDAP allows you to control which attributes are required and allowed in an entry through the use of a special attribute called <TT>objectClass</TT>. The values of the <TT>objectClass</TT> attribute determine the <EM>schema</EM> rules the entry must obey.</P> 1030<P><EM>How is the information referenced?</EM> An entry is referenced by its distinguished name, which is constructed by taking the name of the entry itself (called the <TERM>Relative Distinguished Name</TERM> or RDN) and concatenating the names of its ancestor entries. For example, the entry for Barbara Jensen in the Internet naming example above has an RDN of <TT>uid=babs</TT> and a DN of <TT>uid=babs,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com</TT>. The full DN format is described in <A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4514.txt">RFC4514</A>, "LDAP: String Representation of Distinguished Names."</P> 1031<P><EM>How is the information accessed?</EM> LDAP defines operations for interrogating and updating the directory. Operations are provided for adding and deleting an entry from the directory, changing an existing entry, and changing the name of an entry. Most of the time, though, LDAP is used to search for information in the directory. The LDAP search operation allows some portion of the directory to be searched for entries that match some criteria specified by a search filter. Information can be requested from each entry that matches the criteria.</P> 1032<P>For example, you might want to search the entire directory subtree at and below <TT>dc=example,dc=com</TT> for people with the name <TT>Barbara Jensen</TT>, retrieving the email address of each entry found. LDAP lets you do this easily. Or you might want to search the entries directly below the <TT>st=California,c=US</TT> entry for organizations with the string <TT>Acme</TT> in their name, and that have a fax number. LDAP lets you do this too. The next section describes in more detail what you can do with LDAP and how it might be useful to you.</P> 1033<P><EM>How is the information protected from unauthorized access?</EM> Some directory services provide no protection, allowing anyone to see the information. LDAP provides a mechanism for a client to authenticate, or prove its identity to a directory server, paving the way for rich access control to protect the information the server contains. LDAP also supports data security (integrity and confidentiality) services.</P> 1034<H2><A NAME="When should I use LDAP">1.3. When should I use LDAP?</A></H2> 1035<P>This is a very good question. In general, you should use a Directory server when you require data to be centrally managed, stored and accessible via standards based methods.</P> 1036<P>Some common examples found throughout the industry are, but not limited to:</P> 1037<UL> 1038<LI>Machine Authentication 1039<LI>User Authentication 1040<LI>User/System Groups 1041<LI>Address book 1042<LI>Organization Representation 1043<LI>Asset Tracking 1044<LI>Telephony Information Store 1045<LI>User resource management 1046<LI>E-mail address lookups 1047<LI>Application Configuration store 1048<LI>PBX Configuration store 1049<LI>etc.....</UL> 1050<P>There are various <A HREF="#Distributed Schema Files">Distributed Schema Files</A> that are standards based, but you can always create your own <A HREF="#Schema Specification">Schema Specification</A>.</P> 1051<P>There are always new ways to use a Directory and apply LDAP principles to address certain problems, therefore there is no simple answer to this question.</P> 1052<P>If in doubt, join the general LDAP forum for non-commercial discussions and information relating to LDAP at: <A HREF="http://www.umich.edu/~dirsvcs/ldap/mailinglist.html">http://www.umich.edu/~dirsvcs/ldap/mailinglist.html</A> and ask</P> 1053<H2><A NAME="When should I not use LDAP">1.4. When should I not use LDAP?</A></H2> 1054<P>When you start finding yourself bending the directory to do what you require, maybe a redesign is needed. Or if you only require one application to use and manipulate your data (for discussion of LDAP vs RDBMS, please read the <A HREF="#LDAP vs RDBMS">LDAP vs RDBMS</A> section).</P> 1055<P>It will become obvious when LDAP is the right tool for the job.</P> 1056<H2><A NAME="How does LDAP work">1.5. How does LDAP work?</A></H2> 1057<P>LDAP utilizes a <EM>client-server model</EM>. One or more LDAP servers contain the data making up the directory information tree (<TERM>DIT</TERM>). The client connects to servers and asks it a question. The server responds with an answer and/or with a pointer to where the client can get additional information (typically, another LDAP server). No matter which LDAP server a client connects to, it sees the same view of the directory; a name presented to one LDAP server references the same entry it would at another LDAP server. This is an important feature of a global directory service.</P> 1058<H2><A NAME="What about X.500">1.6. What about X.500?</A></H2> 1059<P>Technically, <TERM>LDAP</TERM> is a directory access protocol to an <TERM>X.500</TERM> directory service, the <TERM>OSI</TERM> directory service. Initially, LDAP clients accessed gateways to the X.500 directory service. This gateway ran LDAP between the client and gateway and X.500's <TERM>Directory Access Protocol</TERM> (<TERM>DAP</TERM>) between the gateway and the X.500 server. DAP is a heavyweight protocol that operates over a full OSI protocol stack and requires a significant amount of computing resources. LDAP is designed to operate over <TERM>TCP</TERM>/<TERM>IP</TERM> and provides most of the functionality of DAP at a much lower cost.</P> 1060<P>While LDAP is still used to access X.500 directory service via gateways, LDAP is now more commonly directly implemented in X.500 servers.</P> 1061<P>The Standalone LDAP Daemon, or <EM>slapd</EM>(8), can be viewed as a <EM>lightweight</EM> X.500 directory server. That is, it does not implement the X.500's DAP nor does it support the complete X.500 models.</P> 1062<P>If you are already running a X.500 DAP service and you want to continue to do so, you can probably stop reading this guide. This guide is all about running LDAP via <EM>slapd</EM>(8), without running X.500 DAP. If you are not running X.500 DAP, want to stop running X.500 DAP, or have no immediate plans to run X.500 DAP, read on.</P> 1063<P>It is possible to replicate data from an LDAP directory server to a X.500 DAP <TERM>DSA</TERM>. This requires an LDAP/DAP gateway. OpenLDAP Software does not include such a gateway.</P> 1064<H2><A NAME="What is the difference between LDAPv2 and LDAPv3">1.7. What is the difference between LDAPv2 and LDAPv3?</A></H2> 1065<P>LDAPv3 was developed in the late 1990's to replace LDAPv2. LDAPv3 adds the following features to LDAP:</P> 1066<UL> 1067<LI>Strong authentication and data security services via <TERM>SASL</TERM> 1068<LI>Certificate authentication and data security services via <TERM>TLS</TERM> (SSL) 1069<LI>Internationalization through the use of Unicode 1070<LI>Referrals and Continuations 1071<LI>Schema Discovery 1072<LI>Extensibility (controls, extended operations, and more)</UL> 1073<P>LDAPv2 is historic (<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3494.txt">RFC3494</A>). As most <EM>so-called</EM> LDAPv2 implementations (including <EM>slapd</EM>(8)) do not conform to the LDAPv2 technical specification, interoperability amongst implementations claiming LDAPv2 support is limited. As LDAPv2 differs significantly from LDAPv3, deploying both LDAPv2 and LDAPv3 simultaneously is quite problematic. LDAPv2 should be avoided. LDAPv2 is disabled by default.</P> 1074<H2><A NAME="LDAP vs RDBMS">1.8. LDAP vs RDBMS</A></H2> 1075<P>This question is raised many times, in different forms. The most common, however, is: <EM>Why doesn't OpenLDAP drop Berkeley DB and use a relational database management system (RDBMS) instead?</EM> In general, expecting that the sophisticated algorithms implemented by commercial-grade RDBMS would make <EM>OpenLDAP</EM> be faster or somehow better and, at the same time, permitting sharing of data with other applications.</P> 1076<P>The short answer is that use of an embedded database and custom indexing system allows OpenLDAP to provide greater performance and scalability without loss of reliability. OpenLDAP uses Berkeley DB concurrent / transactional database software. This is the same software used by leading commercial directory software.</P> 1077<P>Now for the long answer. We are all confronted all the time with the choice RDBMSes vs. directories. It is a hard choice and no simple answer exists.</P> 1078<P>It is tempting to think that having a RDBMS backend to the directory solves all problems. However, it is a pig. This is because the data models are very different. Representing directory data with a relational database is going to require splitting data into multiple tables.</P> 1079<P>Think for a moment about the person objectclass. Its definition requires attribute types objectclass, sn and cn and allows attribute types userPassword, telephoneNumber, seeAlso and description. All of these attributes are multivalued, so a normalization requires putting each attribute type in a separate table.</P> 1080<P>Now you have to decide on appropriate keys for those tables. The primary key might be a combination of the DN, but this becomes rather inefficient on most database implementations.</P> 1081<P>The big problem now is that accessing data from one entry requires seeking on different disk areas. On some applications this may be OK but in many applications performance suffers.</P> 1082<P>The only attribute types that can be put in the main table entry are those that are mandatory and single-value. You may add also the optional single-valued attributes and set them to NULL or something if not present.</P> 1083<P>But wait, the entry can have multiple objectclasses and they are organized in an inheritance hierarchy. An entry of objectclass organizationalPerson now has the attributes from person plus a few others and some formerly optional attribute types are now mandatory.</P> 1084<P>What to do? Should we have different tables for the different objectclasses? This way the person would have an entry on the person table, another on organizationalPerson, etc. Or should we get rid of person and put everything on the second table?</P> 1085<P>But what do we do with a filter like (cn=*) where cn is an attribute type that appears in many, many objectclasses. Should we search all possible tables for matching entries? Not very attractive.</P> 1086<P>Once this point is reached, three approaches come to mind. One is to do full normalization so that each attribute type, no matter what, has its own separate table. The simplistic approach where the DN is part of the primary key is extremely wasteful, and calls for an approach where the entry has a unique numeric id that is used instead for the keys and a main table that maps DNs to ids. The approach, anyway, is very inefficient when several attribute types from one or more entries are requested. Such a database, though cumbersomely, can be managed from SQL applications.</P> 1087<P>The second approach is to put the whole entry as a blob in a table shared by all entries regardless of the objectclass and have additional tables that act as indices for the first table. Index tables are not database indices, but are fully managed by the LDAP server-side implementation. However, the database becomes unusable from SQL. And, thus, a fully fledged database system provides little or no advantage. The full generality of the database is unneeded. Much better to use something light and fast, like Berkeley DB.</P> 1088<P>A completely different way to see this is to give up any hopes of implementing the directory data model. In this case, LDAP is used as an access protocol to data that provides only superficially the directory data model. For instance, it may be read only or, where updates are allowed, restrictions are applied, such as making single-value attribute types that would allow for multiple values. Or the impossibility to add new objectclasses to an existing entry or remove one of those present. The restrictions span the range from allowed restrictions (that might be elsewhere the result of access control) to outright violations of the data model. It can be, however, a method to provide LDAP access to preexisting data that is used by other applications. But in the understanding that we don't really have a "directory".</P> 1089<P>Existing commercial LDAP server implementations that use a relational database are either from the first kind or the third. I don't know of any implementation that uses a relational database to do inefficiently what BDB does efficiently. For those who are interested in "third way" (exposing EXISTING data from RDBMS as LDAP tree, having some limitations compared to classic LDAP model, but making it possible to interoperate between LDAP and SQL applications):</P> 1090<P>OpenLDAP includes back-sql - the backend that makes it possible. It uses ODBC + additional metainformation about translating LDAP queries to SQL queries in your RDBMS schema, providing different levels of access - from read-only to full access depending on RDBMS you use, and your schema.</P> 1091<P>For more information on concept and limitations, see <EM>slapd-sql</EM>(5) man page, or the <A HREF="#Backends">Backends</A> section. There are also several examples for several RDBMSes in <TT>back-sql/rdbms_depend/*</TT> subdirectories.</P> 1092<H2><A NAME="What is slapd and what can it do">1.9. What is slapd and what can it do?</A></H2> 1093<P><EM>slapd</EM>(8) is an LDAP directory server that runs on many different platforms. You can use it to provide a directory service of your very own. Your directory can contain pretty much anything you want to put in it. You can connect it to the global LDAP directory service, or run a service all by yourself. Some of slapd's more interesting features and capabilities include:</P> 1094<P><B>LDAPv3</B>: <EM>slapd</EM> implements version 3 of <TERM>Lightweight Directory Access Protocol</TERM>. <EM>slapd</EM> supports LDAP over both <TERM>IPv4</TERM> and <TERM>IPv6</TERM> and Unix <TERM>IPC</TERM>.</P> 1095<P><B><TERM>Simple Authentication and Security Layer</TERM></B>: <EM>slapd</EM> supports strong authentication and data security (integrity and confidentiality) services through the use of SASL. <EM>slapd</EM>'s SASL implementation utilizes <A HREF="http://asg.web.cmu.edu/sasl/sasl-library.html">Cyrus SASL</A> software which supports a number of mechanisms including <TERM>DIGEST-MD5</TERM>, <TERM>EXTERNAL</TERM>, and <TERM>GSSAPI</TERM>.</P> 1096<P><B><TERM>Transport Layer Security</TERM></B>: <EM>slapd</EM> supports certificate-based authentication and data security (integrity and confidentiality) services through the use of TLS (or SSL). <EM>slapd</EM>'s TLS implementation can utilize <A HREF="http://www.openssl.org/">OpenSSL</A>, <A HREF="http://www.gnu.org/software/gnutls/">GnuTLS</A>, or <A HREF="http://developer.mozilla.org/en/NSS">MozNSS</A> software.</P> 1097<P><B>Topology control</B>: <EM>slapd</EM> can be configured to restrict access at the socket layer based upon network topology information. This feature utilizes <EM>TCP wrappers</EM>.</P> 1098<P><B>Access control</B>: <EM>slapd</EM> provides a rich and powerful access control facility, allowing you to control access to the information in your database(s). You can control access to entries based on LDAP authorization information, <TERM>IP</TERM> address, domain name and other criteria. <EM>slapd</EM> supports both <EM>static</EM> and <EM>dynamic</EM> access control information.</P> 1099<P><B>Internationalization</B>: <EM>slapd</EM> supports Unicode and language tags.</P> 1100<P><B>Choice of database backends</B>: <EM>slapd</EM> comes with a variety of different database backends you can choose from. They include <TERM>BDB</TERM>, a high-performance transactional database backend; <TERM>HDB</TERM>, a hierarchical high-performance transactional backend; <EM>SHELL</EM>, a backend interface to arbitrary shell scripts; and PASSWD, a simple backend interface to the <EM>passwd</EM>(5) file. The BDB and HDB backends utilize <A HREF="http://www.oracle.com/">Oracle</A> <A HREF="http://www.oracle.com/database/berkeley-db/db/index.html">Berkeley DB</A>.</P> 1101<P><B>Multiple database instances</B>: <EM>slapd</EM> can be configured to serve multiple databases at the same time. This means that a single <EM>slapd</EM> server can respond to requests for many logically different portions of the LDAP tree, using the same or different database backends.</P> 1102<P><B>Generic modules API</B>: If you require even more customization, <EM>slapd</EM> lets you write your own modules easily. <EM>slapd</EM> consists of two distinct parts: a front end that handles protocol communication with LDAP clients; and modules which handle specific tasks such as database operations. Because these two pieces communicate via a well-defined <TERM>C</TERM> <TERM>API</TERM>, you can write your own customized modules which extend <EM>slapd</EM> in numerous ways. Also, a number of <EM>programmable database</EM> modules are provided. These allow you to expose external data sources to <EM>slapd</EM> using popular programming languages (<A HREF="http://www.perl.org/">Perl</A>, <EM>shell</EM>, and <TERM>SQL</TERM>).</P> 1103<P><B>Threads</B>: <EM>slapd</EM> is threaded for high performance. A single multi-threaded <EM>slapd</EM> process handles all incoming requests using a pool of threads. This reduces the amount of system overhead required while providing high performance.</P> 1104<P><B>Replication</B>: <EM>slapd</EM> can be configured to maintain shadow copies of directory information. This <EM>single-master/multiple-slave</EM> replication scheme is vital in high-volume environments where a single <EM>slapd</EM> installation just doesn't provide the necessary availability or reliability. For extremely demanding environments where a single point of failure is not acceptable, <EM>multi-master</EM> replication is also available. <EM>slapd</EM> includes support for <EM>LDAP Sync</EM>-based replication.</P> 1105<P><B>Proxy Cache</B>: <EM>slapd</EM> can be configured as a caching LDAP proxy service.</P> 1106<P><B>Configuration</B>: <EM>slapd</EM> is highly configurable through a single configuration file which allows you to change just about everything you'd ever want to change. Configuration options have reasonable defaults, making your job much easier. Configuration can also be performed dynamically using LDAP itself, which greatly improves manageability.</P> 1107<P></P> 1108<HR> 1109<H1><A NAME="A Quick-Start Guide">2. A Quick-Start Guide</A></H1> 1110<P>The following is a quick start guide to OpenLDAP Software 2.4, including the Standalone <TERM>LDAP</TERM> Daemon, <EM>slapd</EM>(8).</P> 1111<P>It is meant to walk you through the basic steps needed to install and configure <A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/software/">OpenLDAP Software</A>. It should be used in conjunction with the other chapters of this document, manual pages, and other materials provided with the distribution (e.g. the <TT>INSTALL</TT> document) or on the <A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/">OpenLDAP</A> web site (<A HREF="http://www.OpenLDAP.org">http://www.OpenLDAP.org</A>), in particular the OpenLDAP Software <TERM>FAQ</TERM> (<A HREF="http://www.OpenLDAP.org/faq/?file=2">http://www.OpenLDAP.org/faq/?file=2</A>).</P> 1112<P>If you intend to run OpenLDAP Software seriously, you should review all of this document before attempting to install the software.</P> 1113<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 1114<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>This quick start guide does not use strong authentication nor any integrity or confidential protection services. These services are described in other chapters of the OpenLDAP Administrator's Guide. 1115<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 1116<UL> 1117 </UL><OL> 1118<LI><B>Get the software</B> 1119<BR> 1120You can obtain a copy of the software by following the instructions on the OpenLDAP Software download page (<A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/software/download/">http://www.openldap.org/software/download/</A>). It is recommended that new users start with the latest <EM>release</EM>. 1121<BR> 1122 1123<LI><B>Unpack the distribution</B> 1124<BR> 1125Pick a directory for the source to live under, change directory to there, and unpack the distribution using the following commands:<UL> 1126<TT>gunzip -c openldap-VERSION.tgz | tar xvfB -</TT></UL> 1127<BR> 1128then relocate yourself into the distribution directory:<UL> 1129<TT>cd openldap-VERSION</TT></UL> 1130<BR> 1131You'll have to replace <TT>VERSION</TT> with the version name of the release. 1132<BR> 1133 1134<LI><B>Review documentation</B> 1135<BR> 1136You should now review the <TT>COPYRIGHT</TT>, <TT>LICENSE</TT>, <TT>README</TT> and <TT>INSTALL</TT> documents provided with the distribution. The <TT>COPYRIGHT</TT> and <TT>LICENSE</TT> provide information on acceptable use, copying, and limitation of warranty of OpenLDAP Software. 1137<BR> 1138 1139<BR> 1140You should also review other chapters of this document. In particular, the <A HREF="#Building and Installing OpenLDAP Software">Building and Installing OpenLDAP Software</A> chapter of this document provides detailed information on prerequisite software and installation procedures. 1141<BR> 1142 1143<LI><B>Run <TT>configure</TT></B> 1144<BR> 1145You will need to run the provided <TT>configure</TT> script to <EM>configure</EM> the distribution for building on your system. The <TT>configure</TT> script accepts many command line options that enable or disable optional software features. Usually the defaults are okay, but you may want to change them. To get a complete list of options that <TT>configure</TT> accepts, use the <TT>--help</TT> option:<UL> 1146<TT>./configure --help</TT></UL> 1147<BR> 1148However, given that you are using this guide, we'll assume you are brave enough to just let <TT>configure</TT> determine what's best:<UL> 1149<TT>./configure</TT></UL> 1150<BR> 1151Assuming <TT>configure</TT> doesn't dislike your system, you can proceed with building the software. If <TT>configure</TT> did complain, well, you'll likely need to go to the Software FAQ <EM>Installation</EM> section (<A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/faq/?file=8">http://www.openldap.org/faq/?file=8</A>) and/or actually read the <A HREF="#Building and Installing OpenLDAP Software">Building and Installing OpenLDAP Software</A> chapter of this document. 1152<BR> 1153 1154<LI><B>Build the software</B>. 1155<BR> 1156The next step is to build the software. This step has two parts, first we construct dependencies and then we compile the software:<UL> 1157<TT>make depend</TT> 1158<BR> 1159<TT>make</TT></UL> 1160<BR> 1161Both makes should complete without error. 1162<BR> 1163 1164<LI><B>Test the build</B>. 1165<BR> 1166To ensure a correct build, you should run the test suite (it only takes a few minutes):<UL> 1167<TT>make test</TT></UL> 1168<BR> 1169Tests which apply to your configuration will run and they should pass. Some tests, such as the replication test, may be skipped. 1170<BR> 1171 1172<LI><B>Install the software</B>. 1173<BR> 1174You are now ready to install the software; this usually requires <EM>super-user</EM> privileges:<UL> 1175<TT>su root -c 'make install'</TT></UL> 1176<BR> 1177Everything should now be installed under <TT>/usr/local</TT> (or whatever installation prefix was used by <TT>configure</TT>). 1178<BR> 1179 1180<LI><B>Edit the configuration file</B>. 1181<BR> 1182Use your favorite editor to edit the provided <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) example (usually installed as <TT>/usr/local/etc/openldap/slapd.conf</TT>) to contain a BDB database definition of the form:<UL> 1183<TT>database bdb</TT> 1184<BR> 1185<TT>suffix "dc=<MY-DOMAIN>,dc=<COM>"</TT> 1186<BR> 1187<TT>rootdn "cn=Manager,dc=<MY-DOMAIN>,dc=<COM>"</TT> 1188<BR> 1189<TT>rootpw secret</TT> 1190<BR> 1191<TT>directory /usr/local/var/openldap-data</TT></UL> 1192<BR> 1193Be sure to replace <TT><MY-DOMAIN></TT> and <TT><COM></TT> with the appropriate domain components of your domain name. For example, for <TT>example.com</TT>, use:<UL> 1194<TT>database bdb</TT> 1195<BR> 1196<TT>suffix "dc=example,dc=com"</TT> 1197<BR> 1198<TT>rootdn "cn=Manager,dc=example,dc=com"</TT> 1199<BR> 1200<TT>rootpw secret</TT> 1201<BR> 1202<TT>directory /usr/local/var/openldap-data</TT></UL> 1203<BR> 1204If your domain contains additional components, such as <TT>eng.uni.edu.eu</TT>, use:<UL> 1205<TT>database bdb</TT> 1206<BR> 1207<TT>suffix "dc=eng,dc=uni,dc=edu,dc=eu"</TT> 1208<BR> 1209<TT>rootdn "cn=Manager,dc=eng,dc=uni,dc=edu,dc=eu"</TT> 1210<BR> 1211<TT>rootpw secret</TT> 1212<BR> 1213<TT>directory /usr/local/var/openldap-data</TT></UL> 1214<BR> 1215Details regarding configuring <EM>slapd</EM>(8) can be found in the <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) manual page and the <A HREF="#The slapd Configuration File">The slapd Configuration File</A> chapter of this document. Note that the specified directory must exist prior to starting <EM>slapd</EM>(8). 1216<BR> 1217 1218<LI><B>Start SLAPD</B>. 1219<BR> 1220You are now ready to start the Standalone LDAP Daemon, <EM>slapd</EM>(8), by running the command:<UL> 1221<TT>su root -c /usr/local/libexec/slapd</TT></UL> 1222<BR> 1223To check to see if the server is running and configured correctly, you can run a search against it with <EM>ldapsearch</EM>(1). By default, <EM>ldapsearch</EM> is installed as <TT>/usr/local/bin/ldapsearch</TT>:<UL> 1224<TT>ldapsearch -x -b '' -s base '(objectclass=*)' namingContexts</TT></UL> 1225<BR> 1226Note the use of single quotes around command parameters to prevent special characters from being interpreted by the shell. This should return:<UL> 1227<TT>dn:</TT> 1228<BR> 1229<TT>namingContexts: dc=example,dc=com</TT></UL> 1230<BR> 1231Details regarding running <EM>slapd</EM>(8) can be found in the <EM>slapd</EM>(8) manual page and the <A HREF="#Running slapd">Running slapd</A> chapter of this document. 1232<BR> 1233 1234<LI><B>Add initial entries to your directory</B>. 1235<BR> 1236You can use <EM>ldapadd</EM>(1) to add entries to your LDAP directory. <EM>ldapadd</EM> expects input in <TERM>LDIF</TERM> form. We'll do it in two steps:<OL> 1237<LI>create an LDIF file 1238<LI>run ldapadd</OL> 1239<BR> 1240Use your favorite editor and create an LDIF file that contains:<UL> 1241<TT>dn: dc=<MY-DOMAIN>,dc=<COM></TT> 1242<BR> 1243<TT>objectclass: dcObject</TT> 1244<BR> 1245<TT>objectclass: organization</TT> 1246<BR> 1247<TT>o: <MY ORGANIZATION></TT> 1248<BR> 1249<TT>dc: <MY-DOMAIN></TT> 1250<BR> 1251<TT></TT> 1252<BR> 1253<TT>dn: cn=Manager,dc=<MY-DOMAIN>,dc=<COM></TT> 1254<BR> 1255<TT>objectclass: organizationalRole</TT> 1256<BR> 1257<TT>cn: Manager</TT></UL> 1258<BR> 1259Be sure to replace <TT><MY-DOMAIN></TT> and <TT><COM></TT> with the appropriate domain components of your domain name. <TT><MY ORGANIZATION></TT> should be replaced with the name of your organization. When you cut and paste, be sure to trim any leading and trailing whitespace from the example.<UL> 1260<TT>dn: dc=example,dc=com</TT> 1261<BR> 1262<TT>objectclass: dcObject</TT> 1263<BR> 1264<TT>objectclass: organization</TT> 1265<BR> 1266<TT>o: Example Company</TT> 1267<BR> 1268<TT>dc: example</TT> 1269<BR> 1270<TT></TT> 1271<BR> 1272<TT>dn: cn=Manager,dc=example,dc=com</TT> 1273<BR> 1274<TT>objectclass: organizationalRole</TT> 1275<BR> 1276<TT>cn: Manager</TT></UL> 1277<BR> 1278Now, you may run <EM>ldapadd</EM>(1) to insert these entries into your directory.<UL> 1279<TT>ldapadd -x -D "cn=Manager,dc=<MY-DOMAIN>,dc=<COM>" -W -f example.ldif</TT></UL> 1280<BR> 1281Be sure to replace <TT><MY-DOMAIN></TT> and <TT><COM></TT> with the appropriate domain components of your domain name. You will be prompted for the "<TT>secret</TT>" specified in <TT>slapd.conf</TT>. For example, for <TT>example.com</TT>, use:<UL> 1282<TT>ldapadd -x -D "cn=Manager,dc=example,dc=com" -W -f example.ldif</TT></UL> 1283<BR> 1284where <TT>example.ldif</TT> is the file you created above.<UL> 1285<TT> </TT></UL> 1286<BR> 1287Additional information regarding directory creation can be found in the <A HREF="#Database Creation and Maintenance Tools">Database Creation and Maintenance Tools</A> chapter of this document. 1288<BR> 1289 1290<LI><B>See if it works</B>. 1291<BR> 1292Now we're ready to verify the added entries are in your directory. You can use any LDAP client to do this, but our example uses the <EM>ldapsearch</EM>(1) tool. Remember to replace <TT>dc=example,dc=com</TT> with the correct values for your site:<UL> 1293<TT>ldapsearch -x -b 'dc=example,dc=com' '(objectclass=*)'</TT></UL> 1294<BR> 1295This command will search for and retrieve every entry in the database.</OL> 1296<P>You are now ready to add more entries using <EM>ldapadd</EM>(1) or another LDAP client, experiment with various configuration options, backend arrangements, etc..</P> 1297<P>Note that by default, the <EM>slapd</EM>(8) database grants <EM>read access to everybody</EM> excepting the <EM>super-user</EM> (as specified by the <TT>rootdn</TT> configuration directive). It is highly recommended that you establish controls to restrict access to authorized users. Access controls are discussed in the <A HREF="#Access Control">Access Control</A> chapter. You are also encouraged to read the <A HREF="#Security Considerations">Security Considerations</A>, <A HREF="#Using SASL">Using SASL</A> and <A HREF="#Using TLS">Using TLS</A> sections.</P> 1298<P>The following chapters provide more detailed information on making, installing, and running <EM>slapd</EM>(8).</P> 1299<P></P> 1300<HR> 1301<H1><A NAME="The Big Picture - Configuration Choices">3. The Big Picture - Configuration Choices</A></H1> 1302<P>This section gives a brief overview of various <TERM>LDAP</TERM> directory configurations, and how your Standalone LDAP Daemon <EM>slapd</EM>(8) fits in with the rest of the world.</P> 1303<H2><A NAME="Local Directory Service">3.1. Local Directory Service</A></H2> 1304<P>In this configuration, you run a <EM>slapd</EM>(8) instance which provides directory service for your local domain only. It does not interact with other directory servers in any way. This configuration is shown in Figure 3.1.</P> 1305<P><CENTER><IMG SRC="config_local.png" ALIGN="center"></CENTER></P> 1306<P ALIGN="Center">Figure 3.1: Local service configuration.</P> 1307<P>Use this configuration if you are just starting out (it's the one the quick-start guide makes for you) or if you want to provide a local service and are not interested in connecting to the rest of the world. It's easy to upgrade to another configuration later if you want.</P> 1308<H2><A NAME="Local Directory Service with Referrals">3.2. Local Directory Service with Referrals</A></H2> 1309<P>In this configuration, you run a <EM>slapd</EM>(8) instance which provides directory service for your local domain and configure it to return referrals to other servers capable of handling requests. You may run this service (or services) yourself or use one provided to you. This configuration is shown in Figure 3.2.</P> 1310<P><CENTER><IMG SRC="config_ref.png" ALIGN="center"></CENTER></P> 1311<P ALIGN="Center">Figure 3.2: Local service with referrals</P> 1312<P>Use this configuration if you want to provide local service and participate in the Global Directory, or you want to delegate responsibility for <EM>subordinate</EM> entries to another server.</P> 1313<H2><A NAME="Replicated Directory Service">3.3. Replicated Directory Service</A></H2> 1314<P>slapd(8) includes support for <EM>LDAP Sync</EM>-based replication, called <EM>syncrepl</EM>, which may be used to maintain shadow copies of directory information on multiple directory servers. In its most basic configuration, the <EM>master</EM> is a syncrepl provider and one or more <EM>slave</EM> (or <EM>shadow</EM>) are syncrepl consumers. An example master-slave configuration is shown in figure 3.3. Multi-Master configurations are also supported.</P> 1315<P><CENTER><IMG SRC="config_repl.png" ALIGN="center"></CENTER></P> 1316<P ALIGN="Center">Figure 3.3: Replicated Directory Services</P> 1317<P>This configuration can be used in conjunction with either of the first two configurations in situations where a single <EM>slapd</EM>(8) instance does not provide the required reliability or availability.</P> 1318<H2><A NAME="Distributed Local Directory Service">3.4. Distributed Local Directory Service</A></H2> 1319<P>In this configuration, the local service is partitioned into smaller services, each of which may be replicated, and <EM>glued</EM> together with <EM>superior</EM> and <EM>subordinate</EM> referrals.</P> 1320<P></P> 1321<HR> 1322<H1><A NAME="Building and Installing OpenLDAP Software">4. Building and Installing OpenLDAP Software</A></H1> 1323<P>This chapter details how to build and install the <A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/">OpenLDAP</A> Software package including <EM>slapd</EM>(8), the Standalone <TERM>LDAP</TERM> Daemon. Building and installing OpenLDAP Software requires several steps: installing prerequisite software, configuring OpenLDAP Software itself, making, and finally installing. The following sections describe this process in detail.</P> 1324<H2><A NAME="Obtaining and Extracting the Software">4.1. Obtaining and Extracting the Software</A></H2> 1325<P>You can obtain OpenLDAP Software from the project's download page at <A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/software/download/">http://www.openldap.org/software/download/</A> or directly from the project's <TERM>FTP</TERM> service at <A HREF="ftp://ftp.openldap.org/pub/OpenLDAP/">ftp://ftp.openldap.org/pub/OpenLDAP/</A>.</P> 1326<P>The project makes available two series of packages for <EM>general use</EM>. The project makes <EM>releases</EM> as new features and bug fixes come available. Though the project takes steps to improve stability of these releases, it is common for problems to arise only after <EM>release</EM>. The <EM>stable</EM> release is the latest <EM>release</EM> which has demonstrated stability through general use.</P> 1327<P>Users of OpenLDAP Software can choose, depending on their desire for the <EM>latest features</EM> versus <EM>demonstrated stability</EM>, the most appropriate series to install.</P> 1328<P>After downloading OpenLDAP Software, you need to extract the distribution from the compressed archive file and change your working directory to the top directory of the distribution:</P> 1329<UL> 1330<TT>gunzip -c openldap-VERSION.tgz | tar xf -</TT> 1331<BR> 1332<TT>cd openldap-VERSION</TT></UL> 1333<P>You'll have to replace <TT>VERSION</TT> with the version name of the release.</P> 1334<P>You should now review the <TT>COPYRIGHT</TT>, <TT>LICENSE</TT>, <TT>README</TT> and <TT>INSTALL</TT> documents provided with the distribution. The <TT>COPYRIGHT</TT> and <TT>LICENSE</TT> provide information on acceptable use, copying, and limitation of warranty of OpenLDAP Software. The <TT>README</TT> and <TT>INSTALL</TT> documents provide detailed information on prerequisite software and installation procedures.</P> 1335<H2><A NAME="Prerequisite software">4.2. Prerequisite software</A></H2> 1336<P>OpenLDAP Software relies upon a number of software packages distributed by third parties. Depending on the features you intend to use, you may have to download and install a number of additional software packages. This section details commonly needed third party software packages you might have to install. However, for an up-to-date prerequisite information, the <TT>README</TT> document should be consulted. Note that some of these third party packages may depend on additional software packages. Install each package per the installation instructions provided with it.</P> 1337<H3><A NAME="{{TERM[expand]TLS}}">4.2.1. <TERM>Transport Layer Security</TERM></A></H3> 1338<P>OpenLDAP clients and servers require installation of <A HREF="http://www.openssl.org/">OpenSSL</A>, <A HREF="http://www.gnu.org/software/gnutls/">GnuTLS</A>, or <A HREF="http://developer.mozilla.org/en/NSS">MozNSS</A> <TERM>TLS</TERM> libraries to provide <TERM>Transport Layer Security</TERM> services. Though some operating systems may provide these libraries as part of the base system or as an optional software component, OpenSSL, GnuTLS, and Mozilla NSS often require separate installation.</P> 1339<P>OpenSSL is available from <A HREF="http://www.openssl.org/">http://www.openssl.org/</A>. GnuTLS is available from <A HREF="http://www.gnu.org/software/gnutls/">http://www.gnu.org/software/gnutls/</A>. Mozilla NSS is available from <A HREF="http://developer.mozilla.org/en/NSS">http://developer.mozilla.org/en/NSS</A>.</P> 1340<P>OpenLDAP Software will not be fully LDAPv3 compliant unless OpenLDAP's <TT>configure</TT> detects a usable TLS library.</P> 1341<H3><A NAME="{{TERM[expand]SASL}}">4.2.2. <TERM>Simple Authentication and Security Layer</TERM></A></H3> 1342<P>OpenLDAP clients and servers require installation of <A HREF="http://asg.web.cmu.edu/sasl/sasl-library.html">Cyrus SASL</A> libraries to provide <TERM>Simple Authentication and Security Layer</TERM> services. Though some operating systems may provide this library as part of the base system or as an optional software component, Cyrus SASL often requires separate installation.</P> 1343<P>Cyrus SASL is available from <A HREF="http://asg.web.cmu.edu/sasl/sasl-library.html">http://asg.web.cmu.edu/sasl/sasl-library.html</A>. Cyrus SASL will make use of OpenSSL and Kerberos/GSSAPI libraries if preinstalled.</P> 1344<P>OpenLDAP Software will not be fully LDAPv3 compliant unless OpenLDAP's configure detects a usable Cyrus SASL installation.</P> 1345<H3><A NAME="{{TERM[expand]Kerberos}}">4.2.3. <TERM>Kerberos Authentication Service</TERM></A></H3> 1346<P>OpenLDAP clients and servers support <TERM>Kerberos</TERM> authentication services. In particular, OpenLDAP supports the Kerberos V <TERM>GSS-API</TERM> <TERM>SASL</TERM> authentication mechanism known as the <TERM>GSSAPI</TERM> mechanism. This feature requires, in addition to Cyrus SASL libraries, either <A HREF="http://www.pdc.kth.se/heimdal/">Heimdal</A> or <A HREF="http://web.mit.edu/kerberos/www/">MIT Kerberos</A> V libraries.</P> 1347<P>Heimdal Kerberos is available from <A HREF="http://www.pdc.kth.se/heimdal/">http://www.pdc.kth.se/heimdal/</A>. MIT Kerberos is available from <A HREF="http://web.mit.edu/kerberos/www/">http://web.mit.edu/kerberos/www/</A>.</P> 1348<P>Use of strong authentication services, such as those provided by Kerberos, is highly recommended.</P> 1349<H3><A NAME="Database Software">4.2.4. Database Software</A></H3> 1350<P>OpenLDAP's <EM>slapd</EM>(8) <TERM>BDB</TERM> and <TERM>HDB</TERM> primary database backends require <A HREF="http://www.oracle.com/">Oracle Corporation</A> <A HREF="http://www.oracle.com/database/berkeley-db/db/index.html">Berkeley DB</A>. If not available at configure time, you will not be able to build <EM>slapd</EM>(8) with these primary database backends.</P> 1351<P>Your operating system may provide a supported version of <A HREF="http://www.oracle.com/database/berkeley-db/db/index.html">Berkeley DB</A> in the base system or as an optional software component. If not, you'll have to obtain and install it yourself.</P> 1352<P><A HREF="http://www.oracle.com/database/berkeley-db/db/index.html">Berkeley DB</A> is available from <A HREF="http://www.oracle.com/">Oracle Corporation</A>'s Berkeley DB download page <A HREF="http://www.oracle.com/technology/software/products/berkeley-db/index.html">http://www.oracle.com/technology/software/products/berkeley-db/index.html</A>.</P> 1353<P>There are several versions available. Generally, the most recent release (with published patches) is recommended. This package is required if you wish to use the <TERM>BDB</TERM> or <TERM>HDB</TERM> database backends.</P> 1354<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 1355<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>Please see <A HREF="#Recommended OpenLDAP Software Dependency Versions">Recommended OpenLDAP Software Dependency Versions</A> for more information. 1356<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 1357<H3><A NAME="Threads">4.2.5. Threads</A></H3> 1358<P>OpenLDAP is designed to take advantage of threads. OpenLDAP supports POSIX <EM>pthreads</EM>, Mach <EM>CThreads</EM>, and a number of other varieties. <TT>configure</TT> will complain if it cannot find a suitable thread subsystem. If this occurs, please consult the <TT>Software|Installation|Platform Hints</TT> section of the OpenLDAP FAQ <A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/faq/">http://www.openldap.org/faq/</A>.</P> 1359<H3><A NAME="TCP Wrappers">4.2.6. TCP Wrappers</A></H3> 1360<P><EM>slapd</EM>(8) supports TCP Wrappers (IP level access control filters) if preinstalled. Use of TCP Wrappers or other IP-level access filters (such as those provided by an IP-level firewall) is recommended for servers containing non-public information.</P> 1361<H2><A NAME="Running configure">4.3. Running configure</A></H2> 1362<P>Now you should probably run the <TT>configure</TT> script with the <TT>--help</TT> option. This will give you a list of options that you can change when building OpenLDAP. Many of the features of OpenLDAP can be enabled or disabled using this method.</P> 1363<PRE> 1364 ./configure --help 1365</PRE> 1366<P>The <TT>configure</TT> script also looks for certain variables on the command line and in the environment. These include:</P> 1367<TABLE CLASS="columns" BORDER ALIGN='Center'> 1368<CAPTION ALIGN=top>Table 4.1: Variables</CAPTION> 1369<TR CLASS="heading"> 1370<TD> 1371<STRONG>Variable</STRONG> 1372</TD> 1373<TD> 1374<STRONG>Description</STRONG> 1375</TD> 1376</TR> 1377<TR> 1378<TD> 1379<TT>CC</TT> 1380</TD> 1381<TD> 1382Specify alternative C Compiler 1383</TD> 1384</TR> 1385<TR> 1386<TD> 1387<TT>CFLAGS</TT> 1388</TD> 1389<TD> 1390Specify additional compiler flags 1391</TD> 1392</TR> 1393<TR> 1394<TD> 1395<TT>CPPFLAGS</TT> 1396</TD> 1397<TD> 1398Specify C Preprocessor flags 1399</TD> 1400</TR> 1401<TR> 1402<TD> 1403<TT>LDFLAGS</TT> 1404</TD> 1405<TD> 1406Specify linker flags 1407</TD> 1408</TR> 1409<TR> 1410<TD> 1411<TT>LIBS</TT> 1412</TD> 1413<TD> 1414Specify additional libraries 1415</TD> 1416</TR> 1417</TABLE> 1418 1419<P>Now run the configure script with any desired configuration options or variables.</P> 1420<PRE> 1421 ./configure [options] [variable=value ...] 1422</PRE> 1423<P>As an example, let's assume that we want to install OpenLDAP with BDB backend and TCP Wrappers support. By default, BDB is enabled and TCP Wrappers is not. So, we just need to specify <TT>--enable-wrappers</TT> to include TCP Wrappers support:</P> 1424<PRE> 1425 ./configure --enable-wrappers 1426</PRE> 1427<P>However, this will fail to locate dependent software not installed in system directories. For example, if TCP Wrappers headers and libraries are installed in <TT>/usr/local/include</TT> and <TT>/usr/local/lib</TT> respectively, the <TT>configure</TT> script should typically be called as follows:</P> 1428<PRE> 1429 ./configure --enable-wrappers \ 1430 CPPFLAGS="-I/usr/local/include" \ 1431 LDFLAGS="-L/usr/local/lib -Wl,-rpath,/usr/local/lib" 1432</PRE> 1433<P>The <TT>configure</TT> script will normally auto-detect appropriate settings. If you have problems at this stage, consult any platform specific hints and check your <TT>configure</TT> options, if any.</P> 1434<H2><A NAME="Building the Software">4.4. Building the Software</A></H2> 1435<P>Once you have run the <TT>configure</TT> script the last line of output should be:</P> 1436<PRE> 1437 Please "make depend" to build dependencies 1438</PRE> 1439<P>If the last line of output does not match, <TT>configure</TT> has failed, and you will need to review its output to determine what went wrong. You should not proceed until <TT>configure</TT> completes successfully.</P> 1440<P>To build dependencies, run:</P> 1441<PRE> 1442 make depend 1443</PRE> 1444<P>Now build the software, this step will actually compile OpenLDAP.</P> 1445<PRE> 1446 make 1447</PRE> 1448<P>You should examine the output of this command carefully to make sure everything is built correctly. Note that this command builds the LDAP libraries and associated clients as well as <EM>slapd</EM>(8).</P> 1449<H2><A NAME="Testing the Software">4.5. Testing the Software</A></H2> 1450<P>Once the software has been properly configured and successfully made, you should run the test suite to verify the build.</P> 1451<PRE> 1452 make test 1453</PRE> 1454<P>Tests which apply to your configuration will run and they should pass. Some tests, such as the replication test, may be skipped if not supported by your configuration.</P> 1455<H2><A NAME="Installing the Software">4.6. Installing the Software</A></H2> 1456<P>Once you have successfully tested the software, you are ready to install it. You will need to have write permission to the installation directories you specified when you ran configure. By default OpenLDAP Software is installed in <TT>/usr/local</TT>. If you changed this setting with the <TT>--prefix</TT> configure option, it will be installed in the location you provided.</P> 1457<P>Typically, the installation requires <EM>super-user</EM> privileges. From the top level OpenLDAP source directory, type:</P> 1458<PRE> 1459 su root -c 'make install' 1460</PRE> 1461<P>and enter the appropriate password when requested.</P> 1462<P>You should examine the output of this command carefully to make sure everything is installed correctly. You will find the configuration files for <EM>slapd</EM>(8) in <TT>/usr/local/etc/openldap</TT> by default. See the chapter <A HREF="#Configuring slapd">Configuring slapd</A> for additional information.</P> 1463<P></P> 1464<HR> 1465<H1><A NAME="Configuring slapd">5. Configuring slapd</A></H1> 1466<P>Once the software has been built and installed, you are ready to configure <EM>slapd</EM>(8) for use at your site.</P> 1467<P>OpenLDAP 2.3 and later have transitioned to using a dynamic runtime configuration engine, <EM>slapd-config</EM>(5). <EM>slapd-config</EM>(5)</P> 1468<UL> 1469<LI>is fully LDAP-enabled 1470<LI>is managed using the standard LDAP operations 1471<LI>stores its configuration data in an <TERM>LDIF</TERM> database, generally in the <TT>/usr/local/etc/openldap/slapd.d</TT> directory. 1472<LI>allows all of slapd's configuration options to be changed on the fly, generally without requiring a server restart for the changes to take effect.</UL> 1473<P>This chapter describes the general format of the <EM>slapd-config</EM>(5) configuration system, followed by a detailed description of commonly used settings.</P> 1474<P>The older style <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) file is still supported, but its use is deprecated and support for it will be withdrawn in a future OpenLDAP release. Configuring <EM>slapd</EM>(8) via <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) is described in the next chapter.</P> 1475<P>Refer to <EM>slapd</EM>(8) for information on how to have slapd automatically convert from <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) to <EM>slapd-config</EM>(5).</P> 1476<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 1477<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>Although the <EM>slapd-config</EM>(5) system stores its configuration as (text-based) LDIF files, you should <EM>never</EM> edit any of the LDIF files directly. Configuration changes should be performed via LDAP operations, e.g. <EM>ldapadd</EM>(1), <EM>ldapdelete</EM>(1), or <EM>ldapmodify</EM>(1). 1478<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 1479<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 1480<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>You will need to continue to use the older <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) configuration system if your OpenLDAP installation requires the use of one or more backends or overlays that have not been updated to use the <EM>slapd-config</EM>(5) system. As of OpenLDAP 2.4.33, all of the official backends have been updated. There may be additional contributed or experimental overlays that also have not been updated. 1481<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 1482<H2><A NAME="Configuration Layout">5.1. Configuration Layout</A></H2> 1483<P>The slapd configuration is stored as a special LDAP directory with a predefined schema and DIT. There are specific objectClasses used to carry global configuration options, schema definitions, backend and database definitions, and assorted other items. A sample config tree is shown in Figure 5.1.</P> 1484<P><CENTER><IMG SRC="config_dit.png" ALIGN="center"></CENTER></P> 1485<P ALIGN="Center">Figure 5.1: Sample configuration tree.</P> 1486<P>Other objects may be part of the configuration but were omitted from the illustration for clarity.</P> 1487<P>The <EM>slapd-config</EM> configuration tree has a very specific structure. The root of the tree is named <TT>cn=config</TT> and contains global configuration settings. Additional settings are contained in separate child entries:</P> 1488<UL> 1489<LI>Dynamically loaded modules<UL> 1490These may only be used if the <TT>--enable-modules</TT> option was used to configure the software.</UL> 1491<LI>Schema definitions<UL> 1492The <TT>cn=schema,cn=config</TT> entry contains the system schema (all the schema that is hard-coded in slapd). 1493<BR> 1494Child entries of <TT>cn=schema,cn=config</TT> contain user schema as loaded from config files or added at runtime.</UL> 1495<LI>Backend-specific configuration 1496<LI>Database-specific configuration<UL> 1497Overlays are defined in children of the Database entry. 1498<BR> 1499Databases and Overlays may also have other miscellaneous children.</UL></UL> 1500<P>The usual rules for LDIF files apply to the configuration information: Comment lines beginning with a '<TT>#</TT>' character are ignored. If a line begins with a single space, it is considered a continuation of the previous line (even if the previous line is a comment) and the single leading space is removed. Entries are separated by blank lines.</P> 1501<P>The general layout of the config LDIF is as follows:</P> 1502<PRE> 1503 # global configuration settings 1504 dn: cn=config 1505 objectClass: olcGlobal 1506 cn: config 1507 <global config settings> 1508 1509 # schema definitions 1510 dn: cn=schema,cn=config 1511 objectClass: olcSchemaConfig 1512 cn: schema 1513 <system schema> 1514 1515 dn: cn={X}core,cn=schema,cn=config 1516 objectClass: olcSchemaConfig 1517 cn: {X}core 1518 <core schema> 1519 1520 # additional user-specified schema 1521 ... 1522 1523 # backend definitions 1524 dn: olcBackend=<typeA>,cn=config 1525 objectClass: olcBackendConfig 1526 olcBackend: <typeA> 1527 <backend-specific settings> 1528 1529 # database definitions 1530 dn: olcDatabase={X}<typeA>,cn=config 1531 objectClass: olcDatabaseConfig 1532 olcDatabase: {X}<typeA> 1533 <database-specific settings> 1534 1535 # subsequent definitions and settings 1536 ... 1537</PRE> 1538<P>Some of the entries listed above have a numeric index <TT>"{X}"</TT> in their names. While most configuration settings have an inherent ordering dependency (i.e., one setting must take effect before a subsequent one may be set), LDAP databases are inherently unordered. The numeric index is used to enforce a consistent ordering in the configuration database, so that all ordering dependencies are preserved. In most cases the index does not have to be provided; it will be automatically generated based on the order in which entries are created.</P> 1539<P>Configuration directives are specified as values of individual attributes. Most of the attributes and objectClasses used in the slapd configuration have a prefix of <TT>"olc"</TT> (OpenLDAP Configuration) in their names. Generally there is a one-to-one correspondence between the attributes and the old-style <TT>slapd.conf</TT> configuration keywords, using the keyword as the attribute name, with the "olc" prefix attached.</P> 1540<P>A configuration directive may take arguments. If so, the arguments are separated by whitespace. If an argument contains whitespace, the argument should be enclosed in double quotes <TT>"like this"</TT>. In the descriptions that follow, arguments that should be replaced by actual text are shown in brackets <TT><></TT>.</P> 1541<P>The distribution contains an example configuration file that will be installed in the <TT>/usr/local/etc/openldap</TT> directory. A number of files containing schema definitions (attribute types and object classes) are also provided in the <TT>/usr/local/etc/openldap/schema</TT> directory.</P> 1542<H2><A NAME="Configuration Directives">5.2. Configuration Directives</A></H2> 1543<P>This section details commonly used configuration directives. For a complete list, see the <EM>slapd-config</EM>(5) manual page. This section will treat the configuration directives in a top-down order, starting with the global directives in the <TT>cn=config</TT> entry. Each directive will be described along with its default value (if any) and an example of its use.</P> 1544<H3><A NAME="cn=config">5.2.1. cn=config</A></H3> 1545<P>Directives contained in this entry generally apply to the server as a whole. Most of them are system or connection oriented, not database related. This entry must have the <TT>olcGlobal</TT> objectClass.</P> 1546<H4><A NAME="olcIdleTimeout: <integer>">5.2.1.1. olcIdleTimeout: <integer></A></H4> 1547<P>Specify the number of seconds to wait before forcibly closing an idle client connection. A value of 0, the default, disables this feature.</P> 1548<H4><A NAME="olcLogLevel: <level>">5.2.1.2. olcLogLevel: <level></A></H4> 1549<P>This directive specifies the level at which debugging statements and operation statistics should be syslogged (currently logged to the <EM>syslogd</EM>(8) <TT>LOG_LOCAL4</TT> facility). You must have configured OpenLDAP <TT>--enable-debug</TT> (the default) for this to work (except for the two statistics levels, which are always enabled). Log levels may be specified as integers or by keyword. Multiple log levels may be used and the levels are additive. To display what levels correspond to what kind of debugging, invoke slapd with <TT>-d?</TT> or consult the table below. The possible values for <level> are:</P> 1550<TABLE CLASS="columns" BORDER ALIGN='Center'> 1551<CAPTION ALIGN=top>Table 5.1: Debugging Levels</CAPTION> 1552<TR CLASS="heading"> 1553<TD ALIGN='Right'> 1554<STRONG>Level</STRONG> 1555</TD> 1556<TD ALIGN='Left'> 1557<STRONG>Keyword</STRONG> 1558</TD> 1559<TD> 1560<STRONG>Description</STRONG> 1561</TD> 1562</TR> 1563<TR> 1564<TD ALIGN='Right'> 1565-1 1566</TD> 1567<TD ALIGN='Left'> 1568any 1569</TD> 1570<TD> 1571enable all debugging 1572</TD> 1573</TR> 1574<TR> 1575<TD ALIGN='Right'> 15760 1577</TD> 1578<TD ALIGN='Left'> 1579 1580</TD> 1581<TD> 1582no debugging 1583</TD> 1584</TR> 1585<TR> 1586<TD ALIGN='Right'> 15871 1588</TD> 1589<TD ALIGN='Left'> 1590(0x1 trace) 1591</TD> 1592<TD> 1593trace function calls 1594</TD> 1595</TR> 1596<TR> 1597<TD ALIGN='Right'> 15982 1599</TD> 1600<TD ALIGN='Left'> 1601(0x2 packets) 1602</TD> 1603<TD> 1604debug packet handling 1605</TD> 1606</TR> 1607<TR> 1608<TD ALIGN='Right'> 16094 1610</TD> 1611<TD ALIGN='Left'> 1612(0x4 args) 1613</TD> 1614<TD> 1615heavy trace debugging 1616</TD> 1617</TR> 1618<TR> 1619<TD ALIGN='Right'> 16208 1621</TD> 1622<TD ALIGN='Left'> 1623(0x8 conns) 1624</TD> 1625<TD> 1626connection management 1627</TD> 1628</TR> 1629<TR> 1630<TD ALIGN='Right'> 163116 1632</TD> 1633<TD ALIGN='Left'> 1634(0x10 BER) 1635</TD> 1636<TD> 1637print out packets sent and received 1638</TD> 1639</TR> 1640<TR> 1641<TD ALIGN='Right'> 164232 1643</TD> 1644<TD ALIGN='Left'> 1645(0x20 filter) 1646</TD> 1647<TD> 1648search filter processing 1649</TD> 1650</TR> 1651<TR> 1652<TD ALIGN='Right'> 165364 1654</TD> 1655<TD ALIGN='Left'> 1656(0x40 config) 1657</TD> 1658<TD> 1659configuration processing 1660</TD> 1661</TR> 1662<TR> 1663<TD ALIGN='Right'> 1664128 1665</TD> 1666<TD ALIGN='Left'> 1667(0x80 ACL) 1668</TD> 1669<TD> 1670access control list processing 1671</TD> 1672</TR> 1673<TR> 1674<TD ALIGN='Right'> 1675256 1676</TD> 1677<TD ALIGN='Left'> 1678(0x100 stats) 1679</TD> 1680<TD> 1681stats log connections/operations/results 1682</TD> 1683</TR> 1684<TR> 1685<TD ALIGN='Right'> 1686512 1687</TD> 1688<TD ALIGN='Left'> 1689(0x200 stats2) 1690</TD> 1691<TD> 1692stats log entries sent 1693</TD> 1694</TR> 1695<TR> 1696<TD ALIGN='Right'> 16971024 1698</TD> 1699<TD ALIGN='Left'> 1700(0x400 shell) 1701</TD> 1702<TD> 1703print communication with shell backends 1704</TD> 1705</TR> 1706<TR> 1707<TD ALIGN='Right'> 17082048 1709</TD> 1710<TD ALIGN='Left'> 1711(0x800 parse) 1712</TD> 1713<TD> 1714print entry parsing debugging 1715</TD> 1716</TR> 1717<TR> 1718<TD ALIGN='Right'> 171916384 1720</TD> 1721<TD ALIGN='Left'> 1722(0x4000 sync) 1723</TD> 1724<TD> 1725syncrepl consumer processing 1726</TD> 1727</TR> 1728<TR> 1729<TD ALIGN='Right'> 173032768 1731</TD> 1732<TD ALIGN='Left'> 1733(0x8000 none) 1734</TD> 1735<TD> 1736only messages that get logged whatever log level is set 1737</TD> 1738</TR> 1739</TABLE> 1740 1741<P>The desired log level can be input as a single integer that combines the (ORed) desired levels, both in decimal or in hexadecimal notation, as a list of integers (that are ORed internally), or as a list of the names that are shown between brackets, such that</P> 1742<PRE> 1743 olcLogLevel 129 1744 olcLogLevel 0x81 1745 olcLogLevel 128 1 1746 olcLogLevel 0x80 0x1 1747 olcLogLevel acl trace 1748</PRE> 1749<P>are equivalent.</P> 1750<P>Examples:</P> 1751<PRE> 1752 olcLogLevel -1 1753</PRE> 1754<P>This will cause lots and lots of debugging information to be logged.</P> 1755<PRE> 1756 olcLogLevel conns filter 1757</PRE> 1758<P>Just log the connection and search filter processing.</P> 1759<PRE> 1760 olcLogLevel none 1761</PRE> 1762<P>Log those messages that are logged regardless of the configured loglevel. This differs from setting the log level to 0, when no logging occurs. At least the <TT>None</TT> level is required to have high priority messages logged.</P> 1763<P>Default:</P> 1764<PRE> 1765 olcLogLevel stats 1766</PRE> 1767<P>Basic stats logging is configured by default. However, if no olcLogLevel is defined, no logging occurs (equivalent to a 0 level).</P> 1768<H4><A NAME="olcReferral <URI>">5.2.1.3. olcReferral <URI></A></H4> 1769<P>This directive specifies the referral to pass back when slapd cannot find a local database to handle a request.</P> 1770<P>Example:</P> 1771<PRE> 1772 olcReferral: ldap://root.openldap.org 1773</PRE> 1774<P>This will refer non-local queries to the global root LDAP server at the OpenLDAP Project. Smart LDAP clients can re-ask their query at that server, but note that most of these clients are only going to know how to handle simple LDAP URLs that contain a host part and optionally a distinguished name part.</P> 1775<H4><A NAME="Sample Entry">5.2.1.4. Sample Entry</A></H4> 1776<PRE> 1777dn: cn=config 1778objectClass: olcGlobal 1779cn: config 1780olcIdleTimeout: 30 1781olcLogLevel: Stats 1782olcReferral: ldap://root.openldap.org 1783</PRE> 1784<H3><A NAME="cn=module">5.2.2. cn=module</A></H3> 1785<P>If support for dynamically loaded modules was enabled when configuring slapd, <TT>cn=module</TT> entries may be used to specify sets of modules to load. Module entries must have the <TT>olcModuleList</TT> objectClass.</P> 1786<H4><A NAME="olcModuleLoad: <filename>">5.2.2.1. olcModuleLoad: <filename></A></H4> 1787<P>Specify the name of a dynamically loadable module to load. The filename may be an absolute path name or a simple filename. Non-absolute names are searched for in the directories specified by the <TT>olcModulePath</TT> directive.</P> 1788<H4><A NAME="olcModulePath: <pathspec>">5.2.2.2. olcModulePath: <pathspec></A></H4> 1789<P>Specify a list of directories to search for loadable modules. Typically the path is colon-separated but this depends on the operating system.</P> 1790<H4><A NAME="Sample Entries">5.2.2.3. Sample Entries</A></H4> 1791<PRE> 1792dn: cn=module{0},cn=config 1793objectClass: olcModuleList 1794cn: module{0} 1795olcModuleLoad: /usr/local/lib/smbk5pwd.la 1796 1797dn: cn=module{1},cn=config 1798objectClass: olcModuleList 1799cn: module{1} 1800olcModulePath: /usr/local/lib:/usr/local/lib/slapd 1801olcModuleLoad: accesslog.la 1802olcModuleLoad: pcache.la 1803</PRE> 1804<H3><A NAME="cn=schema">5.2.3. cn=schema</A></H3> 1805<P>The cn=schema entry holds all of the schema definitions that are hard-coded in slapd. As such, the values in this entry are generated by slapd so no schema values need to be provided in the config file. The entry must still be defined though, to serve as a base for the user-defined schema to add in underneath. Schema entries must have the <TT>olcSchemaConfig</TT> objectClass.</P> 1806<H4><A NAME="olcAttributeTypes: <{{REF:RFC4512}} Attribute Type Description>"> </A>5.2.3.1. olcAttributeTypes: <<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4512.txt">RFC4512</A> Attribute Type Description></H4> 1807<P>This directive defines an attribute type. Please see the <A HREF="#Schema Specification">Schema Specification</A> chapter for information regarding how to use this directive.</P> 1808<H4><A NAME="olcObjectClasses: <{{REF:RFC4512}} Object Class Description>"> </A>5.2.3.2. olcObjectClasses: <<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4512.txt">RFC4512</A> Object Class Description></H4> 1809<P>This directive defines an object class. Please see the <A HREF="#Schema Specification">Schema Specification</A> chapter for information regarding how to use this directive.</P> 1810<H4><A NAME="Sample Entries">5.2.3.3. Sample Entries</A></H4> 1811<PRE> 1812dn: cn=schema,cn=config 1813objectClass: olcSchemaConfig 1814cn: schema 1815 1816dn: cn=test,cn=schema,cn=config 1817objectClass: olcSchemaConfig 1818cn: test 1819olcAttributeTypes: ( 1.1.1 1820 NAME 'testAttr' 1821 EQUALITY integerMatch 1822 SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.27 ) 1823olcAttributeTypes: ( 1.1.2 NAME 'testTwo' EQUALITY caseIgnoreMatch 1824 SUBSTR caseIgnoreSubstringsMatch SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.44 ) 1825olcObjectClasses: ( 1.1.3 NAME 'testObject' 1826 MAY ( testAttr $ testTwo ) AUXILIARY ) 1827</PRE> 1828<H3><A NAME="Backend-specific Directives">5.2.4. Backend-specific Directives</A></H3> 1829<P>Backend directives apply to all database instances of the same type and, depending on the directive, may be overridden by database directives. Backend entries must have the <TT>olcBackendConfig</TT> objectClass.</P> 1830<H4><A NAME="olcBackend: <type>">5.2.4.1. olcBackend: <type></A></H4> 1831<P>This directive names a backend-specific configuration entry. <TT><type></TT> should be one of the supported backend types listed in Table 5.2.</P> 1832<TABLE CLASS="columns" BORDER ALIGN='Center'> 1833<CAPTION ALIGN=top>Table 5.2: Database Backends</CAPTION> 1834<TR CLASS="heading"> 1835<TD> 1836<STRONG>Types</STRONG> 1837</TD> 1838<TD> 1839<STRONG>Description</STRONG> 1840</TD> 1841</TR> 1842<TR> 1843<TD> 1844<TT>bdb</TT> 1845</TD> 1846<TD> 1847Berkeley DB transactional backend 1848</TD> 1849</TR> 1850<TR> 1851<TD> 1852<TT>config</TT> 1853</TD> 1854<TD> 1855Slapd configuration backend 1856</TD> 1857</TR> 1858<TR> 1859<TD> 1860<TT>dnssrv</TT> 1861</TD> 1862<TD> 1863DNS SRV backend 1864</TD> 1865</TR> 1866<TR> 1867<TD> 1868<TT>hdb</TT> 1869</TD> 1870<TD> 1871Hierarchical variant of bdb backend 1872</TD> 1873</TR> 1874<TR> 1875<TD> 1876<TT>ldap</TT> 1877</TD> 1878<TD> 1879Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (Proxy) backend 1880</TD> 1881</TR> 1882<TR> 1883<TD> 1884<TT>ldif</TT> 1885</TD> 1886<TD> 1887Lightweight Data Interchange Format backend 1888</TD> 1889</TR> 1890<TR> 1891<TD> 1892<TT>meta</TT> 1893</TD> 1894<TD> 1895Meta Directory backend 1896</TD> 1897</TR> 1898<TR> 1899<TD> 1900<TT>monitor</TT> 1901</TD> 1902<TD> 1903Monitor backend 1904</TD> 1905</TR> 1906<TR> 1907<TD> 1908<TT>passwd</TT> 1909</TD> 1910<TD> 1911Provides read-only access to <EM>passwd</EM>(5) 1912</TD> 1913</TR> 1914<TR> 1915<TD> 1916<TT>perl</TT> 1917</TD> 1918<TD> 1919Perl Programmable backend 1920</TD> 1921</TR> 1922<TR> 1923<TD> 1924<TT>shell</TT> 1925</TD> 1926<TD> 1927Shell (extern program) backend 1928</TD> 1929</TR> 1930<TR> 1931<TD> 1932<TT>sql</TT> 1933</TD> 1934<TD> 1935SQL Programmable backend 1936</TD> 1937</TR> 1938</TABLE> 1939 1940<P>Example:</P> 1941<PRE> 1942 olcBackend: bdb 1943</PRE> 1944<P>There are no other directives defined for this entry. Specific backend types may define additional attributes for their particular use but so far none have ever been defined. As such, these directives usually do not appear in any actual configurations.</P> 1945<H4><A NAME="Sample Entry">5.2.4.2. Sample Entry</A></H4> 1946<PRE> 1947 dn: olcBackend=bdb,cn=config 1948 objectClass: olcBackendConfig 1949 olcBackend: bdb 1950</PRE> 1951<H3><A NAME="Database-specific Directives">5.2.5. Database-specific Directives</A></H3> 1952<P>Directives in this section are supported by every type of database. Database entries must have the <TT>olcDatabaseConfig</TT> objectClass.</P> 1953<H4><A NAME="olcDatabase: [{<index>}]<type>">5.2.5.1. olcDatabase: [{<index>}]<type></A></H4> 1954<P>This directive names a specific database instance. The numeric {<index>} may be provided to distinguish multiple databases of the same type. Usually the index can be omitted, and slapd will generate it automatically. <TT><type></TT> should be one of the supported backend types listed in Table 5.2 or the <TT>frontend</TT> type.</P> 1955<P>The <TT>frontend</TT> is a special database that is used to hold database-level options that should be applied to all the other databases. Subsequent database definitions may also override some frontend settings.</P> 1956<P>The <TT>config</TT> database is also special; both the <TT>config</TT> and the <TT>frontend</TT> databases are always created implicitly even if they are not explicitly configured, and they are created before any other databases.</P> 1957<P>Example:</P> 1958<PRE> 1959 olcDatabase: bdb 1960</PRE> 1961<P>This marks the beginning of a new <TERM>BDB</TERM> database instance.</P> 1962<H4><A NAME="olcAccess: to <what> [ by <who> [<accesslevel>] [<control>] ]+">5.2.5.2. olcAccess: to <what> [ by <who> [<accesslevel>] [<control>] ]+</A></H4> 1963<P>This directive grants access (specified by <accesslevel>) to a set of entries and/or attributes (specified by <what>) by one or more requestors (specified by <who>). See the <A HREF="#Access Control">Access Control</A> section of this guide for basic usage.</P> 1964<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 1965<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>If no <TT>olcAccess</TT> directives are specified, the default access control policy, <TT>to * by * read</TT>, allows all users (both authenticated and anonymous) read access. 1966<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 1967<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 1968<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>Access controls defined in the frontend are appended to all other databases' controls. 1969<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 1970<H4><A NAME="olcReadonly { TRUE | FALSE }">5.2.5.3. olcReadonly { TRUE | FALSE }</A></H4> 1971<P>This directive puts the database into "read-only" mode. Any attempts to modify the database will return an "unwilling to perform" error.</P> 1972<P>Default:</P> 1973<PRE> 1974 olcReadonly: FALSE 1975</PRE> 1976<H4><A NAME="olcRootDN: <DN>">5.2.5.4. olcRootDN: <DN></A></H4> 1977<P>This directive specifies the DN that is not subject to access control or administrative limit restrictions for operations on this database. The DN need not refer to an entry in this database or even in the directory. The DN may refer to a SASL identity.</P> 1978<P>Entry-based Example:</P> 1979<PRE> 1980 olcRootDN: "cn=Manager,dc=example,dc=com" 1981</PRE> 1982<P>SASL-based Example:</P> 1983<PRE> 1984 olcRootDN: "uid=root,cn=example.com,cn=digest-md5,cn=auth" 1985</PRE> 1986<P>See the <A HREF="#SASL Authentication">SASL Authentication</A> section for information on SASL authentication identities.</P> 1987<H4><A NAME="olcRootPW: <password>">5.2.5.5. olcRootPW: <password></A></H4> 1988<P>This directive can be used to specify a password for the DN for the rootdn (when the rootdn is set to a DN within the database).</P> 1989<P>Example:</P> 1990<PRE> 1991 olcRootPW: secret 1992</PRE> 1993<P>It is also permissible to provide a hash of the password in <A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2307.txt">RFC2307</A> form. <EM>slappasswd</EM>(8) may be used to generate the password hash.</P> 1994<P>Example:</P> 1995<PRE> 1996 olcRootPW: {SSHA}ZKKuqbEKJfKSXhUbHG3fG8MDn9j1v4QN 1997</PRE> 1998<P>The hash was generated using the command <TT>slappasswd -s secret</TT>.</P> 1999<H4><A NAME="olcSizeLimit: <integer>">5.2.5.6. olcSizeLimit: <integer></A></H4> 2000<P>This directive specifies the maximum number of entries to return from a search operation.</P> 2001<P>Default:</P> 2002<PRE> 2003 olcSizeLimit: 500 2004</PRE> 2005<P>See the <A HREF="#Limits">Limits</A> section of this guide and slapd-config(5) for more details.</P> 2006<H4><A NAME="olcSuffix: <dn suffix>">5.2.5.7. olcSuffix: <dn suffix></A></H4> 2007<P>This directive specifies the DN suffix of queries that will be passed to this backend database. Multiple suffix lines can be given, and usually at least one is required for each database definition. (Some backend types, such as <TT>frontend</TT> and <TT>monitor</TT> use a hard-coded suffix which may not be overridden in the configuration.)</P> 2008<P>Example:</P> 2009<PRE> 2010 olcSuffix: "dc=example,dc=com" 2011</PRE> 2012<P>Queries with a DN ending in "dc=example,dc=com" will be passed to this backend.</P> 2013<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 2014<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>When the backend to pass a query to is selected, slapd looks at the suffix value(s) in each database definition in the order in which they were configured. Thus, if one database suffix is a prefix of another, it must appear after it in the configuration. 2015<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 2016<H4><A NAME="olcSyncrepl">5.2.5.8. olcSyncrepl</A></H4> 2017<PRE> 2018 olcSyncrepl: rid=<replica ID> 2019 provider=ldap[s]://<hostname>[:port] 2020 [type=refreshOnly|refreshAndPersist] 2021 [interval=dd:hh:mm:ss] 2022 [retry=[<retry interval> <# of retries>]+] 2023 searchbase=<base DN> 2024 [filter=<filter str>] 2025 [scope=sub|one|base] 2026 [attrs=<attr list>] 2027 [attrsonly] 2028 [sizelimit=<limit>] 2029 [timelimit=<limit>] 2030 [schemachecking=on|off] 2031 [bindmethod=simple|sasl] 2032 [binddn=<DN>] 2033 [saslmech=<mech>] 2034 [authcid=<identity>] 2035 [authzid=<identity>] 2036 [credentials=<passwd>] 2037 [realm=<realm>] 2038 [secprops=<properties>] 2039 [starttls=yes|critical] 2040 [tls_cert=<file>] 2041 [tls_key=<file>] 2042 [tls_cacert=<file>] 2043 [tls_cacertdir=<path>] 2044 [tls_reqcert=never|allow|try|demand] 2045 [tls_ciphersuite=<ciphers>] 2046 [tls_crlcheck=none|peer|all] 2047 [logbase=<base DN>] 2048 [logfilter=<filter str>] 2049 [syncdata=default|accesslog|changelog] 2050</PRE> 2051<P>This directive specifies the current database as a replica of the master content by establishing the current <EM>slapd</EM>(8) as a replication consumer site running a syncrepl replication engine. The master database is located at the replication provider site specified by the <TT>provider</TT> parameter. The replica database is kept up-to-date with the master content using the LDAP Content Synchronization protocol. See <A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4533.txt">RFC4533</A> for more information on the protocol.</P> 2052<P>The <TT>rid</TT> parameter is used for identification of the current <TT>syncrepl</TT> directive within the replication consumer server, where <TT><replica ID></TT> uniquely identifies the syncrepl specification described by the current <TT>syncrepl</TT> directive. <TT><replica ID></TT> is non-negative and is no more than three decimal digits in length.</P> 2053<P>The <TT>provider</TT> parameter specifies the replication provider site containing the master content as an LDAP URI. The <TT>provider</TT> parameter specifies a scheme, a host and optionally a port where the provider slapd instance can be found. Either a domain name or IP address may be used for <hostname>. Examples are <TT>ldap://provider.example.com:389</TT> or <TT>ldaps://192.168.1.1:636</TT>. If <port> is not given, the standard LDAP port number (389 or 636) is used. Note that the syncrepl uses a consumer-initiated protocol, and hence its specification is located at the consumer site, whereas the <TT>replica</TT> specification is located at the provider site. <TT>syncrepl</TT> and <TT>replica</TT> directives define two independent replication mechanisms. They do not represent the replication peers of each other.</P> 2054<P>The content of the syncrepl replica is defined using a search specification as its result set. The consumer slapd will send search requests to the provider slapd according to the search specification. The search specification includes <TT>searchbase</TT>, <TT>scope</TT>, <TT>filter</TT>, <TT>attrs</TT>, <TT>attrsonly</TT>, <TT>sizelimit</TT>, and <TT>timelimit</TT> parameters as in the normal search specification. The <TT>searchbase</TT> parameter has no default value and must always be specified. The <TT>scope</TT> defaults to <TT>sub</TT>, the <TT>filter</TT> defaults to <TT>(objectclass=*)</TT>, <TT>attrs</TT> defaults to <TT>"*,+"</TT> to replicate all user and operational attributes, and <TT>attrsonly</TT> is unset by default. Both <TT>sizelimit</TT> and <TT>timelimit</TT> default to "unlimited", and only positive integers or "unlimited" may be specified.</P> 2055<P>The <TERM>LDAP Content Synchronization</TERM> protocol has two operation types: <TT>refreshOnly</TT> and <TT>refreshAndPersist</TT>. The operation type is specified by the <TT>type</TT> parameter. In the <TT>refreshOnly</TT> operation, the next synchronization search operation is periodically rescheduled at an interval time after each synchronization operation finishes. The interval is specified by the <TT>interval</TT> parameter. It is set to one day by default. In the <TT>refreshAndPersist</TT> operation, a synchronization search remains persistent in the provider <EM>slapd</EM> instance. Further updates to the master replica will generate <TT>searchResultEntry</TT> to the consumer slapd as the search responses to the persistent synchronization search.</P> 2056<P>If an error occurs during replication, the consumer will attempt to reconnect according to the retry parameter which is a list of the <retry interval> and <# of retries> pairs. For example, retry="60 10 300 3" lets the consumer retry every 60 seconds for the first 10 times and then retry every 300 seconds for the next three times before stop retrying. + in <# of retries> means indefinite number of retries until success.</P> 2057<P>The schema checking can be enforced at the LDAP Sync consumer site by turning on the <TT>schemachecking</TT> parameter. If it is turned on, every replicated entry will be checked for its schema as the entry is stored into the replica content. Every entry in the replica should contain those attributes required by the schema definition. If it is turned off, entries will be stored without checking schema conformance. The default is off.</P> 2058<P>The <TT>binddn</TT> parameter gives the DN to bind as for the syncrepl searches to the provider slapd. It should be a DN which has read access to the replication content in the master database.</P> 2059<P>The <TT>bindmethod</TT> is <TT>simple</TT> or <TT>sasl</TT>, depending on whether simple password-based authentication or <TERM>SASL</TERM> authentication is to be used when connecting to the provider <EM>slapd</EM> instance.</P> 2060<P>Simple authentication should not be used unless adequate data integrity and confidentiality protections are in place (e.g. TLS or IPsec). Simple authentication requires specification of <TT>binddn</TT> and <TT>credentials</TT> parameters.</P> 2061<P>SASL authentication is generally recommended. SASL authentication requires specification of a mechanism using the <TT>saslmech</TT> parameter. Depending on the mechanism, an authentication identity and/or credentials can be specified using <TT>authcid</TT> and <TT>credentials</TT>, respectively. The <TT>authzid</TT> parameter may be used to specify an authorization identity.</P> 2062<P>The <TT>realm</TT> parameter specifies a realm which a certain mechanisms authenticate the identity within. The <TT>secprops</TT> parameter specifies Cyrus SASL security properties.</P> 2063<P>The <TT>starttls</TT> parameter specifies use of the StartTLS extended operation to establish a TLS session before authenticating to the provider. If the <TT>critical</TT> argument is supplied, the session will be aborted if the StartTLS request fails. Otherwise the syncrepl session continues without TLS. Note that the main slapd TLS settings are not used by the syncrepl engine; by default the TLS parameters from a <EM>ldap.conf</EM>(5) configuration file will be used. TLS settings may be specified here, in which case any <EM>ldap.conf</EM>(5) settings will be completely ignored.</P> 2064<P>Rather than replicating whole entries, the consumer can query logs of data modifications. This mode of operation is referred to as <EM>delta syncrepl</EM>. In addition to the above parameters, the <TT>logbase</TT> and <TT>logfilter</TT> parameters must be set appropriately for the log that will be used. The <TT>syncdata</TT> parameter must be set to either <TT>"accesslog"</TT> if the log conforms to the <EM>slapo-accesslog</EM>(5) log format, or <TT>"changelog"</TT> if the log conforms to the obsolete <EM>changelog</EM> format. If the <TT>syncdata</TT> parameter is omitted or set to <TT>"default"</TT> then the log parameters are ignored.</P> 2065<P>The <EM>syncrepl</EM> replication mechanism is supported by the <EM>bdb</EM> and <EM>hdb</EM> backends.</P> 2066<P>See the <A HREF="#LDAP Sync Replication">LDAP Sync Replication</A> chapter of this guide for more information on how to use this directive.</P> 2067<H4><A NAME="olcTimeLimit: <integer>">5.2.5.9. olcTimeLimit: <integer></A></H4> 2068<P>This directive specifies the maximum number of seconds (in real time) slapd will spend answering a search request. If a request is not finished in this time, a result indicating an exceeded timelimit will be returned.</P> 2069<P>Default:</P> 2070<PRE> 2071 olcTimeLimit: 3600 2072</PRE> 2073<P>See the <A HREF="#Limits">Limits</A> section of this guide and slapd-config(5) for more details.</P> 2074<H4><A NAME="olcUpdateref: <URL>">5.2.5.10. olcUpdateref: <URL></A></H4> 2075<P>This directive is only applicable in a slave slapd. It specifies the URL to return to clients which submit update requests upon the replica. If specified multiple times, each <TERM>URL</TERM> is provided.</P> 2076<P>Example:</P> 2077<PRE> 2078 olcUpdateref: ldap://master.example.net 2079</PRE> 2080<H4><A NAME="Sample Entries">5.2.5.11. Sample Entries</A></H4> 2081<PRE> 2082dn: olcDatabase=frontend,cn=config 2083objectClass: olcDatabaseConfig 2084objectClass: olcFrontendConfig 2085olcDatabase: frontend 2086olcReadOnly: FALSE 2087 2088dn: olcDatabase=config,cn=config 2089objectClass: olcDatabaseConfig 2090olcDatabase: config 2091olcRootDN: cn=Manager,dc=example,dc=com 2092</PRE> 2093<H3><A NAME="BDB and HDB Database Directives">5.2.6. BDB and HDB Database Directives</A></H3> 2094<P>Directives in this category apply to both the <TERM>BDB</TERM> and the <TERM>HDB</TERM> database. They are used in an olcDatabase entry in addition to the generic database directives defined above. For a complete reference of BDB/HDB configuration directives, see <EM>slapd-bdb</EM>(5). In addition to the <TT>olcDatabaseConfig</TT> objectClass, BDB and HDB database entries must have the <TT>olcBdbConfig</TT> and <TT>olcHdbConfig</TT> objectClass, respectively.</P> 2095<H4><A NAME="olcDbDirectory: <directory>">5.2.6.1. olcDbDirectory: <directory></A></H4> 2096<P>This directive specifies the directory where the BDB files containing the database and associated indices live.</P> 2097<P>Default:</P> 2098<PRE> 2099 olcDbDirectory: /usr/local/var/openldap-data 2100</PRE> 2101<H4><A NAME="olcDbCachesize: <integer>">5.2.6.2. olcDbCachesize: <integer></A></H4> 2102<P>This directive specifies the size in entries of the in-memory cache maintained by the BDB backend database instance.</P> 2103<P>Default:</P> 2104<PRE> 2105 olcDbCachesize: 1000 2106</PRE> 2107<H4><A NAME="olcDbCheckpoint: <kbyte> <min>">5.2.6.3. olcDbCheckpoint: <kbyte> <min></A></H4> 2108<P>This directive specifies how often to checkpoint the BDB transaction log. A checkpoint operation flushes the database buffers to disk and writes a checkpoint record in the log. The checkpoint will occur if either <kbyte> data has been written or <min> minutes have passed since the last checkpoint. Both arguments default to zero, in which case they are ignored. When the <min> argument is non-zero, an internal task will run every <min> minutes to perform the checkpoint. See the Berkeley DB reference guide for more details.</P> 2109<P>Example:</P> 2110<PRE> 2111 olcDbCheckpoint: 1024 10 2112</PRE> 2113<H4><A NAME="olcDbConfig: <DB_CONFIG setting>">5.2.6.4. olcDbConfig: <DB_CONFIG setting></A></H4> 2114<P>This attribute specifies a configuration directive to be placed in the <TT>DB_CONFIG</TT> file of the database directory. At server startup time, if no such file exists yet, the <TT>DB_CONFIG</TT> file will be created and the settings in this attribute will be written to it. If the file exists, its contents will be read and displayed in this attribute. The attribute is multi-valued, to accommodate multiple configuration directives. No default is provided, but it is essential to use proper settings here to get the best server performance.</P> 2115<P>Any changes made to this attribute will be written to the <TT>DB_CONFIG</TT> file and will cause the database environment to be reset so the changes can take immediate effect. If the environment cache is large and has not been recently checkpointed, this reset operation may take a long time. It may be advisable to manually perform a single checkpoint using the Berkeley DB <EM>db_checkpoint</EM> utility before using LDAP Modify to change this attribute.</P> 2116<P>Example:</P> 2117<PRE> 2118 olcDbConfig: set_cachesize 0 10485760 0 2119 olcDbConfig: set_lg_bsize 2097512 2120 olcDbConfig: set_lg_dir /var/tmp/bdb-log 2121 olcDbConfig: set_flags DB_LOG_AUTOREMOVE 2122</PRE> 2123<P>In this example, the BDB cache is set to 10MB, the BDB transaction log buffer size is set to 2MB, and the transaction log files are to be stored in the /var/tmp/bdb-log directory. Also a flag is set to tell BDB to delete transaction log files as soon as their contents have been checkpointed and they are no longer needed. Without this setting the transaction log files will continue to accumulate until some other cleanup procedure removes them. See the Berkeley DB documentation for the <TT>db_archive</TT> command for details. For a complete list of Berkeley DB flags please see - <A HREF="http://www.oracle.com/technology/documentation/berkeley-db/db/api_c/env_set_flags.html">http://www.oracle.com/technology/documentation/berkeley-db/db/api_c/env_set_flags.html</A></P> 2124<P>Ideally the BDB cache must be at least as large as the working set of the database, the log buffer size should be large enough to accommodate most transactions without overflowing, and the log directory must be on a separate physical disk from the main database files. And both the database directory and the log directory should be separate from disks used for regular system activities such as the root, boot, or swap filesystems. See the FAQ-o-Matic and the Berkeley DB documentation for more details.</P> 2125<H4><A NAME="olcDbNosync: { TRUE | FALSE }">5.2.6.5. olcDbNosync: { TRUE | FALSE }</A></H4> 2126<P>This option causes on-disk database contents to not be immediately synchronized with in memory changes upon change. Setting this option to <TT>TRUE</TT> may improve performance at the expense of data integrity. This directive has the same effect as using</P> 2127<PRE> 2128 olcDbConfig: set_flags DB_TXN_NOSYNC 2129</PRE> 2130<H4><A NAME="olcDbIDLcacheSize: <integer>">5.2.6.6. olcDbIDLcacheSize: <integer></A></H4> 2131<P>Specify the size of the in-memory index cache, in index slots. The default is zero. A larger value will speed up frequent searches of indexed entries. The optimal size will depend on the data and search characteristics of the database, but using a number three times the entry cache size is a good starting point.</P> 2132<P>Example:</P> 2133<PRE> 2134 olcDbIDLcacheSize: 3000 2135</PRE> 2136<H4><A NAME="olcDbIndex: {<attrlist> | default} [pres,eq,approx,sub,none]">5.2.6.7. olcDbIndex: {<attrlist> | default} [pres,eq,approx,sub,none]</A></H4> 2137<P>This directive specifies the indices to maintain for the given attribute. If only an <TT><attrlist></TT> is given, the default indices are maintained. The index keywords correspond to the common types of matches that may be used in an LDAP search filter.</P> 2138<P>Example:</P> 2139<PRE> 2140 olcDbIndex: default pres,eq 2141 olcDbIndex: uid 2142 olcDbIndex: cn,sn pres,eq,sub 2143 olcDbIndex: objectClass eq 2144</PRE> 2145<P>The first line sets the default set of indices to maintain to present and equality. The second line causes the default (pres,eq) set of indices to be maintained for the <TT>uid</TT> attribute type. The third line causes present, equality, and substring indices to be maintained for <TT>cn</TT> and <TT>sn</TT> attribute types. The fourth line causes an equality index for the <TT>objectClass</TT> attribute type.</P> 2146<P>There is no index keyword for inequality matches. Generally these matches do not use an index. However, some attributes do support indexing for inequality matches, based on the equality index.</P> 2147<P>A substring index can be more explicitly specified as <TT>subinitial</TT>, <TT>subany</TT>, or <TT>subfinal</TT>, corresponding to the three possible components of a substring match filter. A subinitial index only indexes substrings that appear at the beginning of an attribute value. A subfinal index only indexes substrings that appear at the end of an attribute value, while subany indexes substrings that occur anywhere in a value.</P> 2148<P>Note that by default, setting an index for an attribute also affects every subtype of that attribute. E.g., setting an equality index on the <TT>name</TT> attribute causes <TT>cn</TT>, <TT>sn</TT>, and every other attribute that inherits from <TT>name</TT> to be indexed.</P> 2149<P>By default, no indices are maintained. It is generally advised that minimally an equality index upon objectClass be maintained.</P> 2150<PRE> 2151 olcDbindex: objectClass eq 2152</PRE> 2153<P>Additional indices should be configured corresponding to the most common searches that are used on the database. Presence indexing should not be configured for an attribute unless the attribute occurs very rarely in the database, and presence searches on the attribute occur very frequently during normal use of the directory. Most applications don't use presence searches, so usually presence indexing is not very useful.</P> 2154<P>If this setting is changed while slapd is running, an internal task will be run to generate the changed index data. All server operations can continue as normal while the indexer does its work. If slapd is stopped before the index task completes, indexing will have to be manually completed using the slapindex tool.</P> 2155<H4><A NAME="olcDbLinearIndex: { TRUE | FALSE }">5.2.6.8. olcDbLinearIndex: { TRUE | FALSE }</A></H4> 2156<P>If this setting is <TT>TRUE</TT> slapindex will index one attribute at a time. The default settings is <TT>FALSE</TT> in which case all indexed attributes of an entry are processed at the same time. When enabled, each indexed attribute is processed individually, using multiple passes through the entire database. This option improves slapindex performance when the database size exceeds the BDB cache size. When the BDB cache is large enough, this option is not needed and will decrease performance. Also by default, slapadd performs full indexing and so a separate slapindex run is not needed. With this option, slapadd does no indexing and slapindex must be used.</P> 2157<H4><A NAME="olcDbMode: { <octal> | <symbolic> }">5.2.6.9. olcDbMode: { <octal> | <symbolic> }</A></H4> 2158<P>This directive specifies the file protection mode that newly created database index files should have. This can be in the form <TT>0600</TT> or <TT>-rw-------</TT></P> 2159<P>Default:</P> 2160<PRE> 2161 olcDbMode: 0600 2162</PRE> 2163<H4><A NAME="olcDbSearchStack: <integer>">5.2.6.10. olcDbSearchStack: <integer></A></H4> 2164<P>Specify the depth of the stack used for search filter evaluation. Search filters are evaluated on a stack to accommodate nested <TT>AND</TT> / <TT>OR</TT> clauses. An individual stack is allocated for each server thread. The depth of the stack determines how complex a filter can be evaluated without requiring any additional memory allocation. Filters that are nested deeper than the search stack depth will cause a separate stack to be allocated for that particular search operation. These separate allocations can have a major negative impact on server performance, but specifying too much stack will also consume a great deal of memory. Each search uses 512K bytes per level on a 32-bit machine, or 1024K bytes per level on a 64-bit machine. The default stack depth is 16, thus 8MB or 16MB per thread is used on 32 and 64 bit machines, respectively. Also the 512KB size of a single stack slot is set by a compile-time constant which may be changed if needed; the code must be recompiled for the change to take effect.</P> 2165<P>Default:</P> 2166<PRE> 2167 olcDbSearchStack: 16 2168</PRE> 2169<H4><A NAME="olcDbShmKey: <integer>">5.2.6.11. olcDbShmKey: <integer></A></H4> 2170<P>Specify a key for a shared memory BDB environment. By default the BDB environment uses memory mapped files. If a non-zero value is specified, it will be used as the key to identify a shared memory region that will house the environment.</P> 2171<P>Example:</P> 2172<PRE> 2173 olcDbShmKey: 42 2174</PRE> 2175<H4><A NAME="Sample Entry">5.2.6.12. Sample Entry</A></H4> 2176<PRE> 2177dn: olcDatabase=hdb,cn=config 2178objectClass: olcDatabaseConfig 2179objectClass: olcHdbConfig 2180olcDatabase: hdb 2181olcSuffix: "dc=example,dc=com" 2182olcDbDirectory: /usr/local/var/openldap-data 2183olcDbCacheSize: 1000 2184olcDbCheckpoint: 1024 10 2185olcDbConfig: set_cachesize 0 10485760 0 2186olcDbConfig: set_lg_bsize 2097152 2187olcDbConfig: set_lg_dir /var/tmp/bdb-log 2188olcDbConfig: set_flags DB_LOG_AUTOREMOVE 2189olcDbIDLcacheSize: 3000 2190olcDbIndex: objectClass eq 2191</PRE> 2192<H2><A NAME="Configuration Example">5.3. Configuration Example</A></H2> 2193<P>The following is an example configuration, interspersed with explanatory text. It defines two databases to handle different parts of the <TERM>X.500</TERM> tree; both are <TERM>BDB</TERM> database instances. The line numbers shown are provided for reference only and are not included in the actual file. First, the global configuration section:</P> 2194<PRE> 2195 1. # example config file - global configuration entry 2196 2. dn: cn=config 2197 3. objectClass: olcGlobal 2198 4. cn: config 2199 5. olcReferral: ldap://root.openldap.org 2200 6. 2201</PRE> 2202<P>Line 1 is a comment. Lines 2-4 identify this as the global configuration entry. The <TT>olcReferral:</TT> directive on line 5 means that queries not local to one of the databases defined below will be referred to the LDAP server running on the standard port (389) at the host <TT>root.openldap.org</TT>. Line 6 is a blank line, indicating the end of this entry.</P> 2203<PRE> 2204 7. # internal schema 2205 8. dn: cn=schema,cn=config 2206 9. objectClass: olcSchemaConfig 2207 10. cn: schema 2208 11. 2209</PRE> 2210<P>Line 7 is a comment. Lines 8-10 identify this as the root of the schema subtree. The actual schema definitions in this entry are hardcoded into slapd so no additional attributes are specified here. Line 11 is a blank line, indicating the end of this entry.</P> 2211<PRE> 2212 12. # include the core schema 2213 13. include: file:///usr/local/etc/openldap/schema/core.ldif 2214 14. 2215</PRE> 2216<P>Line 12 is a comment. Line 13 is an LDIF include directive which accesses the <EM>core</EM> schema definitions in LDIF format. Line 14 is a blank line.</P> 2217<P>Next comes the database definitions. The first database is the special <TT>frontend</TT> database whose settings are applied globally to all the other databases.</P> 2218<PRE> 2219 15. # global database parameters 2220 16. dn: olcDatabase=frontend,cn=config 2221 17. objectClass: olcDatabaseConfig 2222 18. olcDatabase: frontend 2223 19. olcAccess: to * by * read 2224 20. 2225</PRE> 2226<P>Line 15 is a comment. Lines 16-18 identify this entry as the global database entry. Line 19 is a global access control. It applies to all entries (after any applicable database-specific access controls). Line 20 is a blank line.</P> 2227<P>The next entry defines the config backend.</P> 2228<PRE> 2229 21. # set a rootpw for the config database so we can bind. 2230 22. # deny access to everyone else. 2231 23. dn: olcDatabase=config,cn=config 2232 24. objectClass: olcDatabaseConfig 2233 25. olcDatabase: config 2234 26. olcRootPW: {SSHA}XKYnrjvGT3wZFQrDD5040US592LxsdLy 2235 27. olcAccess: to * by * none 2236 28. 2237</PRE> 2238<P>Lines 21-22 are comments. Lines 23-25 identify this entry as the config database entry. Line 26 defines the <EM>super-user</EM> password for this database. (The DN defaults to <EM>"cn=config"</EM>.) Line 27 denies all access to this database, so only the super-user will be able to access it. (This is already the default access on the config database. It is just listed here for illustration, and to reiterate that unless a means to authenticate as the super-user is explicitly configured, the config database will be inaccessible.)</P> 2239<P>Line 28 is a blank line.</P> 2240<P>The next entry defines a BDB backend that will handle queries for things in the "dc=example,dc=com" portion of the tree. Indices are to be maintained for several attributes, and the <TT>userPassword</TT> attribute is to be protected from unauthorized access.</P> 2241<PRE> 2242 29. # BDB definition for example.com 2243 30. dn: olcDatabase=bdb,cn=config 2244 31. objectClass: olcDatabaseConfig 2245 32. objectClass: olcBdbConfig 2246 33. olcDatabase: bdb 2247 34. olcSuffix: dc=example,dc=com 2248 35. olcDbDirectory: /usr/local/var/openldap-data 2249 36. olcRootDN: cn=Manager,dc=example,dc=com 2250 37. olcRootPW: secret 2251 38. olcDbIndex: uid pres,eq 2252 39. olcDbIndex: cn,sn pres,eq,approx,sub 2253 40. olcDbIndex: objectClass eq 2254 41. olcAccess: to attrs=userPassword 2255 42. by self write 2256 43. by anonymous auth 2257 44. by dn.base="cn=Admin,dc=example,dc=com" write 2258 45. by * none 2259 46. olcAccess: to * 2260 47. by self write 2261 48. by dn.base="cn=Admin,dc=example,dc=com" write 2262 49. by * read 2263 50. 2264</PRE> 2265<P>Line 29 is a comment. Lines 30-33 identify this entry as a BDB database configuration entry. Line 34 specifies the DN suffix for queries to pass to this database. Line 35 specifies the directory in which the database files will live.</P> 2266<P>Lines 36 and 37 identify the database <EM>super-user</EM> entry and associated password. This entry is not subject to access control or size or time limit restrictions.</P> 2267<P>Lines 38 through 40 indicate the indices to maintain for various attributes.</P> 2268<P>Lines 41 through 49 specify access control for entries in this database. For all applicable entries, the <TT>userPassword</TT> attribute is writable by the entry itself and by the "admin" entry. It may be used for authentication/authorization purposes, but is otherwise not readable. All other attributes are writable by the entry and the "admin" entry, but may be read by all users (authenticated or not).</P> 2269<P>Line 50 is a blank line, indicating the end of this entry.</P> 2270<P>The next entry defines another BDB database. This one handles queries involving the <TT>dc=example,dc=net</TT> subtree but is managed by the same entity as the first database. Note that without line 60, the read access would be allowed due to the global access rule at line 19.</P> 2271<PRE> 2272 51. # BDB definition for example.net 2273 52. dn: olcDatabase=bdb,cn=config 2274 53. objectClass: olcDatabaseConfig 2275 54. objectClass: olcBdbConfig 2276 55. olcDatabase: bdb 2277 56. olcSuffix: "dc=example,dc=net" 2278 57. olcDbDirectory: /usr/local/var/openldap-data-net 2279 58. olcRootDN: "cn=Manager,dc=example,dc=com" 2280 59. olcDbIndex: objectClass eq 2281 60. olcAccess: to * by users read 2282</PRE> 2283<H2><A NAME="Converting old style {{slapd.conf}}(5) file to {{cn=config}} format">5.4. Converting old style <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) file to <EM>cn=config</EM> format</A></H2> 2284<P>Before converting to the <EM>cn=config</EM> format you should make sure that the config backend is properly configured in your existing config file. While the config backend is always present inside slapd, by default it is only accessible by its rootDN, and there are no default credentials assigned so unless you explicitly configure a means to authenticate to it, it will be unusable.</P> 2285<P>If you do not already have a <TT>database config</TT> section, add something like this to the end of <TT>slapd.conf</TT></P> 2286<PRE> 2287 database config 2288 rootpw VerySecret 2289</PRE> 2290<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 2291<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>Since the config backend can be used to load arbitrary code into the slapd process, it is extremely important to carefully guard whatever credentials are used to access it. Since simple passwords are vulnerable to password guessing attacks, it is usually better to omit the rootpw and only use SASL authentication for the config rootDN. 2292<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 2293<P>An existing <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) file can be converted to the new format using <EM>slaptest</EM>(8) or any of the slap tools:</P> 2294<PRE> 2295 slaptest -f /usr/local/etc/openldap/slapd.conf -F /usr/local/etc/openldap/slapd.d 2296</PRE> 2297<P>Test that you can access entries under <TT>cn=config</TT> using the default <EM>rootdn</EM> and the <EM>rootpw</EM> configured above:</P> 2298<PRE> 2299 ldapsearch -x -D cn=config -w VerySecret -b cn=config 2300</PRE> 2301<P>You can then discard the old <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) file. Make sure to launch <EM>slapd</EM>(8) with the <EM>-F</EM> option to specify the configuration directory if you are not using the default directory path.</P> 2302<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 2303<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>When converting from the slapd.conf format to slapd.d format, any included files will also be integrated into the resulting configuration database. 2304<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 2305<P></P> 2306<HR> 2307<H1><A NAME="The slapd Configuration File">6. The slapd Configuration File</A></H1> 2308<P>This chapter describes configuring <EM>slapd</EM>(8) via the <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) configuration file. <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) has been deprecated and should only be used if your site requires one of the backends that hasn't yet been updated to work with the newer <EM>slapd-config</EM>(5) system. Configuring <EM>slapd</EM>(8) via <EM>slapd-config</EM>(5) is described in the previous chapter.</P> 2309<P>The <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) file is normally installed in the <TT>/usr/local/etc/openldap</TT> directory. An alternate configuration file location can be specified via a command-line option to <EM>slapd</EM>(8).</P> 2310<H2><A NAME="Configuration File Format">6.1. Configuration File Format</A></H2> 2311<P>The <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) file consists of three types of configuration information: global, backend specific, and database specific. Global information is specified first, followed by information associated with a particular backend type, which is then followed by information associated with a particular database instance. Global directives can be overridden in backend and/or database directives, and backend directives can be overridden by database directives.</P> 2312<P>Blank lines and comment lines beginning with a '<TT>#</TT>' character are ignored. If a line begins with whitespace, it is considered a continuation of the previous line (even if the previous line is a comment).</P> 2313<P>The general format of slapd.conf is as follows:</P> 2314<PRE> 2315 # global configuration directives 2316 <global config directives> 2317 2318 # backend definition 2319 backend <typeA> 2320 <backend-specific directives> 2321 2322 # first database definition & config directives 2323 database <typeA> 2324 <database-specific directives> 2325 2326 # second database definition & config directives 2327 database <typeB> 2328 <database-specific directives> 2329 2330 # second database definition & config directives 2331 database <typeA> 2332 <database-specific directives> 2333 2334 # subsequent backend & database definitions & config directives 2335 ... 2336</PRE> 2337<P>A configuration directive may take arguments. If so, they are separated by whitespace. If an argument contains whitespace, the argument should be enclosed in double quotes <TT>"like this"</TT>. If an argument contains a double quote or a backslash character `<TT>\</TT>', the character should be preceded by a backslash character `<TT>\</TT>'.</P> 2338<P>The distribution contains an example configuration file that will be installed in the <TT>/usr/local/etc/openldap</TT> directory. A number of files containing schema definitions (attribute types and object classes) are also provided in the <TT>/usr/local/etc/openldap/schema</TT> directory.</P> 2339<H2><A NAME="Configuration File Directives">6.2. Configuration File Directives</A></H2> 2340<P>This section details commonly used configuration directives. For a complete list, see the <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) manual page. This section separates the configuration file directives into global, backend-specific and data-specific categories, describing each directive and its default value (if any), and giving an example of its use.</P> 2341<H3><A NAME="Global Directives">6.2.1. Global Directives</A></H3> 2342<P>Directives described in this section apply to all backends and databases unless specifically overridden in a backend or database definition. Arguments that should be replaced by actual text are shown in brackets <TT><></TT>.</P> 2343<H4><A NAME="access to <what> [ by <who> [<accesslevel>] [<control>] ]+">6.2.1.1. access to <what> [ by <who> [<accesslevel>] [<control>] ]+</A></H4> 2344<P>This directive grants access (specified by <accesslevel>) to a set of entries and/or attributes (specified by <what>) by one or more requestors (specified by <who>). See the <A HREF="#Access Control">Access Control</A> section of this guide for basic usage.</P> 2345<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 2346<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>If no <TT>access</TT> directives are specified, the default access control policy, <TT>access to * by * read</TT>, allows all both authenticated and anonymous users read access. 2347<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 2348<H4><A NAME="attributetype <{{REF:RFC4512}} Attribute Type Description>"> </A>6.2.1.2. attributetype <<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4512.txt">RFC4512</A> Attribute Type Description></H4> 2349<P>This directive defines an attribute type. Please see the <A HREF="#Schema Specification">Schema Specification</A> chapter for information regarding how to use this directive.</P> 2350<H4><A NAME="idletimeout <integer>">6.2.1.3. idletimeout <integer></A></H4> 2351<P>Specify the number of seconds to wait before forcibly closing an idle client connection. An idletimeout of 0, the default, disables this feature.</P> 2352<H4><A NAME="include <filename>">6.2.1.4. include <filename></A></H4> 2353<P>This directive specifies that slapd should read additional configuration information from the given file before continuing with the next line of the current file. The included file should follow the normal slapd config file format. The file is commonly used to include files containing schema specifications.</P> 2354<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 2355<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>You should be careful when using this directive - there is no small limit on the number of nested include directives, and no loop detection is done. 2356<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 2357<H4><A NAME="loglevel <level>">6.2.1.5. loglevel <level></A></H4> 2358<P>This directive specifies the level at which debugging statements and operation statistics should be syslogged (currently logged to the <EM>syslogd</EM>(8) <TT>LOG_LOCAL4</TT> facility). You must have configured OpenLDAP <TT>--enable-debug</TT> (the default) for this to work (except for the two statistics levels, which are always enabled). Log levels may be specified as integers or by keyword. Multiple log levels may be used and the levels are additive. To display what numbers correspond to what kind of debugging, invoke slapd with <TT>-d?</TT> or consult the table below. The possible values for <integer> are:</P> 2359<TABLE CLASS="columns" BORDER ALIGN='Center'> 2360<CAPTION ALIGN=top>Table 6.1: Debugging Levels</CAPTION> 2361<TR CLASS="heading"> 2362<TD ALIGN='Right'> 2363<STRONG>Level</STRONG> 2364</TD> 2365<TD ALIGN='Left'> 2366<STRONG>Keyword</STRONG> 2367</TD> 2368<TD> 2369<STRONG>Description</STRONG> 2370</TD> 2371</TR> 2372<TR> 2373<TD ALIGN='Right'> 2374-1 2375</TD> 2376<TD ALIGN='Left'> 2377any 2378</TD> 2379<TD> 2380enable all debugging 2381</TD> 2382</TR> 2383<TR> 2384<TD ALIGN='Right'> 23850 2386</TD> 2387<TD ALIGN='Left'> 2388 2389</TD> 2390<TD> 2391no debugging 2392</TD> 2393</TR> 2394<TR> 2395<TD ALIGN='Right'> 23961 2397</TD> 2398<TD ALIGN='Left'> 2399(0x1 trace) 2400</TD> 2401<TD> 2402trace function calls 2403</TD> 2404</TR> 2405<TR> 2406<TD ALIGN='Right'> 24072 2408</TD> 2409<TD ALIGN='Left'> 2410(0x2 packets) 2411</TD> 2412<TD> 2413debug packet handling 2414</TD> 2415</TR> 2416<TR> 2417<TD ALIGN='Right'> 24184 2419</TD> 2420<TD ALIGN='Left'> 2421(0x4 args) 2422</TD> 2423<TD> 2424heavy trace debugging 2425</TD> 2426</TR> 2427<TR> 2428<TD ALIGN='Right'> 24298 2430</TD> 2431<TD ALIGN='Left'> 2432(0x8 conns) 2433</TD> 2434<TD> 2435connection management 2436</TD> 2437</TR> 2438<TR> 2439<TD ALIGN='Right'> 244016 2441</TD> 2442<TD ALIGN='Left'> 2443(0x10 BER) 2444</TD> 2445<TD> 2446print out packets sent and received 2447</TD> 2448</TR> 2449<TR> 2450<TD ALIGN='Right'> 245132 2452</TD> 2453<TD ALIGN='Left'> 2454(0x20 filter) 2455</TD> 2456<TD> 2457search filter processing 2458</TD> 2459</TR> 2460<TR> 2461<TD ALIGN='Right'> 246264 2463</TD> 2464<TD ALIGN='Left'> 2465(0x40 config) 2466</TD> 2467<TD> 2468configuration processing 2469</TD> 2470</TR> 2471<TR> 2472<TD ALIGN='Right'> 2473128 2474</TD> 2475<TD ALIGN='Left'> 2476(0x80 ACL) 2477</TD> 2478<TD> 2479access control list processing 2480</TD> 2481</TR> 2482<TR> 2483<TD ALIGN='Right'> 2484256 2485</TD> 2486<TD ALIGN='Left'> 2487(0x100 stats) 2488</TD> 2489<TD> 2490stats log connections/operations/results 2491</TD> 2492</TR> 2493<TR> 2494<TD ALIGN='Right'> 2495512 2496</TD> 2497<TD ALIGN='Left'> 2498(0x200 stats2) 2499</TD> 2500<TD> 2501stats log entries sent 2502</TD> 2503</TR> 2504<TR> 2505<TD ALIGN='Right'> 25061024 2507</TD> 2508<TD ALIGN='Left'> 2509(0x400 shell) 2510</TD> 2511<TD> 2512print communication with shell backends 2513</TD> 2514</TR> 2515<TR> 2516<TD ALIGN='Right'> 25172048 2518</TD> 2519<TD ALIGN='Left'> 2520(0x800 parse) 2521</TD> 2522<TD> 2523print entry parsing debugging 2524</TD> 2525</TR> 2526<TR> 2527<TD ALIGN='Right'> 252816384 2529</TD> 2530<TD ALIGN='Left'> 2531(0x4000 sync) 2532</TD> 2533<TD> 2534syncrepl consumer processing 2535</TD> 2536</TR> 2537<TR> 2538<TD ALIGN='Right'> 253932768 2540</TD> 2541<TD ALIGN='Left'> 2542(0x8000 none) 2543</TD> 2544<TD> 2545only messages that get logged whatever log level is set 2546</TD> 2547</TR> 2548</TABLE> 2549 2550<P>The desired log level can be input as a single integer that combines the (ORed) desired levels, both in decimal or in hexadecimal notation, as a list of integers (that are ORed internally), or as a list of the names that are shown between brackets, such that</P> 2551<PRE> 2552 loglevel 129 2553 loglevel 0x81 2554 loglevel 128 1 2555 loglevel 0x80 0x1 2556 loglevel acl trace 2557</PRE> 2558<P>are equivalent.</P> 2559<P>Examples:</P> 2560<PRE> 2561 loglevel -1 2562</PRE> 2563<P>This will cause lots and lots of debugging information to be logged.</P> 2564<PRE> 2565 loglevel conns filter 2566</PRE> 2567<P>Just log the connection and search filter processing.</P> 2568<PRE> 2569 loglevel none 2570</PRE> 2571<P>Log those messages that are logged regardless of the configured loglevel. This differs from setting the log level to 0, when no logging occurs. At least the <TT>None</TT> level is required to have high priority messages logged.</P> 2572<P>Default:</P> 2573<PRE> 2574 loglevel stats 2575</PRE> 2576<P>Basic stats logging is configured by default. However, if no loglevel is defined, no logging occurs (equivalent to a 0 level).</P> 2577<H4><A NAME="objectclass <{{REF:RFC4512}} Object Class Description>"> </A>6.2.1.6. objectclass <<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4512.txt">RFC4512</A> Object Class Description></H4> 2578<P>This directive defines an object class. Please see the <A HREF="#Schema Specification">Schema Specification</A> chapter for information regarding how to use this directive.</P> 2579<H4><A NAME="referral <URI>">6.2.1.7. referral <URI></A></H4> 2580<P>This directive specifies the referral to pass back when slapd cannot find a local database to handle a request.</P> 2581<P>Example:</P> 2582<PRE> 2583 referral ldap://root.openldap.org 2584</PRE> 2585<P>This will refer non-local queries to the global root LDAP server at the OpenLDAP Project. Smart LDAP clients can re-ask their query at that server, but note that most of these clients are only going to know how to handle simple LDAP URLs that contain a host part and optionally a distinguished name part.</P> 2586<H4><A NAME="sizelimit <integer>">6.2.1.8. sizelimit <integer></A></H4> 2587<P>This directive specifies the maximum number of entries to return from a search operation.</P> 2588<P>Default:</P> 2589<PRE> 2590 sizelimit 500 2591</PRE> 2592<P>See the <A HREF="#Limits">Limits</A> section of this guide and slapd.conf(5) for more details.</P> 2593<H4><A NAME="timelimit <integer>">6.2.1.9. timelimit <integer></A></H4> 2594<P>This directive specifies the maximum number of seconds (in real time) slapd will spend answering a search request. If a request is not finished in this time, a result indicating an exceeded timelimit will be returned.</P> 2595<P>Default:</P> 2596<PRE> 2597 timelimit 3600 2598</PRE> 2599<P>See the <A HREF="#Limits">Limits</A> section of this guide and slapd.conf(5) for more details.</P> 2600<H3><A NAME="General Backend Directives">6.2.2. General Backend Directives</A></H3> 2601<P>Directives in this section apply only to the backend in which they are defined. They are supported by every type of backend. Backend directives apply to all databases instances of the same type and, depending on the directive, may be overridden by database directives.</P> 2602<H4><A NAME="backend <type>">6.2.2.1. backend <type></A></H4> 2603<P>This directive marks the beginning of a backend declaration. <TT><type></TT> should be one of the supported backend types listed in Table 6.2.</P> 2604<TABLE CLASS="columns" BORDER ALIGN='Center'> 2605<CAPTION ALIGN=top>Table 6.2: Database Backends</CAPTION> 2606<TR CLASS="heading"> 2607<TD> 2608<STRONG>Types</STRONG> 2609</TD> 2610<TD> 2611<STRONG>Description</STRONG> 2612</TD> 2613</TR> 2614<TR> 2615<TD> 2616<TT>bdb</TT> 2617</TD> 2618<TD> 2619Berkeley DB transactional backend 2620</TD> 2621</TR> 2622<TR> 2623<TD> 2624<TT>dnssrv</TT> 2625</TD> 2626<TD> 2627DNS SRV backend 2628</TD> 2629</TR> 2630<TR> 2631<TD> 2632<TT>hdb</TT> 2633</TD> 2634<TD> 2635Hierarchical variant of bdb backend 2636</TD> 2637</TR> 2638<TR> 2639<TD> 2640<TT>ldap</TT> 2641</TD> 2642<TD> 2643Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (Proxy) backend 2644</TD> 2645</TR> 2646<TR> 2647<TD> 2648<TT>meta</TT> 2649</TD> 2650<TD> 2651Meta Directory backend 2652</TD> 2653</TR> 2654<TR> 2655<TD> 2656<TT>monitor</TT> 2657</TD> 2658<TD> 2659Monitor backend 2660</TD> 2661</TR> 2662<TR> 2663<TD> 2664<TT>passwd</TT> 2665</TD> 2666<TD> 2667Provides read-only access to <EM>passwd</EM>(5) 2668</TD> 2669</TR> 2670<TR> 2671<TD> 2672<TT>perl</TT> 2673</TD> 2674<TD> 2675Perl Programmable backend 2676</TD> 2677</TR> 2678<TR> 2679<TD> 2680<TT>shell</TT> 2681</TD> 2682<TD> 2683Shell (extern program) backend 2684</TD> 2685</TR> 2686<TR> 2687<TD> 2688<TT>sql</TT> 2689</TD> 2690<TD> 2691SQL Programmable backend 2692</TD> 2693</TR> 2694</TABLE> 2695 2696<P>Example:</P> 2697<PRE> 2698 backend bdb 2699</PRE> 2700<P>This marks the beginning of a new <TERM>BDB</TERM> backend definition.</P> 2701<H3><A NAME="General Database Directives">6.2.3. General Database Directives</A></H3> 2702<P>Directives in this section apply only to the database in which they are defined. They are supported by every type of database.</P> 2703<H4><A NAME="database <type>">6.2.3.1. database <type></A></H4> 2704<P>This directive marks the beginning of a database instance declaration. <TT><type></TT> should be one of the supported backend types listed in Table 6.2.</P> 2705<P>Example:</P> 2706<PRE> 2707 database bdb 2708</PRE> 2709<P>This marks the beginning of a new <TERM>BDB</TERM> database instance declaration.</P> 2710<H4><A NAME="limits <who> <limit> [<limit> [...]]">6.2.3.2. limits <who> <limit> [<limit> [...]]</A></H4> 2711<P>Specify time and size limits based on who initiated an operation.</P> 2712<P>See the <A HREF="#Limits">Limits</A> section of this guide and slapd.conf(5) for more details.</P> 2713<H4><A NAME="readonly { on | off }">6.2.3.3. readonly { on | off }</A></H4> 2714<P>This directive puts the database into "read-only" mode. Any attempts to modify the database will return an "unwilling to perform" error.</P> 2715<P>Default:</P> 2716<PRE> 2717 readonly off 2718</PRE> 2719<H4><A NAME="rootdn <DN>">6.2.3.4. rootdn <DN></A></H4> 2720<P>This directive specifies the DN that is not subject to access control or administrative limit restrictions for operations on this database. The DN need not refer to an entry in this database or even in the directory. The DN may refer to a SASL identity.</P> 2721<P>Entry-based Example:</P> 2722<PRE> 2723 rootdn "cn=Manager,dc=example,dc=com" 2724</PRE> 2725<P>SASL-based Example:</P> 2726<PRE> 2727 rootdn "uid=root,cn=example.com,cn=digest-md5,cn=auth" 2728</PRE> 2729<P>See the <A HREF="#SASL Authentication">SASL Authentication</A> section for information on SASL authentication identities.</P> 2730<H4><A NAME="rootpw <password>">6.2.3.5. rootpw <password></A></H4> 2731<P>This directive can be used to specifies a password for the DN for the rootdn (when the rootdn is set to a DN within the database).</P> 2732<P>Example:</P> 2733<PRE> 2734 rootpw secret 2735</PRE> 2736<P>It is also permissible to provide hash of the password in <A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2307.txt">RFC2307</A> form. <EM>slappasswd</EM>(8) may be used to generate the password hash.</P> 2737<P>Example:</P> 2738<PRE> 2739 rootpw {SSHA}ZKKuqbEKJfKSXhUbHG3fG8MDn9j1v4QN 2740</PRE> 2741<P>The hash was generated using the command <TT>slappasswd -s secret</TT>.</P> 2742<H4><A NAME="suffix <dn suffix>">6.2.3.6. suffix <dn suffix></A></H4> 2743<P>This directive specifies the DN suffix of queries that will be passed to this backend database. Multiple suffix lines can be given, and at least one is required for each database definition.</P> 2744<P>Example:</P> 2745<PRE> 2746 suffix "dc=example,dc=com" 2747</PRE> 2748<P>Queries with a DN ending in "dc=example,dc=com" will be passed to this backend.</P> 2749<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 2750<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>When the backend to pass a query to is selected, slapd looks at the suffix line(s) in each database definition in the order they appear in the file. Thus, if one database suffix is a prefix of another, it must appear after it in the config file. 2751<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 2752<H4><A NAME="syncrepl">6.2.3.7. syncrepl</A></H4> 2753<PRE> 2754 syncrepl rid=<replica ID> 2755 provider=ldap[s]://<hostname>[:port] 2756 [type=refreshOnly|refreshAndPersist] 2757 [interval=dd:hh:mm:ss] 2758 [retry=[<retry interval> <# of retries>]+] 2759 searchbase=<base DN> 2760 [filter=<filter str>] 2761 [scope=sub|one|base] 2762 [attrs=<attr list>] 2763 [attrsonly] 2764 [sizelimit=<limit>] 2765 [timelimit=<limit>] 2766 [schemachecking=on|off] 2767 [bindmethod=simple|sasl] 2768 [binddn=<DN>] 2769 [saslmech=<mech>] 2770 [authcid=<identity>] 2771 [authzid=<identity>] 2772 [credentials=<passwd>] 2773 [realm=<realm>] 2774 [secprops=<properties>] 2775 [starttls=yes|critical] 2776 [tls_cert=<file>] 2777 [tls_key=<file>] 2778 [tls_cacert=<file>] 2779 [tls_cacertdir=<path>] 2780 [tls_reqcert=never|allow|try|demand] 2781 [tls_ciphersuite=<ciphers>] 2782 [tls_crlcheck=none|peer|all] 2783 [logbase=<base DN>] 2784 [logfilter=<filter str>] 2785 [syncdata=default|accesslog|changelog] 2786</PRE> 2787<P>This directive specifies the current database as a replica of the master content by establishing the current <EM>slapd</EM>(8) as a replication consumer site running a syncrepl replication engine. The master database is located at the replication provider site specified by the <TT>provider</TT> parameter. The replica database is kept up-to-date with the master content using the LDAP Content Synchronization protocol. See <A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4533.txt">RFC4533</A> for more information on the protocol.</P> 2788<P>The <TT>rid</TT> parameter is used for identification of the current <TT>syncrepl</TT> directive within the replication consumer server, where <TT><replica ID></TT> uniquely identifies the syncrepl specification described by the current <TT>syncrepl</TT> directive. <TT><replica ID></TT> is non-negative and is no more than three decimal digits in length.</P> 2789<P>The <TT>provider</TT> parameter specifies the replication provider site containing the master content as an LDAP URI. The <TT>provider</TT> parameter specifies a scheme, a host and optionally a port where the provider slapd instance can be found. Either a domain name or IP address may be used for <hostname>. Examples are <TT>ldap://provider.example.com:389</TT> or <TT>ldaps://192.168.1.1:636</TT>. If <port> is not given, the standard LDAP port number (389 or 636) is used. Note that the syncrepl uses a consumer-initiated protocol, and hence its specification is located at the consumer site, whereas the <TT>replica</TT> specification is located at the provider site. <TT>syncrepl</TT> and <TT>replica</TT> directives define two independent replication mechanisms. They do not represent the replication peers of each other.</P> 2790<P>The content of the syncrepl replica is defined using a search specification as its result set. The consumer slapd will send search requests to the provider slapd according to the search specification. The search specification includes <TT>searchbase</TT>, <TT>scope</TT>, <TT>filter</TT>, <TT>attrs</TT>, <TT>attrsonly</TT>, <TT>sizelimit</TT>, and <TT>timelimit</TT> parameters as in the normal search specification. The <TT>searchbase</TT> parameter has no default value and must always be specified. The <TT>scope</TT> defaults to <TT>sub</TT>, the <TT>filter</TT> defaults to <TT>(objectclass=*)</TT>, <TT>attrs</TT> defaults to <TT>"*,+"</TT> to replicate all user and operational attributes, and <TT>attrsonly</TT> is unset by default. Both <TT>sizelimit</TT> and <TT>timelimit</TT> default to "unlimited", and only positive integers or "unlimited" may be specified.</P> 2791<P>The <TERM>LDAP Content Synchronization</TERM> protocol has two operation types: <TT>refreshOnly</TT> and <TT>refreshAndPersist</TT>. The operation type is specified by the <TT>type</TT> parameter. In the <TT>refreshOnly</TT> operation, the next synchronization search operation is periodically rescheduled at an interval time after each synchronization operation finishes. The interval is specified by the <TT>interval</TT> parameter. It is set to one day by default. In the <TT>refreshAndPersist</TT> operation, a synchronization search remains persistent in the provider <EM>slapd</EM> instance. Further updates to the master replica will generate <TT>searchResultEntry</TT> to the consumer slapd as the search responses to the persistent synchronization search.</P> 2792<P>If an error occurs during replication, the consumer will attempt to reconnect according to the retry parameter which is a list of the <retry interval> and <# of retries> pairs. For example, retry="60 10 300 3" lets the consumer retry every 60 seconds for the first 10 times and then retry every 300 seconds for the next three times before stop retrying. + in <# of retries> means indefinite number of retries until success.</P> 2793<P>The schema checking can be enforced at the LDAP Sync consumer site by turning on the <TT>schemachecking</TT> parameter. If it is turned on, every replicated entry will be checked for its schema as the entry is stored into the replica content. Every entry in the replica should contain those attributes required by the schema definition. If it is turned off, entries will be stored without checking schema conformance. The default is off.</P> 2794<P>The <TT>binddn</TT> parameter gives the DN to bind as for the syncrepl searches to the provider slapd. It should be a DN which has read access to the replication content in the master database.</P> 2795<P>The <TT>bindmethod</TT> is <TT>simple</TT> or <TT>sasl</TT>, depending on whether simple password-based authentication or <TERM>SASL</TERM> authentication is to be used when connecting to the provider <EM>slapd</EM> instance.</P> 2796<P>Simple authentication should not be used unless adequate data integrity and confidentiality protections are in place (e.g. TLS or IPsec). Simple authentication requires specification of <TT>binddn</TT> and <TT>credentials</TT> parameters.</P> 2797<P>SASL authentication is generally recommended. SASL authentication requires specification of a mechanism using the <TT>saslmech</TT> parameter. Depending on the mechanism, an authentication identity and/or credentials can be specified using <TT>authcid</TT> and <TT>credentials</TT>, respectively. The <TT>authzid</TT> parameter may be used to specify an authorization identity.</P> 2798<P>The <TT>realm</TT> parameter specifies a realm which a certain mechanisms authenticate the identity within. The <TT>secprops</TT> parameter specifies Cyrus SASL security properties.</P> 2799<P>The <TT>starttls</TT> parameter specifies use of the StartTLS extended operation to establish a TLS session before authenticating to the provider. If the <TT>critical</TT> argument is supplied, the session will be aborted if the StartTLS request fails. Otherwise the syncrepl session continues without TLS. Note that the main slapd TLS settings are not used by the syncrepl engine; by default the TLS parameters from a <EM>ldap.conf</EM>(5) configuration file will be used. TLS settings may be specified here, in which case any <EM>ldap.conf</EM>(5) settings will be completely ignored.</P> 2800<P>Rather than replicating whole entries, the consumer can query logs of data modifications. This mode of operation is referred to as <EM>delta syncrepl</EM>. In addition to the above parameters, the <TT>logbase</TT> and <TT>logfilter</TT> parameters must be set appropriately for the log that will be used. The <TT>syncdata</TT> parameter must be set to either <TT>"accesslog"</TT> if the log conforms to the <EM>slapo-accesslog</EM>(5) log format, or <TT>"changelog"</TT> if the log conforms to the obsolete <EM>changelog</EM> format. If the <TT>syncdata</TT> parameter is omitted or set to <TT>"default"</TT> then the log parameters are ignored.</P> 2801<P>The <EM>syncrepl</EM> replication mechanism is supported by the <EM>bdb</EM> and <EM>hdb</EM> backends.</P> 2802<P>See the <A HREF="#LDAP Sync Replication">LDAP Sync Replication</A> chapter of this guide for more information on how to use this directive.</P> 2803<H4><A NAME="updateref <URL>">6.2.3.8. updateref <URL></A></H4> 2804<P>This directive is only applicable in a <EM>slave</EM> (or <EM>shadow</EM>) <EM>slapd</EM>(8) instance. It specifies the URL to return to clients which submit update requests upon the replica. If specified multiple times, each <TERM>URL</TERM> is provided.</P> 2805<P>Example:</P> 2806<PRE> 2807 updateref ldap://master.example.net 2808</PRE> 2809<H3><A NAME="BDB and HDB Database Directives">6.2.4. BDB and HDB Database Directives</A></H3> 2810<P>Directives in this category only apply to both the <TERM>BDB</TERM> and the <TERM>HDB</TERM> database. That is, they must follow a "database bdb" or "database hdb" line and come before any subsequent "backend" or "database" line. For a complete reference of BDB/HDB configuration directives, see <EM>slapd-bdb</EM>(5).</P> 2811<H4><A NAME="directory <directory>">6.2.4.1. directory <directory></A></H4> 2812<P>This directive specifies the directory where the BDB files containing the database and associated indices live.</P> 2813<P>Default:</P> 2814<PRE> 2815 directory /usr/local/var/openldap-data 2816</PRE> 2817<H2><A NAME="Configuration File Example">6.3. Configuration File Example</A></H2> 2818<P>The following is an example configuration file, interspersed with explanatory text. It defines two databases to handle different parts of the <TERM>X.500</TERM> tree; both are <TERM>BDB</TERM> database instances. The line numbers shown are provided for reference only and are not included in the actual file. First, the global configuration section:</P> 2819<PRE> 2820 1. # example config file - global configuration section 2821 2. include /usr/local/etc/schema/core.schema 2822 3. referral ldap://root.openldap.org 2823 4. access to * by * read 2824</PRE> 2825<P>Line 1 is a comment. Line 2 includes another config file which contains <EM>core</EM> schema definitions. The <TT>referral</TT> directive on line 3 means that queries not local to one of the databases defined below will be referred to the LDAP server running on the standard port (389) at the host <TT>root.openldap.org</TT>.</P> 2826<P>Line 4 is a global access control. It applies to all entries (after any applicable database-specific access controls).</P> 2827<P>The next section of the configuration file defines a BDB backend that will handle queries for things in the "dc=example,dc=com" portion of the tree. The database is to be replicated to two slave slapds, one on truelies, the other on judgmentday. Indices are to be maintained for several attributes, and the <TT>userPassword</TT> attribute is to be protected from unauthorized access.</P> 2828<PRE> 2829 5. # BDB definition for the example.com 2830 6. database bdb 2831 7. suffix "dc=example,dc=com" 2832 8. directory /usr/local/var/openldap-data 2833 9. rootdn "cn=Manager,dc=example,dc=com" 2834 10. rootpw secret 2835 11. # indexed attribute definitions 2836 12. index uid pres,eq 2837 13. index cn,sn pres,eq,approx,sub 2838 14. index objectClass eq 2839 15. # database access control definitions 2840 16. access to attrs=userPassword 2841 17. by self write 2842 18. by anonymous auth 2843 19. by dn.base="cn=Admin,dc=example,dc=com" write 2844 20. by * none 2845 21. access to * 2846 22. by self write 2847 23. by dn.base="cn=Admin,dc=example,dc=com" write 2848 24. by * read 2849</PRE> 2850<P>Line 5 is a comment. The start of the database definition is marked by the database keyword on line 6. Line 7 specifies the DN suffix for queries to pass to this database. Line 8 specifies the directory in which the database files will live.</P> 2851<P>Lines 9 and 10 identify the database <EM>super-user</EM> entry and associated password. This entry is not subject to access control or size or time limit restrictions.</P> 2852<P>Lines 12 through 14 indicate the indices to maintain for various attributes.</P> 2853<P>Lines 16 through 24 specify access control for entries in this database. For all applicable entries, the <TT>userPassword</TT> attribute is writable by the entry itself and by the "admin" entry. It may be used for authentication/authorization purposes, but is otherwise not readable. All other attributes are writable by the entry and the "admin" entry, but may be read by all users (authenticated or not).</P> 2854<P>The next section of the example configuration file defines another BDB database. This one handles queries involving the <TT>dc=example,dc=net</TT> subtree but is managed by the same entity as the first database. Note that without line 39, the read access would be allowed due to the global access rule at line 4.</P> 2855<PRE> 2856 33. # BDB definition for example.net 2857 34. database bdb 2858 35. suffix "dc=example,dc=net" 2859 36. directory /usr/local/var/openldap-data-net 2860 37. rootdn "cn=Manager,dc=example,dc=com" 2861 38. index objectClass eq 2862 39. access to * by users read 2863</PRE> 2864<P></P> 2865<HR> 2866<H1><A NAME="Running slapd">7. Running slapd</A></H1> 2867<P><EM>slapd</EM>(8) is designed to be run as a standalone service. This allows the server to take advantage of caching, manage concurrency issues with underlying databases, and conserve system resources. Running from <EM>inetd</EM>(8) is <EM>NOT</EM> an option.</P> 2868<H2><A NAME="Command-Line Options">7.1. Command-Line Options</A></H2> 2869<P><EM>slapd</EM>(8) supports a number of command-line options as detailed in the manual page. This section details a few commonly used options.</P> 2870<PRE> 2871 -f <filename> 2872</PRE> 2873<P>This option specifies an alternate configuration file for slapd. The default is normally <TT>/usr/local/etc/openldap/slapd.conf</TT>.</P> 2874<PRE> 2875 -F <slapd-config-directory> 2876</PRE> 2877<P>Specifies the slapd configuration directory. The default is <TT>/usr/local/etc/openldap/slapd.d</TT>.</P> 2878<P>If both <TT>-f</TT> and <TT>-F</TT> are specified, the config file will be read and converted to config directory format and written to the specified directory. If neither option is specified, slapd will attempt to read the default config directory before trying to use the default config file. If a valid config directory exists then the default config file is ignored. All of the slap tools that use the config options observe this same behavior.</P> 2879<PRE> 2880 -h <URLs> 2881</PRE> 2882<P>This option specifies alternative listener configurations. The default is <TT>ldap:///</TT> which implies <TERM>LDAP</TERM> over <TERM>TCP</TERM> on all interfaces on the default LDAP port 389. You can specify specific host-port pairs or other protocol schemes (such as <TT>ldaps://</TT> or <TT>ldapi://</TT>).</P> 2883<TABLE CLASS="columns" BORDER> 2884<TR CLASS="heading"> 2885<TD> 2886<STRONG>URL</STRONG> 2887</TD> 2888<TD> 2889<STRONG>Protocol</STRONG> 2890</TD> 2891<TD> 2892<STRONG>Transport</STRONG> 2893</TD> 2894</TR> 2895<TR> 2896<TD> 2897ldap:/// 2898</TD> 2899<TD> 2900LDAP 2901</TD> 2902<TD> 2903TCP port 389 2904</TD> 2905</TR> 2906<TR> 2907<TD> 2908ldaps:/// 2909</TD> 2910<TD> 2911LDAP over SSL 2912</TD> 2913<TD> 2914TCP port 636 2915</TD> 2916</TR> 2917<TR> 2918<TD> 2919ldapi:/// 2920</TD> 2921<TD> 2922LDAP 2923</TD> 2924<TD> 2925IPC (Unix-domain socket) 2926</TD> 2927</TR> 2928</TABLE> 2929 2930<P>For example, <TT>-h "ldaps:// ldap://127.0.0.1:666"</TT> will create two listeners: one for the (non-standard) <TT>ldaps://</TT> scheme on all interfaces on the default <TT>ldaps://</TT> port 636, and one for the standard <TT>ldap://</TT> scheme on the <TT>localhost</TT> (<EM>loopback</EM>) interface on port 666. Hosts may be specified using using hostnames or <TERM>IPv4</TERM> or <TERM>IPv6</TERM> addresses. Port values must be numeric.</P> 2931<P>For LDAP over IPC, the pathname of the Unix-domain socket can be encoded in the URL. Note that directory separators must be URL-encoded, like any other characters that are special to URLs. Thus the socket <TT>/usr/local/var/ldapi</TT> must be encoded as</P> 2932<PRE> 2933 ldapi://%2Fusr%2Flocal%2Fvar%2Fldapi 2934</PRE> 2935<P>ldapi: is described in detail in <EM>Using LDAP Over IPC Mechanisms</EM> [<A HREF="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-chu-ldap-ldapi-00">Chu-LDAPI</A>]</P> 2936<P>Note that the ldapi:/// transport is not widely implemented: non-OpenLDAP clients may not be able to use it.</P> 2937<PRE> 2938 -n <service-name> 2939</PRE> 2940<P>This option specifies the service name used for logging and other purposes. The default service name is <TT>slapd</TT>.</P> 2941<PRE> 2942 -l <syslog-local-user> 2943</PRE> 2944<P>This option specifies the local user for the <EM>syslog</EM>(8) facility. Values can be <TT>LOCAL0</TT>, <TT>LOCAL1</TT>, <TT>LOCAL2</TT>, ..., and <TT>LOCAL7</TT>. The default is <TT>LOCAL4</TT>. This option may not be supported on all systems.</P> 2945<PRE> 2946 -u user -g group 2947</PRE> 2948<P>These options specify the user and group, respectively, to run as. <TT>user</TT> can be either a user name or uid. <TT>group</TT> can be either a group name or gid.</P> 2949<PRE> 2950 -r directory 2951</PRE> 2952<P>This option specifies a run-time directory. slapd will <EM>chroot</EM>(2) to this directory after opening listeners but before reading any configuration files or initializing any backends.</P> 2953<UL> 2954</UL> 2955<PRE> 2956 -d <level> | ? 2957</PRE> 2958<P>This option sets the slapd debug level to <level>. When level is a `?' character, the various debugging levels are printed and slapd exits, regardless of any other options you give it. Current debugging levels are</P> 2959<TABLE CLASS="columns" BORDER ALIGN='Center'> 2960<CAPTION ALIGN=top>Table 7.1: Debugging Levels</CAPTION> 2961<TR CLASS="heading"> 2962<TD ALIGN='Right'> 2963<STRONG>Level</STRONG> 2964</TD> 2965<TD ALIGN='Left'> 2966<STRONG>Keyword</STRONG> 2967</TD> 2968<TD> 2969<STRONG>Description</STRONG> 2970</TD> 2971</TR> 2972<TR> 2973<TD ALIGN='Right'> 2974-1 2975</TD> 2976<TD ALIGN='Left'> 2977any 2978</TD> 2979<TD> 2980enable all debugging 2981</TD> 2982</TR> 2983<TR> 2984<TD ALIGN='Right'> 29850 2986</TD> 2987<TD ALIGN='Left'> 2988 2989</TD> 2990<TD> 2991no debugging 2992</TD> 2993</TR> 2994<TR> 2995<TD ALIGN='Right'> 29961 2997</TD> 2998<TD ALIGN='Left'> 2999(0x1 trace) 3000</TD> 3001<TD> 3002trace function calls 3003</TD> 3004</TR> 3005<TR> 3006<TD ALIGN='Right'> 30072 3008</TD> 3009<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3010(0x2 packets) 3011</TD> 3012<TD> 3013debug packet handling 3014</TD> 3015</TR> 3016<TR> 3017<TD ALIGN='Right'> 30184 3019</TD> 3020<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3021(0x4 args) 3022</TD> 3023<TD> 3024heavy trace debugging 3025</TD> 3026</TR> 3027<TR> 3028<TD ALIGN='Right'> 30298 3030</TD> 3031<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3032(0x8 conns) 3033</TD> 3034<TD> 3035connection management 3036</TD> 3037</TR> 3038<TR> 3039<TD ALIGN='Right'> 304016 3041</TD> 3042<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3043(0x10 BER) 3044</TD> 3045<TD> 3046print out packets sent and received 3047</TD> 3048</TR> 3049<TR> 3050<TD ALIGN='Right'> 305132 3052</TD> 3053<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3054(0x20 filter) 3055</TD> 3056<TD> 3057search filter processing 3058</TD> 3059</TR> 3060<TR> 3061<TD ALIGN='Right'> 306264 3063</TD> 3064<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3065(0x40 config) 3066</TD> 3067<TD> 3068configuration processing 3069</TD> 3070</TR> 3071<TR> 3072<TD ALIGN='Right'> 3073128 3074</TD> 3075<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3076(0x80 ACL) 3077</TD> 3078<TD> 3079access control list processing 3080</TD> 3081</TR> 3082<TR> 3083<TD ALIGN='Right'> 3084256 3085</TD> 3086<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3087(0x100 stats) 3088</TD> 3089<TD> 3090stats log connections/operations/results 3091</TD> 3092</TR> 3093<TR> 3094<TD ALIGN='Right'> 3095512 3096</TD> 3097<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3098(0x200 stats2) 3099</TD> 3100<TD> 3101stats log entries sent 3102</TD> 3103</TR> 3104<TR> 3105<TD ALIGN='Right'> 31061024 3107</TD> 3108<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3109(0x400 shell) 3110</TD> 3111<TD> 3112print communication with shell backends 3113</TD> 3114</TR> 3115<TR> 3116<TD ALIGN='Right'> 31172048 3118</TD> 3119<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3120(0x800 parse) 3121</TD> 3122<TD> 3123print entry parsing debugging 3124</TD> 3125</TR> 3126<TR> 3127<TD ALIGN='Right'> 312816384 3129</TD> 3130<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3131(0x4000 sync) 3132</TD> 3133<TD> 3134syncrepl consumer processing 3135</TD> 3136</TR> 3137<TR> 3138<TD ALIGN='Right'> 313932768 3140</TD> 3141<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3142(0x8000 none) 3143</TD> 3144<TD> 3145only messages that get logged whatever log level is set 3146</TD> 3147</TR> 3148</TABLE> 3149 3150<P>You may enable multiple levels by specifying the debug option once for each desired level. Or, since debugging levels are additive, you can do the math yourself. That is, if you want to trace function calls and watch the config file being processed, you could set level to the sum of those two levels (in this case, <TT> -d 65</TT>). Or, you can let slapd do the math, (e.g. <TT> -d 1 -d 64</TT>). Consult <TT><ldap_log.h></TT> for more details.</P> 3151<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 3152<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>slapd must have been compiled with <TT>--enable-debug</TT> defined for any debugging information beyond the two stats levels to be available (the default). 3153<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 3154<H2><A NAME="Starting slapd">7.2. Starting slapd</A></H2> 3155<P>In general, slapd is run like this:</P> 3156<PRE> 3157 /usr/local/libexec/slapd [<option>]* 3158</PRE> 3159<P>where <TT>/usr/local/libexec</TT> is determined by <TT>configure</TT> and <option> is one of the options described above (or in <EM>slapd</EM>(8)). Unless you have specified a debugging level (including level <TT>0</TT>), slapd will automatically fork and detach itself from its controlling terminal and run in the background.</P> 3160<H2><A NAME="Stopping slapd">7.3. Stopping slapd</A></H2> 3161<P>To kill off <EM>slapd</EM>(8) safely, you should give a command like this</P> 3162<PRE> 3163 kill -INT `cat /usr/local/var/slapd.pid` 3164</PRE> 3165<P>where <TT>/usr/local/var</TT> is determined by <TT>configure</TT>.</P> 3166<P>Killing slapd by a more drastic method may cause information loss or database corruption.</P> 3167<P></P> 3168<HR> 3169<H1><A NAME="Access Control">8. Access Control</A></H1> 3170<H2><A NAME="Introduction">8.1. Introduction</A></H2> 3171<P>As the directory gets populated with more and more data of varying sensitivity, controlling the kinds of access granted to the directory becomes more and more critical. For instance, the directory may contain data of a confidential nature that you may need to protect by contract or by law. Or, if using the directory to control access to other services, inappropriate access to the directory may create avenues of attack to your sites security that result in devastating damage to your assets.</P> 3172<P>Access to your directory can be configured via two methods, the first using <A HREF="#The slapd Configuration File">The slapd Configuration File</A> and the second using the <EM>slapd-config</EM>(5) format (<A HREF="#Configuring slapd">Configuring slapd</A>).</P> 3173<P>The default access control policy is allow read by all clients. Regardless of what access control policy is defined, the <EM>rootdn</EM> is always allowed full rights (i.e. auth, search, compare, read and write) on everything and anything.</P> 3174<P>As a consequence, it's useless (and results in a performance penalty) to explicitly list the <EM>rootdn</EM> among the <EM><by></EM> clauses.</P> 3175<P>The following sections will describe Access Control Lists in greater depth and follow with some examples and recommendations. See <EM>slapd.access</EM>(5) for complete details.</P> 3176<H2><A NAME="Access Control via Static Configuration">8.2. Access Control via Static Configuration</A></H2> 3177<P>Access to entries and attributes is controlled by the access configuration file directive. The general form of an access line is:</P> 3178<PRE> 3179 <access directive> ::= access to <what> 3180 [by <who> [<access>] [<control>] ]+ 3181 <what> ::= * | 3182 [dn[.<basic-style>]=<regex> | dn.<scope-style>=<DN>] 3183 [filter=<ldapfilter>] [attrs=<attrlist>] 3184 <basic-style> ::= regex | exact 3185 <scope-style> ::= base | one | subtree | children 3186 <attrlist> ::= <attr> [val[.<basic-style>]=<regex>] | <attr> , <attrlist> 3187 <attr> ::= <attrname> | entry | children 3188 <who> ::= * | [anonymous | users | self 3189 | dn[.<basic-style>]=<regex> | dn.<scope-style>=<DN>] 3190 [dnattr=<attrname>] 3191 [group[/<objectclass>[/<attrname>][.<basic-style>]]=<regex>] 3192 [peername[.<basic-style>]=<regex>] 3193 [sockname[.<basic-style>]=<regex>] 3194 [domain[.<basic-style>]=<regex>] 3195 [sockurl[.<basic-style>]=<regex>] 3196 [set=<setspec>] 3197 [aci=<attrname>] 3198 <access> ::= [self]{<level>|<priv>} 3199 <level> ::= none | disclose | auth | compare | search | read | write | manage 3200 <priv> ::= {=|+|-}{m|w|r|s|c|x|d|0}+ 3201 <control> ::= [stop | continue | break] 3202</PRE> 3203<P>where the <what> part selects the entries and/or attributes to which the access applies, the <TT><who></TT> part specifies which entities are granted access, and the <TT><access></TT> part specifies the access granted. Multiple <TT><who> <access> <control></TT> triplets are supported, allowing many entities to be granted different access to the same set of entries and attributes. Not all of these access control options are described here; for more details see the <EM>slapd.access</EM>(5) man page.</P> 3204<H3><A NAME="What to control access to">8.2.1. What to control access to</A></H3> 3205<P>The <what> part of an access specification determines the entries and attributes to which the access control applies. Entries are commonly selected in two ways: by DN and by filter. The following qualifiers select entries by DN:</P> 3206<PRE> 3207 to * 3208 to dn[.<basic-style>]=<regex> 3209 to dn.<scope-style>=<DN> 3210</PRE> 3211<P>The first form is used to select all entries. The second form may be used to select entries by matching a regular expression against the target entry's <EM>normalized DN</EM>. (The second form is not discussed further in this document.) The third form is used to select entries which are within the requested scope of DN. The <DN> is a string representation of the Distinguished Name, as described in <A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4514.txt">RFC4514</A>.</P> 3212<P>The scope can be either <TT>base</TT>, <TT>one</TT>, <TT>subtree</TT>, or <TT>children</TT>. Where <TT>base</TT> matches only the entry with provided DN, <TT>one</TT> matches the entries whose parent is the provided DN, <TT>subtree</TT> matches all entries in the subtree whose root is the provided DN, and <TT>children</TT> matches all entries under the DN (but not the entry named by the DN).</P> 3213<P>For example, if the directory contained entries named:</P> 3214<PRE> 3215 0: o=suffix 3216 1: cn=Manager,o=suffix 3217 2: ou=people,o=suffix 3218 3: uid=kdz,ou=people,o=suffix 3219 4: cn=addresses,uid=kdz,ou=people,o=suffix 3220 5: uid=hyc,ou=people,o=suffix 3221</PRE> 3222<P>Then:</P> 3223<UL> 3224<TT>dn.base="ou=people,o=suffix"</TT> match 2; 3225<BR> 3226<TT>dn.one="ou=people,o=suffix"</TT> match 3, and 5; 3227<BR> 3228<TT>dn.subtree="ou=people,o=suffix"</TT> match 2, 3, 4, and 5; and 3229<BR> 3230<TT>dn.children="ou=people,o=suffix"</TT> match 3, 4, and 5.</UL> 3231<P>Entries may also be selected using a filter:</P> 3232<PRE> 3233 to filter=<ldap filter> 3234</PRE> 3235<P>where <ldap filter> is a string representation of an LDAP search filter, as described in <A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4515.txt">RFC4515</A>. For example:</P> 3236<PRE> 3237 to filter=(objectClass=person) 3238</PRE> 3239<P>Note that entries may be selected by both DN and filter by including both qualifiers in the <what> clause.</P> 3240<PRE> 3241 to dn.one="ou=people,o=suffix" filter=(objectClass=person) 3242</PRE> 3243<P>Attributes within an entry are selected by including a comma-separated list of attribute names in the <what> selector:</P> 3244<PRE> 3245 attrs=<attribute list> 3246</PRE> 3247<P>A specific value of an attribute is selected by using a single attribute name and also using a value selector:</P> 3248<PRE> 3249 attrs=<attribute> val[.<style>]=<regex> 3250</PRE> 3251<P>There are two special <EM>pseudo</EM> attributes <TT>entry</TT> and <TT>children</TT>. To read (and hence return) a target entry, the subject must have <TT>read</TT> access to the target's <EM>entry</EM> attribute. To perform a search, the subject must have <TT>search</TT> access to the search base's <EM>entry</EM> attribute. To add or delete an entry, the subject must have <TT>write</TT> access to the entry's <TT>entry</TT> attribute AND must have <TT>write</TT> access to the entry's parent's <TT>children</TT> attribute. To rename an entry, the subject must have <TT>write</TT> access to entry's <TT>entry</TT> attribute AND have <TT>write</TT> access to both the old parent's and new parent's <TT>children</TT> attributes. The complete examples at the end of this section should help clear things up.</P> 3252<P>Lastly, there is a special entry selector <TT>"*"</TT> that is used to select any entry. It is used when no other <TT><what></TT> selector has been provided. It's equivalent to "<TT>dn=.*</TT>"</P> 3253<H3><A NAME="Who to grant access to">8.2.2. Who to grant access to</A></H3> 3254<P>The <who> part identifies the entity or entities being granted access. Note that access is granted to "entities" not "entries." The following table summarizes entity specifiers:</P> 3255<TABLE CLASS="columns" BORDER ALIGN='Center'> 3256<CAPTION ALIGN=top>Table 6.3: Access Entity Specifiers</CAPTION> 3257<TR CLASS="heading"> 3258<TD> 3259<STRONG>Specifier</STRONG> 3260</TD> 3261<TD> 3262<STRONG>Entities</STRONG> 3263</TD> 3264</TR> 3265<TR> 3266<TD> 3267<TT>*</TT> 3268</TD> 3269<TD> 3270All, including anonymous and authenticated users 3271</TD> 3272</TR> 3273<TR> 3274<TD> 3275<TT>anonymous</TT> 3276</TD> 3277<TD> 3278Anonymous (non-authenticated) users 3279</TD> 3280</TR> 3281<TR> 3282<TD> 3283<TT>users</TT> 3284</TD> 3285<TD> 3286Authenticated users 3287</TD> 3288</TR> 3289<TR> 3290<TD> 3291<TT>self</TT> 3292</TD> 3293<TD> 3294User associated with target entry 3295</TD> 3296</TR> 3297<TR> 3298<TD> 3299<TT>dn[.<basic-style>]=<regex></TT> 3300</TD> 3301<TD> 3302Users matching a regular expression 3303</TD> 3304</TR> 3305<TR> 3306<TD> 3307<TT>dn.<scope-style>=<DN></TT> 3308</TD> 3309<TD> 3310Users within scope of a DN 3311</TD> 3312</TR> 3313</TABLE> 3314 3315<P>The DN specifier behaves much like <what> clause DN specifiers.</P> 3316<P>Other control factors are also supported. For example, a <TT><who></TT> can be restricted by an entry listed in a DN-valued attribute in the entry to which the access applies:</P> 3317<PRE> 3318 dnattr=<dn-valued attribute name> 3319</PRE> 3320<P>The dnattr specification is used to give access to an entry whose DN is listed in an attribute of the entry (e.g., give access to a group entry to whoever is listed as the owner of the group entry).</P> 3321<P>Some factors may not be appropriate in all environments (or any). For example, the domain factor relies on IP to domain name lookups. As these can easily be spoofed, the domain factor should be avoided.</P> 3322<H3><A NAME="The access to grant">8.2.3. The access to grant</A></H3> 3323<P>The kind of <access> granted can be one of the following:</P> 3324<TABLE CLASS="columns" BORDER ALIGN='Center'> 3325<CAPTION ALIGN=top>Table 6.4: Access Levels</CAPTION> 3326<TR CLASS="heading"> 3327<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3328<STRONG>Level</STRONG> 3329</TD> 3330<TD ALIGN='Right'> 3331<STRONG>Privileges</STRONG> 3332</TD> 3333<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3334<STRONG>Description</STRONG> 3335</TD> 3336</TR> 3337<TR> 3338<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3339<TT>none =</TT> 3340</TD> 3341<TD ALIGN='Right'> 3342<TT>0</TT> 3343</TD> 3344<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3345no access 3346</TD> 3347</TR> 3348<TR> 3349<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3350<TT>disclose =</TT> 3351</TD> 3352<TD ALIGN='Right'> 3353<TT>d</TT> 3354</TD> 3355<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3356needed for information disclosure on error 3357</TD> 3358</TR> 3359<TR> 3360<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3361<TT>auth =</TT> 3362</TD> 3363<TD ALIGN='Right'> 3364<TT>dx</TT> 3365</TD> 3366<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3367needed to authenticate (bind) 3368</TD> 3369</TR> 3370<TR> 3371<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3372<TT>compare =</TT> 3373</TD> 3374<TD ALIGN='Right'> 3375<TT>cdx</TT> 3376</TD> 3377<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3378needed to compare 3379</TD> 3380</TR> 3381<TR> 3382<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3383<TT>search =</TT> 3384</TD> 3385<TD ALIGN='Right'> 3386<TT>scdx</TT> 3387</TD> 3388<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3389needed to apply search filters 3390</TD> 3391</TR> 3392<TR> 3393<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3394<TT>read =</TT> 3395</TD> 3396<TD ALIGN='Right'> 3397<TT>rscdx</TT> 3398</TD> 3399<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3400needed to read search results 3401</TD> 3402</TR> 3403<TR> 3404<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3405<TT>write =</TT> 3406</TD> 3407<TD ALIGN='Right'> 3408<TT>wrscdx</TT> 3409</TD> 3410<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3411needed to modify/rename 3412</TD> 3413</TR> 3414<TR> 3415<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3416<TT>manage =</TT> 3417</TD> 3418<TD ALIGN='Right'> 3419<TT>mwrscdx</TT> 3420</TD> 3421<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3422needed to manage 3423</TD> 3424</TR> 3425</TABLE> 3426 3427<P>Each level implies all lower levels of access. So, for example, granting someone <TT>write</TT> access to an entry also grants them <TT>read</TT>, <TT>search</TT>, <TT>compare</TT>, <TT>auth</TT> and <TT>disclose</TT> access. However, one may use the privileges specifier to grant specific permissions.</P> 3428<H3><A NAME="Access Control Evaluation">8.2.4. Access Control Evaluation</A></H3> 3429<P>When evaluating whether some requester should be given access to an entry and/or attribute, slapd compares the entry and/or attribute to the <TT><what></TT> selectors given in the configuration file. For each entry, access controls provided in the database which holds the entry (or the global access directives if not held in any database) apply first, followed by the global access directives. However, when dealing with an access list, because the global access list is effectively appended to each per-database list, if the resulting list is non-empty then the access list will end with an implicit <TT>access to * by * none</TT> directive. If there are no access directives applicable to a backend, then a default read is used.</P> 3430<P>Within this priority, access directives are examined in the order in which they appear in the config file. Slapd stops with the first <TT><what></TT> selector that matches the entry and/or attribute. The corresponding access directive is the one slapd will use to evaluate access.</P> 3431<P>Next, slapd compares the entity requesting access to the <TT><who></TT> selectors within the access directive selected above in the order in which they appear. It stops with the first <TT><who></TT> selector that matches the requester. This determines the access the entity requesting access has to the entry and/or attribute.</P> 3432<P>Finally, slapd compares the access granted in the selected <TT><access></TT> clause to the access requested by the client. If it allows greater or equal access, access is granted. Otherwise, access is denied.</P> 3433<P>The order of evaluation of access directives makes their placement in the configuration file important. If one access directive is more specific than another in terms of the entries it selects, it should appear first in the config file. Similarly, if one <TT><who></TT> selector is more specific than another it should come first in the access directive. The access control examples given below should help make this clear.</P> 3434<H3><A NAME="Access Control Examples">8.2.5. Access Control Examples</A></H3> 3435<P>The access control facility described above is quite powerful. This section shows some examples of its use for descriptive purposes.</P> 3436<P>A simple example:</P> 3437<PRE> 3438 access to * by * read 3439</PRE> 3440<P>This access directive grants read access to everyone.</P> 3441<PRE> 3442 access to * 3443 by self write 3444 by anonymous auth 3445 by * read 3446</PRE> 3447<P>This directive allows the user to modify their entry, allows anonymous to authentication against these entries, and allows all others to read these entries. Note that only the first <TT>by <who></TT> clause which matches applies. Hence, the anonymous users are granted <TT>auth</TT>, not <TT>read</TT>. The last clause could just as well have been "<TT>by users read</TT>".</P> 3448<P>It is often desirable to restrict operations based upon the level of protection in place. The following shows how security strength factors (SSF) can be used.</P> 3449<PRE> 3450 access to * 3451 by ssf=128 self write 3452 by ssf=64 anonymous auth 3453 by ssf=64 users read 3454</PRE> 3455<P>This directive allows users to modify their own entries if security protections have of strength 128 or better have been established, allows authentication access to anonymous users, and read access when 64 or better security protections have been established. If client has not establish sufficient security protections, the implicit <TT>by * none</TT> clause would be applied.</P> 3456<P>The following example shows the use of a style specifiers to select the entries by DN in two access directives where ordering is significant.</P> 3457<PRE> 3458 access to dn.children="dc=example,dc=com" 3459 by * search 3460 access to dn.children="dc=com" 3461 by * read 3462</PRE> 3463<P>Read access is granted to entries under the <TT>dc=com</TT> subtree, except for those entries under the <TT>dc=example,dc=com</TT> subtree, to which search access is granted. No access is granted to <TT>dc=com</TT> as neither access directive matches this DN. If the order of these access directives was reversed, the trailing directive would never be reached, since all entries under <TT>dc=example,dc=com</TT> are also under <TT>dc=com</TT> entries.</P> 3464<P>Also note that if no <TT>access to</TT> directive matches or no <TT>by <who></TT> clause, <B>access is denied</B>. That is, every <TT>access to</TT> directive ends with an implicit <TT>by * none</TT> clause. When dealing with an access list, because the global access list is effectively appended to each per-database list, if the resulting list is non-empty then the access list will end with an implicit <TT>access to * by * none</TT> directive. If there are no access directives applicable to a backend, then a default read is used.</P> 3465<P>The next example again shows the importance of ordering, both of the access directives and the <TT>by <who></TT> clauses. It also shows the use of an attribute selector to grant access to a specific attribute and various <TT><who></TT> selectors.</P> 3466<PRE> 3467 access to dn.subtree="dc=example,dc=com" attrs=homePhone 3468 by self write 3469 by dn.children="dc=example,dc=com" search 3470 by peername.regex=IP:10\..+ read 3471 access to dn.subtree="dc=example,dc=com" 3472 by self write 3473 by dn.children="dc=example,dc=com" search 3474 by anonymous auth 3475</PRE> 3476<P>This example applies to entries in the "<TT>dc=example,dc=com</TT>" subtree. To all attributes except <TT>homePhone</TT>, an entry can write to itself, entries under <TT>example.com</TT> entries can search by them, anybody else has no access (implicit <TT>by * none</TT>) excepting for authentication/authorization (which is always done anonymously). The <TT>homePhone</TT> attribute is writable by the entry, searchable by entries under <TT>example.com</TT>, readable by clients connecting from network 10, and otherwise not readable (implicit <TT>by * none</TT>). All other access is denied by the implicit <TT>access to * by * none</TT>.</P> 3477<P>Sometimes it is useful to permit a particular DN to add or remove itself from an attribute. For example, if you would like to create a group and allow people to add and remove only their own DN from the member attribute, you could accomplish it with an access directive like this:</P> 3478<PRE> 3479 access to attrs=member,entry 3480 by dnattr=member selfwrite 3481</PRE> 3482<P>The dnattr <TT><who></TT> selector says that the access applies to entries listed in the <TT>member</TT> attribute. The <TT>selfwrite</TT> access selector says that such members can only add or delete their own DN from the attribute, not other values. The addition of the entry attribute is required because access to the entry is required to access any of the entry's attributes.</P> 3483<H2><A NAME="Access Control via Dynamic Configuration">8.3. Access Control via Dynamic Configuration</A></H2> 3484<P>Access to slapd entries and attributes is controlled by the olcAccess attribute, whose values are a sequence of access directives. The general form of the olcAccess configuration is:</P> 3485<PRE> 3486 olcAccess: <access directive> 3487 <access directive> ::= to <what> 3488 [by <who> [<access>] [<control>] ]+ 3489 <what> ::= * | 3490 [dn[.<basic-style>]=<regex> | dn.<scope-style>=<DN>] 3491 [filter=<ldapfilter>] [attrs=<attrlist>] 3492 <basic-style> ::= regex | exact 3493 <scope-style> ::= base | one | subtree | children 3494 <attrlist> ::= <attr> [val[.<basic-style>]=<regex>] | <attr> , <attrlist> 3495 <attr> ::= <attrname> | entry | children 3496 <who> ::= * | [anonymous | users | self 3497 | dn[.<basic-style>]=<regex> | dn.<scope-style>=<DN>] 3498 [dnattr=<attrname>] 3499 [group[/<objectclass>[/<attrname>][.<basic-style>]]=<regex>] 3500 [peername[.<basic-style>]=<regex>] 3501 [sockname[.<basic-style>]=<regex>] 3502 [domain[.<basic-style>]=<regex>] 3503 [sockurl[.<basic-style>]=<regex>] 3504 [set=<setspec>] 3505 [aci=<attrname>] 3506 <access> ::= [self]{<level>|<priv>} 3507 <level> ::= none | disclose | auth | compare | search | read | write | manage 3508 <priv> ::= {=|+|-}{m|w|r|s|c|x|d|0}+ 3509 <control> ::= [stop | continue | break] 3510</PRE> 3511<P>where the <what> part selects the entries and/or attributes to which the access applies, the <TT><who></TT> part specifies which entities are granted access, and the <TT><access></TT> part specifies the access granted. Multiple <TT><who> <access> <control></TT> triplets are supported, allowing many entities to be granted different access to the same set of entries and attributes. Not all of these access control options are described here; for more details see the <EM>slapd.access</EM>(5) man page.</P> 3512<H3><A NAME="What to control access to">8.3.1. What to control access to</A></H3> 3513<P>The <what> part of an access specification determines the entries and attributes to which the access control applies. Entries are commonly selected in two ways: by DN and by filter. The following qualifiers select entries by DN:</P> 3514<PRE> 3515 to * 3516 to dn[.<basic-style>]=<regex> 3517 to dn.<scope-style>=<DN> 3518</PRE> 3519<P>The first form is used to select all entries. The second form may be used to select entries by matching a regular expression against the target entry's <EM>normalized DN</EM>. (The second form is not discussed further in this document.) The third form is used to select entries which are within the requested scope of DN. The <DN> is a string representation of the Distinguished Name, as described in <A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4514.txt">RFC4514</A>.</P> 3520<P>The scope can be either <TT>base</TT>, <TT>one</TT>, <TT>subtree</TT>, or <TT>children</TT>. Where <TT>base</TT> matches only the entry with provided DN, <TT>one</TT> matches the entries whose parent is the provided DN, <TT>subtree</TT> matches all entries in the subtree whose root is the provided DN, and <TT>children</TT> matches all entries under the DN (but not the entry named by the DN).</P> 3521<P>For example, if the directory contained entries named:</P> 3522<PRE> 3523 0: o=suffix 3524 1: cn=Manager,o=suffix 3525 2: ou=people,o=suffix 3526 3: uid=kdz,ou=people,o=suffix 3527 4: cn=addresses,uid=kdz,ou=people,o=suffix 3528 5: uid=hyc,ou=people,o=suffix 3529</PRE> 3530<P>Then:</P> 3531<UL> 3532<TT>dn.base="ou=people,o=suffix"</TT> match 2; 3533<BR> 3534<TT>dn.one="ou=people,o=suffix"</TT> match 3, and 5; 3535<BR> 3536<TT>dn.subtree="ou=people,o=suffix"</TT> match 2, 3, 4, and 5; and 3537<BR> 3538<TT>dn.children="ou=people,o=suffix"</TT> match 3, 4, and 5.</UL> 3539<P>Entries may also be selected using a filter:</P> 3540<PRE> 3541 to filter=<ldap filter> 3542</PRE> 3543<P>where <ldap filter> is a string representation of an LDAP search filter, as described in <A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4515.txt">RFC4515</A>. For example:</P> 3544<PRE> 3545 to filter=(objectClass=person) 3546</PRE> 3547<P>Note that entries may be selected by both DN and filter by including both qualifiers in the <what> clause.</P> 3548<PRE> 3549 to dn.one="ou=people,o=suffix" filter=(objectClass=person) 3550</PRE> 3551<P>Attributes within an entry are selected by including a comma-separated list of attribute names in the <what> selector:</P> 3552<PRE> 3553 attrs=<attribute list> 3554</PRE> 3555<P>A specific value of an attribute is selected by using a single attribute name and also using a value selector:</P> 3556<PRE> 3557 attrs=<attribute> val[.<style>]=<regex> 3558</PRE> 3559<P>There are two special <EM>pseudo</EM> attributes <TT>entry</TT> and <TT>children</TT>. To read (and hence return) a target entry, the subject must have <TT>read</TT> access to the target's <EM>entry</EM> attribute. To perform a search, the subject must have <TT>search</TT> access to the search base's <EM>entry</EM> attribute. To add or delete an entry, the subject must have <TT>write</TT> access to the entry's <TT>entry</TT> attribute AND must have <TT>write</TT> access to the entry's parent's <TT>children</TT> attribute. To rename an entry, the subject must have <TT>write</TT> access to entry's <TT>entry</TT> attribute AND have <TT>write</TT> access to both the old parent's and new parent's <TT>children</TT> attributes. The complete examples at the end of this section should help clear things up.</P> 3560<P>Lastly, there is a special entry selector <TT>"*"</TT> that is used to select any entry. It is used when no other <TT><what></TT> selector has been provided. It's equivalent to "<TT>dn=.*</TT>"</P> 3561<H3><A NAME="Who to grant access to">8.3.2. Who to grant access to</A></H3> 3562<P>The <who> part identifies the entity or entities being granted access. Note that access is granted to "entities" not "entries." The following table summarizes entity specifiers:</P> 3563<TABLE CLASS="columns" BORDER ALIGN='Center'> 3564<CAPTION ALIGN=top>Table 5.3: Access Entity Specifiers</CAPTION> 3565<TR CLASS="heading"> 3566<TD> 3567<STRONG>Specifier</STRONG> 3568</TD> 3569<TD> 3570<STRONG>Entities</STRONG> 3571</TD> 3572</TR> 3573<TR> 3574<TD> 3575<TT>*</TT> 3576</TD> 3577<TD> 3578All, including anonymous and authenticated users 3579</TD> 3580</TR> 3581<TR> 3582<TD> 3583<TT>anonymous</TT> 3584</TD> 3585<TD> 3586Anonymous (non-authenticated) users 3587</TD> 3588</TR> 3589<TR> 3590<TD> 3591<TT>users</TT> 3592</TD> 3593<TD> 3594Authenticated users 3595</TD> 3596</TR> 3597<TR> 3598<TD> 3599<TT>self</TT> 3600</TD> 3601<TD> 3602User associated with target entry 3603</TD> 3604</TR> 3605<TR> 3606<TD> 3607<TT>dn[.<basic-style>]=<regex></TT> 3608</TD> 3609<TD> 3610Users matching a regular expression 3611</TD> 3612</TR> 3613<TR> 3614<TD> 3615<TT>dn.<scope-style>=<DN></TT> 3616</TD> 3617<TD> 3618Users within scope of a DN 3619</TD> 3620</TR> 3621</TABLE> 3622 3623<P>The DN specifier behaves much like <what> clause DN specifiers.</P> 3624<P>Other control factors are also supported. For example, a <TT><who></TT> can be restricted by an entry listed in a DN-valued attribute in the entry to which the access applies:</P> 3625<PRE> 3626 dnattr=<dn-valued attribute name> 3627</PRE> 3628<P>The dnattr specification is used to give access to an entry whose DN is listed in an attribute of the entry (e.g., give access to a group entry to whoever is listed as the owner of the group entry).</P> 3629<P>Some factors may not be appropriate in all environments (or any). For example, the domain factor relies on IP to domain name lookups. As these can easily be spoofed, the domain factor should be avoided.</P> 3630<H3><A NAME="The access to grant">8.3.3. The access to grant</A></H3> 3631<P>The kind of <access> granted can be one of the following:</P> 3632<TABLE CLASS="columns" BORDER ALIGN='Center'> 3633<CAPTION ALIGN=top>Table 5.4: Access Levels</CAPTION> 3634<TR CLASS="heading"> 3635<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3636<STRONG>Level</STRONG> 3637</TD> 3638<TD ALIGN='Right'> 3639<STRONG>Privileges</STRONG> 3640</TD> 3641<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3642<STRONG>Description</STRONG> 3643</TD> 3644</TR> 3645<TR> 3646<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3647<TT>none</TT> 3648</TD> 3649<TD ALIGN='Right'> 3650<TT>=0</TT> 3651</TD> 3652<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3653no access 3654</TD> 3655</TR> 3656<TR> 3657<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3658<TT>disclose</TT> 3659</TD> 3660<TD ALIGN='Right'> 3661<TT>=d</TT> 3662</TD> 3663<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3664needed for information disclosure on error 3665</TD> 3666</TR> 3667<TR> 3668<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3669<TT>auth</TT> 3670</TD> 3671<TD ALIGN='Right'> 3672<TT>=dx</TT> 3673</TD> 3674<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3675needed to authenticate (bind) 3676</TD> 3677</TR> 3678<TR> 3679<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3680<TT>compare</TT> 3681</TD> 3682<TD ALIGN='Right'> 3683<TT>=cdx</TT> 3684</TD> 3685<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3686needed to compare 3687</TD> 3688</TR> 3689<TR> 3690<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3691<TT>search</TT> 3692</TD> 3693<TD ALIGN='Right'> 3694<TT>=scdx</TT> 3695</TD> 3696<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3697needed to apply search filters 3698</TD> 3699</TR> 3700<TR> 3701<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3702<TT>read</TT> 3703</TD> 3704<TD ALIGN='Right'> 3705<TT>=rscdx</TT> 3706</TD> 3707<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3708needed to read search results 3709</TD> 3710</TR> 3711<TR> 3712<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3713<TT>write</TT> 3714</TD> 3715<TD ALIGN='Right'> 3716<TT>=wrscdx</TT> 3717</TD> 3718<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3719needed to modify/rename 3720</TD> 3721</TR> 3722<TR> 3723<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3724<TT>manage</TT> 3725</TD> 3726<TD ALIGN='Right'> 3727<TT>=mwrscdx</TT> 3728</TD> 3729<TD ALIGN='Left'> 3730needed to manage 3731</TD> 3732</TR> 3733</TABLE> 3734 3735<P>Each level implies all lower levels of access. So, for example, granting someone <TT>write</TT> access to an entry also grants them <TT>read</TT>, <TT>search</TT>, <TT>compare</TT>, <TT>auth</TT> and <TT>disclose</TT> access. However, one may use the privileges specifier to grant specific permissions.</P> 3736<H3><A NAME="Access Control Evaluation">8.3.4. Access Control Evaluation</A></H3> 3737<P>When evaluating whether some requester should be given access to an entry and/or attribute, slapd compares the entry and/or attribute to the <TT><what></TT> selectors given in the configuration. For each entry, access controls provided in the database which holds the entry (or the global access directives if not held in any database) apply first, followed by the global access directives (which are held in the <TT>frontend</TT> database definition). However, when dealing with an access list, because the global access list is effectively appended to each per-database list, if the resulting list is non-empty then the access list will end with an implicit <TT>access to * by * none</TT> directive. If there are no access directives applicable to a backend, then a default read is used.</P> 3738<P>Within this priority, access directives are examined in the order in which they appear in the configuration attribute. Slapd stops with the first <TT><what></TT> selector that matches the entry and/or attribute. The corresponding access directive is the one slapd will use to evaluate access.</P> 3739<P>Next, slapd compares the entity requesting access to the <TT><who></TT> selectors within the access directive selected above in the order in which they appear. It stops with the first <TT><who></TT> selector that matches the requester. This determines the access the entity requesting access has to the entry and/or attribute.</P> 3740<P>Finally, slapd compares the access granted in the selected <TT><access></TT> clause to the access requested by the client. If it allows greater or equal access, access is granted. Otherwise, access is denied.</P> 3741<P>The order of evaluation of access directives makes their placement in the configuration file important. If one access directive is more specific than another in terms of the entries it selects, it should appear first in the configuration. Similarly, if one <TT><who></TT> selector is more specific than another it should come first in the access directive. The access control examples given below should help make this clear.</P> 3742<H3><A NAME="Access Control Examples">8.3.5. Access Control Examples</A></H3> 3743<P>The access control facility described above is quite powerful. This section shows some examples of its use for descriptive purposes.</P> 3744<P>A simple example:</P> 3745<PRE> 3746 olcAccess: to * by * read 3747</PRE> 3748<P>This access directive grants read access to everyone.</P> 3749<PRE> 3750 olcAccess: to * 3751 by self write 3752 by anonymous auth 3753 by * read 3754</PRE> 3755<P>This directive allows the user to modify their entry, allows anonymous to authenticate against these entries, and allows all others to read these entries. Note that only the first <TT>by <who></TT> clause which matches applies. Hence, the anonymous users are granted <TT>auth</TT>, not <TT>read</TT>. The last clause could just as well have been "<TT>by users read</TT>".</P> 3756<P>It is often desirable to restrict operations based upon the level of protection in place. The following shows how security strength factors (SSF) can be used.</P> 3757<PRE> 3758 olcAccess: to * 3759 by ssf=128 self write 3760 by ssf=64 anonymous auth 3761 by ssf=64 users read 3762</PRE> 3763<P>This directive allows users to modify their own entries if security protections of strength 128 or better have been established, allows authentication access to anonymous users, and read access when strength 64 or better security protections have been established. If the client has not establish sufficient security protections, the implicit <TT>by * none</TT> clause would be applied.</P> 3764<P>The following example shows the use of style specifiers to select the entries by DN in two access directives where ordering is significant.</P> 3765<PRE> 3766 olcAccess: to dn.children="dc=example,dc=com" 3767 by * search 3768 olcAccess: to dn.children="dc=com" 3769 by * read 3770</PRE> 3771<P>Read access is granted to entries under the <TT>dc=com</TT> subtree, except for those entries under the <TT>dc=example,dc=com</TT> subtree, to which search access is granted. No access is granted to <TT>dc=com</TT> as neither access directive matches this DN. If the order of these access directives was reversed, the trailing directive would never be reached, since all entries under <TT>dc=example,dc=com</TT> are also under <TT>dc=com</TT> entries.</P> 3772<P>Also note that if no <TT>olcAccess: to</TT> directive matches or no <TT>by <who></TT> clause, <B>access is denied</B>. When dealing with an access list, because the global access list is effectively appended to each per-database list, if the resulting list is non-empty then the access list will end with an implicit <TT>access to * by * none</TT> directive. If there are no access directives applicable to a backend, then a default read is used.</P> 3773<P>The next example again shows the importance of ordering, both of the access directives and the <TT>by <who></TT> clauses. It also shows the use of an attribute selector to grant access to a specific attribute and various <TT><who></TT> selectors.</P> 3774<PRE> 3775 olcAccess: to dn.subtree="dc=example,dc=com" attrs=homePhone 3776 by self write 3777 by dn.children=dc=example,dc=com" search 3778 by peername.regex=IP:10\..+ read 3779 olcAccess: to dn.subtree="dc=example,dc=com" 3780 by self write 3781 by dn.children="dc=example,dc=com" search 3782 by anonymous auth 3783</PRE> 3784<P>This example applies to entries in the "<TT>dc=example,dc=com</TT>" subtree. To all attributes except <TT>homePhone</TT>, an entry can write to itself, entries under <TT>example.com</TT> entries can search by them, anybody else has no access (implicit <TT>by * none</TT>) excepting for authentication/authorization (which is always done anonymously). The <TT>homePhone</TT> attribute is writable by the entry, searchable by entries under <TT>example.com</TT>, readable by clients connecting from network 10, and otherwise not readable (implicit <TT>by * none</TT>). All other access is denied by the implicit <TT>access to * by * none</TT>.</P> 3785<P>Sometimes it is useful to permit a particular DN to add or remove itself from an attribute. For example, if you would like to create a group and allow people to add and remove only their own DN from the member attribute, you could accomplish it with an access directive like this:</P> 3786<PRE> 3787 olcAccess: to attrs=member,entry 3788 by dnattr=member selfwrite 3789</PRE> 3790<P>The dnattr <TT><who></TT> selector says that the access applies to entries listed in the <TT>member</TT> attribute. The <TT>selfwrite</TT> access selector says that such members can only add or delete their own DN from the attribute, not other values. The addition of the entry attribute is required because access to the entry is required to access any of the entry's attributes.</P> 3791<H3><A NAME="Access Control Ordering">8.3.6. Access Control Ordering</A></H3> 3792<P>Since the ordering of <TT>olcAccess</TT> directives is essential to their proper evaluation, but LDAP attributes normally do not preserve the ordering of their values, OpenLDAP uses a custom schema extension to maintain a fixed ordering of these values. This ordering is maintained by prepending a <TT>"{X}"</TT> numeric index to each value, similarly to the approach used for ordering the configuration entries. These index tags are maintained automatically by slapd and do not need to be specified when originally defining the values. For example, when you create the settings</P> 3793<PRE> 3794 olcAccess: to attrs=member,entry 3795 by dnattr=member selfwrite 3796 olcAccess: to dn.children="dc=example,dc=com" 3797 by * search 3798 olcAccess: to dn.children="dc=com" 3799 by * read 3800</PRE> 3801<P>when you read them back using slapcat or ldapsearch they will contain</P> 3802<PRE> 3803 olcAccess: {0}to attrs=member,entry 3804 by dnattr=member selfwrite 3805 olcAccess: {1}to dn.children="dc=example,dc=com" 3806 by * search 3807 olcAccess: {2}to dn.children="dc=com" 3808 by * read 3809</PRE> 3810<P>The numeric index may be used to specify a particular value to change when using ldapmodify to edit the access rules. This index can be used instead of (or in addition to) the actual access value. Using this numeric index is very helpful when multiple access rules are being managed.</P> 3811<P>For example, if we needed to change the second rule above to grant write access instead of search, we could try this LDIF:</P> 3812<PRE> 3813 changetype: modify 3814 delete: olcAccess 3815 olcAccess: to dn.children="dc=example,dc=com" by * search 3816 - 3817 add: olcAccess 3818 olcAccess: to dn.children="dc=example,dc=com" by * write 3819 - 3820</PRE> 3821<P>But this example <B>will not</B> guarantee that the existing values remain in their original order, so it will most likely yield a broken security configuration. Instead, the numeric index should be used:</P> 3822<PRE> 3823 changetype: modify 3824 delete: olcAccess 3825 olcAccess: {1} 3826 - 3827 add: olcAccess 3828 olcAccess: {1}to dn.children="dc=example,dc=com" by * write 3829 - 3830</PRE> 3831<P>This example deletes whatever rule is in value #1 of the <TT>olcAccess</TT> attribute (regardless of its value) and adds a new value that is explicitly inserted as value #1. The result will be</P> 3832<PRE> 3833 olcAccess: {0}to attrs=member,entry 3834 by dnattr=member selfwrite 3835 olcAccess: {1}to dn.children="dc=example,dc=com" 3836 by * write 3837 olcAccess: {2}to dn.children="dc=com" 3838 by * read 3839</PRE> 3840<P>which is exactly what was intended.</P> 3841<H2><A NAME="Access Control Common Examples">8.4. Access Control Common Examples</A></H2> 3842<H3><A NAME="Basic ACLs">8.4.1. Basic ACLs</A></H3> 3843<P>Generally one should start with some basic ACLs such as:</P> 3844<PRE> 3845 access to attr=userPassword 3846 by self =xw 3847 by anonymous auth 3848 by * none 3849 3850 3851 access to * 3852 by self write 3853 by users read 3854 by * none 3855</PRE> 3856<P>The first ACL allows users to update (but not read) their passwords, anonymous users to authenticate against this attribute, and (implicitly) denying all access to others.</P> 3857<P>The second ACL allows users full access to their entry, authenticated users read access to anything, and (implicitly) denying all access to others (in this case, anonymous users).</P> 3858<H3><A NAME="Matching Anonymous and Authenticated users">8.4.2. Matching Anonymous and Authenticated users</A></H3> 3859<P>An anonymous user has a empty DN. While the <EM>dn.exact=""</EM> or <EM>dn.regex="^$"</EM> could be used, <EM>slapd</EM>(8)) offers an anonymous shorthand which should be used instead.</P> 3860<PRE> 3861 access to * 3862 by anonymous none 3863 by * read 3864</PRE> 3865<P>denies all access to anonymous users while granting others read.</P> 3866<P>Authenticated users have a subject DN. While <EM>dn.regex=".+"</EM> will match any authenticated user, OpenLDAP provides the users short hand which should be used instead.</P> 3867<PRE> 3868 access to * 3869 by users read 3870 by * none 3871</PRE> 3872<P>This ACL grants read permissions to authenticated users while denying others (i.e.: anonymous users).</P> 3873<H3><A NAME="Controlling rootdn access">8.4.3. Controlling rootdn access</A></H3> 3874<P>You could specify the <EM>rootdn</EM> in <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) or <EM>slapd.d</EM> without specifying a <EM>rootpw</EM>. Then you have to add an actual directory entry with the same dn, e.g.:</P> 3875<PRE> 3876 dn: cn=Manager,o=MyOrganization 3877 cn: Manager 3878 sn: Manager 3879 objectClass: person 3880 objectClass: top 3881 userPassword: {SSHA}someSSHAdata 3882</PRE> 3883<P>Then binding as the <EM>rootdn</EM> will require a regular bind to that DN, which in turn requires auth access to that entry's DN and <EM>userPassword</EM>, and this can be restricted via ACLs. E.g.:</P> 3884<PRE> 3885 access to dn.base="cn=Manager,o=MyOrganization" 3886 by peername.regex=127\.0\.0\.1 auth 3887 by peername.regex=192\.168\.0\..* auth 3888 by users none 3889 by * none 3890</PRE> 3891<P>The ACLs above will only allow binding using rootdn from localhost and 192.168.0.0/24.</P> 3892<H3><A NAME="Managing access with Groups">8.4.4. Managing access with Groups</A></H3> 3893<P>There are a few ways to do this. One approach is illustrated here. Consider the following DIT layout:</P> 3894<PRE> 3895 +-dc=example,dc=com 3896 +---cn=administrators,dc=example,dc=com 3897 +---cn=fred blogs,dc=example,dc=com 3898</PRE> 3899<P>and the following group object (in LDIF format):</P> 3900<PRE> 3901 dn: cn=administrators,dc=example,dc=com 3902 cn: administrators of this region 3903 objectclass: groupOfNames (important for the group acl feature) 3904 member: cn=fred blogs,dc=example,dc=com 3905 member: cn=somebody else,dc=example,dc=com 3906</PRE> 3907<P>One can then grant access to the members of this this group by adding appropriate <EM>by group</EM> clause to an access directive in <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5). For instance,</P> 3908<PRE> 3909 access to dn.children="dc=example,dc=com" 3910 by self write 3911 by group.exact="cn=Administrators,dc=example,dc=com" write 3912 by * auth 3913</PRE> 3914<P>Like by <EM>dn</EM> clauses, one can also use <EM>expand</EM> to expand the group name based upon the regular expression matching of the target, that is, the to <EM>dn.regex</EM>). For instance,</P> 3915<PRE> 3916 access to dn.regex="(.+,)?ou=People,(dc=[^,]+,dc=[^,]+)$" 3917 attrs=children,entry,uid 3918 by group.expand="cn=Managers,$2" write 3919 by users read 3920 by * auth 3921</PRE> 3922<P>The above illustration assumed that the group members are to be found in the <EM>member</EM> attribute type of the <EM>groupOfNames</EM> object class. If you need to use a different group object and/or a different attribute type then use the following <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) (abbreviated) syntax:</P> 3923<PRE> 3924 access to <what> 3925 by group/<objectclass>/<attributename>=<DN> <access> 3926</PRE> 3927<P>For example:</P> 3928<PRE> 3929 access to * 3930 by group/organizationalRole/roleOccupant="cn=Administrator,dc=example,dc=com" write 3931</PRE> 3932<P>In this case, we have an ObjectClass <EM>organizationalRole</EM> which contains the administrator DN's in the <EM>roleOccupant</EM> attribute. For instance:</P> 3933<PRE> 3934 dn: cn=Administrator,dc=example,dc=com 3935 cn: Administrator 3936 objectclass: organizationalRole 3937 roleOccupant: cn=Jane Doe,dc=example,dc=com 3938</PRE> 3939<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 3940<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>the specified member attribute type MUST be of DN or <EM>NameAndOptionalUID</EM> syntax, and the specified object class SHOULD allow the attribute type. 3941<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 3942<P>Dynamic Groups are also supported in Access Control. Please see <EM>slapo-dynlist</EM>(5) and the <A HREF="#Dynamic Lists">Dynamic Lists</A> overlay section.</P> 3943<H3><A NAME="Granting access to a subset of attributes">8.4.5. Granting access to a subset of attributes</A></H3> 3944<P>You can grant access to a set of attributes by specifying a list of attribute names in the ACL <EM>to</EM> clause. To be useful, you also need to grant access to the <EM>entry</EM> itself. Also note how <EM>children</EM> controls the ability to add, delete, and rename entries.</P> 3945<PRE> 3946 # mail: self may write, authenticated users may read 3947 access to attrs=mail 3948 by self write 3949 by users read 3950 by * none 3951 3952 # cn, sn: self my write, all may read 3953 access to attrs=cn,sn 3954 by self write 3955 by * read 3956 3957 # immediate children: only self can add/delete entries under this entry 3958 access to attrs=children 3959 by self write 3960 3961 # entry itself: self may write, all may read 3962 access to attrs=entry 3963 by self write 3964 by * read 3965 3966 # other attributes: self may write, others have no access 3967 access to * 3968 by self write 3969 by * none 3970</PRE> 3971<P>ObjectClass names may also be specified in this list, which will affect all the attributes that are required and/or allowed by that <EM>objectClass</EM>. Actually, names in <EM>attrlist</EM> that are prefixed by <EM>@</EM> are directly treated as objectClass names. A name prefixed by <EM>!</EM> is also treated as an objectClass, but in this case the access rule affects the attributes that are not required nor allowed by that <EM>objectClass</EM>.</P> 3972<H3><A NAME="Allowing a user write to all entries below theirs">8.4.6. Allowing a user write to all entries below theirs</A></H3> 3973<P>For a setup where a user can write to its own record and to all of its children:</P> 3974<PRE> 3975 access to dn.regex="(.+,)?(uid=[^,]+,o=Company)$" 3976 by dn.exact,expand="$2" write 3977 by anonymous auth 3978</PRE> 3979<P>(Add more examples for above)</P> 3980<H3><A NAME="Allowing entry creation">8.4.7. Allowing entry creation</A></H3> 3981<P>Let's say, you have it like this:</P> 3982<PRE> 3983 o=<basedn> 3984 ou=domains 3985 associatedDomain=<somedomain> 3986 ou=users 3987 uid=<someuserid> 3988 uid=<someotheruserid> 3989 ou=addressbooks 3990 uid=<someuserid> 3991 cn=<someone> 3992 cn=<someoneelse> 3993</PRE> 3994<P>and, for another domain <someotherdomain>:</P> 3995<PRE> 3996 o=<basedn> 3997 ou=domains 3998 associatedDomain=<someotherdomain> 3999 ou=users 4000 uid=<someuserid> 4001 uid=<someotheruserid> 4002 ou=addressbooks 4003 uid=<someotheruserid> 4004 cn=<someone> 4005 cn=<someoneelse> 4006</PRE> 4007<P>then, if you wanted user <EM>uid=<someuserid></EM> to <B>ONLY</B> create an entry for its own thing, you could write an ACL like this:</P> 4008<PRE> 4009 # this rule lets users of "associatedDomain=<matcheddomain>" 4010 # write under "ou=addressbook,associatedDomain=<matcheddomain>,ou=domains,o=<basedn>", 4011 # i.e. a user can write ANY entry below its domain's address book; 4012 # this permission is necessary, but not sufficient, the next 4013 # will restrict this permission further 4014 4015 4016 access to dn.regex="^ou=addressbook,associatedDomain=([^,]+),ou=domains,o=<basedn>$" attrs=children 4017 by dn.regex="^uid=([^,]+),ou=users,associatedDomain=$1,ou=domains,o=<basedn>$$" write 4018 by * none 4019 4020 4021 # Note that above the "by" clause needs a "regex" style to make sure 4022 # it expands to a DN that starts with a "uid=<someuserid>" pattern 4023 # while substituting the associatedDomain submatch from the "what" clause. 4024 4025 4026 # This rule lets a user with "uid=<matcheduid>" of "<associatedDomain=matcheddomain>" 4027 # write (i.e. add, modify, delete) the entry whose DN is exactly 4028 # "uid=<matcheduid>,ou=addressbook,associatedDomain=<matcheddomain>,ou=domains,o=<basedn>" 4029 # and ANY entry as subtree of it 4030 4031 4032 access to dn.regex="^(.+,)?uid=([^,]+),ou=addressbook,associatedDomain=([^,]+),ou=domains,o=<basedn>$" 4033 by dn.exact,expand="uid=$2,ou=users,associatedDomain=$3,ou=domains,o=<basedn>" write 4034 by * none 4035 4036 4037 # Note that above the "by" clause uses the "exact" style with the "expand" 4038 # modifier because now the whole pattern can be rebuilt by means of the 4039 # submatches from the "what" clause, so a "regex" compilation and evaluation 4040 # is no longer required. 4041</PRE> 4042<H3><A NAME="Tips for using regular expressions in Access Control">8.4.8. Tips for using regular expressions in Access Control</A></H3> 4043<P>Always use <EM>dn.regex=<pattern></EM> when you intend to use regular expression matching. <EM>dn=<pattern></EM> alone defaults to <EM>dn.exact<pattern></EM>.</P> 4044<P>Use <EM>(.+)</EM> instead of <EM>(.*)</EM> when you want at least one char to be matched. <EM>(.*)</EM> matches the empty string as well.</P> 4045<P>Don't use regular expressions for matches that can be done otherwise in a safer and cheaper manner. Examples:</P> 4046<PRE> 4047 dn.regex=".*dc=example,dc=com" 4048</PRE> 4049<P>is unsafe and expensive:</P> 4050<UL> 4051<LI>unsafe because any string containing <EM>dc=example,dc=com </EM>will match, not only those that end with the desired pattern; use <EM>.*dc=example,dc=com$</EM> instead. 4052<LI>unsafe also because it would allow any <EM>attributeType</EM> ending with <EM>dc</EM> as naming attribute for the first RDN in the string, e.g. a custom attributeType <EM>mydc</EM> would match as well. If you really need a regular expression that allows just <EM>dc=example,dc=com</EM> or any of its subtrees, use <EM>^(.+,)?dc=example,dc=com$</EM>, which means: anything to the left of dc=..., if any (the question mark after the pattern within brackets), must end with a comma; 4053<LI>expensive because if you don't need submatches, you could use scoping styles, e.g.</UL> 4054<PRE> 4055 dn.subtree="dc=example,dc=com" 4056</PRE> 4057<P>to include <EM>dc=example,dc=com</EM> in the matching patterns,</P> 4058<PRE> 4059 dn.children="dc=example,dc=com" 4060</PRE> 4061<P>to exclude <EM>dc=example,dc=com</EM> from the matching patterns, or</P> 4062<PRE> 4063 dn.onelevel="dc=example,dc=com" 4064</PRE> 4065<P>to allow exactly one sublevel matches only.</P> 4066<P>Always use <EM>^</EM> and <EM>$</EM> in regexes, whenever appropriate, because <EM>ou=(.+),ou=(.+),ou=addressbooks,o=basedn</EM> will match <EM>something=bla,ou=xxx,ou=yyy,ou=addressbooks,o=basedn,ou=addressbooks,o=basedn,dc=some,dc=org</EM></P> 4067<P>Always use <EM>([^,]+)</EM> to indicate exactly one RDN, because <EM>(.+)</EM> can include any number of RDNs; e.g. <EM>ou=(.+),dc=example,dc=com</EM> will match <EM>ou=My,o=Org,dc=example,dc=com</EM>, which might not be what you want.</P> 4068<P>Never add the rootdn to the by clauses. ACLs are not even processed for operations performed with rootdn identity (otherwise there would be no reason to define a rootdn at all).</P> 4069<P>Use shorthands. The user directive matches authenticated users and the anonymous directive matches anonymous users.</P> 4070<P>Don't use the <EM>dn.regex</EM> form for <by> clauses if all you need is scoping and/or substring replacement; use scoping styles (e.g. <EM>exact</EM>, <EM>onelevel</EM>, <EM>children</EM> or <EM>subtree</EM>) and the style modifier expand to cause substring expansion.</P> 4071<P>For instance,</P> 4072<PRE> 4073 access to dn.regex=".+,dc=([^,]+),dc=([^,]+)$" 4074 by dn.regex="^[^,],ou=Admin,dc=$1,dc=$2$$" write 4075</PRE> 4076<P>although correct, can be safely and efficiently replaced by</P> 4077<PRE> 4078 access to dn.regex=".+,(dc=[^,]+,dc=[^,]+)$" 4079 by dn.onelevel,expand="ou=Admin,$1" write 4080</PRE> 4081<P>where the regex in the <EM><what></EM> clause is more compact, and the one in the <EM><by></EM> clause is replaced by a much more efficient scoping style of onelevel with substring expansion.</P> 4082<H3><A NAME="Granting and Denying access based on security strength factors (ssf)">8.4.9. Granting and Denying access based on security strength factors (ssf)</A></H3> 4083<P>You can restrict access based on the security strength factor (SSF)</P> 4084<PRE> 4085 access to dn="cn=example,cn=edu" 4086 by * ssf=256 read 4087</PRE> 4088<P>0 (zero) implies no protection, 1 implies integrity protection only, 56 DES or other weak ciphers, 112 triple DES and other strong ciphers, 128 RC4, Blowfish and other modern strong ciphers.</P> 4089<P>Other possibilities:</P> 4090<PRE> 4091 transport_ssf=<n> 4092 tls_ssf=<n> 4093 sasl_ssf=<n> 4094</PRE> 4095<P>256 is recommended.</P> 4096<P>See <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) for information on <EM>ssf</EM>.</P> 4097<H3><A NAME="When things aren\'t working as expected">8.4.10. When things aren't working as expected</A></H3> 4098<P>Consider this example:</P> 4099<PRE> 4100 access to * 4101 by anonymous auth 4102 4103 access to * 4104 by self write 4105 4106 access to * 4107 by users read 4108</PRE> 4109<P>You may think this will allow any user to login, to read everything and change his own data if he is logged in. But in this example only the login works and an ldapsearch returns no data. The Problem is that SLAPD goes through its access config line by line and stops as soon as it finds a match in the part of the access rule.(here: <EM>to *</EM>)</P> 4110<P>To get what we wanted the file has to read:</P> 4111<PRE> 4112 access to * 4113 by anonymous auth 4114 by self write 4115 by users read 4116</PRE> 4117<P>The general rule is: "special access rules first, generic access rules last"</P> 4118<P>See also <EM>slapd.access</EM>(5), loglevel 128 and <EM>slapacl</EM>(8) for debugging information.</P> 4119<H2><A NAME="Sets - Granting rights based on relationships">8.5. Sets - Granting rights based on relationships</A></H2> 4120<P>Sets are best illustrated via examples. The following sections will present a few set ACL examples in order to facilitate their understanding.</P> 4121<P>(Sets in Access Controls FAQ Entry: <A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/faq/data/cache/1133.html">http://www.openldap.org/faq/data/cache/1133.html</A>)</P> 4122<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 4123<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>Sets are considered experimental. 4124<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 4125<H3><A NAME="Groups of Groups">8.5.1. Groups of Groups</A></H3> 4126<P>The OpenLDAP ACL for groups doesn't expand groups within groups, which are groups that have another group as a member. For example:</P> 4127<PRE> 4128 dn: cn=sudoadm,ou=group,dc=example,dc=com 4129 cn: sudoadm 4130 objectClass: groupOfNames 4131 member: uid=john,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com 4132 member: cn=accountadm,ou=group,dc=example,dc=com 4133 4134 dn: cn=accountadm,ou=group,dc=example,dc=com 4135 cn: accountadm 4136 objectClass: groupOfNames 4137 member: uid=mary,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com 4138</PRE> 4139<P>If we use standard group ACLs with the above entries and allow members of the <TT>sudoadm</TT> group to write somewhere, <TT>mary</TT> won't be included:</P> 4140<PRE> 4141 access to dn.subtree="ou=sudoers,dc=example,dc=com" 4142 by group.exact="cn=sudoadm,ou=group,dc=example,dc=com" write 4143 by * read 4144</PRE> 4145<P>With sets we can make the ACL be recursive and consider group within groups. So for each member that is a group, it is further expanded:</P> 4146<PRE> 4147 access to dn.subtree="ou=sudoers,dc=example,dc=com" 4148 by set="[cn=sudoadm,ou=group,dc=example,dc=com]/member* & user" write 4149 by * read 4150</PRE> 4151<P>This set ACL means: take the <TT>cn=sudoadm</TT> DN, check its <TT>member</TT> attribute(s) (where the "<TT>*</TT>" means recursively) and intersect the result with the authenticated user's DN. If the result is non-empty, the ACL is considered a match and write access is granted.</P> 4152<P>The following drawing explains how this set is built:</P> 4153<P><CENTER><IMG SRC="set-recursivegroup.png" ALIGN="center"></CENTER></P> 4154<P ALIGN="Center">Figure X.Y: Populating a recursive group set</P> 4155<P>First we get the <TT>uid=john</TT> DN. This entry doesn't have a <TT>member</TT> attribute, so the expansion stops here. Now we get to <TT>cn=accountadm</TT>. This one does have a <TT>member</TT> attribute, which is <TT>uid=mary</TT>. The <TT>uid=mary</TT> entry, however, doesn't have member, so we stop here again. The end comparison is:</P> 4156<PRE> 4157 {"uid=john,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com","uid=mary,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com"} & user 4158</PRE> 4159<P>If the authenticated user's DN is any one of those two, write access is granted. So this set will include <TT>mary</TT> in the <TT>sudoadm</TT> group and she will be allowed the write access.</P> 4160<H3><A NAME="Group ACLs without DN syntax">8.5.2. Group ACLs without DN syntax</A></H3> 4161<P>The traditional group ACLs, and even the previous example about recursive groups, require that the members are specified as DNs instead of just usernames.</P> 4162<P>With sets, however, it's also possible to use simple names in group ACLs, as this example will show.</P> 4163<P>Let's say we want to allow members of the <TT>sudoadm</TT> group to write to the <TT>ou=suders</TT> branch of our tree. But our group definition now is using <TT>memberUid</TT> for the group members:</P> 4164<PRE> 4165 dn: cn=sudoadm,ou=group,dc=example,dc=com 4166 cn: sudoadm 4167 objectClass: posixGroup 4168 gidNumber: 1000 4169 memberUid: john 4170</PRE> 4171<P>With this type of group, we can't use group ACLs. But with a set ACL we can grant the desired access:</P> 4172<PRE> 4173 access to dn.subtree="ou=sudoers,dc=example,dc=com" 4174 by set="[cn=sudoadm,ou=group,dc=example,dc=com]/memberUid & user/uid" write 4175 by * read 4176</PRE> 4177<P>We use a simple intersection where we compare the <TT>uid</TT> attribute of the connecting (and authenticated) user with the <TT>memberUid</TT> attributes of the group. If they match, the intersection is non-empty and the ACL will grant write access.</P> 4178<P>This drawing illustrates this set when the connecting user is authenticated as <TT>uid=john,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com</TT>:</P> 4179<P><CENTER><IMG SRC="set-memberUid.png" ALIGN="center"></CENTER></P> 4180<P ALIGN="Center">Figure X.Y: Sets with <TT>memberUid</TT></P> 4181<P>In this case, it's a match. If it were <TT>mary</TT> authenticating, however, she would be denied write access to <TT>ou=sudoers</TT> because her <TT>uid</TT> attribute is not listed in the group's <TT>memberUid</TT>.</P> 4182<H3><A NAME="Following references">8.5.3. Following references</A></H3> 4183<P>We will now show a quite powerful example of what can be done with sets. This example tends to make OpenLDAP administrators smile after they have understood it and its implications.</P> 4184<P>Let's start with an user entry:</P> 4185<PRE> 4186 dn: uid=john,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com 4187 uid: john 4188 objectClass: inetOrgPerson 4189 givenName: John 4190 sn: Smith 4191 cn: john 4192 manager: uid=mary,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com 4193</PRE> 4194<P>Writing an ACL to allow the manager to update some attributes is quite simple using sets:</P> 4195<PRE> 4196 access to dn.exact="uid=john,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com" 4197 attrs=carLicense,homePhone,mobile,pager,telephoneNumber 4198 by self write 4199 by set="this/manager & user" write 4200 by * read 4201</PRE> 4202<P>In that set, <TT>this</TT> expands to the entry being accessed, so that <TT>this/manager</TT> expands to <TT>uid=mary,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com</TT> when john's entry is accessed. If the manager herself is accessing John's entry, the ACL will match and write access to those attributes will be granted.</P> 4203<P>So far, this same behavior can be obtained with the <TT>dnattr</TT> keyword. With sets, however, we can further enhance this ACL. Let's say we want to allow the secretary of the manager to also update these attributes. This is how we do it:</P> 4204<PRE> 4205 access to dn.exact="uid=john,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com" 4206 attrs=carLicense,homePhone,mobile,pager,telephoneNumber 4207 by self write 4208 by set="this/manager & user" write 4209 by set="this/manager/secretary & user" write 4210 by * read 4211</PRE> 4212<P>Now we need a picture to help explain what is happening here (entries shortened for clarity):</P> 4213<P><CENTER><IMG SRC="set-following-references.png" ALIGN="center"></CENTER></P> 4214<P ALIGN="Center">Figure X.Y: Sets jumping through entries</P> 4215<P>In this example, Jane is the secretary of Mary, which is the manager of John. This whole relationship is defined with the <TT>manager</TT> and <TT>secretary</TT> attributes, which are both of the distinguishedName syntax (i.e., full DNs). So, when the <TT>uid=john</TT> entry is being accessed, the <TT>this/manager/secretary</TT> set becomes <TT>{"uid=jane,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com"</TT>} (follow the references in the picture):</P> 4216<PRE> 4217 this = [uid=john,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com] 4218 this/manager = \ 4219 [uid=john,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com]/manager = uid=mary,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com 4220 this/manager/secretary = \ 4221 [uid=mary,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com]/secretary = uid=jane,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com 4222</PRE> 4223<P>The end result is that when Jane accesses John's entry, she will be granted write access to the specified attributes. Better yet, this will happen to any entry she accesses which has Mary as the manager.</P> 4224<P>This is all cool and nice, but perhaps gives too much power to secretaries. Maybe we need to further restrict it. For example, let's only allow executive secretaries to have this power:</P> 4225<PRE> 4226 access to dn.exact="uid=john,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com" 4227 attrs=carLicense,homePhone,mobile,pager,telephoneNumber 4228 by self write 4229 by set="this/manager & user" write 4230 by set="this/manager/secretary & 4231 [cn=executive,ou=group,dc=example,dc=com]/member* & 4232 user" write 4233 by * read 4234</PRE> 4235<P>It's almost the same ACL as before, but we now also require that the connecting user be a member of the (possibly nested) <TT>cn=executive</TT> group.</P> 4236<P></P> 4237<HR> 4238<H1><A NAME="Limits">9. Limits</A></H1> 4239<H2><A NAME="Introduction">9.1. Introduction</A></H2> 4240<P>It is usually desirable to limit the server resources that can be consumed by each LDAP client. OpenLDAP provides two sets of limits: a size limit, which can restrict the <EM>number</EM> of entries that a client can retrieve in a single operation, and a time limit which restricts the length of time that an operation may continue. Both types of limit can be given different values depending on who initiated the operation.</P> 4241<H2><A NAME="Soft and Hard limits">9.2. Soft and Hard limits</A></H2> 4242<P>The server administrator can specify both <EM>soft limits</EM> and <EM>hard limits</EM>. Soft limits can be thought of as being the default limit value. Hard limits cannot be exceeded by ordinary LDAP users.</P> 4243<P>LDAP clients can specify their own size and time limits when issuing search operations. This feature has been present since the earliest version of X.500.</P> 4244<P>If the client specifies a limit then the lower of the requested value and the <EM>hard limit</EM> will become the limit for the operation.</P> 4245<P>If the client does not specify a limit then the server applies the <EM>soft limit</EM>.</P> 4246<P>Soft and Hard limits are often referred to together as <EM>administrative limits</EM>. Thus, if an LDAP client requests a search that would return more results than the limits allow it will get an <EM>adminLimitExceeded</EM> error. Note that the server will usually return some results even if the limit has been exceeded: this feature is useful to clients that just want to check for the existence of some entries without needing to see them all.</P> 4247<P>The <EM>rootdn</EM> is not subject to any limits.</P> 4248<H2><A NAME="Global Limits">9.3. Global Limits</A></H2> 4249<P>Limits specified in the global part of the server configuration act as defaults which are used if no database has more specific limits set.</P> 4250<P>In a <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) configuration the keywords are <TT>sizelimit</TT> and <TT>timelimit</TT>. When using the <EM>slapd config</EM> backend, the corresponding attributes are <TT>olcSizeLimit</TT> and <TT>olcTimeLimit</TT>. The syntax of these values are the same in both cases.</P> 4251<P>The simple form sets both soft and hard limits to the same value:</P> 4252<PRE> 4253 sizelimit {<integer>|unlimited} 4254 timelimit {<integer>|unlimited} 4255</PRE> 4256<P>The default sizelimit is 500 entries and the default timelimit is 3600 seconds.</P> 4257<P>An extended form allows soft and hard limits to be set separately:</P> 4258<PRE> 4259 sizelimit size[.{soft|hard|unchecked}]=<integer> [...] 4260 timelimit time[.{soft|hard}]=<integer> [...] 4261</PRE> 4262<P>Thus, to set a soft sizelimit of 10 entries and a hard limit of 75 entries:</P> 4263<PRE> 4264 sizelimit size.soft=10 size.hard=75 4265</PRE> 4266<P>The <EM>unchecked</EM> keyword sets a limit on how many entries the server will examine once it has created an initial set of candidate results by using indices. This can be very important in a large directory, as a search that cannot be satisfied from an index might cause the server to examine millions of entries, therefore always make sure the correct indexes are configured.</P> 4267<H2><A NAME="Per-Database Limits">9.4. Per-Database Limits</A></H2> 4268<P>Each database can have its own set of limits that override the global ones. The syntax is more flexible, and it allows different limits to be applied to different entities. Note that an <EM>entity</EM> is different from an <EM>entry</EM>: the term <EM>entity</EM> is used here to indicate the ID of the person or process that has initiated the LDAP operation.</P> 4269<P>In a <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) configuration the keyword is <TT>limits</TT>. When using the <EM>slapd config</EM> backend, the corresponding attribute is <TT>olcLimits</TT>. The syntax of the values is the same in both cases.</P> 4270<PRE> 4271 limits <who> <limit> [<limit> [...]] 4272</PRE> 4273<P>The <EM>limits</EM> clause can be specified multiple times to apply different limits to different initiators. The server examines each clause in turn until it finds one that matches the ID that requested the operation. If no match is found, the global limits will be used.</P> 4274<H3><A NAME="Specify who the limits apply to">9.4.1. Specify who the limits apply to</A></H3> 4275<P>The <TT><who></TT> part of the <EM>limits</EM> clause can take any of these values:</P> 4276<TABLE CLASS="columns" BORDER ALIGN='Center'> 4277<CAPTION ALIGN=top>Table ZZZ.ZZZ: Entity Specifiers</CAPTION> 4278<TR CLASS="heading"> 4279<TD> 4280<STRONG>Specifier</STRONG> 4281</TD> 4282<TD> 4283<STRONG>Entities</STRONG> 4284</TD> 4285</TR> 4286<TR> 4287<TD> 4288<TT>*</TT> 4289</TD> 4290<TD> 4291All, including anonymous and authenticated users 4292</TD> 4293</TR> 4294<TR> 4295<TD> 4296<TT>anonymous</TT> 4297</TD> 4298<TD> 4299Anonymous (non-authenticated) users 4300</TD> 4301</TR> 4302<TR> 4303<TD> 4304<TT>users</TT> 4305</TD> 4306<TD> 4307Authenticated users 4308</TD> 4309</TR> 4310<TR> 4311<TD> 4312<TT>self</TT> 4313</TD> 4314<TD> 4315User associated with target entry 4316</TD> 4317</TR> 4318<TR> 4319<TD> 4320<TT>dn[.<basic-style>]=<regex></TT> 4321</TD> 4322<TD> 4323Users matching a regular expression 4324</TD> 4325</TR> 4326<TR> 4327<TD> 4328<TT>dn.<scope-style>=<DN></TT> 4329</TD> 4330<TD> 4331Users within scope of a DN 4332</TD> 4333</TR> 4334<TR> 4335<TD> 4336<TT>group[/oc[/at]]=<pattern></TT> 4337</TD> 4338<TD> 4339Members of a group 4340</TD> 4341</TR> 4342</TABLE> 4343 4344<P>The rules for specifying <TT><who></TT> are the same as those used in access-control rules.</P> 4345<H3><A NAME="Specify time limits">9.4.2. Specify time limits</A></H3> 4346<P>The syntax for time limits is</P> 4347<PRE> 4348 time[.{soft|hard}]=<integer> 4349</PRE> 4350<P>where integer is the number of seconds slapd will spend answering a search request.</P> 4351<P>If neither <EM>soft</EM> nor <EM>hard</EM> is specified, the value is used for both, e.g.:</P> 4352<PRE> 4353 limits anonymous time=27 4354</PRE> 4355<P>The value <EM>unlimited</EM> may be used to remove the hard time limit entirely, e.g.:</P> 4356<PRE> 4357 limits dn.exact="cn=anyuser,dc=example,dc=org" time.hard=unlimited 4358</PRE> 4359<H3><A NAME="Specifying size limits">9.4.3. Specifying size limits</A></H3> 4360<P>The syntax for size limit is</P> 4361<PRE> 4362 size[.{soft|hard|unchecked}]=<integer> 4363</PRE> 4364<P>where <TT><integer></TT> is the maximum number of entries slapd will return when answering a search request.</P> 4365<P>Soft, hard, and "unchecked" limits are available, with the same meanings described for the global limits configuration above.</P> 4366<H3><A NAME="Size limits and Paged Results">9.4.4. Size limits and Paged Results</A></H3> 4367<P>If the LDAP client adds the <EM>pagedResultsControl</EM> to the search operation, the hard size limit is used by default, because the request for a specific page size is considered an explicit request for a limitation on the number of entries to be returned. However, the size limit applies to the total count of entries returned within the search, and not to a single page.</P> 4368<P>Additional size limits may be enforced for paged searches.</P> 4369<P>The <TT>size.pr</TT> limit controls the maximum page size:</P> 4370<PRE> 4371 size.pr={<integer>|noEstimate|unlimited} 4372</PRE> 4373<P><TT><integer></TT> is the maximum page size if no explicit size is set. <TT>noEstimate</TT> has no effect in the current implementation as the server does not return an estimate of the result size anyway. <TT>unlimited</TT> indicates that no limit is applied to the maximum page size.</P> 4374<P>The <TT>size.prtotal</TT> limit controls the total number of entries that can be returned by a paged search. By default the limit is the same as the normal <TT>size.hard</TT> limit.</P> 4375<PRE> 4376 size.prtotal={<integer>|unlimited|disabled} 4377</PRE> 4378<P><TT>unlimited</TT> removes the limit on the number of entries that can be returned by a paged search. <TT>disabled</TT> can be used to selectively disable paged result searches.</P> 4379<H2><A NAME="Example Limit Configurations">9.5. Example Limit Configurations</A></H2> 4380<H3><A NAME="Simple Global Limits">9.5.1. Simple Global Limits</A></H3> 4381<P>This simple global configuration fragment applies size and time limits to all searches by all users except <EM>rootdn</EM>. It limits searches to 50 results and sets an overall time limit of 10 seconds.</P> 4382<PRE> 4383 sizelimit 50 4384 timelimit 10 4385</PRE> 4386<H3><A NAME="Global Hard and Soft Limits">9.5.2. Global Hard and Soft Limits</A></H3> 4387<P>It is sometimes useful to limit the size of result sets but to allow clients to request a higher limit where needed. This can be achieved by setting separate hard and soft limits.</P> 4388<PRE> 4389 sizelimit size.soft=5 size.hard=100 4390</PRE> 4391<P>To prevent clients from doing very inefficient non-indexed searches, add the <EM>unchecked</EM> limit:</P> 4392<PRE> 4393 sizelimit size.soft=5 size.hard=100 size.unchecked=100 4394</PRE> 4395<H3><A NAME="Giving specific users larger limits">9.5.3. Giving specific users larger limits</A></H3> 4396<P>Having set appropriate default limits in the global configuration, you may want to give certain users the ability to retrieve larger result sets. Here is a way to do that in the per-database configuration:</P> 4397<PRE> 4398 limits dn.exact="cn=anyuser,dc=example,dc=org" size=100000 4399 limits dn.exact="cn=personnel,dc=example,dc=org" size=100000 4400 limits dn.exact="cn=dirsync,dc=example,dc=org" size=100000 4401</PRE> 4402<P>It is generally best to avoid mentioning specific users in the server configuration. A better way is to give the higher limits to a group:</P> 4403<PRE> 4404 limits group/groupOfNames/member="cn=bigwigs,dc=example,dc=org" size=100000 4405</PRE> 4406<H3><A NAME="Limiting who can do paged searches">9.5.4. Limiting who can do paged searches</A></H3> 4407<P>It may be required that certain applications need very large result sets that they retrieve using paged searches, but that you do not want ordinary LDAP users to use the pagedResults control. The <EM>pr</EM> and <EM>prtotal</EM> limits can help:</P> 4408<PRE> 4409 limits group/groupOfNames/member="cn=dirsync,dc=example,dc=org" size.prtotal=unlimited 4410 limits users size.soft=5 size.hard=100 size.prtotal=disabled 4411 limits anonymous size.soft=2 size.hard=5 size.prtotal=disabled 4412</PRE> 4413<H2><A NAME="Further Information">9.6. Further Information</A></H2> 4414<P>For further information please see <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5), <EM>ldapsearch</EM>(1) and <EM>slapd.access</EM>(5)</P> 4415<P></P> 4416<HR> 4417<H1><A NAME="Database Creation and Maintenance Tools">10. Database Creation and Maintenance Tools</A></H1> 4418<P>This section tells you how to create a slapd database from scratch, and how to do trouble shooting if you run into problems. There are two ways to create a database. First, you can create the database on-line using <TERM>LDAP</TERM>. With this method, you simply start up slapd and add entries using the LDAP client of your choice. This method is fine for relatively small databases (a few hundred or thousand entries, depending on your requirements). This method works for database types which support updates.</P> 4419<P>The second method of database creation is to do it off-line using special utilities provided with <EM>slapd</EM>(8). This method is best if you have many thousands of entries to create, which would take an unacceptably long time using the LDAP method, or if you want to ensure the database is not accessed while it is being created. Note that not all database types support these utilities.</P> 4420<H2><A NAME="Creating a database over LDAP">10.1. Creating a database over LDAP</A></H2> 4421<P>With this method, you use the LDAP client of your choice (e.g., the <EM>ldapadd</EM>(1)) to add entries, just like you would once the database is created. You should be sure to set the following options in the configuration file before starting <EM>slapd</EM>(8).</P> 4422<PRE> 4423 suffix <dn> 4424</PRE> 4425<P>As described in the <A HREF="#General Database Directives">General Database Directives</A> section, this option defines which entries are to be held by this database. You should set this to the DN of the root of the subtree you are trying to create. For example:</P> 4426<PRE> 4427 suffix "dc=example,dc=com" 4428</PRE> 4429<P>You should be sure to specify a directory where the index files should be created:</P> 4430<PRE> 4431 directory <directory> 4432</PRE> 4433<P>For example:</P> 4434<PRE> 4435 directory /usr/local/var/openldap-data 4436</PRE> 4437<P>You need to create this directory with appropriate permissions such that slapd can write to it.</P> 4438<P>You need to configure slapd so that you can connect to it as a directory user with permission to add entries. You can configure the directory to support a special <EM>super-user</EM> or <EM>root</EM> user just for this purpose. This is done through the following two options in the database definition:</P> 4439<PRE> 4440 rootdn <dn> 4441 rootpw <passwd> 4442</PRE> 4443<P>For example:</P> 4444<PRE> 4445 rootdn "cn=Manager,dc=example,dc=com" 4446 rootpw secret 4447</PRE> 4448<P>These options specify a DN and password that can be used to authenticate as the <EM>super-user</EM> entry of the database (i.e., the entry allowed to do anything). The DN and password specified here will always work, regardless of whether the entry named actually exists or has the password given. This solves the chicken-and-egg problem of how to authenticate and add entries before any entries yet exist.</P> 4449<P>Finally, you should make sure that the database definition contains the index definitions you want:</P> 4450<PRE> 4451 index {<attrlist> | default} [pres,eq,approx,sub,none] 4452</PRE> 4453<P>For example, to index the <TT>cn</TT>, <TT>sn</TT>, <TT>uid</TT> and <TT>objectclass</TT> attributes, the following <TT>index</TT> directives could be used:</P> 4454<PRE> 4455 index cn,sn,uid pres,eq,approx,sub 4456 index objectClass eq 4457</PRE> 4458<P>This would create presence, equality, approximate, and substring indices for the <TT>cn</TT>, <TT>sn</TT>, and <TT>uid</TT> attributes and an equality index for the <TT>objectClass</TT> attribute. Note that not all index types are available with all attribute types. See <A HREF="#The slapd Configuration File">The slapd Configuration File</A> section for more information on this option.</P> 4459<P>Once you have configured things to your liking, start up slapd, connect with your LDAP client, and start adding entries. For example, to add an organization entry and an organizational role entry using the <I>ldapadd</I> tool, you could create an <TERM>LDIF</TERM> file called <TT>entries.ldif</TT> with the contents:</P> 4460<PRE> 4461 # Organization for Example Corporation 4462 dn: dc=example,dc=com 4463 objectClass: dcObject 4464 objectClass: organization 4465 dc: example 4466 o: Example Corporation 4467 description: The Example Corporation 4468 4469 # Organizational Role for Directory Manager 4470 dn: cn=Manager,dc=example,dc=com 4471 objectClass: organizationalRole 4472 cn: Manager 4473 description: Directory Manager 4474</PRE> 4475<P>and then use a command like this to actually create the entry:</P> 4476<PRE> 4477 ldapadd -f entries.ldif -x -D "cn=Manager,dc=example,dc=com" -w secret 4478</PRE> 4479<P>The above command assumes settings provided in the above examples.</P> 4480<H2><A NAME="Creating a database off-line">10.2. Creating a database off-line</A></H2> 4481<P>The second method of database creation is to do it off-line, using the slapd database tools described below. This method is best if you have many thousands of entries to create, which would take an unacceptably long time to add using the LDAP method described above. These tools read the slapd configuration file and an input file containing a text representation of the entries to add. For database types which support the tools, they produce the database files directly (otherwise you must use the on-line method above). There are several important configuration options you will want to be sure and set in the config file database definition first:</P> 4482<PRE> 4483 suffix <dn> 4484</PRE> 4485<P>As described in the <A HREF="#General Database Directives">General Database Directives</A> section, this option defines which entries are to be held by this database. You should set this to the DN of the root of the subtree you are trying to create. For example:</P> 4486<PRE> 4487 suffix "dc=example,dc=com" 4488</PRE> 4489<P>You should be sure to specify a directory where the index files should be created:</P> 4490<PRE> 4491 directory <directory> 4492</PRE> 4493<P>For example:</P> 4494<PRE> 4495 directory /usr/local/var/openldap-data 4496</PRE> 4497<P>Finally, you need to specify which indices you want to build. This is done by one or more index options.</P> 4498<PRE> 4499 index {<attrlist> | default} [pres,eq,approx,sub,none] 4500</PRE> 4501<P>For example:</P> 4502<PRE> 4503 index cn,sn,uid pres,eq,approx,sub 4504 index objectClass eq 4505</PRE> 4506<P>This would create presence, equality, approximate, and substring indices for the <TT>cn</TT>, <TT>sn</TT>, and <TT>uid</TT> attributes and an equality index for the <TT>objectClass</TT> attribute. Note that not all index types are available with all attribute types. See <A HREF="#The slapd Configuration File">The slapd Configuration File</A> section for more information on this option.</P> 4507<H3><A NAME="The {{EX:slapadd}} program">10.2.1. The <TT>slapadd</TT> program</A></H3> 4508<P>Once you've configured things to your liking, you create the primary database and associated indices by running the <EM>slapadd</EM>(8) program:</P> 4509<PRE> 4510 slapadd -l <inputfile> -f <slapdconfigfile> 4511 [-d <debuglevel>] [-n <integer>|-b <suffix>] 4512</PRE> 4513<P>The arguments have the following meanings:</P> 4514<PRE> 4515 -l <inputfile> 4516</PRE> 4517<P>Specifies the <TERM>LDIF</TERM> input file containing the entries to add in text form (described below in the <A HREF="#The LDIF text entry format">The LDIF text entry format</A> section).</P> 4518<PRE> 4519 -f <slapdconfigfile> 4520</PRE> 4521<P>Specifies the slapd configuration file that tells where to create the indices, what indices to create, etc.</P> 4522<PRE> 4523 -F <slapdconfdirectory> 4524</PRE> 4525<P>Specifies a config directory. If both <TT>-f</TT> and <TT>-F</TT> are specified, the config file will be read and converted to config directory format and written to the specified directory. If neither option is specified, an attempt to read the default config directory will be made before trying to use the default config file. If a valid config directory exists then the default config file is ignored. If dryrun mode is also specified, no conversion will occur.</P> 4526<PRE> 4527 -d <debuglevel> 4528</PRE> 4529<P>Turn on debugging, as specified by <TT><debuglevel></TT>. The debug levels are the same as for slapd. See the <A HREF="#Command-Line Options">Command-Line Options</A> section in <A HREF="#Running slapd">Running slapd</A>.</P> 4530<PRE> 4531 -n <databasenumber> 4532</PRE> 4533<P>An optional argument that specifies which database to modify. The first database listed in the configuration file is <TT>1</TT>, the second <TT>2</TT>, etc. By default, the first database in the configuration file is used. Should not be used in conjunction with <TT>-b</TT>.</P> 4534<PRE> 4535 -b <suffix> 4536</PRE> 4537<P>An optional argument that specifies which database to modify. The provided suffix is matched against a database <TT>suffix</TT> directive to determine the database number. Should not be used in conjunction with <TT>-n</TT>.</P> 4538<H3><A NAME="The {{EX:slapindex}} program">10.2.2. The <TT>slapindex</TT> program</A></H3> 4539<P>Sometimes it may be necessary to regenerate indices (such as after modifying <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5)). This is possible using the <EM>slapindex</EM>(8) program. <EM>slapindex</EM> is invoked like this</P> 4540<PRE> 4541 slapindex -f <slapdconfigfile> 4542 [-d <debuglevel>] [-n <databasenumber>|-b <suffix>] 4543</PRE> 4544<P>Where the <TT>-f</TT>, <TT>-d</TT>, <TT>-n</TT> and <TT>-b</TT> options are the same as for the <EM>slapadd</EM>(1) program. <EM>slapindex</EM> rebuilds all indices based upon the current database contents.</P> 4545<H3><A NAME="The {{EX:slapcat}} program">10.2.3. The <TT>slapcat</TT> program</A></H3> 4546<P>The <TT>slapcat</TT> program is used to dump the database to an <TERM>LDIF</TERM> file. This can be useful when you want to make a human-readable backup of your database or when you want to edit your database off-line. The program is invoked like this:</P> 4547<PRE> 4548 slapcat -l <filename> -f <slapdconfigfile> 4549 [-d <debuglevel>] [-n <databasenumber>|-b <suffix>] 4550</PRE> 4551<P>where <TT>-n</TT> or <TT>-b</TT> is used to select the database in the <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) specified using <TT>-f</TT>. The corresponding <TERM>LDIF</TERM> output is written to standard output or to the file specified using the <TT>-l</TT> option.</P> 4552<H2><A NAME="The LDIF text entry format">10.3. The LDIF text entry format</A></H2> 4553<P>The <TERM>LDAP Data Interchange Format</TERM> (LDIF) is used to represent LDAP entries in a simple text format. This section provides a brief description of the LDIF entry format which complements <EM>ldif</EM>(5) and the technical specification <A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2849.txt">RFC2849</A>.</P> 4554<P>The basic form of an entry is:</P> 4555<PRE> 4556 # comment 4557 dn: <distinguished name> 4558 <attrdesc>: <attrvalue> 4559 <attrdesc>: <attrvalue> 4560 4561 ... 4562</PRE> 4563<P>Lines starting with a '<TT>#</TT>' character are comments. An attribute description may be a simple attribute type like <TT>cn</TT> or <TT>objectClass</TT> or <TT>1.2.3</TT> (an <TERM>OID</TERM> associated with an attribute type) or may include options such as <TT>cn;lang_en_US</TT> or <TT>userCertificate;binary</TT>.</P> 4564<P>A line may be continued by starting the next line with a <EM>single</EM> space or tab character. For example:</P> 4565<PRE> 4566 dn: cn=Barbara J Jensen,dc=example,dc= 4567 com 4568 cn: Barbara J 4569 Jensen 4570</PRE> 4571<P>is equivalent to:</P> 4572<PRE> 4573 dn: cn=Barbara J Jensen,dc=example,dc=com 4574 cn: Barbara J Jensen 4575</PRE> 4576<P>Multiple attribute values are specified on separate lines. e.g.,</P> 4577<PRE> 4578 cn: Barbara J Jensen 4579 cn: Babs Jensen 4580</PRE> 4581<P>If an <TT><attrvalue></TT> contains non-printing characters or begins with a space, a colon ('<TT>:</TT>'), or a less than ('<TT><</TT>'), the <TT><attrdesc></TT> is followed by a double colon and the base64 encoding of the value. For example, the value "<TT> begins with a space</TT>" would be encoded like this:</P> 4582<PRE> 4583 cn:: IGJlZ2lucyB3aXRoIGEgc3BhY2U= 4584</PRE> 4585<P>You can also specify a <TERM>URL</TERM> containing the attribute value. For example, the following specifies the <TT>jpegPhoto</TT> value should be obtained from the file <TT>/path/to/file.jpeg</TT>.</P> 4586<PRE> 4587 cn:< file:///path/to/file.jpeg 4588</PRE> 4589<P>Multiple entries within the same LDIF file are separated by blank lines. Here's an example of an LDIF file containing three entries.</P> 4590<PRE> 4591 # Barbara's Entry 4592 dn: cn=Barbara J Jensen,dc=example,dc=com 4593 cn: Barbara J Jensen 4594 cn: Babs Jensen 4595 objectClass: person 4596 sn: Jensen 4597 4598 # Bjorn's Entry 4599 dn: cn=Bjorn J Jensen,dc=example,dc=com 4600 cn: Bjorn J Jensen 4601 cn: Bjorn Jensen 4602 objectClass: person 4603 sn: Jensen 4604 # Base64 encoded JPEG photo 4605 jpegPhoto:: /9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAAAAAQABAAD/2wBDABALD 4606 A4MChAODQ4SERATGCgaGBYWGDEjJR0oOjM9PDkzODdASFxOQ 4607 ERXRTc4UG1RV19iZ2hnPk1xeXBkeFxlZ2P/2wBDARESEhgVG 4608 4609 # Jennifer's Entry 4610 dn: cn=Jennifer J Jensen,dc=example,dc=com 4611 cn: Jennifer J Jensen 4612 cn: Jennifer Jensen 4613 objectClass: person 4614 sn: Jensen 4615 # JPEG photo from file 4616 jpegPhoto:< file:///path/to/file.jpeg 4617</PRE> 4618<P>Notice that the <TT>jpegPhoto</TT> in Bjorn's entry is base 64 encoded and the <TT>jpegPhoto</TT> in Jennifer's entry is obtained from the location indicated by the URL.</P> 4619<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 4620<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>Trailing spaces are not trimmed from values in an LDIF file. Nor are multiple internal spaces compressed. If you don't want them in your data, don't put them there. 4621<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 4622<P></P> 4623<HR> 4624<H1><A NAME="Backends">11. Backends</A></H1> 4625<P>Backends do the actual work of storing or retrieving data in response to LDAP requests. Backends may be compiled statically into <EM>slapd</EM>, or when module support is enabled, they may be dynamically loaded.</P> 4626<P>If your installation uses dynamic modules, you may need to add the relevant <EM>moduleload</EM> directives to the examples that follow. The name of the module for a backend is usually of the form:</P> 4627<PRE> 4628 back_<backend name>.la 4629</PRE> 4630<P>So for example, if you need to load the <EM>hdb</EM> backend, you would configure</P> 4631<PRE> 4632 moduleload back_hdb.la 4633</PRE> 4634<H2><A NAME="Berkeley DB Backends">11.1. Berkeley DB Backends</A></H2> 4635<H3><A NAME="Overview">11.1.1. Overview</A></H3> 4636<P>The <EM>hdb</EM> backend to <EM>slapd</EM>(8) is the recommended primary backend for a normal <EM>slapd</EM> database. It uses the Oracle Berkeley DB (<TERM>BDB</TERM>) package to store data. It makes extensive use of indexing and caching (see the <A HREF="#Tuning">Tuning</A> section) to speed data access.</P> 4637<P><EM>hdb</EM> is a variant of the original <EM>bdb</EM> backend which was first written for use with BDB. <EM>hdb</EM> uses a hierarchical database layout which supports subtree renames. It is otherwise identical to the <EM>bdb</EM> behavior, and all the same configuration options apply.</P> 4638<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 4639<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>An <EM>hdb</EM> database needs a large <EM>idlcachesize</EM> for good search performance, typically three times the <EM>cachesize</EM> (entry cache size) or larger. 4640<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 4641<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 4642<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>The <EM>hdb</EM> backend has superseded the <EM>bdb</EM> backend, and both will soon be deprecated in favor of the new <EM>mdb</EM> backend. See below. 4643<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 4644<H3><A NAME="back-bdb/back-hdb Configuration">11.1.2. back-bdb/back-hdb Configuration</A></H3> 4645<P>MORE LATER</P> 4646<H3><A NAME="Further Information">11.1.3. Further Information</A></H3> 4647<P><EM>slapd-bdb</EM>(5)</P> 4648<H2><A NAME="LDAP">11.2. LDAP</A></H2> 4649<H3><A NAME="Overview">11.2.1. Overview</A></H3> 4650<P>The LDAP backend to <EM>slapd</EM>(8) is not an actual database; instead it acts as a proxy to forward incoming requests to another LDAP server. While processing requests it will also chase referrals, so that referrals are fully processed instead of being returned to the <EM>slapd</EM> client.</P> 4651<P>Sessions that explicitly <EM>Bind</EM> to the <EM>back-ldap</EM> database always create their own private connection to the remote LDAP server. Anonymous sessions will share a single anonymous connection to the remote server. For sessions bound through other mechanisms, all sessions with the same DN will share the same connection. This connection pooling strategy can enhance the proxy's efficiency by reducing the overhead of repeatedly making/breaking multiple connections.</P> 4652<P>The ldap database can also act as an information service, i.e. the identity of locally authenticated clients is asserted to the remote server, possibly in some modified form. For this purpose, the proxy binds to the remote server with some administrative identity, and, if required, authorizes the asserted identity.</P> 4653<P>It is heavily used by a lot of other <A HREF="#Backends">Backends</A> and <A HREF="#Overlays">Overlays</A>.</P> 4654<H3><A NAME="back-ldap Configuration">11.2.2. back-ldap Configuration</A></H3> 4655<P>As previously mentioned, <EM>slapd-ldap(5)</EM> is used behind the scenes by many other <A HREF="#Backends">Backends</A> and <A HREF="#Overlays">Overlays</A>. Some of them merely provide a few configuration directive themselves, but have available to the administrator the whole of the <EM>slapd-ldap(5)</EM> options.</P> 4656<P>For example, the <A HREF="#Translucent Proxy">Translucent Proxy</A>, which retrieves entries from a remote LDAP server that can be partially overridden by the defined database, has only four specific <EM>translucent-</EM> directives, but can be configured using any of the normal <EM>slapd-ldap(5)</EM> options. See {[slapo-translucent(5)}} for details.</P> 4657<P>Other <A HREF="#Overlays">Overlays</A> allow you to tag directives in front of a normal <EM>slapd-ldap(5)</EM> directive. For example, the <EM>slapo-chain(5)</EM> overlay does this:</P> 4658<P><EM>"There are very few chain overlay specific directives; however, directives related to the instances of the ldap backend that may be implicitly instantiated by the overlay may assume a special meaning when used in conjunction with this overlay. They are described in slapd-ldap(5), and they also need to be prefixed by chain-."</EM></P> 4659<P>You may have also seen the <EM>slapd-ldap(5)</EM> backend used and described in the <A HREF="#Push Based">Push Based</A> <A HREF="#Replication">Replication</A> section of the guide.</P> 4660<P>It should therefore be obvious that the <EM>slapd-ldap(5)</EM> backend is extremely flexible and heavily used throughout the OpenLDAP Suite.</P> 4661<P>The following is a very simple example, but already the power of the <EM>slapd-ldap(5)</EM> backend is seen by use of a <EM>uri list</EM>:</P> 4662<PRE> 4663 database ldap 4664 suffix "dc=suretecsystems,dc=com" 4665 rootdn "cn=slapd-ldap" 4666 uri ldap://localhost/ ldap://remotehost ldap://remotehost2 4667</PRE> 4668<P>The URI list is space or comma-separated. Whenever the server that responds is not the first one in the list, the list is rearranged and the responsive server is moved to the head, so that it will be first contacted the next time a connection needs be created.</P> 4669<P>This feature can be used to provide a form of load balancing when using <A HREF="#MirrorMode replication">MirrorMode replication</A>.</P> 4670<H3><A NAME="Further Information">11.2.3. Further Information</A></H3> 4671<P><EM>slapd-ldap</EM>(5)</P> 4672<H2><A NAME="LDIF">11.3. LDIF</A></H2> 4673<H3><A NAME="Overview">11.3.1. Overview</A></H3> 4674<P>The LDIF backend to <EM>slapd</EM>(8) is a basic storage backend that stores entries in text files in LDIF format, and exploits the filesystem to create the tree structure of the database. It is intended as a cheap, low performance easy to use backend.</P> 4675<P>When using the <EM>cn=config</EM> dynamic configuration database with persistent storage, the configuration data is stored using this backend. See <EM>slapd-config</EM>(5) for more information</P> 4676<H3><A NAME="back-ldif Configuration">11.3.2. back-ldif Configuration</A></H3> 4677<P>Like many other backends, the LDIF backend can be instantiated with very few configuration lines:</P> 4678<PRE> 4679 include ./schema/core.schema 4680 4681 database ldif 4682 directory ./ldif 4683 suffix "dc=suretecsystems,dc=com" 4684 rootdn "cn=LDIF,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com" 4685 rootpw LDIF 4686</PRE> 4687<P>If we add the <EM>dcObject</EM> for <EM>dc=suretecsystems,dc=com</EM>, you can see how this is added behind the scenes on the file system:</P> 4688<PRE> 4689 dn: dc=suretecsystems,dc=com 4690 objectClass: dcObject 4691 objectClass: organization 4692 dc: suretecsystems 4693 o: Suretec Systems Ltd 4694</PRE> 4695<P>Now we add it to the directory:</P> 4696<PRE> 4697 ldapadd -x -H ldap://localhost:9011 -f suretec.ldif -D "cn=LDIF,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com" -w LDIF 4698 adding new entry "dc=suretecsystems,dc=com" 4699</PRE> 4700<P>And inside <TT>./ldif</TT> we have:</P> 4701<PRE> 4702 ls ./ldif 4703 dc=suretecsystems,dc=com.ldif 4704</PRE> 4705<P>which again contains:</P> 4706<PRE> 4707 cat ldif/dc\=suretecsystems\,dc\=com.ldif 4708 4709 dn: dc=suretecsystems 4710 objectClass: dcObject 4711 objectClass: organization 4712 dc: suretecsystems 4713 o: Suretec Systems Ltd. 4714 structuralObjectClass: organization 4715 entryUUID: 2134b714-e3a1-102c-9a15-f96ee263886d 4716 creatorsName: cn=LDIF,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com 4717 createTimestamp: 20080711142643Z 4718 entryCSN: 20080711142643.661124Z#000000#000#000000 4719 modifiersName: cn=LDIF,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com 4720 modifyTimestamp: 20080711142643Z 4721</PRE> 4722<P>This is the complete format you would get when exporting your directory using <TT>slapcat</TT> etc.</P> 4723<H3><A NAME="Further Information">11.3.3. Further Information</A></H3> 4724<P><EM>slapd-ldif</EM>(5)</P> 4725<H2><A NAME="LMDB">11.4. LMDB</A></H2> 4726<H3><A NAME="Overview">11.4.1. Overview</A></H3> 4727<P>The <EM>mdb</EM> backend to <EM>slapd</EM>(8) is the upcoming primary backend for a normal <EM>slapd</EM> database. It uses OpenLDAP's own Lightning Memory-Mapped Database (<TERM>LMDB</TERM>) library to store data and is intended to replace the Berkeley DB backends.</P> 4728<P>It supports indexing like the BDB backends, but it uses no caching and requires no tuning to deliver maximum search performance. Like <EM>hdb</EM>, it is also fully hierarchical and supports subtree renames in constant time.</P> 4729<H3><A NAME="back-mdb Configuration">11.4.2. back-mdb Configuration</A></H3> 4730<P>Unlike the BDB backends, the <EM>mdb</EM> backend can be instantiated with very few configuration lines:</P> 4731<PRE> 4732 include ./schema/core.schema 4733 4734 database mdb 4735 directory ./mdb 4736 suffix "dc=suretecsystems,dc=com" 4737 rootdn "cn=mdb,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com" 4738 rootpw mdb 4739 maxsize 1073741824 4740</PRE> 4741<P>In addition to the usual parameters that a minimal configuration requires, the <EM>mdb</EM> backend requires a maximum size to be set. This should be the largest that the database is ever anticipated to grow (in bytes). The filesystem must also provide enough free space to accommodate this size.</P> 4742<H3><A NAME="Further Information">11.4.3. Further Information</A></H3> 4743<P><EM>slapd-mdb</EM>(5)</P> 4744<H2><A NAME="Metadirectory">11.5. Metadirectory</A></H2> 4745<H3><A NAME="Overview">11.5.1. Overview</A></H3> 4746<P>The meta backend to <EM>slapd</EM>(8) performs basic LDAP proxying with respect to a set of remote LDAP servers, called "targets". The information contained in these servers can be presented as belonging to a single Directory Information Tree (<TERM>DIT</TERM>).</P> 4747<P>A basic knowledge of the functionality of the <EM>slapd-ldap</EM>(5) backend is recommended. This backend has been designed as an enhancement of the ldap backend. The two backends share many features (actually they also share portions of code). While the ldap backend is intended to proxy operations directed to a single server, the meta backend is mainly intended for proxying of multiple servers and possibly naming context masquerading.</P> 4748<P>These features, although useful in many scenarios, may result in excessive overhead for some applications, so its use should be carefully considered.</P> 4749<H3><A NAME="back-meta Configuration">11.5.2. back-meta Configuration</A></H3> 4750<P>LATER</P> 4751<H3><A NAME="Further Information">11.5.3. Further Information</A></H3> 4752<P><EM>slapd-meta</EM>(5)</P> 4753<H2><A NAME="Monitor">11.6. Monitor</A></H2> 4754<H3><A NAME="Overview">11.6.1. Overview</A></H3> 4755<P>The monitor backend to <EM>slapd</EM>(8) is not an actual database; if enabled, it is automatically generated and dynamically maintained by slapd with information about the running status of the daemon.</P> 4756<P>To inspect all monitor information, issue a subtree search with base <EM>cn=Monitor</EM>, requesting that attributes "+" and "*" are returned. The monitor backend produces mostly operational attributes, and LDAP only returns operational attributes that are explicitly requested. Requesting attribute "+" is an extension which requests all operational attributes.</P> 4757<P>See the <A HREF="#Monitoring">Monitoring</A> section.</P> 4758<H3><A NAME="back-monitor Configuration">11.6.2. back-monitor Configuration</A></H3> 4759<P>The monitor database can be instantiated only once, i.e. only one occurrence of "database monitor" can occur in the <EM>slapd.conf(5)</EM> file. Also the suffix is automatically set to <EM>"cn=Monitor"</EM>.</P> 4760<P>You can however set a <EM>rootdn</EM> and <EM>rootpw</EM>. The following is all that is needed to instantiate a monitor backend:</P> 4761<PRE> 4762 include ./schema/core.schema 4763 4764 database monitor 4765 rootdn "cn=monitoring,cn=Monitor" 4766 rootpw monitoring 4767</PRE> 4768<P>You can also apply Access Control to this database like any other database, for example:</P> 4769<PRE> 4770 access to dn.subtree="cn=Monitor" 4771 by dn.exact="uid=Admin,dc=my,dc=org" write 4772 by users read 4773 by * none 4774</PRE> 4775<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 4776<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>The <TT>core.schema</TT> must be loaded for the monitor database to work. 4777<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 4778<P>A small example of the data returned via <EM>ldapsearch</EM> would be:</P> 4779<PRE> 4780 ldapsearch -x -H ldap://localhost:9011 -b 'cn=Monitor' 4781 # extended LDIF 4782 # 4783 # LDAPv3 4784 # base <cn=Monitor> with scope subtree 4785 # filter: (objectclass=*) 4786 # requesting: ALL 4787 # 4788 4789 # Monitor 4790 dn: cn=Monitor 4791 objectClass: monitorServer 4792 cn: Monitor 4793 description: This subtree contains monitoring/managing objects. 4794 description: This object contains information about this server. 4795 description: Most of the information is held in operational attributes, which 4796 must be explicitly requested. 4797 4798 # Backends, Monitor 4799 dn: cn=Backends,cn=Monitor 4800 objectClass: monitorContainer 4801 cn: Backends 4802 description: This subsystem contains information about available backends. 4803</PRE> 4804<P>Please see the <A HREF="#Monitoring">Monitoring</A> section for complete examples of information available via this backend.</P> 4805<H3><A NAME="Further Information">11.6.3. Further Information</A></H3> 4806<P><EM>slapd-monitor</EM>(5)</P> 4807<H2><A NAME="Null">11.7. Null</A></H2> 4808<H3><A NAME="Overview">11.7.1. Overview</A></H3> 4809<P>The Null backend to <EM>slapd</EM>(8) is surely the most useful part of slapd:</P> 4810<UL> 4811<LI>Searches return success but no entries. 4812<LI>Compares return compareFalse. 4813<LI>Updates return success (unless readonly is on) but do nothing. 4814<LI>Binds other than as the rootdn fail unless the database option "bind on" is given. 4815<LI>The slapadd(8) and slapcat(8) tools are equally exciting.</UL> 4816<P>Inspired by the <TT>/dev/null</TT> device.</P> 4817<H3><A NAME="back-null Configuration">11.7.2. back-null Configuration</A></H3> 4818<P>This has to be one of the shortest configurations you'll ever do. In order to test this, your <TT>slapd.conf</TT> file would look like:</P> 4819<PRE> 4820 database null 4821 suffix "cn=Nothing" 4822 bind on 4823</PRE> 4824<P><EM>bind on</EM> means:</P> 4825<P><EM>"Allow binds as any DN in this backend's suffix, with any password. The default is "off"."</EM></P> 4826<P>To test this backend with <EM>ldapsearch</EM>:</P> 4827<PRE> 4828 ldapsearch -x -H ldap://localhost:9011 -D "uid=none,cn=Nothing" -w testing -b 'cn=Nothing' 4829 # extended LDIF 4830 # 4831 # LDAPv3 4832 # base <cn=Nothing> with scope subtree 4833 # filter: (objectclass=*) 4834 # requesting: ALL 4835 # 4836 4837 # search result 4838 search: 2 4839 result: 0 Success 4840 4841 # numResponses: 1 4842</PRE> 4843<H3><A NAME="Further Information">11.7.3. Further Information</A></H3> 4844<P><EM>slapd-null</EM>(5)</P> 4845<H2><A NAME="Passwd">11.8. Passwd</A></H2> 4846<H3><A NAME="Overview">11.8.1. Overview</A></H3> 4847<P>The PASSWD backend to <EM>slapd</EM>(8) serves up the user account information listed in the system <EM>passwd</EM>(5) file (defaulting to <TT>/etc/passwd</TT>).</P> 4848<P>This backend is provided for demonstration purposes only. The DN of each entry is "uid=<username>,<suffix>".</P> 4849<H3><A NAME="back-passwd Configuration">11.8.2. back-passwd Configuration</A></H3> 4850<P>The configuration using <TT>slapd.conf</TT> a slightly longer, but not much. For example:</P> 4851<PRE> 4852 include ./schema/core.schema 4853 4854 database passwd 4855 suffix "cn=passwd" 4856</PRE> 4857<P>Again, testing this with <EM>ldapsearch</EM> would result in something like:</P> 4858<PRE> 4859 ldapsearch -x -H ldap://localhost:9011 -b 'cn=passwd' 4860 # extended LDIF 4861 # 4862 # LDAPv3 4863 # base <cn=passwd> with scope subtree 4864 # filter: (objectclass=*) 4865 # requesting: ALL 4866 # 4867 4868 # passwd 4869 dn: cn=passwd 4870 cn: passwd 4871 objectClass: organizationalUnit 4872 4873 # root, passwd 4874 dn: uid=root,cn=passwd 4875 objectClass: person 4876 objectClass: uidObject 4877 uid: root 4878 cn: root 4879 sn: root 4880 description: root 4881</PRE> 4882<H3><A NAME="Further Information">11.8.3. Further Information</A></H3> 4883<P><EM>slapd-passwd</EM>(5)</P> 4884<H2><A NAME="Perl/Shell">11.9. Perl/Shell</A></H2> 4885<H3><A NAME="Overview">11.9.1. Overview</A></H3> 4886<P>The Perl backend to <EM>slapd</EM>(8) works by embedding a <EM>perl</EM>(1) interpreter into <EM>slapd</EM>(8). Any perl database section of the configuration file <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) must then specify what Perl module to use. Slapd then creates a new Perl object that handles all the requests for that particular instance of the backend.</P> 4887<P>The Shell backend to <EM>slapd</EM>(8) executes external programs to implement operations, and is designed to make it easy to tie an existing database to the slapd front-end. This backend is is primarily intended to be used in prototypes.</P> 4888<H3><A NAME="back-perl/back-shell Configuration">11.9.2. back-perl/back-shell Configuration</A></H3> 4889<P>LATER</P> 4890<H3><A NAME="Further Information">11.9.3. Further Information</A></H3> 4891<P><EM>slapd-shell</EM>(5) and <EM>slapd-perl</EM>(5)</P> 4892<H2><A NAME="Relay">11.10. Relay</A></H2> 4893<H3><A NAME="Overview">11.10.1. Overview</A></H3> 4894<P>The primary purpose of this <EM>slapd</EM>(8) backend is to map a naming context defined in a database running in the same <EM>slapd</EM>(8) instance into a virtual naming context, with attributeType and objectClass manipulation, if required. It requires the rwm overlay.</P> 4895<P>This backend and the above mentioned overlay are experimental.</P> 4896<H3><A NAME="back-relay Configuration">11.10.2. back-relay Configuration</A></H3> 4897<P>LATER</P> 4898<H3><A NAME="Further Information">11.10.3. Further Information</A></H3> 4899<P><EM>slapd-relay</EM>(5)</P> 4900<H2><A NAME="SQL">11.11. SQL</A></H2> 4901<H3><A NAME="Overview">11.11.1. Overview</A></H3> 4902<P>The primary purpose of this <EM>slapd</EM>(8) backend is to PRESENT information stored in some RDBMS as an LDAP subtree without any programming (some SQL and maybe stored procedures can't be considered programming, anyway ;).</P> 4903<P>That is, for example, when you (some ISP) have account information you use in an RDBMS, and want to use modern solutions that expect such information in LDAP (to authenticate users, make email lookups etc.). Or you want to synchronize or distribute information between different sites/applications that use RDBMSes and/or LDAP. Or whatever else...</P> 4904<P>It is <B>NOT</B> designed as a general-purpose backend that uses RDBMS instead of BerkeleyDB (as the standard BDB backend does), though it can be used as such with several limitations. Please see <A HREF="#LDAP vs RDBMS">LDAP vs RDBMS</A> for discussion.</P> 4905<P>The idea is to use some meta-information to translate LDAP queries to SQL queries, leaving relational schema untouched, so that old applications can continue using it without any modifications. This allows SQL and LDAP applications to interoperate without replication, and exchange data as needed.</P> 4906<P>The SQL backend is designed to be tunable to virtually any relational schema without having to change source (through that meta-information mentioned). Also, it uses ODBC to connect to RDBMSes, and is highly configurable for SQL dialects RDBMSes may use, so it may be used for integration and distribution of data on different RDBMSes, OSes, hosts etc., in other words, in highly heterogeneous environments.</P> 4907<P>This backend is experimental.</P> 4908<H3><A NAME="back-sql Configuration">11.11.2. back-sql Configuration</A></H3> 4909<P>This backend has to be one of the most abused and complex backends there is. Therefore, we will go through a simple, small example that comes with the OpenLDAP source and can be found in <TT>servers/slapd/back-sql/rdbms_depend/README</TT></P> 4910<P>For this example we will be using PostgreSQL.</P> 4911<P>First, we add to <TT>/etc/odbc.ini</TT> a block of the form:</P> 4912<PRE> 4913 [example] <=== 4914 Description = Example for OpenLDAP's back-sql 4915 Driver = PostgreSQL 4916 Trace = No 4917 Database = example <=== 4918 Servername = localhost 4919 UserName = manager <=== 4920 Password = secret <=== 4921 Port = 5432 4922 ;Protocol = 6.4 4923 ReadOnly = No 4924 RowVersioning = No 4925 ShowSystemTables = No 4926 ShowOidColumn = No 4927 FakeOidIndex = No 4928 ConnSettings = 4929</PRE> 4930<P>The relevant information for our test setup is highlighted with '<===' on the right above.</P> 4931<P>Next, we add to <TT>/etc/odbcinst.ini</TT> a block of the form:</P> 4932<PRE> 4933 [PostgreSQL] 4934 Description = ODBC for PostgreSQL 4935 Driver = /usr/lib/libodbcpsql.so 4936 Setup = /usr/lib/libodbcpsqlS.so 4937 FileUsage = 1 4938</PRE> 4939<P>We will presume you know how to create a database and user in PostgreSQL and how to set a password. Also, we'll presume you can populate the 'example' database you've just created with the following files, as found in <TT>servers/slapd/back-sql/rdbms_depend/pgsql </TT></P> 4940<PRE> 4941 backsql_create.sql, testdb_create.sql, testdb_data.sql, testdb_metadata.sql 4942</PRE> 4943<P>Lastly, run the test:</P> 4944<PRE> 4945 [root@localhost]# cd $SOURCES/tests 4946 [root@localhost]# SLAPD_USE_SQL=pgsql ./run sql-test000 4947</PRE> 4948<P>Briefly, you should see something like (cut short for space):</P> 4949<PRE> 4950 Cleaning up test run directory leftover from previous run. 4951 Running ./scripts/sql-test000-read... 4952 running defines.sh 4953 Starting slapd on TCP/IP port 9011... 4954 Testing SQL backend read operations... 4955 Waiting 5 seconds for slapd to start... 4956 Testing correct bind... dn:cn=Mitya Kovalev,dc=example,dc=com 4957 Testing incorrect bind (should fail)... ldap_bind: Invalid credentials (49) 4958 4959 ...... 4960 4961 Filtering original ldif... 4962 Comparing filter output... 4963 >>>>> Test succeeded 4964</PRE> 4965<P>The test is basically readonly; this can be performed by all RDBMSes (listed above).</P> 4966<P>There is another test, sql-test900-write, which is currently enabled only for PostgreSQL and IBM db2.</P> 4967<P>Using <TT>sql-test000</TT>, files in <TT>servers/slapd/back-sql/rdbms_depend/pgsql/</TT> and the man page, you should be set.</P> 4968<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 4969<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>This backend is experimental. 4970<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 4971<H3><A NAME="Further Information">11.11.3. Further Information</A></H3> 4972<P><EM>slapd-sql</EM>(5) and <TT>servers/slapd/back-sql/rdbms_depend/README</TT></P> 4973<P></P> 4974<HR> 4975<H1><A NAME="Overlays">12. Overlays</A></H1> 4976<P>Overlays are software components that provide hooks to functions analogous to those provided by backends, which can be stacked on top of the backend calls and as callbacks on top of backend responses to alter their behavior.</P> 4977<P>Overlays may be compiled statically into <EM>slapd</EM>, or when module support is enabled, they may be dynamically loaded. Most of the overlays are only allowed to be configured on individual databases.</P> 4978<P>Some can be stacked on the <TT>frontend</TT> as well, for global use. This means that they can be executed after a request is parsed and validated, but right before the appropriate database is selected. The main purpose is to affect operations regardless of the database they will be handled by, and, in some cases, to influence the selection of the database by massaging the request DN.</P> 4979<P>Essentially, overlays represent a means to:</P> 4980<UL> 4981<LI>customize the behavior of existing backends without changing the backend code and without requiring one to write a new custom backend with complete functionality 4982<LI>write functionality of general usefulness that can be applied to different backend types</UL> 4983<P>When using <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5), overlays that are configured before any other databases are considered global, as mentioned above. In fact they are implicitly stacked on top of the <TT>frontend</TT> database. They can also be explicitly configured as such:</P> 4984<PRE> 4985 database frontend 4986 overlay <overlay name> 4987</PRE> 4988<P>Overlays are usually documented by separate specific man pages in section 5; the naming convention is</P> 4989<PRE> 4990 slapo-<overlay name> 4991</PRE> 4992<P>All distributed core overlays have a man page. Feel free to contribute to any, if you think there is anything missing in describing the behavior of the component and the implications of all the related configuration directives.</P> 4993<P>Official overlays are located in</P> 4994<PRE> 4995 servers/slapd/overlays/ 4996</PRE> 4997<P>That directory also contains the file slapover.txt, which describes the rationale of the overlay implementation, and may serve as a guideline for the development of custom overlays.</P> 4998<P>Contribware overlays are located in</P> 4999<PRE> 5000 contrib/slapd-modules/<overlay name>/ 5001</PRE> 5002<P>along with other types of run-time loadable components; they are officially distributed, but not maintained by the project.</P> 5003<P>All the current overlays in OpenLDAP are listed and described in detail in the following sections.</P> 5004<H2><A NAME="Access Logging">12.1. Access Logging</A></H2> 5005<H3><A NAME="Overview">12.1.1. Overview</A></H3> 5006<P>This overlay can record accesses to a given backend database on another database.</P> 5007<P>This allows all of the activity on a given database to be reviewed using arbitrary LDAP queries, instead of just logging to local flat text files. Configuration options are available for selecting a subset of operation types to log, and to automatically prune older log records from the logging database. Log records are stored with audit schema to assure their readability whether viewed as LDIF or in raw form.</P> 5008<P>It is also used for <A HREF="#delta-syncrepl replication">delta-syncrepl replication</A></P> 5009<H3><A NAME="Access Logging Configuration">12.1.2. Access Logging Configuration</A></H3> 5010<P>The following is a basic example that implements Access Logging:</P> 5011<PRE> 5012 database bdb 5013 suffix dc=example,dc=com 5014 ... 5015 overlay accesslog 5016 logdb cn=log 5017 logops writes reads 5018 logold (objectclass=person) 5019 5020 database bdb 5021 suffix cn=log 5022 ... 5023 index reqStart eq 5024 access to * 5025 by dn.base="cn=admin,dc=example,dc=com" read 5026</PRE> 5027<P>The following is an example used for <A HREF="#delta-syncrepl replication">delta-syncrepl replication</A>:</P> 5028<PRE> 5029 database hdb 5030 suffix cn=accesslog 5031 directory /usr/local/var/openldap-accesslog 5032 rootdn cn=accesslog 5033 index default eq 5034 index entryCSN,objectClass,reqEnd,reqResult,reqStart 5035</PRE> 5036<P>Accesslog overlay definitions for the primary db</P> 5037<PRE> 5038 database bdb 5039 suffix dc=example,dc=com 5040 ... 5041 overlay accesslog 5042 logdb cn=accesslog 5043 logops writes 5044 logsuccess TRUE 5045 # scan the accesslog DB every day, and purge entries older than 7 days 5046 logpurge 07+00:00 01+00:00 5047</PRE> 5048<P>An example search result against <B>cn=accesslog</B> might look like:</P> 5049<PRE> 5050 [ghenry@suretec ghenry]# ldapsearch -x -b cn=accesslog 5051 # extended LDIF 5052 # 5053 # LDAPv3 5054 # base <cn=accesslog> with scope subtree 5055 # filter: (objectclass=*) 5056 # requesting: ALL 5057 # 5058 5059 # accesslog 5060 dn: cn=accesslog 5061 objectClass: auditContainer 5062 cn: accesslog 5063 5064 # 20080110163829.000004Z, accesslog 5065 dn: reqStart=20080110163829.000004Z,cn=accesslog 5066 objectClass: auditModify 5067 reqStart: 20080110163829.000004Z 5068 reqEnd: 20080110163829.000005Z 5069 reqType: modify 5070 reqSession: 196696 5071 reqAuthzID: cn=admin,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com 5072 reqDN: uid=suretec-46022f8$,ou=Users,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com 5073 reqResult: 0 5074 reqMod: sambaPwdCanChange:- ###CENSORED### 5075 reqMod: sambaPwdCanChange:+ ###CENSORED### 5076 reqMod: sambaNTPassword:- ###CENSORED### 5077 reqMod: sambaNTPassword:+ ###CENSORED### 5078 reqMod: sambaPwdLastSet:- ###CENSORED### 5079 reqMod: sambaPwdLastSet:+ ###CENSORED### 5080 reqMod: entryCSN:= 20080110163829.095157Z#000000#000#000000 5081 reqMod: modifiersName:= cn=admin,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com 5082 reqMod: modifyTimestamp:= 20080110163829Z 5083 5084 # search result 5085 search: 2 5086 result: 0 Success 5087 5088 # numResponses: 3 5089 # numEntries: 2 5090</PRE> 5091<H3><A NAME="Further Information">12.1.3. Further Information</A></H3> 5092<P><EM>slapo-accesslog(5)</EM> and the <A HREF="#delta-syncrepl replication">delta-syncrepl replication</A> section.</P> 5093<H2><A NAME="Audit Logging">12.2. Audit Logging</A></H2> 5094<P>The Audit Logging overlay can be used to record all changes on a given backend database to a specified log file.</P> 5095<H3><A NAME="Overview">12.2.1. Overview</A></H3> 5096<P>If the need arises whereby changes need to be logged as standard LDIF, then the auditlog overlay <B>slapo-auditlog (5)</B> can be used. Full examples are available in the man page <B>slapo-auditlog (5)</B></P> 5097<H3><A NAME="Audit Logging Configuration">12.2.2. Audit Logging Configuration</A></H3> 5098<P>If the directory is running vi <TT>slapd.d</TT>, then the following LDIF could be used to add the overlay to the overlay list in <B>cn=config</B> and set what file the <TERM>LDIF</TERM> gets logged to (adjust to suit)</P> 5099<PRE> 5100 dn: olcOverlay=auditlog,olcDatabase={1}hdb,cn=config 5101 changetype: add 5102 objectClass: olcOverlayConfig 5103 objectClass: olcAuditLogConfig 5104 olcOverlay: auditlog 5105 olcAuditlogFile: /tmp/auditlog.ldif 5106</PRE> 5107<P>In this example for testing, we are logging changes to <TT>/tmp/auditlog.ldif</TT></P> 5108<P>A typical <TERM>LDIF</TERM> file created by <B>slapo-auditlog(5)</B> would look like:</P> 5109<PRE> 5110 # add 1196797576 dc=suretecsystems,dc=com cn=admin,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com 5111 dn: dc=suretecsystems,dc=com 5112 changetype: add 5113 objectClass: dcObject 5114 objectClass: organization 5115 dc: suretecsystems 5116 o: Suretec Systems Ltd. 5117 structuralObjectClass: organization 5118 entryUUID: 1606f8f8-f06e-1029-8289-f0cc9d81e81a 5119 creatorsName: cn=admin,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com 5120 modifiersName: cn=admin,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com 5121 createTimestamp: 20051123130912Z 5122 modifyTimestamp: 20051123130912Z 5123 entryCSN: 20051123130912.000000Z#000001#000#000000 5124 auditContext: cn=accesslog 5125 # end add 1196797576 5126 5127 # add 1196797577 dc=suretecsystems,dc=com cn=admin,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com 5128 dn: ou=Groups,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com 5129 changetype: add 5130 objectClass: top 5131 objectClass: organizationalUnit 5132 ou: Groups 5133 structuralObjectClass: organizationalUnit 5134 entryUUID: 160aaa2a-f06e-1029-828a-f0cc9d81e81a 5135 creatorsName: cn=admin,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com 5136 modifiersName: cn=admin,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com 5137 createTimestamp: 20051123130912Z 5138 modifyTimestamp: 20051123130912Z 5139 entryCSN: 20051123130912.000000Z#000002#000#000000 5140 # end add 1196797577 5141</PRE> 5142<H3><A NAME="Further Information">12.2.3. Further Information</A></H3> 5143<P><EM>slapo-auditlog(5)</EM></P> 5144<H2><A NAME="Chaining">12.3. Chaining</A></H2> 5145<H3><A NAME="Overview">12.3.1. Overview</A></H3> 5146<P>The chain overlay provides basic chaining capability to the underlying database.</P> 5147<P>What is chaining? It indicates the capability of a DSA to follow referrals on behalf of the client, so that distributed systems are viewed as a single virtual DSA by clients that are otherwise unable to "chase" (i.e. follow) referrals by themselves.</P> 5148<P>The chain overlay is built on top of the ldap backend; it is compiled by default when <B>--enable-ldap</B>.</P> 5149<H3><A NAME="Chaining Configuration">12.3.2. Chaining Configuration</A></H3> 5150<P>In order to demonstrate how this overlay works, we shall discuss a typical scenario which might be one master server and three Syncrepl slaves.</P> 5151<P>On each replica, add this near the top of the <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) file (global), before any database definitions:</P> 5152<PRE> 5153 overlay chain 5154 chain-uri "ldap://ldapmaster.example.com" 5155 chain-idassert-bind bindmethod="simple" 5156 binddn="cn=Manager,dc=example,dc=com" 5157 credentials="<secret>" 5158 mode="self" 5159 chain-tls start 5160 chain-return-error TRUE 5161</PRE> 5162<P>Add this below your <EM>syncrepl</EM> statement:</P> 5163<PRE> 5164 updateref "ldap://ldapmaster.example.com/" 5165</PRE> 5166<P>The <B>chain-tls</B> statement enables TLS from the slave to the ldap master. The DITs are exactly the same between these machines, therefore whatever user bound to the slave will also exist on the master. If that DN does not have update privileges on the master, nothing will happen.</P> 5167<P>You will need to restart the slave after these <EM>slapd.conf</EM> changes. Then, if you are using <EM>loglevel stats</EM> (256), you can monitor an <EM>ldapmodify</EM> on the slave and the master. (If you're using <EM>cn=config</EM> no restart is required.)</P> 5168<P>Now start an <EM>ldapmodify</EM> on the slave and watch the logs. You should expect something like:</P> 5169<PRE> 5170 Sep 6 09:27:25 slave1 slapd[29274]: conn=11 fd=31 ACCEPT from IP=143.199.102.216:45181 (IP=143.199.102.216:389) 5171 Sep 6 09:27:25 slave1 slapd[29274]: conn=11 op=0 STARTTLS 5172 Sep 6 09:27:25 slave1 slapd[29274]: conn=11 op=0 RESULT oid= err=0 text= 5173 Sep 6 09:27:25 slave1 slapd[29274]: conn=11 fd=31 TLS established tls_ssf=256 ssf=256 5174 Sep 6 09:27:28 slave1 slapd[29274]: conn=11 op=1 BIND dn="uid=user1,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com" method=128 5175 Sep 6 09:27:28 slave1 slapd[29274]: conn=11 op=1 BIND dn="uid=user1,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com" mech=SIMPLE ssf=0 5176 Sep 6 09:27:28 slave1 slapd[29274]: conn=11 op=1 RESULT tag=97 err=0 text= 5177 Sep 6 09:27:28 slave1 slapd[29274]: conn=11 op=2 MOD dn="uid=user1,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com" 5178 Sep 6 09:27:28 slave1 slapd[29274]: conn=11 op=2 MOD attr=mail 5179 Sep 6 09:27:28 slave1 slapd[29274]: conn=11 op=2 RESULT tag=103 err=0 text= 5180 Sep 6 09:27:28 slave1 slapd[29274]: conn=11 op=3 UNBIND 5181 Sep 6 09:27:28 slave1 slapd[29274]: conn=11 fd=31 closed 5182 Sep 6 09:27:28 slave1 slapd[29274]: syncrepl_entry: LDAP_RES_SEARCH_ENTRY(LDAP_SYNC_MODIFY) 5183 Sep 6 09:27:28 slave1 slapd[29274]: syncrepl_entry: be_search (0) 5184 Sep 6 09:27:28 slave1 slapd[29274]: syncrepl_entry: uid=user1,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com 5185 Sep 6 09:27:28 slave1 slapd[29274]: syncrepl_entry: be_modify (0) 5186</PRE> 5187<P>And on the master you will see this:</P> 5188<PRE> 5189 Sep 6 09:23:57 ldapmaster slapd[2961]: conn=55902 op=3 PROXYAUTHZ dn="uid=user1,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com" 5190 Sep 6 09:23:57 ldapmaster slapd[2961]: conn=55902 op=3 MOD dn="uid=user1,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com" 5191 Sep 6 09:23:57 ldapmaster slapd[2961]: conn=55902 op=3 MOD attr=mail 5192 Sep 6 09:23:57 ldapmaster slapd[2961]: conn=55902 op=3 RESULT tag=103 err=0 text= 5193</PRE> 5194<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 5195<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>You can clearly see the PROXYAUTHZ line on the master, indicating the proper identity assertion for the update on the master. Also note the slave immediately receiving the Syncrepl update from the master. 5196<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 5197<H3><A NAME="Handling Chaining Errors">12.3.3. Handling Chaining Errors</A></H3> 5198<P>By default, if chaining fails, the original referral is returned to the client under the assumption that the client might want to try and follow the referral.</P> 5199<P>With the following directive however, if the chaining fails at the provider side, the actual error is returned to the client.</P> 5200<PRE> 5201 chain-return-error TRUE 5202</PRE> 5203<H3><A NAME="Read-Back of Chained Modifications">12.3.4. Read-Back of Chained Modifications</A></H3> 5204<P>Occasionally, applications want to read back the data that they just wrote. If a modification requested to a shadow server was silently chained to its provider, an immediate read could result in receiving data not yet synchronized. In those cases, clients should use the <B>dontusecopy</B> control to ensure they are directed to the authoritative source for that piece of data.</P> 5205<P>This control usually causes a referral to the actual source of the data to be returned. However, when the <EM>slapo-chain(5)</EM> overlay is used, it intercepts the referral being returned in response to the <B>dontusecopy</B> control, and tries to fetch the requested data.</P> 5206<H3><A NAME="Further Information">12.3.5. Further Information</A></H3> 5207<P><EM>slapo-chain(5)</EM></P> 5208<H2><A NAME="Constraints">12.4. Constraints</A></H2> 5209<H3><A NAME="Overview">12.4.1. Overview</A></H3> 5210<P>This overlay enforces a regular expression constraint on all values of specified attributes during an LDAP modify request that contains add or modify commands. It is used to enforce a more rigorous syntax when the underlying attribute syntax is too general.</P> 5211<H3><A NAME="Constraint Configuration">12.4.2. Constraint Configuration</A></H3> 5212<P>Configuration via <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) would look like:</P> 5213<PRE> 5214 overlay constraint 5215 constraint_attribute mail regex ^[[:alnum:]]+@mydomain.com$ 5216 constraint_attribute title uri 5217 ldap:///dc=catalog,dc=example,dc=com?title?sub?(objectClass=titleCatalog) 5218</PRE> 5219<P>A specification like the above would reject any <EM>mail</EM> attribute which did not look like <EM><alpha-numeric string>@mydomain.com</EM>.</P> 5220<P>It would also reject any title attribute whose values were not listed in the title attribute of any <EM>titleCatalog</EM> entries in the given scope.</P> 5221<P>An example for use with <EM>cn=config</EM>:</P> 5222<PRE> 5223 dn: olcOverlay=constraint,olcDatabase={1}hdb,cn=config 5224 changetype: add 5225 objectClass: olcOverlayConfig 5226 objectClass: olcConstraintConfig 5227 olcOverlay: constraint 5228 olcConstraintAttribute: mail regex ^[[:alnum:]]+@mydomain.com$ 5229 olcConstraintAttribute: title uri ldap:///dc=catalog,dc=example,dc=com?title?sub?(objectClass=titleCatalog) 5230</PRE> 5231<H3><A NAME="Further Information">12.4.3. Further Information</A></H3> 5232<P><EM>slapo-constraint(5)</EM></P> 5233<H2><A NAME="Dynamic Directory Services">12.5. Dynamic Directory Services</A></H2> 5234<H3><A NAME="Overview">12.5.1. Overview</A></H3> 5235<P>The <EM>dds</EM> overlay to <EM>slapd</EM>(8) implements dynamic objects as per <A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2589.txt">RFC2589</A>. The name <EM>dds</EM> stands for Dynamic Directory Services. It allows to define dynamic objects, characterized by the <EM>dynamicObject</EM> objectClass.</P> 5236<P>Dynamic objects have a limited lifetime, determined by a time-to-live (TTL) that can be refreshed by means of a specific refresh extended operation. This operation allows to set the Client Refresh Period (CRP), namely the period between refreshes that is required to preserve the dynamic object from expiration. The expiration time is computed by adding the requested TTL to the current time. When dynamic objects reach the end of their lifetime without being further refreshed, they are automatically <EM>deleted</EM>. There is no guarantee of immediate deletion, so clients should not count on it.</P> 5237<H3><A NAME="Dynamic Directory Service Configuration">12.5.2. Dynamic Directory Service Configuration</A></H3> 5238<P>A usage of dynamic objects might be to implement dynamic meetings; in this case, all the participants to the meeting are allowed to refresh the meeting object, but only the creator can delete it (otherwise it will be deleted when the TTL expires).</P> 5239<P>If we add the overlay to an example database, specifying a Max TTL of 1 day, a min of 10 seconds, with a default TTL of 1 hour. We'll also specify an interval of 120 (less than 60s might be too small) seconds between expiration checks and a tolerance of 5 second (lifetime of a dynamic object will be <EM>entryTtl + tolerance</EM>).</P> 5240<PRE> 5241 overlay dds 5242 dds-max-ttl 1d 5243 dds-min-ttl 10s 5244 dds-default-ttl 1h 5245 dds-interval 120s 5246 dds-tolerance 5s 5247</PRE> 5248<P>and add an index:</P> 5249<PRE> 5250 entryExpireTimestamp 5251</PRE> 5252<P>Creating a meeting is as simple as adding the following:</P> 5253<PRE> 5254 dn: cn=OpenLDAP Documentation Meeting,ou=Meetings,dc=example,dc=com 5255 objectClass: groupOfNames 5256 objectClass: dynamicObject 5257 cn: OpenLDAP Documentation Meeting 5258 member: uid=ghenry,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com 5259 member: uid=hyc,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com 5260</PRE> 5261<H4><A NAME="Dynamic Directory Service ACLs">12.5.2.1. Dynamic Directory Service ACLs</A></H4> 5262<P>Allow users to start a meeting and to join it; restrict refresh to the <EM>member</EM>; restrict delete to the creator:</P> 5263<PRE> 5264 access to attrs=userPassword 5265 by self write 5266 by * read 5267 5268 access to dn.base="ou=Meetings,dc=example,dc=com" 5269 attrs=children 5270 by users write 5271 5272 access to dn.onelevel="ou=Meetings,dc=example,dc=com" 5273 attrs=entry 5274 by dnattr=creatorsName write 5275 by * read 5276 5277 access to dn.onelevel="ou=Meetings,dc=example,dc=com" 5278 attrs=participant 5279 by dnattr=creatorsName write 5280 by users selfwrite 5281 by * read 5282 5283 access to dn.onelevel="ou=Meetings,dc=example,dc=com" 5284 attrs=entryTtl 5285 by dnattr=member manage 5286 by * read 5287</PRE> 5288<P>In simple terms, the user who created the <EM>OpenLDAP Documentation Meeting</EM> can add new attendees, refresh the meeting using (basically complete control):</P> 5289<PRE> 5290 ldapexop -x -H ldap://ldaphost "refresh" "cn=OpenLDAP Documentation Meeting,ou=Meetings,dc=example,dc=com" "120" -D "uid=ghenry,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com" -W 5291</PRE> 5292<P>Any user can join the meeting, but not add another attendee, but they can refresh the meeting. The ACLs above are quite straight forward to understand.</P> 5293<H3><A NAME="Further Information">12.5.3. Further Information</A></H3> 5294<P><EM>slapo-dds(5)</EM></P> 5295<H2><A NAME="Dynamic Groups">12.6. Dynamic Groups</A></H2> 5296<H3><A NAME="Overview">12.6.1. Overview</A></H3> 5297<P>This overlay extends the Compare operation to detect members of a dynamic group. This overlay is now deprecated as all of its functions are available using the <A HREF="#Dynamic Lists">Dynamic Lists</A> overlay.</P> 5298<H3><A NAME="Dynamic Group Configuration">12.6.2. Dynamic Group Configuration</A></H3> 5299<H2><A NAME="Dynamic Lists">12.7. Dynamic Lists</A></H2> 5300<H3><A NAME="Overview">12.7.1. Overview</A></H3> 5301<P>This overlay allows expansion of dynamic groups and lists. Instead of having the group members or list attributes hard coded, this overlay allows us to define an LDAP search whose results will make up the group or list.</P> 5302<H3><A NAME="Dynamic List Configuration">12.7.2. Dynamic List Configuration</A></H3> 5303<P>This module can behave both as a dynamic list and dynamic group, depending on the configuration. The syntax is as follows:</P> 5304<PRE> 5305 overlay dynlist 5306 dynlist-attrset <group-oc> <URL-ad> [member-ad] 5307</PRE> 5308<P>The parameters to the <TT>dynlist-attrset</TT> directive have the following meaning:</P> 5309<UL> 5310<LI><TT><group-oc></TT>: specifies which object class triggers the subsequent LDAP search. Whenever an entry with this object class is retrieved, the search is performed. 5311<LI><TT><URL-ad></TT>: is the name of the attribute which holds the search URI. It has to be a subtype of <TT>labeledURI</TT>. The attributes and values present in the search result are added to the entry unless <TT>member-ad</TT> is used (see below). 5312<LI><TT>member-ad</TT>: if present, changes the overlay behavior into a dynamic group. Instead of inserting the results of the search in the entry, the distinguished name of the results are added as values of this attribute.</UL> 5313<P>Here is an example which will allow us to have an email alias which automatically expands to all user's emails according to our LDAP filter:</P> 5314<P>In <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5):</P> 5315<PRE> 5316 overlay dynlist 5317 dynlist-attrset nisMailAlias labeledURI 5318</PRE> 5319<P>This means that whenever an entry which has the <TT>nisMailAlias</TT> object class is retrieved, the search specified in the <TT>labeledURI</TT> attribute is performed.</P> 5320<P>Let's say we have this entry in our directory:</P> 5321<PRE> 5322 cn=all,ou=aliases,dc=example,dc=com 5323 cn: all 5324 objectClass: nisMailAlias 5325 labeledURI: ldap:///ou=People,dc=example,dc=com?mail?one?(objectClass=inetOrgPerson) 5326</PRE> 5327<P>If this entry is retrieved, the search specified in <TT>labeledURI</TT> will be performed and the results will be added to the entry just as if they have always been there. In this case, the search filter selects all entries directly under <TT>ou=People</TT> that have the <TT>inetOrgPerson</TT> object class and retrieves the <TT>mail</TT> attribute, if it exists.</P> 5328<P>This is what gets added to the entry when we have two users under <TT>ou=People</TT> that match the filter:</P> 5329<P><CENTER><IMG SRC="allmail-en.png" ALIGN="center"></CENTER></P> 5330<P ALIGN="Center">Figure X.Y: Dynamic List for all emails</P> 5331<P>The configuration for a dynamic group is similar. Let's see an example which would automatically populate an <TT>allusers</TT> group with all the user accounts in the directory.</P> 5332<P>In <TT>slapd.conf</TT>(5):</P> 5333<PRE> 5334 include /path/to/dyngroup.schema 5335 ... 5336 overlay dynlist 5337 dynlist-attrset groupOfURLs labeledURI member 5338</PRE> 5339<OL> 5340<LI> 5341<LI>Note: We must include the <TT>dyngroup.schema</TT> file that defines the 5342<LI><TT>groupOfURLs</TT> objectClass used in this example.</OL> 5343<P>Let's apply it to the following entry:</P> 5344<PRE> 5345 cn=allusers,ou=group,dc=example,dc=com 5346 cn: all 5347 objectClass: groupOfURLs 5348 labeledURI: ldap:///ou=people,dc=example,dc=com??one?(objectClass=inetOrgPerson) 5349</PRE> 5350<P>The behavior is similar to the dynamic list configuration we had before: whenever an entry with the <TT>groupOfURLs</TT> object class is retrieved, the search specified in the <TT>labeledURI</TT> attribute is performed. But this time, only the distinguished names of the results are added, and as values of the <TT>member</TT> attribute.</P> 5351<P>This is what we get:</P> 5352<P><CENTER><IMG SRC="allusersgroup-en.png" ALIGN="center"></CENTER></P> 5353<P ALIGN="Center">Figure X.Y: Dynamic Group for all users</P> 5354<P>Note that a side effect of this scheme of dynamic groups is that the members need to be specified as full DNs. So, if you are planning in using this for <TT>posixGroup</TT>s, be sure to use RFC2307bis and some attribute which can hold distinguished names. The <TT>memberUid</TT> attribute used in the <TT>posixGroup</TT> object class can hold only names, not DNs, and is therefore not suitable for dynamic groups.</P> 5355<H3><A NAME="Further Information">12.7.3. Further Information</A></H3> 5356<P><EM>slapo-dynlist(5)</EM></P> 5357<H2><A NAME="Reverse Group Membership Maintenance">12.8. Reverse Group Membership Maintenance</A></H2> 5358<H3><A NAME="Overview">12.8.1. Overview</A></H3> 5359<P>In some scenarios, it may be desirable for a client to be able to determine which groups an entry is a member of, without performing an additional search. Examples of this are applications using the <TERM>DIT</TERM> for access control based on group authorization.</P> 5360<P>The <B>memberof</B> overlay updates an attribute (by default <B>memberOf</B>) whenever changes occur to the membership attribute (by default <B>member</B>) of entries of the objectclass (by default <B>groupOfNames</B>) configured to trigger updates.</P> 5361<P>Thus, it provides maintenance of the list of groups an entry is a member of, when usual maintenance of groups is done by modifying the members on the group entry.</P> 5362<H3><A NAME="Member Of Configuration">12.8.2. Member Of Configuration</A></H3> 5363<P>The typical use of this overlay requires just enabling the overlay for a specific database. For example, with the following minimal slapd.conf:</P> 5364<PRE> 5365 include /usr/share/openldap/schema/core.schema 5366 include /usr/share/openldap/schema/cosine.schema 5367 5368 authz-regexp "gidNumber=0\\\+uidNumber=0,cn=peercred,cn=external,cn=auth" 5369 "cn=Manager,dc=example,dc=com" 5370 database bdb 5371 suffix "dc=example,dc=com" 5372 rootdn "cn=Manager,dc=example,dc=com" 5373 rootpw secret 5374 directory /var/lib/ldap2.4 5375 checkpoint 256 5 5376 index objectClass eq 5377 index uid eq,sub 5378 5379 overlay memberof 5380</PRE> 5381<P>adding the following ldif:</P> 5382<PRE> 5383 cat memberof.ldif 5384 dn: dc=example,dc=com 5385 objectclass: domain 5386 dc: example 5387 5388 dn: ou=Group,dc=example,dc=com 5389 objectclass: organizationalUnit 5390 ou: Group 5391 5392 dn: ou=People,dc=example,dc=com 5393 objectclass: organizationalUnit 5394 ou: People 5395 5396 dn: uid=test1,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com 5397 objectclass: account 5398 uid: test1 5399 5400 dn: cn=testgroup,ou=Group,dc=example,dc=com 5401 objectclass: groupOfNames 5402 cn: testgroup 5403 member: uid=test1,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com 5404</PRE> 5405<P>Results in the following output from a search on the test1 user:</P> 5406<PRE> 5407 # ldapsearch -LL -Y EXTERNAL -H ldapi:/// "(uid=test1)" -b dc=example,dc=com memberOf 5408 SASL/EXTERNAL authentication started 5409 SASL username: gidNumber=0+uidNumber=0,cn=peercred,cn=external,cn=auth 5410 SASL SSF: 0 5411 version: 1 5412 5413 dn: uid=test1,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com 5414 memberOf: cn=testgroup,ou=Group,dc=example,dc=com 5415</PRE> 5416<P>Note that the <B>memberOf</B> attribute is an operational attribute, so it must be requested explicitly.</P> 5417<H3><A NAME="Further Information">12.8.3. Further Information</A></H3> 5418<P><EM>slapo-memberof(5)</EM></P> 5419<H2><A NAME="The Proxy Cache Engine">12.9. The Proxy Cache Engine</A></H2> 5420<P><TERM>LDAP</TERM> servers typically hold one or more subtrees of a <TERM>DIT</TERM>. Replica (or shadow) servers hold shadow copies of entries held by one or more master servers. Changes are propagated from the master server to replica (slave) servers using LDAP Sync replication. An LDAP cache is a special type of replica which holds entries corresponding to search filters instead of subtrees.</P> 5421<H3><A NAME="Overview">12.9.1. Overview</A></H3> 5422<P>The proxy cache extension of slapd is designed to improve the responsiveness of the ldap and meta backends. It handles a search request (query) by first determining whether it is contained in any cached search filter. Contained requests are answered from the proxy cache's local database. Other requests are passed on to the underlying ldap or meta backend and processed as usual.</P> 5423<P>E.g. <TT>(shoesize>=9)</TT> is contained in <TT>(shoesize>=8)</TT> and <TT>(sn=Richardson)</TT> is contained in <TT>(sn=Richards*)</TT></P> 5424<P>Correct matching rules and syntaxes are used while comparing assertions for query containment. To simplify the query containment problem, a list of cacheable "templates" (defined below) is specified at configuration time. A query is cached or answered only if it belongs to one of these templates. The entries corresponding to cached queries are stored in the proxy cache local database while its associated meta information (filter, scope, base, attributes) is stored in main memory.</P> 5425<P>A template is a prototype for generating LDAP search requests. Templates are described by a prototype search filter and a list of attributes which are required in queries generated from the template. The representation for prototype filter is similar to <A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4515.txt">RFC4515</A>, except that the assertion values are missing. Examples of prototype filters are: (sn=),(&(sn=)(givenname=)) which are instantiated by search filters (sn=Doe) and (&(sn=Doe)(givenname=John)) respectively.</P> 5426<P>The cache replacement policy removes the least recently used (LRU) query and entries belonging to only that query. Queries are allowed a maximum time to live (TTL) in the cache thus providing weak consistency. A background task periodically checks the cache for expired queries and removes them.</P> 5427<P>The Proxy Cache paper (<A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/pub/kapurva/proxycaching.pdf">http://www.openldap.org/pub/kapurva/proxycaching.pdf</A>) provides design and implementation details.</P> 5428<H3><A NAME="Proxy Cache Configuration">12.9.2. Proxy Cache Configuration</A></H3> 5429<P>The cache configuration specific directives described below must appear after a <TT>overlay pcache</TT> directive within a <TT>"database meta"</TT> or <TT>"database ldap"</TT> section of the server's <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) file.</P> 5430<H4><A NAME="Setting cache parameters">12.9.2.1. Setting cache parameters</A></H4> 5431<PRE> 5432 pcache <DB> <maxentries> <nattrsets> <entrylimit> <period> 5433</PRE> 5434<P>This directive enables proxy caching and sets general cache parameters. The <DB> parameter specifies which underlying database is to be used to hold cached entries. It should be set to <TT>bdb</TT> or <TT>hdb</TT>. The <maxentries> parameter specifies the total number of entries which may be held in the cache. The <nattrsets> parameter specifies the total number of attribute sets (as specified by the <TT>pcacheAttrset</TT> directive) that may be defined. The <entrylimit> parameter specifies the maximum number of entries in a cacheable query. The <period> specifies the consistency check period (in seconds). In each period, queries with expired TTLs are removed.</P> 5435<H4><A NAME="Defining attribute sets">12.9.2.2. Defining attribute sets</A></H4> 5436<PRE> 5437 pcacheAttrset <index> <attrs...> 5438</PRE> 5439<P>Used to associate a set of attributes to an index. Each attribute set is associated with an index number from 0 to <numattrsets>-1. These indices are used by the pcacheTemplate directive to define cacheable templates.</P> 5440<H4><A NAME="Specifying cacheable templates">12.9.2.3. Specifying cacheable templates</A></H4> 5441<PRE> 5442 pcacheTemplate <prototype_string> <attrset_index> <TTL> 5443</PRE> 5444<P>Specifies a cacheable template and the "time to live" (in sec) <TTL> for queries belonging to the template. A template is described by its prototype filter string and set of required attributes identified by <attrset_index>.</P> 5445<H4><A NAME="Example for slapd.conf">12.9.2.4. Example for slapd.conf</A></H4> 5446<P>An example <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) database section for a caching server which proxies for the <TT>"dc=example,dc=com"</TT> subtree held at server <TT>ldap.example.com</TT>.</P> 5447<PRE> 5448 database ldap 5449 suffix "dc=example,dc=com" 5450 rootdn "dc=example,dc=com" 5451 uri ldap://ldap.example.com/ 5452 overlay pcache 5453 pcache hdb 100000 1 1000 100 5454 pcacheAttrset 0 mail postaladdress telephonenumber 5455 pcacheTemplate (sn=) 0 3600 5456 pcacheTemplate (&(sn=)(givenName=)) 0 3600 5457 pcacheTemplate (&(departmentNumber=)(secretary=*)) 0 3600 5458 5459 cachesize 20 5460 directory ./testrun/db.2.a 5461 index objectClass eq 5462 index cn,sn,uid,mail pres,eq,sub 5463</PRE> 5464<H4><A NAME="Example for slapd-config">12.9.2.5. Example for slapd-config</A></H4> 5465<P>The same example as a LDIF file for back-config for a caching server which proxies for the <TT>"dc=example,dc=com"</TT> subtree held at server <TT>ldap.example.com</TT>.</P> 5466<PRE> 5467 dn: olcDatabase={2}ldap,cn=config 5468 objectClass: olcDatabaseConfig 5469 objectClass: olcLDAPConfig 5470 olcDatabase: {2}ldap 5471 olcSuffix: dc=example,dc=com 5472 olcRootDN: dc=example,dc=com 5473 olcDbURI: "ldap://ldap.example.com" 5474 5475 dn: olcOverlay={0}pcache,olcDatabase={2}ldap,cn=config 5476 objectClass: olcOverlayConfig 5477 objectClass: olcPcacheConfig 5478 olcOverlay: {0}pcache 5479 olcPcache: hdb 100000 1 1000 100 5480 olcPcacheAttrset: 0 mail postalAddress telephoneNumber 5481 olcPcacheTemplate: "(sn=)" 0 3600 0 0 0 5482 olcPcacheTemplate: "(&(sn=)(givenName=))" 0 3600 0 0 0 5483 olcPcacheTemplate: "(&(departmentNumber=)(secretary=))" 0 3600 5484 5485 dn: olcDatabase={0}hdb,olcOverlay={0}pcache,olcDatabase={2}ldap,cn=config 5486 objectClass: olcHdbConfig 5487 objectClass: olcPcacheDatabase 5488 olcDatabase: {0}hdb 5489 olcDbDirectory: ./testrun/db.2.a 5490 olcDbCacheSize: 20 5491 olcDbIndex: objectClass eq 5492 olcDbIndex: cn,sn,uid,mail pres,eq,sub 5493</PRE> 5494<H5><A NAME="Cacheable Queries">12.9.2.5.1. Cacheable Queries</A></H5> 5495<P>A LDAP search query is cacheable when its filter matches one of the templates as defined in the "pcacheTemplate" statements and when it references only the attributes specified in the corresponding attribute set. In the example above the attribute set number 0 defines that only the attributes: <TT>mail postaladdress telephonenumber</TT> are cached for the following pcacheTemplates.</P> 5496<H5><A NAME="Examples:">12.9.2.5.2. Examples:</A></H5> 5497<PRE> 5498 Filter: (&(sn=Richard*)(givenName=jack)) 5499 Attrs: mail telephoneNumber 5500</PRE> 5501<P>is cacheable, because it matches the template <TT>(&(sn=)(givenName=))</TT> and its attributes are contained in pcacheAttrset 0.</P> 5502<PRE> 5503 Filter: (&(sn=Richard*)(telephoneNumber)) 5504 Attrs: givenName 5505</PRE> 5506<P>is not cacheable, because the filter does not match the template, nor is the attribute givenName stored in the cache</P> 5507<PRE> 5508 Filter: (|(sn=Richard*)(givenName=jack)) 5509 Attrs: mail telephoneNumber 5510</PRE> 5511<P>is not cacheable, because the filter does not match the template ( logical OR "|" condition instead of logical AND "&" )</P> 5512<H3><A NAME="Further Information">12.9.3. Further Information</A></H3> 5513<P><EM>slapo-pcache(5)</EM></P> 5514<H2><A NAME="Password Policies">12.10. Password Policies</A></H2> 5515<H3><A NAME="Overview">12.10.1. Overview</A></H3> 5516<P>This overlay follows the specifications contained in the draft RFC titled draft-behera-ldap-password-policy-09. While the draft itself is expired, it has been implemented in several directory servers, including slapd. Nonetheless, it is important to note that it is a draft, meaning that it is subject to change and is a work-in-progress.</P> 5517<P>The key abilities of the password policy overlay are as follows:</P> 5518<UL> 5519<LI>Enforce a minimum length for new passwords 5520<LI>Make sure passwords are not changed too frequently 5521<LI>Cause passwords to expire, provide warnings before they need to be changed, and allow a fixed number of 'grace' logins to allow them to be changed after they have expired 5522<LI>Maintain a history of passwords to prevent password re-use 5523<LI>Prevent password guessing by locking a password for a specified period of time after repeated authentication failures 5524<LI>Force a password to be changed at the next authentication 5525<LI>Set an administrative lock on an account 5526<LI>Support multiple password policies on a default or a per-object basis. 5527<LI>Perform arbitrary quality checks using an external loadable module. This is a non-standard extension of the draft RFC.</UL> 5528<H3><A NAME="Password Policy Configuration">12.10.2. Password Policy Configuration</A></H3> 5529<P>Instantiate the module in the database where it will be used, after adding the new ppolicy schema and loading the ppolicy module. The following example shows the ppolicy module being added to the database that handles the naming context "dc=example,dc=com". In this example we are also specifying the DN of a policy object to use if none other is specified in a user's object.</P> 5530<PRE> 5531 database bdb 5532 suffix "dc=example,dc=com" 5533 [...additional database configuration directives go here...] 5534 5535 overlay ppolicy 5536 ppolicy_default "cn=default,ou=policies,dc=example,dc=com" 5537</PRE> 5538<P>Now we need a container for the policy objects. In our example the password policy objects are going to be placed in a section of the tree called "ou=policies,dc=example,dc=com":</P> 5539<PRE> 5540 dn: ou=policies,dc=example,dc=com 5541 objectClass: organizationalUnit 5542 objectClass: top 5543 ou: policies 5544</PRE> 5545<P>The default policy object that we are creating defines the following policies:</P> 5546<UL> 5547<LI>The user is allowed to change his own password. Note that the directory ACLs for this attribute can also affect this ability (pwdAllowUserChange: TRUE). 5548<LI>The name of the password attribute is "userPassword" (pwdAttribute: userPassword). Note that this is the only value that is accepted by OpenLDAP for this attribute. 5549<LI>The server will check the syntax of the password. If the server is unable to check the syntax (i.e., it was hashed or otherwise encoded by the client) it will return an error refusing the password (pwdCheckQuality: 2). 5550<LI>When a client includes the Password Policy Request control with a bind request, the server will respond with a password expiration warning if it is going to expire in ten minutes or less (pwdExpireWarning: 600). The warnings themselves are returned in a Password Policy Response control. 5551<LI>When the password for a DN has expired, the server will allow five additional "grace" logins (pwdGraceAuthNLimit: 5). 5552<LI>The server will maintain a history of the last five passwords that were used for a DN (pwdInHistory: 5). 5553<LI>The server will lock the account after the maximum number of failed bind attempts has been exceeded (pwdLockout: TRUE). 5554<LI>When the server has locked an account, the server will keep it locked until an administrator unlocks it (pwdLockoutDuration: 0) 5555<LI>The server will reset its failed bind count after a period of 30 seconds. 5556<LI>Passwords will not expire (pwdMaxAge: 0). 5557<LI>Passwords can be changed as often as desired (pwdMinAge: 0). 5558<LI>Passwords must be at least 5 characters in length (pwdMinLength: 5). 5559<LI>The password does not need to be changed at the first bind or when the administrator has reset the password (pwdMustChange: FALSE) 5560<LI>The current password does not need to be included with password change requests (pwdSafeModify: FALSE) 5561<LI>The server will only allow five failed binds in a row for a particular DN (pwdMaxFailure: 5).</UL> 5562<P>The actual policy would be:</P> 5563<PRE> 5564 dn: cn=default,ou=policies,dc=example,dc=com 5565 cn: default 5566 objectClass: pwdPolicy 5567 objectClass: person 5568 objectClass: top 5569 pwdAllowUserChange: TRUE 5570 pwdAttribute: userPassword 5571 pwdCheckQuality: 2 5572 pwdExpireWarning: 600 5573 pwdFailureCountInterval: 30 5574 pwdGraceAuthNLimit: 5 5575 pwdInHistory: 5 5576 pwdLockout: TRUE 5577 pwdLockoutDuration: 0 5578 pwdMaxAge: 0 5579 pwdMaxFailure: 5 5580 pwdMinAge: 0 5581 pwdMinLength: 5 5582 pwdMustChange: FALSE 5583 pwdSafeModify: FALSE 5584 sn: dummy value 5585</PRE> 5586<P>You can create additional policy objects as needed.</P> 5587<P>There are two ways password policy can be applied to individual objects:</P> 5588<P>1. The pwdPolicySubentry in a user's object - If a user's object has a pwdPolicySubEntry attribute specifying the DN of a policy object, then the policy defined by that object is applied.</P> 5589<P>2. Default password policy - If there is no specific pwdPolicySubentry set for an object, and the password policy module was configured with the DN of a default policy object and if that object exists, then the policy defined in that object is applied.</P> 5590<P>Please see <EM>slapo-ppolicy(5)</EM> for complete explanations of features and discussion of "Password Management Issues" at <A HREF="http://www.symas.com/blog/?page_id=66">http://www.symas.com/blog/?page_id=66</A></P> 5591<H3><A NAME="Further Information">12.10.3. Further Information</A></H3> 5592<P><EM>slapo-ppolicy(5)</EM></P> 5593<H2><A NAME="Referential Integrity">12.11. Referential Integrity</A></H2> 5594<H3><A NAME="Overview">12.11.1. Overview</A></H3> 5595<P>This overlay can be used with a backend database such as slapd-bdb(5) to maintain the cohesiveness of a schema which utilizes reference attributes.</P> 5596<P>Whenever a <EM>modrdn</EM> or <EM>delete</EM> is performed, that is, when an entry's DN is renamed or an entry is removed, the server will search the directory for references to this DN (in selected attributes: see below) and update them accordingly. If it was a <EM>delete</EM> operation, the reference is deleted. If it was a <EM>modrdn</EM> operation, then the reference is updated with the new DN.</P> 5597<P>For example, a very common administration task is to maintain group membership lists, specially when users are removed from the directory. When an user account is deleted or renamed, all groups this user is a member of have to be updated. LDAP administrators usually have scripts for that. But we can use the <TT>refint</TT> overlay to automate this task. In this example, if the user is removed from the directory, the overlay will take care to remove the user from all the groups he/she was a member of. No more scripting for this.</P> 5598<H3><A NAME="Referential Integrity Configuration">12.11.2. Referential Integrity Configuration</A></H3> 5599<P>The configuration for this overlay is as follows:</P> 5600<PRE> 5601 overlay refint 5602 refint_attributes <attribute [attribute ...]> 5603 refint_nothing <string> 5604</PRE> 5605<UL> 5606<LI><TT>refint_attributes</TT>: this parameter specifies a space separated list of attributes which will have the referential integrity maintained. When an entry is removed or has its DN renamed, the server will do an internal search for any of the <TT>refint_attributes</TT> that point to the affected DN and update them accordingly. IMPORTANT: the attributes listed here must have the <TT>distinguishedName</TT> syntax, that is, hold DNs as values. 5607<LI><TT>refint_nothing</TT>: some times, while trying to maintain the referential integrity, the server has to remove the last attribute of its kind from an entry. This may be prohibited by the schema: for example, the <TT>groupOfNames</TT> object class requires at least one member. In these cases, the server will add the attribute value specified in <TT>refint_nothing</TT> to the entry.</UL> 5608<P>To illustrate this overlay, we will use the group membership scenario.</P> 5609<P>In <TT>slapd.conf</TT>:</P> 5610<PRE> 5611 overlay refint 5612 refint_attributes member 5613 refint_nothing "cn=admin,dc=example,dc=com" 5614</PRE> 5615<P>This configuration tells the overlay to maintain the referential integrity of the <TT>member</TT> attribute. This attribute is used in the <TT>groupOfNames</TT> object class which always needs a member, so we add the <TT>refint_nothing</TT> directive to fill in the group with a standard member should all the members vanish.</P> 5616<P>If we have the following group membership, the refint overlay will automatically remove <TT>john</TT> from the group if his entry is removed from the directory:</P> 5617<P><CENTER><IMG SRC="refint.png" ALIGN="center"></CENTER></P> 5618<P ALIGN="Center">Figure X.Y: Maintaining referential integrity in groups</P> 5619<P>Notice that if we rename (<TT>modrdn</TT>) the <TT>john</TT> entry to, say, <TT>jsmith</TT>, the refint overlay will also rename the reference in the <TT>member</TT> attribute, so the group membership stays correct.</P> 5620<P>If we removed all users from the directory who are a member of this group, then the end result would be a single member in the group: <TT>cn=admin,dc=example,dc=com</TT>. This is the <TT>refint_nothing</TT> parameter kicking into action so that the schema is not violated.</P> 5621<P>The <EM>rootdn</EM> must be set for the database as refint runs as the <EM>rootdn</EM> to gain access to make its updates. The <EM>rootpw</EM> does not need to be set.</P> 5622<H3><A NAME="Further Information">12.11.3. Further Information</A></H3> 5623<P><EM>slapo-refint(5)</EM></P> 5624<H2><A NAME="Return Code">12.12. Return Code</A></H2> 5625<H3><A NAME="Overview">12.12.1. Overview</A></H3> 5626<P>This overlay is useful to test the behavior of clients when server-generated erroneous and/or unusual responses occur, for example; error codes, referrals, excessive response times and so on.</P> 5627<P>This would be classed as a debugging tool whilst developing client software or additional Overlays.</P> 5628<P>For detailed information, please see the <EM>slapo-retcode(5)</EM> man page.</P> 5629<H3><A NAME="Return Code Configuration">12.12.2. Return Code Configuration</A></H3> 5630<P>The retcode overlay utilizes the "return code" schema described in the man page. This schema is specifically designed for use with this overlay and is not intended to be used otherwise.</P> 5631<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 5632<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>The necessary schema is loaded automatically by the overlay. 5633<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 5634<P>An example configuration might be:</P> 5635<PRE> 5636 overlay retcode 5637 retcode-parent "ou=RetCodes,dc=example,dc=com" 5638 include ./retcode.conf 5639 5640 retcode-item "cn=Unsolicited" 0x00 unsolicited="0" 5641 retcode-item "cn=Notice of Disconnect" 0x00 unsolicited="1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.20036" 5642 retcode-item "cn=Pre-disconnect" 0x34 flags="pre-disconnect" 5643 retcode-item "cn=Post-disconnect" 0x34 flags="post-disconnect" 5644</PRE> 5645<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 5646<STRONG>Note: </STRONG><EM>retcode.conf</EM> can be found in the openldap source at: <TT>tests/data/retcode.conf</TT> 5647<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 5648<P>An excerpt of a <TT>retcode.conf</TT> would be something like:</P> 5649<PRE> 5650 retcode-item "cn=success" 0x00 5651 5652 retcode-item "cn=success w/ delay" 0x00 sleeptime=2 5653 5654 retcode-item "cn=operationsError" 0x01 5655 retcode-item "cn=protocolError" 0x02 5656 retcode-item "cn=timeLimitExceeded" 0x03 op=search 5657 retcode-item "cn=sizeLimitExceeded" 0x04 op=search 5658 retcode-item "cn=compareFalse" 0x05 op=compare 5659 retcode-item "cn=compareTrue" 0x06 op=compare 5660 retcode-item "cn=authMethodNotSupported" 0x07 5661 retcode-item "cn=strongAuthNotSupported" 0x07 text="same as authMethodNotSupported" 5662 retcode-item "cn=strongAuthRequired" 0x08 5663 retcode-item "cn=strongerAuthRequired" 0x08 text="same as strongAuthRequired" 5664</PRE> 5665<P>Please see <TT>tests/data/retcode.conf</TT> for a complete <TT>retcode.conf</TT></P> 5666<H3><A NAME="Further Information">12.12.3. Further Information</A></H3> 5667<P><EM>slapo-retcode(5)</EM></P> 5668<H2><A NAME="Rewrite/Remap">12.13. Rewrite/Remap</A></H2> 5669<H3><A NAME="Overview">12.13.1. Overview</A></H3> 5670<P>It performs basic DN/data rewrite and objectClass/attributeType mapping. Its usage is mostly intended to provide virtual views of existing data either remotely, in conjunction with the proxy backend described in <EM>slapd-ldap(5)</EM>, or locally, in conjunction with the relay backend described in <EM>slapd-relay(5)</EM>.</P> 5671<P>This overlay is extremely configurable and advanced, therefore recommended reading is the <EM>slapo-rwm(5)</EM> man page.</P> 5672<H3><A NAME="Rewrite/Remap Configuration">12.13.2. Rewrite/Remap Configuration</A></H3> 5673<H3><A NAME="Further Information">12.13.3. Further Information</A></H3> 5674<P><EM>slapo-rwm(5)</EM></P> 5675<H2><A NAME="Sync Provider">12.14. Sync Provider</A></H2> 5676<H3><A NAME="Overview">12.14.1. Overview</A></H3> 5677<P>This overlay implements the provider-side support for the LDAP Content Synchronization (<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4533.txt">RFC4533</A>) as well as syncrepl replication support, including persistent search functionality.</P> 5678<H3><A NAME="Sync Provider Configuration">12.14.2. Sync Provider Configuration</A></H3> 5679<P>There is very little configuration needed for this overlay, in fact for many situations merely loading the overlay will suffice.</P> 5680<P>However, because the overlay creates a contextCSN attribute in the root entry of the database which is updated for every write operation performed against the database and only updated in memory, it is recommended to configure a checkpoint so that the contextCSN is written into the underlying database to minimize recovery time after an unclean shutdown:</P> 5681<PRE> 5682 overlay syncprov 5683 syncprov-checkpoint 100 10 5684</PRE> 5685<P>For every 100 operations or 10 minutes, which ever is sooner, the contextCSN will be checkpointed.</P> 5686<P>The four configuration directives available are <B>syncprov-checkpoint</B>, <B>syncprov-sessionlog</B>, <B>syncprov-nopresent</B> and <B>syncprov-reloadhint</B> which are covered in the man page discussing various other scenarios where this overlay can be used.</P> 5687<H3><A NAME="Further Information">12.14.3. Further Information</A></H3> 5688<P>The <EM>slapo-syncprov(5)</EM> man page and the <A HREF="#Configuring the different replication types">Configuring the different replication types</A> section</P> 5689<H2><A NAME="Translucent Proxy">12.15. Translucent Proxy</A></H2> 5690<H3><A NAME="Overview">12.15.1. Overview</A></H3> 5691<P>This overlay can be used with a backend database such as <EM>slapd-bdb</EM>(5) to create a "translucent proxy".</P> 5692<P>Entries retrieved from a remote LDAP server may have some or all attributes overridden, or new attributes added, by entries in the local database before being presented to the client.</P> 5693<P>A search operation is first populated with entries from the remote LDAP server, the attributes of which are then overridden with any attributes defined in the local database. Local overrides may be populated with the add, modify, and modrdn operations, the use of which is restricted to the root user of the translucent local database.</P> 5694<P>A compare operation will perform a comparison with attributes defined in the local database record (if any) before any comparison is made with data in the remote database.</P> 5695<H3><A NAME="Translucent Proxy Configuration">12.15.2. Translucent Proxy Configuration</A></H3> 5696<P>There are various options available with this overlay, but for this example we will demonstrate adding new attributes to a remote entry and also searching against these newly added local attributes. For more information about overriding remote entries and search configuration, please see <EM>slapo-translucent(5)</EM></P> 5697<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 5698<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>The Translucent Proxy overlay will disable schema checking in the local database, so that an entry consisting of overlay attributes need not adhere to the complete schema. 5699<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 5700<P>First we configure the overlay in the normal manner:</P> 5701<PRE> 5702 include /usr/local/etc/openldap/schema/core.schema 5703 include /usr/local/etc/openldap/schema/cosine.schema 5704 include /usr/local/etc/openldap/schema/nis.schema 5705 include /usr/local/etc/openldap/schema/inetorgperson.schema 5706 5707 pidfile ./slapd.pid 5708 argsfile ./slapd.args 5709 5710 database bdb 5711 suffix "dc=suretecsystems,dc=com" 5712 rootdn "cn=trans,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com" 5713 rootpw secret 5714 directory ./openldap-data 5715 5716 index objectClass eq 5717 5718 overlay translucent 5719 translucent_local carLicense 5720 5721 uri ldap://192.168.X.X:389 5722 lastmod off 5723 acl-bind binddn="cn=admin,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com" credentials="blahblah" 5724</PRE> 5725<P>You will notice the overlay directive and a directive to say what attribute we want to be able to search against in the local database. We must also load the ldap backend which will connect to the remote directory server.</P> 5726<P>Now we take an example LDAP group:</P> 5727<PRE> 5728 # itsupport, Groups, suretecsystems.com 5729 dn: cn=itsupport,ou=Groups,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com 5730 objectClass: posixGroup 5731 objectClass: sambaGroupMapping 5732 cn: itsupport 5733 gidNumber: 1000 5734 sambaSID: S-1-5-21-XXX 5735 sambaGroupType: 2 5736 displayName: itsupport 5737 memberUid: ghenry 5738 memberUid: joebloggs 5739</PRE> 5740<P>and create an LDIF file we can use to add our data to the local database, using some pretty strange choices of new attributes for demonstration purposes:</P> 5741<PRE> 5742 [ghenry@suretec test_configs]$ cat test-translucent-add.ldif 5743 dn: cn=itsupport,ou=Groups,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com 5744 businessCategory: frontend-override 5745 carLicense: LIVID 5746 employeeType: special 5747 departmentNumber: 9999999 5748 roomNumber: 41L-535 5749</PRE> 5750<P>Searching against the proxy gives:</P> 5751<PRE> 5752 [ghenry@suretec test_configs]$ ldapsearch -x -H ldap://127.0.0.1:9001 "(cn=itsupport)" 5753 # itsupport, Groups, OxObjects, suretecsystems.com 5754 dn: cn=itsupport,ou=Groups,ou=OxObjects,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com 5755 objectClass: posixGroup 5756 objectClass: sambaGroupMapping 5757 cn: itsupport 5758 gidNumber: 1003 5759 SAMBASID: S-1-5-21-XXX 5760 SAMBAGROUPTYPE: 2 5761 displayName: itsupport 5762 memberUid: ghenry 5763 memberUid: joebloggs 5764 roomNumber: 41L-535 5765 departmentNumber: 9999999 5766 employeeType: special 5767 carLicense: LIVID 5768 businessCategory: frontend-override 5769</PRE> 5770<P>Here we can see that the 5 new attributes are added to the remote entry before being returned to the our client.</P> 5771<P>Because we have configured a local attribute to search against:</P> 5772<PRE> 5773 overlay translucent 5774 translucent_local carLicense 5775</PRE> 5776<P>we can also search for that to return the completely fabricated entry:</P> 5777<PRE> 5778 ldapsearch -x -H ldap://127.0.0.1:9001 (carLicense=LIVID) 5779</PRE> 5780<P>This is an extremely feature because you can then extend a remote directory server locally and also search against the local entries.</P> 5781<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 5782<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>Because the translucent overlay does not perform any DN rewrites, the local and remote database instances must have the same suffix. Other configurations will probably fail with No Such Object and other errors 5783<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 5784<H3><A NAME="Further Information">12.15.3. Further Information</A></H3> 5785<P><EM>slapo-translucent(5)</EM></P> 5786<H2><A NAME="Attribute Uniqueness">12.16. Attribute Uniqueness</A></H2> 5787<H3><A NAME="Overview">12.16.1. Overview</A></H3> 5788<P>This overlay can be used with a backend database such as <EM>slapd-bdb(5)</EM> to enforce the uniqueness of some or all attributes within a subtree.</P> 5789<H3><A NAME="Attribute Uniqueness Configuration">12.16.2. Attribute Uniqueness Configuration</A></H3> 5790<P>This overlay is only effective on new data from the point the overlay is enabled. To check uniqueness for existing data, you can export and import your data again via the LDAP Add operation, which will not be suitable for large amounts of data, unlike <B>slapcat</B>.</P> 5791<P>For the following example, if uniqueness were enforced for the <B>mail</B> attribute, the subtree would be searched for any other records which also have a <B>mail</B> attribute containing the same value presented with an <B>add</B>, <B>modify</B> or <B>modrdn</B> operation which are unique within the configured scope. If any are found, the request is rejected.</P> 5792<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 5793<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>If no attributes are specified, for example <B>ldap:///??sub?</B>, then the URI applies to all non-operational attributes. However, the keyword <B>ignore</B> can be specified to exclude certain non-operational attributes. 5794<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 5795<P>To search at the base dn of the current backend database ensuring uniqueness of the <B>mail</B> attribute, we simply add the following configuration:</P> 5796<PRE> 5797 overlay unique 5798 unique_uri ldap:///?mail?sub? 5799</PRE> 5800<P>For an existing entry of:</P> 5801<PRE> 5802 dn: cn=gavin,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com 5803 objectClass: top 5804 objectClass: inetorgperson 5805 cn: gavin 5806 sn: henry 5807 mail: ghenry@suretecsystems.com 5808</PRE> 5809<P>and we then try to add a new entry of:</P> 5810<PRE> 5811 dn: cn=robert,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com 5812 objectClass: top 5813 objectClass: inetorgperson 5814 cn: robert 5815 sn: jones 5816 mail: ghenry@suretecsystems.com 5817</PRE> 5818<P>would result in an error like so:</P> 5819<PRE> 5820 adding new entry "cn=robert,dc=example,dc=com" 5821 ldap_add: Constraint violation (19) 5822 additional info: some attributes not unique 5823</PRE> 5824<P>The overlay can have multiple URIs specified within a domain, allowing complex selections of objects and also have multiple <B>unique_uri</B> statements or <B>olcUniqueURI</B> attributes which will create independent domains.</P> 5825<P>For more information and details about the <B>strict</B> and <B>ignore</B> keywords, please see the <EM>slapo-unique(5)</EM> man page.</P> 5826<H3><A NAME="Further Information">12.16.3. Further Information</A></H3> 5827<P><EM>slapo-unique(5)</EM></P> 5828<H2><A NAME="Value Sorting">12.17. Value Sorting</A></H2> 5829<H3><A NAME="Overview">12.17.1. Overview</A></H3> 5830<P>The Value Sorting overlay can be used with a backend database to sort the values of specific multi-valued attributes within a subtree. The sorting occurs whenever the attributes are returned in a search response.</P> 5831<H3><A NAME="Value Sorting Configuration">12.17.2. Value Sorting Configuration</A></H3> 5832<P>Sorting can be specified in ascending or descending order, using either numeric or alphanumeric sort methods. Additionally, a "weighted" sort can be specified, which uses a numeric weight prepended to the attribute values.</P> 5833<P>The weighted sort is always performed in ascending order, but may be combined with the other methods for values that all have equal weights. The weight is specified by prepending an integer weight {<weight>} in front of each value of the attribute for which weighted sorting is desired. This weighting factor is stripped off and never returned in search results.</P> 5834<P>Here are a few examples:</P> 5835<PRE> 5836 loglevel sync stats 5837 5838 database hdb 5839 suffix "dc=suretecsystems,dc=com" 5840 directory /usr/local/var/openldap-data 5841 5842 ...... 5843 5844 overlay valsort 5845 valsort-attr memberUid ou=Groups,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com alpha-ascend 5846</PRE> 5847<P>For example, ascend:</P> 5848<PRE> 5849 # sharedemail, Groups, suretecsystems.com 5850 dn: cn=sharedemail,ou=Groups,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com 5851 objectClass: posixGroup 5852 objectClass: top 5853 cn: sharedemail 5854 gidNumber: 517 5855 memberUid: admin 5856 memberUid: dovecot 5857 memberUid: laura 5858 memberUid: suretec 5859</PRE> 5860<P>For weighted, we change our data to:</P> 5861<PRE> 5862 # sharedemail, Groups, suretecsystems.com 5863 dn: cn=sharedemail,ou=Groups,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com 5864 objectClass: posixGroup 5865 objectClass: top 5866 cn: sharedemail 5867 gidNumber: 517 5868 memberUid: {4}admin 5869 memberUid: {2}dovecot 5870 memberUid: {1}laura 5871 memberUid: {3}suretec 5872</PRE> 5873<P>and change the config to:</P> 5874<PRE> 5875 overlay valsort 5876 valsort-attr memberUid ou=Groups,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com weighted 5877</PRE> 5878<P>Searching now results in:</P> 5879<PRE> 5880 # sharedemail, Groups, OxObjects, suretecsystems.com 5881 dn: cn=sharedemail,ou=Groups,ou=OxObjects,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com 5882 objectClass: posixGroup 5883 objectClass: top 5884 cn: sharedemail 5885 gidNumber: 517 5886 memberUid: laura 5887 memberUid: dovecot 5888 memberUid: suretec 5889 memberUid: admin 5890</PRE> 5891<H3><A NAME="Further Information">12.17.3. Further Information</A></H3> 5892<P><EM>slapo-valsort(5)</EM></P> 5893<H2><A NAME="Overlay Stacking">12.18. Overlay Stacking</A></H2> 5894<H3><A NAME="Overview">12.18.1. Overview</A></H3> 5895<P>Overlays can be stacked, which means that more than one overlay can be instantiated for each database, or for the <TT>frontend</TT>. As a consequence, each overlays function is called, if defined, when overlay execution is invoked. Multiple overlays are executed in reverse order (as a stack) with respect to their definition in slapd.conf (5), or with respect to their ordering in the config database, as documented in slapd-config (5).</P> 5896<H3><A NAME="Example Scenarios">12.18.2. Example Scenarios</A></H3> 5897<H4><A NAME="Samba">12.18.2.1. Samba</A></H4> 5898<P></P> 5899<HR> 5900<H1><A NAME="Schema Specification">13. Schema Specification</A></H1> 5901<P>This chapter describes how to extend the user schema used by <EM>slapd</EM>(8). The chapter assumes the reader is familiar with the <TERM>LDAP</TERM>/<TERM>X.500</TERM> information model.</P> 5902<P>The first section, <A HREF="#Distributed Schema Files">Distributed Schema Files</A> details optional schema definitions provided in the distribution and where to obtain other definitions. The second section, <A HREF="#Extending Schema">Extending Schema</A>, details how to define new schema items.</P> 5903<P>This chapter does not discuss how to extend system schema used by <EM>slapd</EM>(8) as this requires source code modification. System schema includes all operational attribute types or any object class which allows or requires an operational attribute (directly or indirectly).</P> 5904<H2><A NAME="Distributed Schema Files">13.1. Distributed Schema Files</A></H2> 5905<P>OpenLDAP Software is distributed with a set of schema specifications for your use. Each set is defined in a file suitable for inclusion (using the <TT>include</TT> directive) in your <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) file. These schema files are normally installed in the <TT>/usr/local/etc/openldap/schema</TT> directory.</P> 5906<TABLE CLASS="columns" BORDER ALIGN='Center'> 5907<CAPTION ALIGN=top>Table 8.1: Provided Schema Specifications</CAPTION> 5908<TR CLASS="heading"> 5909<TD ALIGN='Left'> 5910<STRONG>File</STRONG> 5911</TD> 5912<TD ALIGN='Right'> 5913<STRONG>Description</STRONG> 5914</TD> 5915</TR> 5916<TR> 5917<TD ALIGN='Left'> 5918<TT>core.schema</TT> 5919</TD> 5920<TD ALIGN='Right'> 5921OpenLDAP <EM>core</EM> (required) 5922</TD> 5923</TR> 5924<TR> 5925<TD ALIGN='Left'> 5926<TT>cosine.schema</TT> 5927</TD> 5928<TD ALIGN='Right'> 5929Cosine and Internet X.500 (useful) 5930</TD> 5931</TR> 5932<TR> 5933<TD ALIGN='Left'> 5934<TT>inetorgperson.schema</TT> 5935</TD> 5936<TD ALIGN='Right'> 5937InetOrgPerson (useful) 5938</TD> 5939</TR> 5940<TR> 5941<TD ALIGN='Left'> 5942<TT>misc.schema</TT> 5943</TD> 5944<TD ALIGN='Right'> 5945Assorted (experimental) 5946</TD> 5947</TR> 5948<TR> 5949<TD ALIGN='Left'> 5950<TT>nis.schema</TT> 5951</TD> 5952<TD ALIGN='Right'> 5953Network Information Services (FYI) 5954</TD> 5955</TR> 5956<TR> 5957<TD ALIGN='Left'> 5958<TT>openldap.schema</TT> 5959</TD> 5960<TD ALIGN='Right'> 5961OpenLDAP Project (experimental) 5962</TD> 5963</TR> 5964</TABLE> 5965 5966<P>To use any of these schema files, you only need to include the desired file in the global definitions portion of your <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) file. For example:</P> 5967<PRE> 5968 # include schema 5969 include /usr/local/etc/openldap/schema/core.schema 5970 include /usr/local/etc/openldap/schema/cosine.schema 5971 include /usr/local/etc/openldap/schema/inetorgperson.schema 5972</PRE> 5973<P>Additional files may be available. Please consult the OpenLDAP <TERM>FAQ</TERM> (<A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/faq/">http://www.openldap.org/faq/</A>).</P> 5974<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 5975<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>You should not modify any of the schema items defined in provided files. 5976<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 5977<H2><A NAME="Extending Schema">13.2. Extending Schema</A></H2> 5978<P>Schema used by <EM>slapd</EM>(8) may be extended to support additional syntaxes, matching rules, attribute types, and object classes. This chapter details how to add user application attribute types and object classes using the syntaxes and matching rules already supported by slapd. slapd can also be extended to support additional syntaxes, matching rules and system schema, but this requires some programming and hence is not discussed here.</P> 5979<P>There are five steps to defining new schema:</P> 5980<OL> 5981<LI>obtain Object Identifier 5982<LI>choose a name prefix 5983<LI>create local schema file 5984<LI>define custom attribute types (if necessary) 5985<LI>define custom object classes</OL> 5986<H3><A NAME="Object Identifiers">13.2.1. Object Identifiers</A></H3> 5987<P>Each schema element is identified by a globally unique <TERM>Object Identifier</TERM> (OID). OIDs are also used to identify other objects. They are commonly found in protocols described by <TERM>ASN.1</TERM>. In particular, they are heavily used by the <TERM>Simple Network Management Protocol</TERM> (SNMP). As OIDs are hierarchical, your organization can obtain one OID and branch it as needed. For example, if your organization were assigned OID <TT>1.1</TT>, you could branch the tree as follows:</P> 5988<TABLE CLASS="columns" BORDER ALIGN='Center'> 5989<CAPTION ALIGN=top>Table 8.2: Example OID hierarchy</CAPTION> 5990<TR CLASS="heading"> 5991<TD ALIGN='Left'> 5992<STRONG>OID</STRONG> 5993</TD> 5994<TD ALIGN='Right'> 5995<STRONG>Assignment</STRONG> 5996</TD> 5997</TR> 5998<TR> 5999<TD ALIGN='Left'> 6000<TT>1.1</TT> 6001</TD> 6002<TD ALIGN='Right'> 6003Organization's OID 6004</TD> 6005</TR> 6006<TR> 6007<TD ALIGN='Left'> 6008<TT>1.1.1</TT> 6009</TD> 6010<TD ALIGN='Right'> 6011SNMP Elements 6012</TD> 6013</TR> 6014<TR> 6015<TD ALIGN='Left'> 6016<TT>1.1.2</TT> 6017</TD> 6018<TD ALIGN='Right'> 6019LDAP Elements 6020</TD> 6021</TR> 6022<TR> 6023<TD ALIGN='Left'> 6024<TT>1.1.2.1</TT> 6025</TD> 6026<TD ALIGN='Right'> 6027AttributeTypes 6028</TD> 6029</TR> 6030<TR> 6031<TD ALIGN='Left'> 6032<TT>1.1.2.1.1</TT> 6033</TD> 6034<TD ALIGN='Right'> 6035x-my-Attribute 6036</TD> 6037</TR> 6038<TR> 6039<TD ALIGN='Left'> 6040<TT>1.1.2.2</TT> 6041</TD> 6042<TD ALIGN='Right'> 6043ObjectClasses 6044</TD> 6045</TR> 6046<TR> 6047<TD ALIGN='Left'> 6048<TT>1.1.2.2.1</TT> 6049</TD> 6050<TD ALIGN='Right'> 6051x-my-ObjectClass 6052</TD> 6053</TR> 6054</TABLE> 6055 6056<P>You are, of course, free to design a hierarchy suitable to your organizational needs under your organization's OID. No matter what hierarchy you choose, you should maintain a registry of assignments you make. This can be a simple flat file or something more sophisticated such as the <EM>OpenLDAP OID Registry</EM> (<A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/faq/index.cgi?file=197">http://www.openldap.org/faq/index.cgi?file=197</A>).</P> 6057<P>For more information about Object Identifiers (and a listing service) see <A HREF="http://www.alvestrand.no/objectid/">http://www.alvestrand.no/objectid/</A>.</P> 6058<UL> 6059<EM>Under no circumstances should you hijack OID namespace!</EM></UL> 6060<P>To obtain a registered OID at <EM>no cost</EM>, apply for a OID under the <A HREF="http://www.iana.org/">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</A> (ORG:IANA) maintained <EM>Private Enterprise</EM> arc. Any private enterprise (organization) may request a <TERM>Private Enterprise Number</TERM> (PEN) to be assigned under this arc. Just fill out the IANA form at <A HREF="http://pen.iana.org/pen/PenApplication.page">http://pen.iana.org/pen/PenApplication.page</A> and your official PEN will be sent to you usually within a few days. Your base OID will be something like <TT>1.3.6.1.4.1.X</TT> where <TT>X</TT> is an integer.</P> 6061<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 6062<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>PENs obtained using this form may be used for any purpose including identifying LDAP schema elements. 6063<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 6064<P>Alternatively, OID name space may be available from a national authority (e.g., <A HREF="http://www.ansi.org/">ANSI</A>, <A HREF="http://www.bsi-global.com/">BSI</A>).</P> 6065<H3><A NAME="Naming Elements">13.2.2. Naming Elements</A></H3> 6066<P>In addition to assigning a unique object identifier to each schema element, you should provide at least one textual name for each element. Names should be registered with the <A HREF="http://www.iana.org/">IANA</A> or prefixed with "x-" to place in the "private use" name space.</P> 6067<P>The name should be both descriptive and not likely to clash with names of other schema elements. In particular, any name you choose should not clash with present or future Standard Track names (this is assured if you registered names or use names beginning with "x-").</P> 6068<P>It is noted that you can obtain your own registered name prefix so as to avoid having to register your names individually. See <A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4520.txt">RFC4520</A> for details.</P> 6069<P>In the examples below, we have used a short prefix '<TT>x-my-</TT>'. Such a short prefix would only be suitable for a very large, global organization. In general, we recommend something like '<TT>x-de-Firm-</TT>' (German company) or '<TT>x-com-Example</TT>' (elements associated with organization associated with <TT>example.com</TT>).</P> 6070<H3><A NAME="Local schema file">13.2.3. Local schema file</A></H3> 6071<P>The <TT>objectclass</TT> and <TT>attributeTypes</TT> configuration file directives can be used to define schema rules on entries in the directory. It is customary to create a file to contain definitions of your custom schema items. We recommend you create a file <TT>local.schema</TT> in <TT>/usr/local/etc/openldap/schema/local.schema</TT> and then include this file in your <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) file immediately after other schema <TT>include</TT> directives.</P> 6072<PRE> 6073 # include schema 6074 include /usr/local/etc/openldap/schema/core.schema 6075 include /usr/local/etc/openldap/schema/cosine.schema 6076 include /usr/local/etc/openldap/schema/inetorgperson.schema 6077 # include local schema 6078 include /usr/local/etc/openldap/schema/local.schema 6079</PRE> 6080<H3><A NAME="Attribute Type Specification">13.2.4. Attribute Type Specification</A></H3> 6081<P>The <EM>attributetype</EM> directive is used to define a new attribute type. The directive uses the same Attribute Type Description (as defined in <A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4512.txt">RFC4512</A>) used by the attributeTypes attribute found in the subschema subentry, e.g.:</P> 6082<PRE> 6083 attributetype <<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4512.txt">RFC4512</A> Attribute Type Description> 6084</PRE> 6085<P>where Attribute Type Description is defined by the following <TERM>ABNF</TERM>:</P> 6086<PRE> 6087 AttributeTypeDescription = "(" whsp 6088 numericoid whsp ; AttributeType identifier 6089 [ "NAME" qdescrs ] ; name used in AttributeType 6090 [ "DESC" qdstring ] ; description 6091 [ "OBSOLETE" whsp ] 6092 [ "SUP" woid ] ; derived from this other 6093 ; AttributeType 6094 [ "EQUALITY" woid ; Matching Rule name 6095 [ "ORDERING" woid ; Matching Rule name 6096 [ "SUBSTR" woid ] ; Matching Rule name 6097 [ "SYNTAX" whsp noidlen whsp ] ; Syntax OID 6098 [ "SINGLE-VALUE" whsp ] ; default multi-valued 6099 [ "COLLECTIVE" whsp ] ; default not collective 6100 [ "NO-USER-MODIFICATION" whsp ]; default user modifiable 6101 [ "USAGE" whsp AttributeUsage ]; default userApplications 6102 whsp ")" 6103 6104 AttributeUsage = 6105 "userApplications" / 6106 "directoryOperation" / 6107 "distributedOperation" / ; DSA-shared 6108 "dSAOperation" ; DSA-specific, value depends on server 6109 6110</PRE> 6111<P>where whsp is a space ('<TT> </TT>'), numericoid is a globally unique OID in dotted-decimal form (e.g. <TT>1.1.0</TT>), qdescrs is one or more names, woid is either the name or OID optionally followed by a length specifier (e.g <TT>{10</TT>}).</P> 6112<P>For example, the attribute types <TT>name</TT> and <TT>cn</TT> are defined in <TT>core.schema</TT> as:</P> 6113<PRE> 6114 attributeType ( 2.5.4.41 NAME 'name' 6115 DESC 'name(s) associated with the object' 6116 EQUALITY caseIgnoreMatch 6117 SUBSTR caseIgnoreSubstringsMatch 6118 SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.15{32768} ) 6119 attributeType ( 2.5.4.3 NAME ( 'cn' 'commonName' ) 6120 DESC 'common name(s) assciated with the object' 6121 SUP name ) 6122</PRE> 6123<P>Notice that each defines the attribute's OID, provides a short name, and a brief description. Each name is an alias for the OID. <EM>slapd</EM>(8) returns the first listed name when returning results.</P> 6124<P>The first attribute, <TT>name</TT>, holds values of <TT>directoryString</TT> (<TERM>UTF-8</TERM> encoded Unicode) syntax. The syntax is specified by OID (1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.15 identifies the directoryString syntax). A length recommendation of 32768 is specified. Servers should support values of this length, but may support longer values. The field does NOT specify a size constraint, so is ignored on servers (such as slapd) which don't impose such size limits. In addition, the equality and substring matching uses case ignore rules. Below are tables listing commonly used syntax and matching rules (<EM>slapd</EM>(8) supports these and many more).</P> 6125<TABLE CLASS="columns" BORDER ALIGN='Center'> 6126<CAPTION ALIGN=top>Table 8.3: Commonly Used Syntaxes</CAPTION> 6127<TR CLASS="heading"> 6128<TD> 6129<STRONG>Name</STRONG> 6130</TD> 6131<TD> 6132<STRONG>OID</STRONG> 6133</TD> 6134<TD> 6135<STRONG>Description</STRONG> 6136</TD> 6137</TR> 6138<TR> 6139<TD> 6140<TT>boolean</TT> 6141</TD> 6142<TD> 6143<TT>1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.7</TT> 6144</TD> 6145<TD> 6146boolean value 6147</TD> 6148</TR> 6149<TR> 6150<TD> 6151<TT>directoryString</TT> 6152</TD> 6153<TD> 6154<TT>1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.15</TT> 6155</TD> 6156<TD> 6157Unicode (UTF-8) string 6158</TD> 6159</TR> 6160<TR> 6161<TD> 6162<TT>distinguishedName</TT> 6163</TD> 6164<TD> 6165<TT>1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.12</TT> 6166</TD> 6167<TD> 6168LDAP <TERM>DN</TERM> 6169</TD> 6170</TR> 6171<TR> 6172<TD> 6173<TT>integer</TT> 6174</TD> 6175<TD> 6176<TT>1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.27</TT> 6177</TD> 6178<TD> 6179integer 6180</TD> 6181</TR> 6182<TR> 6183<TD> 6184<TT>numericString</TT> 6185</TD> 6186<TD> 6187<TT>1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.36</TT> 6188</TD> 6189<TD> 6190numeric string 6191</TD> 6192</TR> 6193<TR> 6194<TD> 6195<TT>OID</TT> 6196</TD> 6197<TD> 6198<TT>1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.38</TT> 6199</TD> 6200<TD> 6201object identifier 6202</TD> 6203</TR> 6204<TR> 6205<TD> 6206<TT>octetString</TT> 6207</TD> 6208<TD> 6209<TT>1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.40</TT> 6210</TD> 6211<TD> 6212arbitrary octets 6213</TD> 6214</TR> 6215</TABLE> 6216 6217<PRE> 6218 6219</PRE> 6220<TABLE CLASS="columns" BORDER ALIGN='Center'> 6221<CAPTION ALIGN=top>Table 8.4: Commonly Used Matching Rules</CAPTION> 6222<TR CLASS="heading"> 6223<TD> 6224<STRONG>Name</STRONG> 6225</TD> 6226<TD> 6227<STRONG>Type</STRONG> 6228</TD> 6229<TD> 6230<STRONG>Description</STRONG> 6231</TD> 6232</TR> 6233<TR> 6234<TD> 6235<TT>booleanMatch</TT> 6236</TD> 6237<TD> 6238equality 6239</TD> 6240<TD> 6241boolean 6242</TD> 6243</TR> 6244<TR> 6245<TD> 6246<TT>caseIgnoreMatch</TT> 6247</TD> 6248<TD> 6249equality 6250</TD> 6251<TD> 6252case insensitive, space insensitive 6253</TD> 6254</TR> 6255<TR> 6256<TD> 6257<TT>caseIgnoreOrderingMatch</TT> 6258</TD> 6259<TD> 6260ordering 6261</TD> 6262<TD> 6263case insensitive, space insensitive 6264</TD> 6265</TR> 6266<TR> 6267<TD> 6268<TT>caseIgnoreSubstringsMatch</TT> 6269</TD> 6270<TD> 6271substrings 6272</TD> 6273<TD> 6274case insensitive, space insensitive 6275</TD> 6276</TR> 6277<TR> 6278<TD> 6279<TT>caseExactMatch</TT> 6280</TD> 6281<TD> 6282equality 6283</TD> 6284<TD> 6285case sensitive, space insensitive 6286</TD> 6287</TR> 6288<TR> 6289<TD> 6290<TT>caseExactOrderingMatch</TT> 6291</TD> 6292<TD> 6293ordering 6294</TD> 6295<TD> 6296case sensitive, space insensitive 6297</TD> 6298</TR> 6299<TR> 6300<TD> 6301<TT>caseExactSubstringsMatch</TT> 6302</TD> 6303<TD> 6304substrings 6305</TD> 6306<TD> 6307case sensitive, space insensitive 6308</TD> 6309</TR> 6310<TR> 6311<TD> 6312<TT>distinguishedNameMatch</TT> 6313</TD> 6314<TD> 6315equality 6316</TD> 6317<TD> 6318distinguished name 6319</TD> 6320</TR> 6321<TR> 6322<TD> 6323<TT>integerMatch</TT> 6324</TD> 6325<TD> 6326equality 6327</TD> 6328<TD> 6329integer 6330</TD> 6331</TR> 6332<TR> 6333<TD> 6334<TT>integerOrderingMatch</TT> 6335</TD> 6336<TD> 6337ordering 6338</TD> 6339<TD> 6340integer 6341</TD> 6342</TR> 6343<TR> 6344<TD> 6345<TT>numericStringMatch</TT> 6346</TD> 6347<TD> 6348equality 6349</TD> 6350<TD> 6351numerical 6352</TD> 6353</TR> 6354<TR> 6355<TD> 6356<TT>numericStringOrderingMatch</TT> 6357</TD> 6358<TD> 6359ordering 6360</TD> 6361<TD> 6362numerical 6363</TD> 6364</TR> 6365<TR> 6366<TD> 6367<TT>numericStringSubstringsMatch</TT> 6368</TD> 6369<TD> 6370substrings 6371</TD> 6372<TD> 6373numerical 6374</TD> 6375</TR> 6376<TR> 6377<TD> 6378<TT>octetStringMatch</TT> 6379</TD> 6380<TD> 6381equality 6382</TD> 6383<TD> 6384octet string 6385</TD> 6386</TR> 6387<TR> 6388<TD> 6389<TT>octetStringOrderingMatch</TT> 6390</TD> 6391<TD> 6392ordering 6393</TD> 6394<TD> 6395octet string 6396</TD> 6397</TR> 6398<TR> 6399<TD> 6400<TT>octetStringSubstringsMatch ordering</TT> 6401</TD> 6402<TD> 6403octet st 6404</TD> 6405<TD> 6406ring 6407</TD> 6408</TR> 6409<TR> 6410<TD> 6411<TT>objectIdentiferMatch</TT> 6412</TD> 6413<TD> 6414equality 6415</TD> 6416<TD> 6417object identifier 6418</TD> 6419</TR> 6420</TABLE> 6421 6422<P>The second attribute, <TT>cn</TT>, is a subtype of <TT>name</TT> hence it inherits the syntax, matching rules, and usage of <TT>name</TT>. <TT>commonName</TT> is an alternative name.</P> 6423<P>Neither attribute is restricted to a single value. Both are meant for usage by user applications. Neither is obsolete nor collective.</P> 6424<P>The following subsections provide a couple of examples.</P> 6425<H4><A NAME="x-my-UniqueName">13.2.4.1. x-my-UniqueName</A></H4> 6426<P>Many organizations maintain a single unique name for each user. Though one could use <TT>displayName</TT> (<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2798.txt">RFC2798</A>), this attribute is really meant to be controlled by the user, not the organization. We could just copy the definition of <TT>displayName</TT> from <TT>inetorgperson.schema</TT> and replace the OID, name, and description, e.g:</P> 6427<PRE> 6428 attributetype ( 1.1.2.1.1 NAME 'x-my-UniqueName' 6429 DESC 'unique name with my organization' 6430 EQUALITY caseIgnoreMatch 6431 SUBSTR caseIgnoreSubstringsMatch 6432 SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.15 6433 SINGLE-VALUE ) 6434</PRE> 6435<P>However, if we want this name to be used in <TT>name</TT> assertions, e.g. <TT>(name=*Jane*)</TT>, the attribute could alternatively be defined as a subtype of <TT>name</TT>, e.g.:</P> 6436<PRE> 6437 attributetype ( 1.1.2.1.1 NAME 'x-my-UniqueName' 6438 DESC 'unique name with my organization' 6439 SUP name ) 6440</PRE> 6441<H4><A NAME="x-my-Photo">13.2.4.2. x-my-Photo</A></H4> 6442<P>Many organizations maintain a photo of each each user. A <TT>x-my-Photo</TT> attribute type could be defined to hold a photo. Of course, one could use just use <TT>jpegPhoto</TT> (<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2798.txt">RFC2798</A>) (or a subtype) to hold the photo. However, you can only do this if the photo is in <EM>JPEG File Interchange Format</EM>. Alternatively, an attribute type which uses the <EM>Octet String</EM> syntax can be defined, e.g.:</P> 6443<PRE> 6444 attributetype ( 1.1.2.1.2 NAME 'x-my-Photo' 6445 DESC 'a photo (application defined format)' 6446 SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.40 6447 SINGLE-VALUE ) 6448</PRE> 6449<P>In this case, the syntax doesn't specify the format of the photo. It's assumed (maybe incorrectly) that all applications accessing this attribute agree on the handling of values.</P> 6450<P>If you wanted to support multiple photo formats, you could define a separate attribute type for each format, prefix the photo with some typing information, or describe the value using <TERM>ASN.1</TERM> and use the <TT>;binary</TT> transfer option.</P> 6451<P>Another alternative is for the attribute to hold a <TERM>URI</TERM> pointing to the photo. You can model such an attribute after <TT>labeledURI</TT> (<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2079.txt">RFC2079</A>) or simply create a subtype, e.g.:</P> 6452<PRE> 6453 attributetype ( 1.1.2.1.3 NAME 'x-my-PhotoURI' 6454 DESC 'URI and optional label referring to a photo' 6455 SUP labeledURI ) 6456</PRE> 6457<H3><A NAME="Object Class Specification">13.2.5. Object Class Specification</A></H3> 6458<P>The <EM>objectclasses</EM> directive is used to define a new object class. The directive uses the same Object Class Description (as defined in <A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4512.txt">RFC4512</A>) used by the objectClasses attribute found in the subschema subentry, e.g.:</P> 6459<PRE> 6460 objectclass <<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4512.txt">RFC4512</A> Object Class Description> 6461</PRE> 6462<P>where Object Class Description is defined by the following <TERM>ABNF</TERM>:</P> 6463<PRE> 6464 ObjectClassDescription = "(" whsp 6465 numericoid whsp ; ObjectClass identifier 6466 [ "NAME" qdescrs ] 6467 [ "DESC" qdstring ] 6468 [ "OBSOLETE" whsp ] 6469 [ "SUP" oids ] ; Superior ObjectClasses 6470 [ ( "ABSTRACT" / "STRUCTURAL" / "AUXILIARY" ) whsp ] 6471 ; default structural 6472 [ "MUST" oids ] ; AttributeTypes 6473 [ "MAY" oids ] ; AttributeTypes 6474 whsp ")" 6475</PRE> 6476<P>where whsp is a space ('<TT> </TT>'), numericoid is a globally unique OID in dotted-decimal form (e.g. <TT>1.1.0</TT>), qdescrs is one or more names, and oids is one or more names and/or OIDs.</P> 6477<H4><A NAME="x-my-PhotoObject">13.2.5.1. x-my-PhotoObject</A></H4> 6478<P>To define an <EM>auxiliary</EM> object class which allows x-my-Photo to be added to any existing entry.</P> 6479<PRE> 6480 objectclass ( 1.1.2.2.1 NAME 'x-my-PhotoObject' 6481 DESC 'mixin x-my-Photo' 6482 AUXILIARY 6483 MAY x-my-Photo ) 6484</PRE> 6485<H4><A NAME="x-my-Person">13.2.5.2. x-my-Person</A></H4> 6486<P>If your organization would like have a private <EM>structural</EM> object class to instantiate users, you can subclass one of the existing person classes, such as <TT>inetOrgPerson</TT> (<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2798.txt">RFC2798</A>), and add any additional attributes which you desire.</P> 6487<PRE> 6488 objectclass ( 1.1.2.2.2 NAME 'x-my-Person' 6489 DESC 'my person' 6490 SUP inetOrgPerson 6491 MUST ( x-my-UniqueName $ givenName ) 6492 MAY x-my-Photo ) 6493</PRE> 6494<P>The object class inherits the required/allowed attribute types of <TT>inetOrgPerson</TT> but requires <TT>x-my-UniqueName</TT> and <TT>givenName</TT> and allows <TT>x-my-Photo</TT>.</P> 6495<H3><A NAME="OID Macros">13.2.6. OID Macros</A></H3> 6496<P>To ease the management and use of OIDs, <EM>slapd</EM>(8) supports <EM>Object Identifier</EM> macros. The <TT>objectIdentifier</TT> directive is used to equate a macro (name) with a OID. The OID may possibly be derived from a previously defined OID macro. The <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) syntax is:</P> 6497<PRE> 6498 objectIdentifier <name> { <oid> | <name>[:<suffix>] } 6499</PRE> 6500<P>The following demonstrates definition of a set of OID macros and their use in defining schema elements:</P> 6501<PRE> 6502 objectIdentifier myOID 1.1 6503 objectIdentifier mySNMP myOID:1 6504 objectIdentifier myLDAP myOID:2 6505 objectIdentifier myAttributeType myLDAP:1 6506 objectIdentifier myObjectClass myLDAP:2 6507 attributetype ( myAttributeType:3 NAME 'x-my-PhotoURI' 6508 DESC 'URI and optional label referring to a photo' 6509 SUP labeledURI ) 6510 objectclass ( myObjectClass:1 NAME 'x-my-PhotoObject' 6511 DESC 'mixin x-my-Photo' 6512 AUXILIARY 6513 MAY x-my-Photo ) 6514</PRE> 6515<P></P> 6516<HR> 6517<H1><A NAME="Security Considerations">14. Security Considerations</A></H1> 6518<P>OpenLDAP Software is designed to run in a wide variety of computing environments from tightly-controlled closed networks to the global Internet. Hence, OpenLDAP Software supports many different security mechanisms. This chapter describes these mechanisms and discusses security considerations for using OpenLDAP Software.</P> 6519<H2><A NAME="Network Security">14.1. Network Security</A></H2> 6520<H3><A NAME="Selective Listening">14.1.1. Selective Listening</A></H3> 6521<P>By default, <EM>slapd</EM>(8) will listen on both the IPv4 and IPv6 "any" addresses. It is often desirable to have <EM>slapd</EM> listen on select address/port pairs. For example, listening only on the IPv4 address <TT>127.0.0.1</TT> will disallow remote access to the directory server. E.g.:</P> 6522<PRE> 6523 slapd -h ldap://127.0.0.1 6524</PRE> 6525<P>While the server can be configured to listen on a particular interface address, this doesn't necessarily restrict access to the server to only those networks accessible via that interface. To selective restrict remote access, it is recommend that an <A HREF="#IP Firewall">IP Firewall</A> be used to restrict access.</P> 6526<P>See <A HREF="#Command-line Options">Command-line Options</A> and <EM>slapd</EM>(8) for more information.</P> 6527<H3><A NAME="IP Firewall">14.1.2. IP Firewall</A></H3> 6528<P><TERM>IP</TERM> firewall capabilities of the server system can be used to restrict access based upon the client's IP address and/or network interface used to communicate with the client.</P> 6529<P>Generally, <EM>slapd</EM>(8) listens on port 389/tcp for <A HREF="ldap://">ldap://</A> sessions and port 636/tcp for <A HREF="ldaps://">ldaps://</A>) sessions. <EM>slapd</EM>(8) may be configured to listen on other ports.</P> 6530<P>As specifics of how to configure IP firewall are dependent on the particular kind of IP firewall used, no examples are provided here. See the document associated with your IP firewall.</P> 6531<H3><A NAME="TCP Wrappers">14.1.3. TCP Wrappers</A></H3> 6532<P><EM>slapd</EM>(8) supports <TERM>TCP</TERM> Wrappers. TCP Wrappers provide a rule-based access control system for controlling TCP/IP access to the server. For example, the <EM>host_options</EM>(5) rule:</P> 6533<PRE> 6534 slapd: 10.0.0.0/255.0.0.0 127.0.0.1 : ALLOW 6535 slapd: ALL : DENY 6536</PRE> 6537<P>allows only incoming connections from the private network <TT>10.0.0.0</TT> and localhost (<TT>127.0.0.1</TT>) to access the directory service.</P> 6538<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 6539<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>IP addresses are used as <EM>slapd</EM>(8) is not normally configured to perform reverse lookups. 6540<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 6541<P>It is noted that TCP wrappers require the connection to be accepted. As significant processing is required just to deny a connection, it is generally advised that IP firewall protection be used instead of TCP wrappers.</P> 6542<P>See <EM>hosts_access</EM>(5) for more information on TCP wrapper rules.</P> 6543<H2><A NAME="Data Integrity and Confidentiality Protection">14.2. Data Integrity and Confidentiality Protection</A></H2> 6544<P><TERM>Transport Layer Security</TERM> (TLS) can be used to provide data integrity and confidentiality protection. OpenLDAP supports negotiation of <TERM>TLS</TERM> (<TERM>SSL</TERM>) via both StartTLS and <A HREF="ldaps://">ldaps://</A>. See the <A HREF="#Using TLS">Using TLS</A> chapter for more information. StartTLS is the standard track mechanism.</P> 6545<P>A number of <TERM>Simple Authentication and Security Layer</TERM> (SASL) mechanisms, such as <TERM>DIGEST-MD5</TERM> and <TERM>GSSAPI</TERM>, also provide data integrity and confidentiality protection. See the <A HREF="#Using SASL">Using SASL</A> chapter for more information.</P> 6546<H3><A NAME="Security Strength Factors">14.2.1. Security Strength Factors</A></H3> 6547<P>The server uses <TERM>Security Strength Factor</TERM>s (SSF) to indicate the relative strength of protection. A SSF of zero (0) indicates no protections are in place. A SSF of one (1) indicates integrity protection are in place. A SSF greater than one (>1) roughly correlates to the effective encryption key length. For example, <TERM>DES</TERM> is 56, <TERM>3DES</TERM> is 112, and <TERM>AES</TERM> 128, 192, or 256.</P> 6548<P>A number of administrative controls rely on SSFs associated with TLS and SASL protection in place on an LDAP session.</P> 6549<P><TT>security</TT> controls disallow operations when appropriate protections are not in place. For example:</P> 6550<PRE> 6551 security ssf=1 update_ssf=112 6552</PRE> 6553<P>requires integrity protection for all operations and encryption protection, 3DES equivalent, for update operations (e.g. add, delete, modify, etc.). See <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) for details.</P> 6554<P>For fine-grained control, SSFs may be used in access controls. See the <A HREF="#Access Control">Access Control</A> section for more information.</P> 6555<H2><A NAME="Authentication Methods">14.3. Authentication Methods</A></H2> 6556<H3><A NAME=""simple" method">14.3.1. "simple" method</A></H3> 6557<P>The LDAP "simple" method has three modes of operation:</P> 6558<UL> 6559<LI>anonymous, 6560<LI>unauthenticated, and 6561<LI>user/password authenticated.</UL> 6562<P>Anonymous access is requested by providing no name and no password to the "simple" bind operation. Unauthenticated access is requested by providing a name but no password. Authenticated access is requested by providing a valid name and password.</P> 6563<P>An anonymous bind results in an <EM>anonymous</EM> authorization association. Anonymous bind mechanism is enabled by default, but can be disabled by specifying "<TT>disallow bind_anon</TT>" in <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5).</P> 6564<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 6565<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>Disabling the anonymous bind mechanism does not prevent anonymous access to the directory. To require authentication to access the directory, one should instead specify "<TT>require authc</TT>". 6566<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 6567<P>An unauthenticated bind also results in an <EM>anonymous</EM> authorization association. Unauthenticated bind mechanism is disabled by default, but can be enabled by specifying "<TT>allow bind_anon_cred</TT>" in <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5). As a number of LDAP applications mistakenly generate unauthenticated bind request when authenticated access was intended (that is, they do not ensure a password was provided), this mechanism should generally remain disabled.</P> 6568<P>A successful user/password authenticated bind results in a user authorization identity, the provided name, being associated with the session. User/password authenticated bind is enabled by default. However, as this mechanism itself offers no eavesdropping protection (e.g., the password is set in the clear), it is recommended that it be used only in tightly controlled systems or when the LDAP session is protected by other means (e.g., TLS, <TERM>IPsec</TERM>). Where the administrator relies on TLS to protect the password, it is recommended that unprotected authentication be disabled. This is done using the <TT>security</TT> directive's <TT>simple_bind</TT> option, which provides fine grain control over the level of confidential protection to require for <EM>simple</EM> user/password authentication. E.g., using <TT>security simple_bind=56</TT> would require <EM>simple</EM> binds to use encryption of DES equivalent or better.</P> 6569<P>The user/password authenticated bind mechanism can be completely disabled by setting "<TT>disallow bind_simple</TT>".</P> 6570<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 6571<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>An unsuccessful bind always results in the session having an <EM>anonymous</EM> authorization association. 6572<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 6573<H3><A NAME="SASL method">14.3.2. SASL method</A></H3> 6574<P>The LDAP <TERM>SASL</TERM> method allows the use of any SASL authentication mechanism. The <A HREF="#Using SASL">Using SASL</A> section discusses the use of SASL.</P> 6575<H2><A NAME="Password Storage">14.4. Password Storage</A></H2> 6576<P>LDAP passwords are normally stored in the <EM>userPassword</EM> attribute. <A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4519.txt">RFC4519</A> specifies that passwords are not stored in encrypted (or hashed) form. This allows a wide range of password-based authentication mechanisms, such as <TT>DIGEST-MD5</TT> to be used. This is also the most interoperable storage scheme.</P> 6577<P>However, it may be desirable to store a hash of password instead. <EM>slapd</EM>(8) supports a variety of storage schemes for the administrator to choose from.</P> 6578<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 6579<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>Values of password attributes, regardless of storage scheme used, should be protected as if they were clear text. Hashed passwords are subject to <EM>dictionary attacks</EM> and <EM>brute-force attacks</EM>. 6580<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 6581<P>The <EM>userPassword</EM> attribute is allowed to have more than one value, and it is possible for each value to be stored in a different form. During authentication, <EM>slapd</EM> will iterate through the values until it finds one that matches the offered password or until it runs out of values to inspect. The storage scheme is stored as a prefix on the value, so a hashed password using the Salted SHA1 (<TT>SSHA</TT>) scheme looks like:</P> 6582<PRE> 6583 userPassword: {SSHA}DkMTwBl+a/3DQTxCYEApdUtNXGgdUac3 6584</PRE> 6585<P>The advantage of hashed passwords is that an attacker which discovers the hash does not have direct access to the actual password. Unfortunately, as dictionary and brute force attacks are generally quite easy for attackers to successfully mount, this advantage is marginal at best (this is why all modern Unix systems use shadow password files).</P> 6586<P>The disadvantages of hashed storage is that they are non-standard, may cause interoperability problem, and generally preclude the use of stronger than Simple (or SASL/PLAIN) password-based authentication mechanisms such as <TT>DIGEST-MD5</TT>.</P> 6587<H3><A NAME="SSHA password storage scheme">14.4.1. SSHA password storage scheme</A></H3> 6588<P>This is the salted version of the SHA scheme. It is believed to be the most secure password storage scheme supported by <EM>slapd</EM>.</P> 6589<P>These values represent the same password:</P> 6590<PRE> 6591 userPassword: {SSHA}DkMTwBl+a/3DQTxCYEApdUtNXGgdUac3 6592 userPassword: {SSHA}d0Q0626PSH9VUld7yWpR0k6BlpQmtczb 6593</PRE> 6594<H3><A NAME="CRYPT password storage scheme">14.4.2. CRYPT password storage scheme</A></H3> 6595<P>This scheme uses the operating system's <EM>crypt(3)</EM> hash function. It normally produces the traditional Unix-style 13 character hash, but on systems with <TT>glibc2</TT> it can also generate the more secure 34-byte MD5 hash.</P> 6596<PRE> 6597 userPassword: {CRYPT}aUihad99hmev6 6598 userPassword: {CRYPT}$1$czBJdDqS$TmkzUAb836oMxg/BmIwN.1 6599</PRE> 6600<P>The advantage of the CRYPT scheme is that passwords can be transferred to or from an existing Unix password file without having to know the cleartext form. Both forms of <EM>crypt</EM> include salt so they have some resistance to dictionary attacks.</P> 6601<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 6602<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>Since this scheme uses the operating system's <EM>crypt(3)</EM> hash function, it is therefore operating system specific. 6603<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 6604<H3><A NAME="MD5 password storage scheme">14.4.3. MD5 password storage scheme</A></H3> 6605<P>This scheme simply takes the MD5 hash of the password and stores it in base64 encoded form:</P> 6606<PRE> 6607 userPassword: {MD5}Xr4ilOzQ4PCOq3aQ0qbuaQ== 6608</PRE> 6609<P>Although safer than cleartext storage, this is not a very secure scheme. The MD5 algorithm is fast, and because there is no salt the scheme is vulnerable to a dictionary attack.</P> 6610<H3><A NAME="SMD5 password storage scheme">14.4.4. SMD5 password storage scheme</A></H3> 6611<P>This improves on the basic MD5 scheme by adding salt (random data which means that there are many possible representations of a given plaintext password). For example, both of these values represent the same password:</P> 6612<PRE> 6613 userPassword: {SMD5}4QWGWZpj9GCmfuqEvm8HtZhZS6E= 6614 userPassword: {SMD5}g2/J/7D5EO6+oPdklp5p8YtNFk4= 6615</PRE> 6616<H3><A NAME="SHA password storage scheme">14.4.5. SHA password storage scheme</A></H3> 6617<P>Like the MD5 scheme, this simply feeds the password through an SHA hash process. SHA is thought to be more secure than MD5, but the lack of salt leaves the scheme exposed to dictionary attacks.</P> 6618<PRE> 6619 userPassword: {SHA}5en6G6MezRroT3XKqkdPOmY/BfQ= 6620</PRE> 6621<H3><A NAME="SASL password storage scheme">14.4.6. SASL password storage scheme</A></H3> 6622<P>This is not really a password storage scheme at all. It uses the value of the <EM>userPassword</EM> attribute to delegate password verification to another process. See below for more information.</P> 6623<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 6624<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>This is not the same as using SASL to authenticate the LDAP session. 6625<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 6626<H2><A NAME="Pass-Through authentication">14.5. Pass-Through authentication</A></H2> 6627<P>Since OpenLDAP 2.0 <EM>slapd</EM> has had the ability to delegate password verification to a separate process. This uses the <EM>sasl_checkpass(3)</EM> function so it can use any back-end server that Cyrus SASL supports for checking passwords. The choice is very wide, as one option is to use <EM>saslauthd(8)</EM> which in turn can use local files, Kerberos, an IMAP server, another LDAP server, or anything supported by the PAM mechanism.</P> 6628<P>The server must be built with the <TT>--enable-spasswd</TT> configuration option to enable pass-through authentication.</P> 6629<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 6630<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>This is not the same as using a SASL mechanism to authenticate the LDAP session. 6631<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 6632<P>Pass-Through authentication works only with plaintext passwords, as used in the "simple bind" and "SASL PLAIN" authentication mechanisms.}}</P> 6633<P>Pass-Through authentication is selective: it only affects users whose <EM>userPassword</EM> attribute has a value marked with the "{SASL}" scheme. The format of the attribute is:</P> 6634<PRE> 6635 userPassword: {SASL}username@realm 6636</PRE> 6637<P>The <EM>username</EM> and <EM>realm</EM> are passed to the SASL authentication mechanism and are used to identify the account whose password is to be verified. This allows arbitrary mapping between entries in OpenLDAP and accounts known to the backend authentication service.</P> 6638<P>It would be wise to use access control to prevent users from changing their passwords through LDAP where they have pass-through authentication enabled.</P> 6639<H3><A NAME="Configuring slapd to use an authentication provider">14.5.1. Configuring slapd to use an authentication provider</A></H3> 6640<P>Where an entry has a "{SASL}" password value, OpenLDAP delegates the whole process of validating that entry's password to Cyrus SASL. All the configuration is therefore done in SASL config files.</P> 6641<P>The first file to be considered is confusingly named <EM>slapd.conf</EM> and is typically found in the SASL library directory, often <TT>/usr/lib/sasl2/slapd.conf</TT> This file governs the use of SASL when talking LDAP to <EM>slapd</EM> as well as the use of SASL backends for pass-through authentication. See <TT>options.html</TT> in the <A HREF="http://asg.web.cmu.edu/sasl/sasl-library.html">Cyrus SASL</A> docs for full details. Here is a simple example for a server that will use <EM>saslauthd</EM> to verify passwords:</P> 6642<PRE> 6643 mech_list: plain 6644 pwcheck_method: saslauthd 6645 saslauthd_path: /var/run/sasl2/mux 6646</PRE> 6647<H3><A NAME="Configuring saslauthd">14.5.2. Configuring saslauthd</A></H3> 6648<P><EM>saslauthd</EM> is capable of using many different authentication services: see <EM>saslauthd(8)</EM> for details. A common requirement is to delegate some or all authentication to another LDAP server. Here is a sample <TT>saslauthd.conf</TT> that uses Microsoft Active Directory (AD):</P> 6649<PRE> 6650 ldap_servers: ldap://dc1.example.com/ ldap://dc2.example.com/ 6651 6652 ldap_search_base: cn=Users,DC=ad,DC=example,DC=com 6653 ldap_filter: (userPrincipalName=%u) 6654 6655 ldap_bind_dn: cn=saslauthd,cn=Users,DC=ad,DC=example,DC=com 6656 ldap_password: secret 6657</PRE> 6658<P>In this case, <EM>saslauthd</EM> is run with the <TT>ldap</TT> authentication mechanism and is set to combine the SASL realm with the login name:</P> 6659<PRE> 6660 saslauthd -a ldap -r 6661</PRE> 6662<P>This means that the "username@realm" string from the <EM>userPassword</EM> attribute ends up being used to search AD for "userPrincipalName=username@realm" - the password is then verified by attempting to bind to AD using the entry found by the search and the password supplied by the LDAP client.</P> 6663<H3><A NAME="Testing pass-through authentication">14.5.3. Testing pass-through authentication</A></H3> 6664<P>It is usually best to start with the back-end authentication provider and work through <EM>saslauthd</EM> and <EM>slapd</EM> towards the LDAP client.</P> 6665<P>In the AD example above, first check that the DN and password that <EM>saslauthd</EM> will use when it connects to AD are valid:</P> 6666<PRE> 6667 ldapsearch -x -H ldap://dc1.example.com/ \ 6668 -D cn=saslauthd,cn=Users,DC=ad,DC=example,DC=com \ 6669 -w secret \ 6670 -b '' \ 6671 -s base 6672</PRE> 6673<P>Next check that a sample AD user can be found:</P> 6674<PRE> 6675 ldapsearch -x -H ldap://dc1.example.com/ \ 6676 -D cn=saslauthd,cn=Users,DC=ad,DC=example,DC=com \ 6677 -w secret \ 6678 -b cn=Users,DC=ad,DC=example,DC=com \ 6679 "(userPrincipalName=user@ad.example.com)" 6680</PRE> 6681<P>Check that the user can bind to AD:</P> 6682<PRE> 6683 ldapsearch -x -H ldap://dc1.example.com/ \ 6684 -D cn=user,cn=Users,DC=ad,DC=example,DC=com \ 6685 -w userpassword \ 6686 -b cn=user,cn=Users,DC=ad,DC=example,DC=com \ 6687 -s base \ 6688 "(objectclass=*)" 6689</PRE> 6690<P>If all that works then <EM>saslauthd</EM> should be able to do the same:</P> 6691<PRE> 6692 testsaslauthd -u user@ad.example.com -p userpassword 6693 testsaslauthd -u user@ad.example.com -p wrongpassword 6694</PRE> 6695<P>Now put the magic token into an entry in OpenLDAP:</P> 6696<PRE> 6697 userPassword: {SASL}user@ad.example.com 6698</PRE> 6699<P>It should now be possible to bind to OpenLDAP using the DN of that entry and the password of the AD user.</P> 6700<P></P> 6701<HR> 6702<H1><A NAME="Using SASL">15. Using SASL</A></H1> 6703<P>OpenLDAP clients and servers are capable of authenticating via the <TERM>Simple Authentication and Security Layer</TERM> (<TERM>SASL</TERM>) framework, which is detailed in <A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4422.txt">RFC4422</A>. This chapter describes how to make use of SASL in OpenLDAP.</P> 6704<P>There are several industry standard authentication mechanisms that can be used with SASL, including <TERM>GSSAPI</TERM> for <TERM>Kerberos</TERM> V, <TERM>DIGEST-MD5</TERM>, and <TERM>PLAIN</TERM> and <TERM>EXTERNAL</TERM> for use with <TERM>Transport Layer Security</TERM> (TLS).</P> 6705<P>The standard client tools provided with OpenLDAP Software, such as <EM>ldapsearch</EM>(1) and <EM>ldapmodify</EM>(1), will by default attempt to authenticate the user to the <TERM>LDAP</TERM> directory server using SASL. Basic authentication service can be set up by the LDAP administrator with a few steps, allowing users to be authenticated to the slapd server as their LDAP entry. With a few extra steps, some users and services can be allowed to exploit SASL's proxy authorization feature, allowing them to authenticate themselves and then switch their identity to that of another user or service.</P> 6706<P>This chapter assumes you have read <EM>Cyrus SASL for System Administrators</EM>, provided with the <A HREF="http://asg.web.cmu.edu/sasl/sasl-library.html">Cyrus SASL</A> package (in <TT>doc/sysadmin.html</TT>) and have a working Cyrus SASL installation. You should use the Cyrus SASL <TT>sample_client</TT> and <TT>sample_server</TT> to test your SASL installation before attempting to make use of it with OpenLDAP Software.</P> 6707<P>Note that in the following text the term <EM>user</EM> is used to describe a person or application entity who is connecting to the LDAP server via an LDAP client, such as <EM>ldapsearch</EM>(1). That is, the term <EM>user</EM> not only applies to both an individual using an LDAP client, but to an application entity which issues LDAP client operations without direct user control. For example, an e-mail server which uses LDAP operations to access information held in an LDAP server is an application entity.</P> 6708<H2><A NAME="SASL Security Considerations">15.1. SASL Security Considerations</A></H2> 6709<P>SASL offers many different authentication mechanisms. This section briefly outlines security considerations.</P> 6710<P>Some mechanisms, such as PLAIN and LOGIN, offer no greater security over LDAP <EM>simple</EM> authentication. Like LDAP <EM>simple</EM> authentication, such mechanisms should not be used unless you have adequate security protections in place. It is recommended that these mechanisms be used only in conjunction with <TERM>Transport Layer Security</TERM> (TLS). Use of PLAIN and LOGIN are not discussed further in this document.</P> 6711<P>The DIGEST-MD5 mechanism is the mandatory-to-implement authentication mechanism for LDAPv3. Though DIGEST-MD5 is not a strong authentication mechanism in comparison with trusted third party authentication systems (such as <TERM>Kerberos</TERM> or public key systems), it does offer significant protections against a number of attacks. Unlike the <TERM>CRAM-MD5</TERM> mechanism, it prevents chosen plaintext attacks. DIGEST-MD5 is favored over the use of plaintext password mechanisms. The CRAM-MD5 mechanism is deprecated in favor of DIGEST-MD5. Use of <A HREF="#DIGEST-MD5">DIGEST-MD5</A> is discussed below.</P> 6712<P>The GSSAPI mechanism utilizes <TERM>GSS-API</TERM> <TERM>Kerberos</TERM> V to provide secure authentication services. The KERBEROS_V4 mechanism is available for those using Kerberos IV. Kerberos is viewed as a secure, distributed authentication system suitable for both small and large enterprises. Use of <A HREF="#GSSAPI">GSSAPI</A> and <A HREF="#KERBEROS_V4">KERBEROS_V4</A> are discussed below.</P> 6713<P>The EXTERNAL mechanism utilizes authentication services provided by lower level network services such as <TERM>Transport Layer Security</TERM> (<TERM>TLS</TERM>). When used in conjunction with <TERM>TLS</TERM> <TERM>X.509</TERM>-based public key technology, EXTERNAL offers strong authentication. TLS is discussed in the <A HREF="#Using TLS">Using TLS</A> chapter.</P> 6714<P>EXTERNAL can also be used with the <TT>ldapi:///</TT> transport, as Unix-domain sockets can report the UID and GID of the client process.</P> 6715<P>There are other strong authentication mechanisms to choose from, including <TERM>OTP</TERM> (one time passwords) and <TERM>SRP</TERM> (secure remote passwords). These mechanisms are not discussed in this document.</P> 6716<H2><A NAME="SASL Authentication">15.2. SASL Authentication</A></H2> 6717<P>Getting basic SASL authentication running involves a few steps. The first step configures your slapd server environment so that it can communicate with client programs using the security system in place at your site. This usually involves setting up a service key, a public key, or other form of secret. The second step concerns mapping authentication identities to LDAP <TERM>DN</TERM>'s, which depends on how entries are laid out in your directory. An explanation of the first step will be given in the next section using Kerberos V4 as an example mechanism. The steps necessary for your site's authentication mechanism will be similar, but a guide to every mechanism available under SASL is beyond the scope of this chapter. The second step is described in the section <A HREF="#Mapping Authentication Identities">Mapping Authentication Identities</A>.</P> 6718<H3><A NAME="GSSAPI">15.2.1. GSSAPI</A></H3> 6719<P>This section describes the use of the SASL GSSAPI mechanism and Kerberos V with OpenLDAP. It will be assumed that you have Kerberos V deployed, you are familiar with the operation of the system, and that your users are trained in its use. This section also assumes you have familiarized yourself with the use of the GSSAPI mechanism by reading <EM>Configuring GSSAPI and Cyrus SASL</EM> (provided with Cyrus SASL in the <TT>doc/gssapi</TT> file) and successfully experimented with the Cyrus provided <TT>sample_server</TT> and <TT>sample_client</TT> applications. General information about Kerberos is available at <A HREF="http://web.mit.edu/kerberos/www/">http://web.mit.edu/kerberos/www/</A>.</P> 6720<P>To use the GSSAPI mechanism with <EM>slapd</EM>(8) one must create a service key with a principal for <EM>ldap</EM> service within the realm for the host on which the service runs. For example, if you run <EM>slapd</EM> on <TT>directory.example.com</TT> and your realm is <TT>EXAMPLE.COM</TT>, you need to create a service key with the principal:</P> 6721<PRE> 6722 ldap/directory.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM 6723</PRE> 6724<P>When <EM>slapd</EM>(8) runs, it must have access to this key. This is generally done by placing the key into a keytab file, <TT>/etc/krb5.keytab</TT>. See your Kerberos and Cyrus SASL documentation for information regarding keytab location settings.</P> 6725<P>To use the GSSAPI mechanism to authenticate to the directory, the user obtains a Ticket Granting Ticket (TGT) prior to running the LDAP client. When using OpenLDAP client tools, the user may mandate use of the GSSAPI mechanism by specifying <TT>-Y GSSAPI</TT> as a command option.</P> 6726<P>For the purposes of authentication and authorization, <EM>slapd</EM>(8) associates an authentication request DN of the form:</P> 6727<PRE> 6728 uid=<primary[/instance]>,cn=<realm>,cn=gssapi,cn=auth 6729</PRE> 6730<P>Continuing our example, a user with the Kerberos principal <TT>kurt@EXAMPLE.COM</TT> would have the associated DN:</P> 6731<PRE> 6732 uid=kurt,cn=example.com,cn=gssapi,cn=auth 6733</PRE> 6734<P>and the principal <TT>ursula/admin@FOREIGN.REALM</TT> would have the associated DN:</P> 6735<PRE> 6736 uid=ursula/admin,cn=foreign.realm,cn=gssapi,cn=auth 6737</PRE> 6738<P>The authentication request DN can be used directly ACLs and <TT>groupOfNames</TT> "member" attributes, since it is of legitimate LDAP DN format. Or alternatively, the authentication DN could be mapped before use. See the section <A HREF="#Mapping Authentication Identities">Mapping Authentication Identities</A> for details.</P> 6739<H3><A NAME="KERBEROS_V4">15.2.2. KERBEROS_V4</A></H3> 6740<P>This section describes the use of the SASL KERBEROS_V4 mechanism with OpenLDAP. It will be assumed that you are familiar with the workings of the Kerberos IV security system, and that your site has Kerberos IV deployed. Your users should be familiar with authentication policy, how to receive credentials in a Kerberos ticket cache, and how to refresh expired credentials.</P> 6741<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 6742<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>KERBEROS_V4 and Kerberos IV are deprecated in favor of GSSAPI and Kerberos V. 6743<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 6744<P>Client programs will need to be able to obtain a session key for use when connecting to your LDAP server. This allows the LDAP server to know the identity of the user, and allows the client to know it is connecting to a legitimate server. If encryption layers are to be used, the session key can also be used to help negotiate that option.</P> 6745<P>The slapd server runs the service called "<EM>ldap</EM>", and the server will require a srvtab file with a service key. SASL aware client programs will be obtaining an "ldap" service ticket with the user's ticket granting ticket (TGT), with the instance of the ticket matching the hostname of the OpenLDAP server. For example, if your realm is named <TT>EXAMPLE.COM</TT> and the slapd server is running on the host named <TT>directory.example.com</TT>, the <TT>/etc/srvtab</TT> file on the server will have a service key</P> 6746<PRE> 6747 ldap.directory@EXAMPLE.COM 6748</PRE> 6749<P>When an LDAP client is authenticating a user to the directory using the KERBEROS_IV mechanism, it will request a session key for that same principal, either from the ticket cache or by obtaining a new one from the Kerberos server. This will require the TGT to be available and valid in the cache as well. If it is not present or has expired, the client may print out the message:</P> 6750<PRE> 6751 ldap_sasl_interactive_bind_s: Local error 6752</PRE> 6753<P>When the service ticket is obtained, it will be passed to the LDAP server as proof of the user's identity. The server will extract the identity and realm out of the service ticket using SASL library calls, and convert them into an <EM>authentication request DN</EM> of the form</P> 6754<PRE> 6755 uid=<username>,cn=<realm>,cn=<mechanism>,cn=auth 6756</PRE> 6757<P>So in our above example, if the user's name were "adamson", the authentication request DN would be:</P> 6758<PRE> 6759 uid=adamsom,cn=example.com,cn=kerberos_v4,cn=auth 6760</PRE> 6761<P>This authentication request DN can be used directly ACLs or, alternatively, mapped prior to use. See the section <A HREF="#Mapping Authentication Identities">Mapping Authentication Identities</A> for details.</P> 6762<H3><A NAME="DIGEST-MD5">15.2.3. DIGEST-MD5</A></H3> 6763<P>This section describes the use of the SASL DIGEST-MD5 mechanism using secrets stored either in the directory itself or in Cyrus SASL's own database. DIGEST-MD5 relies on the client and the server sharing a "secret", usually a password. The server generates a challenge and the client a response proving that it knows the shared secret. This is much more secure than simply sending the secret over the wire.</P> 6764<P>Cyrus SASL supports several shared-secret mechanisms. To do this, it needs access to the plaintext password (unlike mechanisms which pass plaintext passwords over the wire, where the server can store a hashed version of the password).</P> 6765<P>The server's copy of the shared-secret may be stored in Cyrus SASL's own <EM>sasldb</EM> database, in an external system accessed via <EM>saslauthd</EM>, or in LDAP database itself. In either case it is very important to apply file access controls and LDAP access controls to prevent exposure of the passwords. The configuration and commands discussed in this section assume the use of Cyrus SASL 2.1.</P> 6766<P>To use secrets stored in <EM>sasldb</EM>, simply add users with the <EM>saslpasswd2</EM> command:</P> 6767<PRE> 6768 saslpasswd2 -c <username> 6769</PRE> 6770<P>The passwords for such users must be managed with the <EM>saslpasswd2</EM> command.</P> 6771<P>To use secrets stored in the LDAP directory, place plaintext passwords in the <TT>userPassword</TT> attribute. It will be necessary to add an option to <TT>slapd.conf</TT> to make sure that passwords set using the LDAP Password Modify Operation are stored in plaintext:</P> 6772<PRE> 6773 password-hash {CLEARTEXT} 6774</PRE> 6775<P>Passwords stored in this way can be managed either with <EM>ldappasswd</EM>(1) or by simply modifying the <TT>userPassword</TT> attribute. Regardless of where the passwords are stored, a mapping will be needed from authentication request DN to user's DN.</P> 6776<P>The DIGEST-MD5 mechanism produces authentication IDs of the form:</P> 6777<PRE> 6778 uid=<username>,cn=<realm>,cn=digest-md5,cn=auth 6779</PRE> 6780<P>If the default realm is used, the realm name is omitted from the ID, giving:</P> 6781<PRE> 6782 uid=<username>,cn=digest-md5,cn=auth 6783</PRE> 6784<P>See <A HREF="#Mapping Authentication Identities">Mapping Authentication Identities</A> below for information on optional mapping of identities.</P> 6785<P>With suitable mappings in place, users can specify SASL IDs when performing LDAP operations, and the password stored in <EM>sasldb</EM> or in the directory itself will be used to verify the authentication. For example, the user identified by the directory entry:</P> 6786<PRE> 6787 dn: cn=Andrew Findlay+uid=u000997,dc=example,dc=com 6788 objectclass: inetOrgPerson 6789 objectclass: person 6790 sn: Findlay 6791 uid: u000997 6792 userPassword: secret 6793</PRE> 6794<P>can issue commands of the form:</P> 6795<PRE> 6796 ldapsearch -Y DIGEST-MD5 -U u000997 ... 6797</PRE> 6798<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 6799<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>in each of the above cases, no authorization identity (e.g. <TT>-X</TT>) was provided. Unless you are attempting <A HREF="#SASL Proxy Authorization">SASL Proxy Authorization</A>, no authorization identity should be specified. The server will infer an authorization identity from authentication identity (as described below). 6800<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 6801<H3><A NAME="EXTERNAL">15.2.4. EXTERNAL</A></H3> 6802<P>The SASL EXTERNAL mechanism makes use of an authentication performed by a lower-level protocol: usually <TERM>TLS</TERM> or Unix <TERM>IPC</TERM></P> 6803<P>Each transport protocol returns Authentication Identities in its own format:</P> 6804<H4><A NAME="TLS Authentication Identity Format">15.2.4.1. TLS Authentication Identity Format</A></H4> 6805<P>This is the Subject DN from the client-side certificate. Note that DNs are displayed differently by LDAP and by X.509, so a certificate issued to</P> 6806<PRE> 6807 C=gb, O=The Example Organisation, CN=A Person 6808</PRE> 6809<P>will produce an authentication identity of:</P> 6810<PRE> 6811 cn=A Person,o=The Example Organisation,c=gb 6812</PRE> 6813<P>Note that you must set a suitable value for TLSVerifyClient to make the server request the use of a client-side certificate. Without this, the SASL EXTERNAL mechanism will not be offered. Refer to the <A HREF="#Using TLS">Using TLS</A> chapter for details.</P> 6814<H4><A NAME="IPC (ldapi:///) Identity Format">15.2.4.2. IPC (ldapi:///) Identity Format</A></H4> 6815<P>This is formed from the Unix UID and GID of the client process:</P> 6816<PRE> 6817 gidNumber=<number>+uidNumber=<number>,cn=peercred,cn=external,cn=auth 6818</PRE> 6819<P>Thus, a client process running as <TT>root</TT> will be:</P> 6820<PRE> 6821 gidNumber=0+uidNumber=0,cn=peercred,cn=external,cn=auth 6822</PRE> 6823<H3><A NAME="Mapping Authentication Identities">15.2.5. Mapping Authentication Identities</A></H3> 6824<P>The authentication mechanism in the slapd server will use SASL library calls to obtain the authenticated user's "username", based on whatever underlying authentication mechanism was used. This username is in the namespace of the authentication mechanism, and not in the normal LDAP namespace. As stated in the sections above, that username is reformatted into an authentication request DN of the form</P> 6825<PRE> 6826 uid=<username>,cn=<realm>,cn=<mechanism>,cn=auth 6827</PRE> 6828<P>or</P> 6829<PRE> 6830 uid=<username>,cn=<mechanism>,cn=auth 6831</PRE> 6832<P>depending on whether or not <mechanism> employs the concept of "realms". Note also that the realm part will be omitted if the default realm was used in the authentication.</P> 6833<P>The <EM>ldapwhoami</EM>(1) command may be used to determine the identity associated with the user. It is very useful for determining proper function of mappings.</P> 6834<P>It is not intended that you should add LDAP entries of the above form to your LDAP database. Chances are you have an LDAP entry for each of the persons that will be authenticating to LDAP, laid out in your directory tree, and the tree does not start at cn=auth. But if your site has a clear mapping between the "username" and an LDAP entry for the person, you will be able to configure your LDAP server to automatically map a authentication request DN to the user's <EM>authentication DN</EM>.</P> 6835<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 6836<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>it is not required that the authentication request DN nor the user's authentication DN resulting from the mapping refer to an entry held in the directory. However, additional capabilities become available (see below). 6837<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 6838<P>The LDAP administrator will need to tell the slapd server how to map an authentication request DN to a user's authentication DN. This is done by adding one or more <TT>authz-regexp</TT> directives to the <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) file. This directive takes two arguments:</P> 6839<PRE> 6840 authz-regexp <search pattern> <replacement pattern> 6841</PRE> 6842<P>The authentication request DN is compared to the search pattern using the regular expression functions <EM>regcomp</EM>() and <EM>regexec</EM>(), and if it matches, it is rewritten as the replacement pattern. If there are multiple <TT>authz-regexp</TT> directives, only the first whose search pattern matches the authentication identity is used. The string that is output from the replacement pattern should be the authentication DN of the user or an LDAP URL. If replacement string produces a DN, the entry named by this DN need not be held by this server. If the replace string produces an LDAP URL, that LDAP URL must evaluate to one and only one entry held by this server.</P> 6843<P>The search pattern can contain any of the regular expression characters listed in <EM>regexec</EM>(3C). The main characters of note are dot ".", asterisk "*", and the open and close parenthesis "(" and ")". Essentially, the dot matches any character, the asterisk allows zero or more repeats of the immediately preceding character or pattern, and terms in parenthesis are remembered for the replacement pattern.</P> 6844<P>The replacement pattern will produce either a DN or URL referring to the user. Anything from the authentication request DN that matched a string in parenthesis in the search pattern is stored in the variable "$1". That variable "$1" can appear in the replacement pattern, and will be replaced by the string from the authentication request DN. If there were multiple sets of parentheses in the search pattern, the variables $2, $3, etc are used.</P> 6845<H3><A NAME="Direct Mapping">15.2.6. Direct Mapping</A></H3> 6846<P>Where possible, direct mapping of the authentication request DN to the user's DN is generally recommended. Aside from avoiding the expense of searching for the user's DN, it allows mapping to DNs which refer to entries not held by this server.</P> 6847<P>Suppose the authentication request DN is written as:</P> 6848<PRE> 6849 uid=adamson,cn=example.com,cn=gssapi,cn=auth 6850</PRE> 6851<P>and the user's actual LDAP entry is:</P> 6852<PRE> 6853 uid=adamson,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com 6854</PRE> 6855<P>then the following <TT>authz-regexp</TT> directive in <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) would provide for direct mapping.</P> 6856<PRE> 6857 authz-regexp 6858 uid=([^,]*),cn=example.com,cn=gssapi,cn=auth 6859 uid=$1,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com 6860</PRE> 6861<P>An even more lenient rule could be written as</P> 6862<PRE> 6863 authz-regexp 6864 uid=([^,]*),cn=[^,]*,cn=auth 6865 uid=$1,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com 6866</PRE> 6867<P>Be careful about setting the search pattern too leniently, however, since it may mistakenly allow persons to become authenticated as a DN to which they should not have access. It is better to write several strict directives than one lenient directive which has security holes. If there is only one authentication mechanism in place at your site, and zero or one realms in use, you might be able to map between authentication identities and LDAP DN's with a single <TT>authz-regexp</TT> directive.</P> 6868<P>Don't forget to allow for the case where the realm is omitted as well as the case with an explicitly specified realm. This may well require a separate <TT>authz-regexp</TT> directive for each case, with the explicit-realm entry being listed first.</P> 6869<H3><A NAME="Search-based mappings">15.2.7. Search-based mappings</A></H3> 6870<P>There are a number of cases where mapping to a LDAP URL may be appropriate. For instance, some sites may have person objects located in multiple areas of the LDAP tree, such as if there were an <TT>ou=accounting</TT> tree and an <TT>ou=engineering</TT> tree, with persons interspersed between them. Or, maybe the desired mapping must be based upon information in the user's information. Consider the need to map the above authentication request DN to user whose entry is as follows:</P> 6871<PRE> 6872 dn: cn=Mark Adamson,ou=People,dc=Example,dc=COM 6873 objectclass: person 6874 cn: Mark Adamson 6875 uid: adamson 6876</PRE> 6877<P>The information in the authentication request DN is insufficient to allow the user's DN to be directly derived, instead the user's DN must be searched for. For these situations, a replacement pattern which produces a LDAP URL can be used in the <TT>authz-regexp</TT> directives. This URL will then be used to perform an internal search of the LDAP database to find the person's authentication DN.</P> 6878<P>An LDAP URL, similar to other URL's, is of the form</P> 6879<PRE> 6880 ldap://<host>/<base>?<attrs>?<scope>?<filter> 6881</PRE> 6882<P>This contains all of the elements necessary to perform an LDAP search: the name of the server <host>, the LDAP DN search base <base>, the LDAP attributes to retrieve <attrs>, the search scope <scope> which is one of the three options "base", "one", or "sub", and lastly an LDAP search filter <filter>. Since the search is for an LDAP DN within the current server, the <host> portion should be empty. The <attrs> field is also ignored since only the DN is of concern. These two elements are left in the format of the URL to maintain the clarity of what information goes where in the string.</P> 6883<P>Suppose that the person in the example from above did in fact have an authentication username of "adamson" and that information was kept in the attribute "uid" in their LDAP entry. The <TT>authz-regexp</TT> directive might be written as</P> 6884<PRE> 6885 authz-regexp 6886 uid=([^,]*),cn=example.com,cn=gssapi,cn=auth 6887 ldap:///ou=people,dc=example,dc=com??one?(uid=$1) 6888</PRE> 6889<P>This will initiate an internal search of the LDAP database inside the slapd server. If the search returns exactly one entry, it is accepted as being the DN of the user. If there are more than one entries returned, or if there are zero entries returned, the authentication fails and the user's connection is left bound as the authentication request DN.</P> 6890<P>The attributes that are used in the search filter <filter> in the URL should be indexed to allow faster searching. If they are not, the authentication step alone can take uncomfortably long periods, and users may assume the server is down.</P> 6891<P>A more complex site might have several realms in use, each mapping to a different subtree in the directory. These can be handled with statements of the form:</P> 6892<PRE> 6893 # Match Engineering realm 6894 authz-regexp 6895 uid=([^,]*),cn=engineering.example.com,cn=digest-md5,cn=auth 6896 ldap:///dc=eng,dc=example,dc=com??one?(&(uid=$1)(objectClass=person)) 6897 6898 # Match Accounting realm 6899 authz-regexp 6900 uid=([^,].*),cn=accounting.example.com,cn=digest-md5,cn=auth 6901 ldap:///dc=accounting,dc=example,dc=com??one?(&(uid=$1)(objectClass=person)) 6902 6903 # Default realm is customers.example.com 6904 authz-regexp 6905 uid=([^,]*),cn=digest-md5,cn=auth 6906 ldap:///dc=customers,dc=example,dc=com??one?(&(uid=$1)(objectClass=person)) 6907</PRE> 6908<P>Note that the explicitly-named realms are handled first, to avoid the realm name becoming part of the UID. Also note the use of scope and filters to limit matching to desirable entries.</P> 6909<P>Note as well that <TT>authz-regexp</TT> internal search are subject to access controls. Specifically, the authentication identity must have <TT>auth</TT> access.</P> 6910<P>See <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) for more detailed information.</P> 6911<H2><A NAME="SASL Proxy Authorization">15.3. SASL Proxy Authorization</A></H2> 6912<P>The SASL offers a feature known as <EM>proxy authorization</EM>, which allows an authenticated user to request that they act on the behalf of another user. This step occurs after the user has obtained an authentication DN, and involves sending an authorization identity to the server. The server will then make a decision on whether or not to allow the authorization to occur. If it is allowed, the user's LDAP connection is switched to have a binding DN derived from the authorization identity, and the LDAP session proceeds with the access of the new authorization DN.</P> 6913<P>The decision to allow an authorization to proceed depends on the rules and policies of the site where LDAP is running, and thus cannot be made by SASL alone. The SASL library leaves it up to the server to make the decision. The LDAP administrator sets the guidelines of who can authorize to what identity by adding information into the LDAP database entries. By default, the authorization features are disabled, and must be explicitly configured by the LDAP administrator before use.</P> 6914<H3><A NAME="Uses of Proxy Authorization">15.3.1. Uses of Proxy Authorization</A></H3> 6915<P>This sort of service is useful when one entity needs to act on the behalf of many other users. For example, users may be directed to a web page to make changes to their personal information in their LDAP entry. The users authenticate to the web server to establish their identity, but the web server CGI cannot authenticate to the LDAP server as that user to make changes for them. Instead, the web server authenticates itself to the LDAP server as a service identity, say,</P> 6916<PRE> 6917 cn=WebUpdate,dc=example,dc=com 6918</PRE> 6919<P>and then it will SASL authorize to the DN of the user. Once so authorized, the CGI makes changes to the LDAP entry of the user, and as far as the slapd server can tell for its ACLs, it is the user themself on the other end of the connection. The user could have connected to the LDAP server directly and authenticated as themself, but that would require the user to have more knowledge of LDAP clients, knowledge which the web page provides in an easier format.</P> 6920<P>Proxy authorization can also be used to limit access to an account that has greater access to the database. Such an account, perhaps even the root DN specified in <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5), can have a strict list of people who can authorize to that DN. Changes to the LDAP database could then be only allowed by that DN, and in order to become that DN, users must first authenticate as one of the persons on the list. This allows for better auditing of who made changes to the LDAP database. If people were allowed to authenticate directly to the privileged account, possibly through the <TT>rootpw</TT> <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) directive or through a <TT>userPassword</TT> attribute, then auditing becomes more difficult.</P> 6921<P>Note that after a successful proxy authorization, the original authentication DN of the LDAP connection is overwritten by the new DN from the authorization request. If a service program is able to authenticate itself as its own authentication DN and then authorize to other DN's, and it is planning on switching to several different identities during one LDAP session, it will need to authenticate itself each time before authorizing to another DN (or use a different proxy authorization mechanism). The slapd server does not keep record of the service program's ability to switch to other DN's. On authentication mechanisms like Kerberos this will not require multiple connections being made to the Kerberos server, since the user's TGT and "ldap" session key are valid for multiple uses for the several hours of the ticket lifetime.</P> 6922<H3><A NAME="SASL Authorization Identities">15.3.2. SASL Authorization Identities</A></H3> 6923<P>The SASL authorization identity is sent to the LDAP server via the <TT>-X</TT> switch for <EM>ldapsearch</EM>(1) and other tools, or in the <TT>*authzid</TT> parameter to the <EM>lutil_sasl_defaults</EM>() call. The identity can be in one of two forms, either</P> 6924<PRE> 6925 u:<username> 6926</PRE> 6927<P>or</P> 6928<PRE> 6929 dn:<dn> 6930</PRE> 6931<P>In the first form, the <username> is from the same namespace as the authentication identities above. It is the user's username as it is referred to by the underlying authentication mechanism. Authorization identities of this form are converted into a DN format by the same function that the authentication process used, producing an <EM>authorization request DN</EM> of the form</P> 6932<PRE> 6933 uid=<username>,cn=<realm>,cn=<mechanism>,cn=auth 6934</PRE> 6935<P>That authorization request DN is then run through the same <TT>authz-regexp</TT> process to convert it into a legitimate authorization DN from the database. If it cannot be converted due to a failed search from an LDAP URL, the authorization request fails with "inappropriate access". Otherwise, the DN string is now a legitimate authorization DN ready to undergo approval.</P> 6936<P>If the authorization identity was provided in the second form, with a <TT>"dn:"</TT> prefix, the string after the prefix is already in authorization DN form, ready to undergo approval.</P> 6937<H3><A NAME="Proxy Authorization Rules">15.3.3. Proxy Authorization Rules</A></H3> 6938<P>Once slapd has the authorization DN, the actual approval process begins. There are two attributes that the LDAP administrator can put into LDAP entries to allow authorization:</P> 6939<PRE> 6940 authzTo 6941 authzFrom 6942</PRE> 6943<P>Both can be multivalued. The <TT>authzTo</TT> attribute is a source rule, and it is placed into the entry associated with the authentication DN to tell what authorization DNs the authenticated DN is allowed to assume. The second attribute is a destination rule, and it is placed into the entry associated with the requested authorization DN to tell which authenticated DNs may assume it.</P> 6944<P>The choice of which authorization policy attribute to use is up to the administrator. Source rules are checked first in the person's authentication DN entry, and if none of the <TT>authzTo</TT> rules specify the authorization is permitted, the <TT>authzFrom</TT> rules in the authorization DN entry are then checked. If neither case specifies that the request be honored, the request is denied. Since the default behavior is to deny authorization requests, rules only specify that a request be allowed; there are no negative rules telling what authorizations to deny.</P> 6945<P>The value(s) in the two attributes are of the same form as the output of the replacement pattern of a <TT>authz-regexp</TT> directive: either a DN or an LDAP URL. For example, if a <TT>authzTo</TT> value is a DN, that DN is one the authenticated user can authorize to. On the other hand, if the <TT>authzTo</TT> value is an LDAP URL, the URL is used as an internal search of the LDAP database, and the authenticated user can become ANY DN returned by the search. If an LDAP entry looked like:</P> 6946<PRE> 6947 dn: cn=WebUpdate,dc=example,dc=com 6948 authzTo: ldap:///dc=example,dc=com??sub?(objectclass=person) 6949</PRE> 6950<P>then any user who authenticated as <TT>cn=WebUpdate,dc=example,dc=com</TT> could authorize to any other LDAP entry under the search base <TT>dc=example,dc=com</TT> which has an objectClass of <TT>Person</TT>.</P> 6951<H4><A NAME="Notes on Proxy Authorization Rules">15.3.3.1. Notes on Proxy Authorization Rules</A></H4> 6952<P>An LDAP URL in a <TT>authzTo</TT> or <TT>authzFrom</TT> attribute will return a set of DNs. Each DN returned will be checked. Searches which return a large set can cause the authorization process to take an uncomfortably long time. Also, searches should be performed on attributes that have been indexed by slapd.</P> 6953<P>To help produce more sweeping rules for <TT>authzFrom</TT> and <TT>authzTo</TT>, the values of these attributes are allowed to be DNs with regular expression characters in them. This means a source rule like</P> 6954<PRE> 6955 authzTo: dn.regex:^uid=[^,]*,dc=example,dc=com$ 6956</PRE> 6957<P>would allow that authenticated user to authorize to any DN that matches the regular expression pattern given. This regular expression comparison can be evaluated much faster than an LDAP search for <TT>(uid=*)</TT>.</P> 6958<P>Also note that the values in an authorization rule must be one of the two forms: an LDAP URL or a DN (with or without regular expression characters). Anything that does not begin with "<TT>ldap://</TT>" is taken as a DN. It is not permissible to enter another authorization identity of the form "<TT>u:<username></TT>" as an authorization rule.</P> 6959<H4><A NAME="Policy Configuration">15.3.3.2. Policy Configuration</A></H4> 6960<P>The decision of which type of rules to use, <TT>authzFrom</TT> or <TT>authzTo</TT>, will depend on the site's situation. For example, if the set of people who may become a given identity can easily be written as a search filter, then a single destination rule could be written. If the set of people is not easily defined by a search filter, and the set of people is small, it may be better to write a source rule in the entries of each of those people who should be allowed to perform the proxy authorization.</P> 6961<P>By default, processing of proxy authorization rules is disabled. The <TT>authz-policy</TT> directive must be set in the <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) file to enable authorization. This directive can be set to <TT>none</TT> for no rules (the default), <TT>to</TT> for source rules, <TT>from</TT> for destination rules, or <TT>both</TT> for both source and destination rules.</P> 6962<P>Source rules are extremely powerful. If ordinary users have access to write the <TT>authzTo</TT> attribute in their own entries, then they can write rules that would allow them to authorize as anyone else. As such, when using source rules, the <TT>authzTo</TT> attribute should be protected with an ACL that only allows privileged users to set its values.</P> 6963<P></P> 6964<HR> 6965<H1><A NAME="Using TLS">16. Using TLS</A></H1> 6966<P>OpenLDAP clients and servers are capable of using the <TERM>Transport Layer Security</TERM> (<TERM>TLS</TERM>) framework to provide integrity and confidentiality protections and to support LDAP authentication using the <TERM>SASL</TERM> <TERM>EXTERNAL</TERM> mechanism. TLS is defined in <A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4346.txt">RFC4346</A>.</P> 6967<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 6968<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>For generating certifcates, please reference <A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/faq/data/cache/185.html">http://www.openldap.org/faq/data/cache/185.html</A> 6969<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 6970<H2><A NAME="TLS Certificates">16.1. TLS Certificates</A></H2> 6971<P>TLS uses <TERM>X.509</TERM> certificates to carry client and server identities. All servers are required to have valid certificates, whereas client certificates are optional. Clients must have a valid certificate in order to authenticate via SASL EXTERNAL. For more information on creating and managing certificates, see the <A HREF="http://www.openssl.org/">OpenSSL</A>, <A HREF="http://www.gnu.org/software/gnutls/">GnuTLS</A>, or <A HREF="http://developer.mozilla.org/en/NSS">MozNSS</A> documentation, depending on which TLS implementation libraries you are using.</P> 6972<H3><A NAME="Server Certificates">16.1.1. Server Certificates</A></H3> 6973<P>The <TERM>DN</TERM> of a server certificate must use the <TT>CN</TT> attribute to name the server, and the <TT>CN</TT> must carry the server's fully qualified domain name. Additional alias names and wildcards may be present in the <TT>subjectAltName</TT> certificate extension. More details on server certificate names are in <A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4513.txt">RFC4513</A>.</P> 6974<H3><A NAME="Client Certificates">16.1.2. Client Certificates</A></H3> 6975<P>The DN of a client certificate can be used directly as an authentication DN. Since X.509 is a part of the <TERM>X.500</TERM> standard and LDAP is also based on X.500, both use the same DN formats and generally the DN in a user's X.509 certificate should be identical to the DN of their LDAP entry. However, sometimes the DNs may not be exactly the same, and so the mapping facility described in <A HREF="#Mapping Authentication Identities">Mapping Authentication Identities</A> can be applied to these DNs as well.</P> 6976<H2><A NAME="TLS Configuration">16.2. TLS Configuration</A></H2> 6977<P>After obtaining the required certificates, a number of options must be configured on both the client and the server to enable TLS and make use of the certificates. At a minimum, the clients must be configured with the name of the file containing all of the <TERM>Certificate Authority</TERM> (CA) certificates it will trust. The server must be configured with the <TERM>CA</TERM> certificates and also its own server certificate and private key.</P> 6978<P>Typically a single CA will have issued the server certificate and all of the trusted client certificates, so the server only needs to trust that one signing CA. However, a client may wish to connect to a variety of secure servers managed by different organizations, with server certificates generated by many different CAs. As such, a client is likely to need a list of many different trusted CAs in its configuration.</P> 6979<H3><A NAME="Server Configuration">16.2.1. Server Configuration</A></H3> 6980<P>The configuration directives for slapd belong in the global directives section of <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5).</P> 6981<H4><A NAME="TLSCACertificateFile <filename>">16.2.1.1. TLSCACertificateFile <filename></A></H4> 6982<P>This directive specifies the <TERM>PEM</TERM>-format file containing certificates for the CA's that slapd will trust. The certificate for the CA that signed the server certificate must be included among these certificates. If the signing CA was not a top-level (root) CA, certificates for the entire sequence of CA's from the signing CA to the top-level CA should be present. Multiple certificates are simply appended to the file; the order is not significant.</P> 6983<H4><A NAME="TLSCACertificatePath <path>">16.2.1.2. TLSCACertificatePath <path></A></H4> 6984<P>This directive specifies the path of a directory that contains individual <TERM>CA</TERM> certificates in separate files. In addition, this directory must be specially managed using the OpenSSL <EM>c_rehash</EM> utility. When using this feature, the OpenSSL library will attempt to locate certificate files based on a hash of their name and serial number. The <EM>c_rehash</EM> utility is used to generate symbolic links with the hashed names that point to the actual certificate files. As such, this option can only be used with a filesystem that actually supports symbolic links. In general, it is simpler to use the <TT>TLSCACertificateFile</TT> directive instead.</P> 6985<P>When using Mozilla NSS, this directive can be used to specify the path of the directory containing the NSS certificate and key database files. The <EM>certutil</EM> command can be used to add a <TERM>CA</TERM> certificate:</P> 6986<PRE> 6987 certutil -d <path> -A -n "name of CA cert" -t CT,, -a -i /path/to/cacertfile.pem 6988</PRE> 6989<UL> 6990This command will add a CA certficate stored in the PEM (ASCII) formatted 6991<BR> 6992file named /path/to/cacertfile.pem. <TT>-t CT,,</TT> means that the certificate is 6993<BR> 6994trusted to be a CA issuing certs for use in TLS clients and servers.</UL> 6995<H4><A NAME="TLSCertificateFile <filename>">16.2.1.3. TLSCertificateFile <filename></A></H4> 6996<P>This directive specifies the file that contains the slapd server certificate. Certificates are generally public information and require no special protection.</P> 6997<P>When using Mozilla NSS, if using a cert/key database (specified with <TT>TLSCACertificatePath</TT>), this directive specifies the name of the certificate to use:</P> 6998<PRE> 6999 TLSCertificateFile Server-Cert 7000</PRE> 7001<UL> 7002If using a token other than the internal built in token, specify the 7003<BR> 7004token name first, followed by a colon:</UL> 7005<PRE> 7006 TLSCertificateFile my hardware device:Server-Cert 7007</PRE> 7008<UL> 7009Use <TT>certutil -L</TT> to list the certificates by name:</UL> 7010<PRE> 7011 certutil -d /path/to/certdbdir -L 7012</PRE> 7013<H4><A NAME="TLSCertificateKeyFile <filename>">16.2.1.4. TLSCertificateKeyFile <filename></A></H4> 7014<P>This directive specifies the file that contains the private key that matches the certificate stored in the <TT>TLSCertificateFile</TT> file. Private keys themselves are sensitive data and are usually password encrypted for protection. However, the current implementation doesn't support encrypted keys so the key must not be encrypted and the file itself must be protected carefully.</P> 7015<P>When using Mozilla NSS, this directive specifies the name of a file that contains the password for the key for the certificate specified with <TT>TLSCertificateFile</TT>. The modutil command can be used to turn off password protection for the cert/key database. For example, if <TT>TLSCACertificatePath</TT> specifes /etc/openldap/certdb as the location of the cert/key database, use modutil to change the password to the empty string:</P> 7016<PRE> 7017 modutil -dbdir /etc/openldap/certdb -changepw 'NSS Certificate DB' 7018</PRE> 7019<UL> 7020You must have the old password, if any. Ignore the WARNING about the running 7021<BR> 7022browser. Press 'Enter' for the new password.</UL> 7023<H4><A NAME="TLSCipherSuite <cipher-suite-spec>">16.2.1.5. TLSCipherSuite <cipher-suite-spec></A></H4> 7024<P>This directive configures what ciphers will be accepted and the preference order. <TT><cipher-suite-spec></TT> should be a cipher specification for OpenSSL. You can use the command</P> 7025<PRE> 7026 openssl ciphers -v ALL 7027</PRE> 7028<P>to obtain a verbose list of available cipher specifications.</P> 7029<P>Besides the individual cipher names, the specifiers <TT>HIGH</TT>, <TT>MEDIUM</TT>, <TT>LOW</TT>, <TT>EXPORT</TT>, and <TT>EXPORT40</TT> may be helpful, along with <TT>TLSv1</TT>, <TT>SSLv3</TT>, and <TT>SSLv2</TT>.</P> 7030<P>To obtain the list of ciphers in GnuTLS use:</P> 7031<PRE> 7032 gnutls-cli -l 7033</PRE> 7034<P>When using Mozilla NSS, the OpenSSL cipher suite specifications are used and translated into the format used internally by Mozilla NSS. There isn't an easy way to list the cipher suites from the command line. The authoritative list is in the source code for Mozilla NSS in the file sslinfo.c in the structure</P> 7035<PRE> 7036 static const SSLCipherSuiteInfo suiteInfo[] 7037</PRE> 7038<H4><A NAME="TLSRandFile <filename>">16.2.1.6. TLSRandFile <filename></A></H4> 7039<P>This directive specifies the file to obtain random bits from when <TT>/dev/urandom</TT> is not available. If the system provides <TT>/dev/urandom</TT> then this option is not needed, otherwise a source of random data must be configured. Some systems (e.g. Linux) provide <TT>/dev/urandom</TT> by default, while others (e.g. Solaris) require the installation of a patch to provide it, and others may not support it at all. In the latter case, EGD or PRNGD should be installed, and this directive should specify the name of the EGD/PRNGD socket. The environment variable <TT>RANDFILE</TT> can also be used to specify the filename. Also, in the absence of these options, the <TT>.rnd</TT> file in the slapd user's home directory may be used if it exists. To use the <TT>.rnd</TT> file, just create the file and copy a few hundred bytes of arbitrary data into the file. The file is only used to provide a seed for the pseudo-random number generator, and it doesn't need very much data to work.</P> 7040<P>This directive is ignored with GnuTLS and Mozilla NSS.</P> 7041<H4><A NAME="TLSEphemeralDHParamFile <filename>">16.2.1.7. TLSEphemeralDHParamFile <filename></A></H4> 7042<P>This directive specifies the file that contains parameters for Diffie-Hellman ephemeral key exchange. This is required in order to use a DSA certificate on the server side (i.e. <TT>TLSCertificateKeyFile</TT> points to a DSA key). Multiple sets of parameters can be included in the file; all of them will be processed. Parameters can be generated using the following command</P> 7043<PRE> 7044 openssl dhparam [-dsaparam] -out <filename> <numbits> 7045</PRE> 7046<P>This directive is ignored with GnuTLS and Mozilla NSS.</P> 7047<H4><A NAME="TLSVerifyClient { never | allow | try | demand }">16.2.1.8. TLSVerifyClient { never | allow | try | demand }</A></H4> 7048<P>This directive specifies what checks to perform on client certificates in an incoming TLS session, if any. This option is set to <TT>never</TT> by default, in which case the server never asks the client for a certificate. With a setting of <TT>allow</TT> the server will ask for a client certificate; if none is provided the session proceeds normally. If a certificate is provided but the server is unable to verify it, the certificate is ignored and the session proceeds normally, as if no certificate had been provided. With a setting of <TT>try</TT> the certificate is requested, and if none is provided, the session proceeds normally. If a certificate is provided and it cannot be verified, the session is immediately terminated. With a setting of <TT>demand</TT> the certificate is requested and a valid certificate must be provided, otherwise the session is immediately terminated.</P> 7049<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 7050<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>The server must request a client certificate in order to use the SASL EXTERNAL authentication mechanism with a TLS session. As such, a non-default <TT>TLSVerifyClient</TT> setting must be configured before SASL EXTERNAL authentication may be attempted, and the SASL EXTERNAL mechanism will only be offered to the client if a valid client certificate was received. 7051<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 7052<H3><A NAME="Client Configuration">16.2.2. Client Configuration</A></H3> 7053<P>Most of the client configuration directives parallel the server directives. The names of the directives are different, and they go into <EM>ldap.conf</EM>(5) instead of <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5), but their functionality is mostly the same. Also, while most of these options may be configured on a system-wide basis, they may all be overridden by individual users in their <EM>.ldaprc</EM> files.</P> 7054<P>The LDAP Start TLS operation is used in LDAP to initiate TLS negotiation. All OpenLDAP command line tools support a <TT>-Z</TT> and <TT>-ZZ</TT> flag to indicate whether a Start TLS operation is to be issued. The latter flag indicates that the tool is to cease processing if TLS cannot be started while the former allows the command to continue.</P> 7055<P>In LDAPv2 environments, TLS is normally started using the LDAP Secure URI scheme (<TT>ldaps://</TT>) instead of the normal LDAP URI scheme (<TT>ldap://</TT>). OpenLDAP command line tools allow either scheme to used with the <TT>-H</TT> flag and with the <TT>URI</TT> <EM>ldap.conf</EM>(5) option.</P> 7056<H4><A NAME="TLS_CACERT <filename>">16.2.2.1. TLS_CACERT <filename></A></H4> 7057<P>This is equivalent to the server's <TT>TLSCACertificateFile</TT> option. As noted in the <A HREF="#TLS Configuration">TLS Configuration</A> section, a client typically may need to know about more CAs than a server, but otherwise the same considerations apply.</P> 7058<H4><A NAME="TLS_CACERTDIR <path>">16.2.2.2. TLS_CACERTDIR <path></A></H4> 7059<P>This is equivalent to the server's <TT>TLSCACertificatePath</TT> option. The specified directory must be managed with the OpenSSL <EM>c_rehash</EM> utility as well. If using Mozilla NSS, <path> may contain a cert/key database.</P> 7060<H4><A NAME="TLS_CERT <filename>">16.2.2.3. TLS_CERT <filename></A></H4> 7061<P>This directive specifies the file that contains the client certificate. This is a user-only directive and can only be specified in a user's <EM>.ldaprc</EM> file.</P> 7062<P>When using Mozilla NSS, if using a cert/key database (specified with <TT>TLS_CACERTDIR</TT>), this directive specifies the name of the certificate to use:</P> 7063<PRE> 7064 TLS_CERT Certificate for Sam Carter 7065</PRE> 7066<UL> 7067If using a token other than the internal built in token, specify the 7068<BR> 7069token name first, followed by a colon:</UL> 7070<PRE> 7071 TLS_CERT my hardware device:Certificate for Sam Carter 7072</PRE> 7073<UL> 7074Use <TT>certutil -L</TT> to list the certificates by name:</UL> 7075<PRE> 7076 certutil -d /path/to/certdbdir -L 7077</PRE> 7078<H4><A NAME="TLS_KEY <filename>">16.2.2.4. TLS_KEY <filename></A></H4> 7079<P>This directive specifies the file that contains the private key that matches the certificate stored in the <TT>TLS_CERT</TT> file. The same constraints mentioned for <TT>TLSCertificateKeyFile</TT> apply here. This is also a user-only directive.</P> 7080<H4><A NAME="TLS_RANDFILE <filename>">16.2.2.5. TLS_RANDFILE <filename></A></H4> 7081<P>This directive is the same as the server's <TT>TLSRandFile</TT> option.</P> 7082<H4><A NAME="TLS_REQCERT { never | allow | try | demand }">16.2.2.6. TLS_REQCERT { never | allow | try | demand }</A></H4> 7083<P>This directive is equivalent to the server's <TT>TLSVerifyClient</TT> option. However, for clients the default value is <TT>demand</TT> and there generally is no good reason to change this setting.</P> 7084<P></P> 7085<HR> 7086<H1><A NAME="Constructing a Distributed Directory Service">17. Constructing a Distributed Directory Service</A></H1> 7087<P>For many sites, running one or more <EM>slapd</EM>(8) that hold an entire subtree of data is sufficient. But often it is desirable to have one <EM>slapd</EM> refer to other directory services for a certain part of the tree (which may or may not be running <EM>slapd</EM>).</P> 7088<P><EM>slapd</EM> supports <EM>subordinate</EM> and <EM>superior</EM> knowledge information. Subordinate knowledge information is held in <TT>referral</TT> objects (<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3296.txt">RFC3296</A>).</P> 7089<H2><A NAME="Subordinate Knowledge Information">17.1. Subordinate Knowledge Information</A></H2> 7090<P>Subordinate knowledge information may be provided to delegate a subtree. Subordinate knowledge information is maintained in the directory as a special <EM>referral</EM> object at the delegate point. The referral object acts as a delegation point, gluing two services together. This mechanism allows for hierarchical directory services to be constructed.</P> 7091<P>A referral object has a structural object class of <TT>referral</TT> and has the same <TERM>Distinguished Name</TERM> as the delegated subtree. Generally, the referral object will also provide the auxiliary object class <TT>extensibleObject</TT>. This allows the entry to contain appropriate <TERM>Relative Distinguished Name</TERM> values. This is best demonstrated by example.</P> 7092<P>If the server <TT>a.example.net</TT> holds <TT>dc=example,dc=net</TT> and wished to delegate the subtree <TT>ou=subtree,dc=example,dc=net</TT> to another server <TT>b.example.net</TT>, the following named referral object would be added to <TT>a.example.net</TT>:</P> 7093<PRE> 7094 dn: dc=subtree,dc=example,dc=net 7095 objectClass: referral 7096 objectClass: extensibleObject 7097 dc: subtree 7098 ref: ldap://b.example.net/dc=subtree,dc=example,dc=net 7099</PRE> 7100<P>The server uses this information to generate referrals and search continuations to subordinate servers.</P> 7101<P>For those familiar with <TERM>X.500</TERM>, a <EM>named referral</EM> object is similar to an X.500 knowledge reference held in a <EM>subr</EM> <TERM>DSE</TERM>.</P> 7102<H2><A NAME="Superior Knowledge Information">17.2. Superior Knowledge Information</A></H2> 7103<P>Superior knowledge information may be specified using the <TT>referral</TT> directive. The value is a list of <TERM>URI</TERM>s referring to superior directory services. For servers without immediate superiors, such as for <TT>a.example.net</TT> in the example above, the server can be configured to use a directory service with <EM>global knowledge</EM>, such as the <EM>OpenLDAP Root Service</EM> (<A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/faq/index.cgi?file=393">http://www.openldap.org/faq/index.cgi?file=393</A>).</P> 7104<PRE> 7105 referral ldap://root.openldap.org/ 7106</PRE> 7107<P>However, as <TT>a.example.net</TT> is the <EM>immediate superior</EM> to <TT>b.example.net</TT>, <EM>b.example.net</EM> would be configured as follows:</P> 7108<PRE> 7109 referral ldap://a.example.net/ 7110</PRE> 7111<P>The server uses this information to generate referrals for operations acting upon entries not within or subordinate to any of the naming contexts held by the server.</P> 7112<P>For those familiar with <TERM>X.500</TERM>, this use of the <TT>ref</TT> attribute is similar to an X.500 knowledge reference held in a <EM>Supr</EM> <TERM>DSE</TERM>.</P> 7113<H2><A NAME="The ManageDsaIT Control">17.3. The ManageDsaIT Control</A></H2> 7114<P>Adding, modifying, and deleting referral objects is generally done using <EM>ldapmodify</EM>(1) or similar tools which support the ManageDsaIT control. The ManageDsaIT control informs the server that you intend to manage the referral object as a regular entry. This keeps the server from sending a referral result for requests which interrogate or update referral objects.</P> 7115<P>The ManageDsaIT control should not be specified when managing regular entries.</P> 7116<P>The <TT>-M</TT> option of <EM>ldapmodify</EM>(1) (and other tools) enables ManageDsaIT. For example:</P> 7117<PRE> 7118 ldapmodify -M -f referral.ldif -x -D "cn=Manager,dc=example,dc=net" -W 7119</PRE> 7120<P>or with <EM>ldapsearch</EM>(1):</P> 7121<PRE> 7122 ldapsearch -M -b "dc=example,dc=net" -x "(objectclass=referral)" '*' ref 7123</PRE> 7124<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 7125<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>the <TT>ref</TT> attribute is operational and must be explicitly requested when desired in search results. 7126<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 7127<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 7128<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>the use of referrals to construct a Distributed Directory Service is extremely clumsy and not well supported by common clients. If an existing installation has already been built using referrals, the use of the <EM>chain</EM> overlay to hide the referrals will greatly improve the usability of the Directory system. A better approach would be to use explicitly defined local and proxy databases in <EM>subordinate</EM> configurations to provide a seamless view of the Distributed Directory. 7129<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 7130<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 7131<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>LDAP operations, even subtree searches, normally access only one database. That can be changed by gluing databases together with the <B>subordinate</B>/<B>olcSubordinate</B> keyword. Please see <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) and <EM>slapd-config</EM>(5). 7132<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 7133<P></P> 7134<HR> 7135<H1><A NAME="Replication">18. Replication</A></H1> 7136<P>Replicated directories are a fundamental requirement for delivering a resilient enterprise deployment.</P> 7137<P><A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/">OpenLDAP</A> has various configuration options for creating a replicated directory. In previous releases, replication was discussed in terms of a <EM>master</EM> server and some number of <EM>slave</EM> servers. A master accepted directory updates from other clients, and a slave only accepted updates from a (single) master. The replication structure was rigidly defined and any particular database could only fulfill a single role, either master or slave.</P> 7138<P>As OpenLDAP now supports a wide variety of replication topologies, these terms have been deprecated in favor of <EM>provider</EM> and <EM>consumer</EM>: A provider replicates directory updates to consumers; consumers receive replication updates from providers. Unlike the rigidly defined master/slave relationships, provider/consumer roles are quite fluid: replication updates received in a consumer can be further propagated by that consumer to other servers, so a consumer can also act simultaneously as a provider. Also, a consumer need not be an actual LDAP server; it may be just an LDAP client.</P> 7139<P>The following sections will describe the replication technology and discuss the various replication options that are available.</P> 7140<H2><A NAME="Replication Technology">18.1. Replication Technology</A></H2> 7141<H3><A NAME="LDAP Sync Replication">18.1.1. LDAP Sync Replication</A></H3> 7142<P>The <TERM>LDAP Sync</TERM> Replication engine, <TERM>syncrepl</TERM> for short, is a consumer-side replication engine that enables the consumer <TERM>LDAP</TERM> server to maintain a shadow copy of a <TERM>DIT</TERM> fragment. A syncrepl engine resides at the consumer and executes as one of the <EM>slapd</EM>(8) threads. It creates and maintains a consumer replica by connecting to the replication provider to perform the initial DIT content load followed either by periodic content polling or by timely updates upon content changes.</P> 7143<P>Syncrepl uses the LDAP Content Synchronization protocol (or LDAP Sync for short) as the replica synchronization protocol. LDAP Sync provides a stateful replication which supports both pull-based and push-based synchronization and does not mandate the use of a history store. In pull-based replication the consumer periodically polls the provider for updates. In push-based replication the consumer listens for updates that are sent by the provider in realtime. Since the protocol does not require a history store, the provider does not need to maintain any log of updates it has received (Note that the syncrepl engine is extensible and additional replication protocols may be supported in the future.).</P> 7144<P>Syncrepl keeps track of the status of the replication content by maintaining and exchanging synchronization cookies. Because the syncrepl consumer and provider maintain their content status, the consumer can poll the provider content to perform incremental synchronization by asking for the entries required to make the consumer replica up-to-date with the provider content. Syncrepl also enables convenient management of replicas by maintaining replica status. The consumer replica can be constructed from a consumer-side or a provider-side backup at any synchronization status. Syncrepl can automatically resynchronize the consumer replica up-to-date with the current provider content.</P> 7145<P>Syncrepl supports both pull-based and push-based synchronization. In its basic refreshOnly synchronization mode, the provider uses pull-based synchronization where the consumer servers need not be tracked and no history information is maintained. The information required for the provider to process periodic polling requests is contained in the synchronization cookie of the request itself. To optimize the pull-based synchronization, syncrepl utilizes the present phase of the LDAP Sync protocol as well as its delete phase, instead of falling back on frequent full reloads. To further optimize the pull-based synchronization, the provider can maintain a per-scope session log as a history store. In its refreshAndPersist mode of synchronization, the provider uses a push-based synchronization. The provider keeps track of the consumer servers that have requested a persistent search and sends them necessary updates as the provider replication content gets modified.</P> 7146<P>With syncrepl, a consumer server can create a replica without changing the provider's configurations and without restarting the provider server, if the consumer server has appropriate access privileges for the DIT fragment to be replicated. The consumer server can stop the replication also without the need for provider-side changes and restart.</P> 7147<P>Syncrepl supports partial, sparse, and fractional replications. The shadow DIT fragment is defined by a general search criteria consisting of base, scope, filter, and attribute list. The replica content is also subject to the access privileges of the bind identity of the syncrepl replication connection.</P> 7148<H4><A NAME="The LDAP Content Synchronization Protocol">18.1.1.1. The LDAP Content Synchronization Protocol</A></H4> 7149<P>The LDAP Sync protocol allows a client to maintain a synchronized copy of a DIT fragment. The LDAP Sync operation is defined as a set of controls and other protocol elements which extend the LDAP search operation. This section introduces the LDAP Content Sync protocol only briefly. For more information, refer to <A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4533.txt">RFC4533</A>.</P> 7150<P>The LDAP Sync protocol supports both polling and listening for changes by defining two respective synchronization operations: <EM>refreshOnly</EM> and <EM>refreshAndPersist</EM>. Polling is implemented by the <EM>refreshOnly</EM> operation. The consumer polls the provider using an LDAP Search request with an LDAP Sync control attached. The consumer copy is synchronized to the provider copy at the time of polling using the information returned in the search. The provider finishes the search operation by returning <EM>SearchResultDone</EM> at the end of the search operation as in the normal search. Listening is implemented by the <EM>refreshAndPersist</EM> operation. As the name implies, it begins with a search, like refreshOnly. Instead of finishing the search after returning all entries currently matching the search criteria, the synchronization search remains persistent in the provider. Subsequent updates to the synchronization content in the provider cause additional entry updates to be sent to the consumer.</P> 7151<P>The <EM>refreshOnly</EM> operation and the refresh stage of the <EM>refreshAndPersist</EM> operation can be performed with a present phase or a delete phase.</P> 7152<P>In the present phase, the provider sends the consumer the entries updated within the search scope since the last synchronization. The provider sends all requested attributes, be they changed or not, of the updated entries. For each unchanged entry which remains in the scope, the provider sends a present message consisting only of the name of the entry and the synchronization control representing state present. The present message does not contain any attributes of the entry. After the consumer receives all update and present entries, it can reliably determine the new consumer copy by adding the entries added to the provider, by replacing the entries modified at the provider, and by deleting entries in the consumer copy which have not been updated nor specified as being present at the provider.</P> 7153<P>The transmission of the updated entries in the delete phase is the same as in the present phase. The provider sends all the requested attributes of the entries updated within the search scope since the last synchronization to the consumer. In the delete phase, however, the provider sends a delete message for each entry deleted from the search scope, instead of sending present messages. The delete message consists only of the name of the entry and the synchronization control representing state delete. The new consumer copy can be determined by adding, modifying, and removing entries according to the synchronization control attached to the <EM>SearchResultEntry</EM> message.</P> 7154<P>In the case that the LDAP Sync provider maintains a history store and can determine which entries are scoped out of the consumer copy since the last synchronization time, the provider can use the delete phase. If the provider does not maintain any history store, cannot determine the scoped-out entries from the history store, or the history store does not cover the outdated synchronization state of the consumer, the provider should use the present phase. The use of the present phase is much more efficient than a full content reload in terms of the synchronization traffic. To reduce the synchronization traffic further, the LDAP Sync protocol also provides several optimizations such as the transmission of the normalized <TT>entryUUID</TT>s and the transmission of multiple <TT>entryUUIDs</TT> in a single <EM>syncIdSet</EM> message.</P> 7155<P>At the end of the <EM>refreshOnly</EM> synchronization, the provider sends a synchronization cookie to the consumer as a state indicator of the consumer copy after the synchronization is completed. The consumer will present the received cookie when it requests the next incremental synchronization to the provider.</P> 7156<P>When <EM>refreshAndPersist</EM> synchronization is used, the provider sends a synchronization cookie at the end of the refresh stage by sending a Sync Info message with refreshDone=TRUE. It also sends a synchronization cookie by attaching it to <EM>SearchResultEntry</EM> messages generated in the persist stage of the synchronization search. During the persist stage, the provider can also send a Sync Info message containing the synchronization cookie at any time the provider wants to update the consumer-side state indicator.</P> 7157<P>In the LDAP Sync protocol, entries are uniquely identified by the <TT>entryUUID</TT> attribute value. It can function as a reliable identifier of the entry. The DN of the entry, on the other hand, can be changed over time and hence cannot be considered as the reliable identifier. The <TT>entryUUID</TT> is attached to each <EM>SearchResultEntry</EM> or <EM>SearchResultReference</EM> as a part of the synchronization control.</P> 7158<H4><A NAME="Syncrepl Details">18.1.1.2. Syncrepl Details</A></H4> 7159<P>The syncrepl engine utilizes both the <EM>refreshOnly</EM> and the <EM>refreshAndPersist</EM> operations of the LDAP Sync protocol. If a syncrepl specification is included in a database definition, <EM>slapd</EM>(8) launches a syncrepl engine as a <EM>slapd</EM>(8) thread and schedules its execution. If the <EM>refreshOnly</EM> operation is specified, the syncrepl engine will be rescheduled at the interval time after a synchronization operation is completed. If the <EM>refreshAndPersist</EM> operation is specified, the engine will remain active and process the persistent synchronization messages from the provider.</P> 7160<P>The syncrepl engine utilizes both the present phase and the delete phase of the refresh synchronization. It is possible to configure a session log in the provider which stores the <TT>entryUUID</TT>s of a finite number of entries deleted from a database. Multiple replicas share the same session log. The syncrepl engine uses the delete phase if the session log is present and the state of the consumer server is recent enough that no session log entries are truncated after the last synchronization of the client. The syncrepl engine uses the present phase if no session log is configured for the replication content or if the consumer replica is too outdated to be covered by the session log. The current design of the session log store is memory based, so the information contained in the session log is not persistent over multiple provider invocations. It is not currently supported to access the session log store by using LDAP operations. It is also not currently supported to impose access control to the session log.</P> 7161<P>As a further optimization, even in the case the synchronization search is not associated with any session log, no entries will be transmitted to the consumer server when there has been no update in the replication context.</P> 7162<P>The syncrepl engine, which is a consumer-side replication engine, can work with any backends. The LDAP Sync provider can be configured as an overlay on any backend, but works best with the <EM>back-bdb</EM> or <EM>back-hdb</EM> backend.</P> 7163<P>The LDAP Sync provider maintains a <TT>contextCSN</TT> for each database as the current synchronization state indicator of the provider content. It is the largest <TT>entryCSN</TT> in the provider context such that no transactions for an entry having smaller <TT>entryCSN</TT> value remains outstanding. The <TT>contextCSN</TT> could not just be set to the largest issued <TT>entryCSN</TT> because <TT>entryCSN</TT> is obtained before a transaction starts and transactions are not committed in the issue order.</P> 7164<P>The provider stores the <TT>contextCSN</TT> of a context in the <TT>contextCSN</TT> attribute of the context suffix entry. The attribute is not written to the database after every update operation though; instead it is maintained primarily in memory. At database start time the provider reads the last saved <TT>contextCSN</TT> into memory and uses the in-memory copy exclusively thereafter. By default, changes to the <TT>contextCSN</TT> as a result of database updates will not be written to the database until the server is cleanly shut down. A checkpoint facility exists to cause the <TT>contextCSN</TT> to be written out more frequently if desired.</P> 7165<P>Note that at startup time, if the provider is unable to read a <TT>contextCSN</TT> from the suffix entry, it will scan the entire database to determine the value, and this scan may take quite a long time on a large database. When a <TT>contextCSN</TT> value is read, the database will still be scanned for any <TT>entryCSN</TT> values greater than it, to make sure the <TT>contextCSN</TT> value truly reflects the greatest committed <TT>entryCSN</TT> in the database. On databases which support inequality indexing, setting an eq index on the <TT>entryCSN</TT> attribute and configuring <EM>contextCSN</EM> checkpoints will greatly speed up this scanning step.</P> 7166<P>If no <TT>contextCSN</TT> can be determined by reading and scanning the database, a new value will be generated. Also, if scanning the database yielded a greater <TT>entryCSN</TT> than was previously recorded in the suffix entry's <TT>contextCSN</TT> attribute, a checkpoint will be immediately written with the new value.</P> 7167<P>The consumer also stores its replica state, which is the provider's <TT>contextCSN</TT> received as a synchronization cookie, in the <TT>contextCSN</TT> attribute of the suffix entry. The replica state maintained by a consumer server is used as the synchronization state indicator when it performs subsequent incremental synchronization with the provider server. It is also used as a provider-side synchronization state indicator when it functions as a secondary provider server in a cascading replication configuration. Since the consumer and provider state information are maintained in the same location within their respective databases, any consumer can be promoted to a provider (and vice versa) without any special actions.</P> 7168<P>Because a general search filter can be used in the syncrepl specification, some entries in the context may be omitted from the synchronization content. The syncrepl engine creates a glue entry to fill in the holes in the replica context if any part of the replica content is subordinate to the holes. The glue entries will not be returned in the search result unless <EM>ManageDsaIT</EM> control is provided.</P> 7169<P>Also as a consequence of the search filter used in the syncrepl specification, it is possible for a modification to remove an entry from the replication scope even though the entry has not been deleted on the provider. Logically the entry must be deleted on the consumer but in <EM>refreshOnly</EM> mode the provider cannot detect and propagate this change without the use of the session log on the provider.</P> 7170<P>For configuration, please see the <A HREF="#Syncrepl">Syncrepl</A> section.</P> 7171<H2><A NAME="Deployment Alternatives">18.2. Deployment Alternatives</A></H2> 7172<P>While the LDAP Sync specification only defines a narrow scope for replication, the OpenLDAP implementation is extremely flexible and supports a variety of operating modes to handle other scenarios not explicitly addressed in the spec.</P> 7173<H3><A NAME="Delta-syncrepl replication">18.2.1. Delta-syncrepl replication</A></H3> 7174<UL> 7175<LI>Disadvantages of LDAP Sync replication:</UL> 7176<P>LDAP Sync replication is an object-based replication mechanism. When any attribute value in a replicated object is changed on the provider, each consumer fetches and processes the complete changed object, including <B>both the changed and unchanged attribute values</B> during replication. One advantage of this approach is that when multiple changes occur to a single object, the precise sequence of those changes need not be preserved; only the final state of the entry is significant. But this approach may have drawbacks when the usage pattern involves single changes to multiple objects.</P> 7177<P>For example, suppose you have a database consisting of 102,400 objects of 1 KB each. Further, suppose you routinely run a batch job to change the value of a single two-byte attribute value that appears in each of the 102,400 objects on the master. Not counting LDAP and TCP/IP protocol overhead, each time you run this job each consumer will transfer and process <B>100 MB</B> of data to process <B>200KB of changes!</B></P> 7178<P>99.98% of the data that is transmitted and processed in a case like this will be redundant, since it represents values that did not change. This is a waste of valuable transmission and processing bandwidth and can cause an unacceptable replication backlog to develop. While this situation is extreme, it serves to demonstrate a very real problem that is encountered in some LDAP deployments.</P> 7179<UL> 7180<LI>Where Delta-syncrepl comes in:</UL> 7181<P>Delta-syncrepl, a changelog-based variant of syncrepl, is designed to address situations like the one described above. Delta-syncrepl works by maintaining a changelog of a selectable depth in a separate database on the provider. The replication consumer checks the changelog for the changes it needs and, as long as the changelog contains the needed changes, the consumer fetches the changes from the changelog and applies them to its database. If, however, a replica is too far out of sync (or completely empty), conventional syncrepl is used to bring it up to date and replication then switches back to the delta-syncrepl mode.</P> 7182<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 7183<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>since the database state is stored in both the changelog DB and the main DB on the provider, it is important to backup/restore both the changelog DB and the main DB using slapcat/slapadd when restoring a DB or copying it to another machine. 7184<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 7185<P>For configuration, please see the <A HREF="#Delta-syncrepl">Delta-syncrepl</A> section.</P> 7186<H3><A NAME="N-Way Multi-Master replication">18.2.2. N-Way Multi-Master replication</A></H3> 7187<P>Multi-Master replication is a replication technique using Syncrepl to replicate data to multiple provider ("Master") Directory servers.</P> 7188<H4><A NAME="Valid Arguments for Multi-Master replication">18.2.2.1. Valid Arguments for Multi-Master replication</A></H4> 7189<UL> 7190<LI>If any provider fails, other providers will continue to accept updates 7191<LI>Avoids a single point of failure 7192<LI>Providers can be located in several physical sites i.e. distributed across the network/globe. 7193<LI>Good for Automatic failover/High Availability</UL> 7194<H4><A NAME="Invalid Arguments for Multi-Master replication">18.2.2.2. Invalid Arguments for Multi-Master replication</A></H4> 7195<P>(These are often claimed to be advantages of Multi-Master replication but those claims are false):</P> 7196<UL> 7197<LI>It has <B>NOTHING</B> to do with load balancing 7198<LI>Providers <B>must</B> propagate writes to <B>all</B> the other servers, which means the network traffic and write load spreads across all of the servers the same as for single-master. 7199<LI>Server utilization and performance are at best identical for Multi-Master and Single-Master replication; at worst Single-Master is superior because indexing can be tuned differently to optimize for the different usage patterns between the provider and the consumers.</UL> 7200<H4><A NAME="Arguments against Multi-Master replication">18.2.2.3. Arguments against Multi-Master replication</A></H4> 7201<UL> 7202<LI>Breaks the data consistency guarantees of the directory model 7203<LI><A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/faq/data/cache/1240.html">http://www.openldap.org/faq/data/cache/1240.html</A> 7204<LI>If connectivity with a provider is lost because of a network partition, then "automatic failover" can just compound the problem 7205<LI>Typically, a particular machine cannot distinguish between losing contact with a peer because that peer crashed, or because the network link has failed 7206<LI>If a network is partitioned and multiple clients start writing to each of the "masters" then reconciliation will be a pain; it may be best to simply deny writes to the clients that are partitioned from the single provider</UL> 7207<P>For configuration, please see the <A HREF="#N-Way Multi-Master">N-Way Multi-Master</A> section below</P> 7208<H3><A NAME="MirrorMode replication">18.2.3. MirrorMode replication</A></H3> 7209<P>MirrorMode is a hybrid configuration that provides all of the consistency guarantees of single-master replication, while also providing the high availability of multi-master. In MirrorMode two providers are set up to replicate from each other (as a multi-master configuration), but an external frontend is employed to direct all writes to only one of the two servers. The second provider will only be used for writes if the first provider crashes, at which point the frontend will switch to directing all writes to the second provider. When a crashed provider is repaired and restarted it will automatically catch up to any changes on the running provider and resync.</P> 7210<H4><A NAME="Arguments for MirrorMode">18.2.3.1. Arguments for MirrorMode</A></H4> 7211<UL> 7212<LI>Provides a high-availability (HA) solution for directory writes (replicas handle reads) 7213<LI>As long as one provider is operational, writes can safely be accepted 7214<LI>Provider nodes replicate from each other, so they are always up to date and can be ready to take over (hot standby) 7215<LI>Syncrepl also allows the provider nodes to re-synchronize after any downtime</UL> 7216<H4><A NAME="Arguments against MirrorMode">18.2.3.2. Arguments against MirrorMode</A></H4> 7217<UL> 7218<LI>MirrorMode is not what is termed as a Multi-Master solution. This is because writes have to go to just one of the mirror nodes at a time 7219<LI>MirrorMode can be termed as Active-Active Hot-Standby, therefore an external server (slapd in proxy mode) or device (hardware load balancer) is needed to manage which provider is currently active 7220<LI>Backups are managed slightly differently<UL> 7221<LI>If backing up the Berkeley database itself and periodically backing up the transaction log files, then the same member of the mirror pair needs to be used to collect logfiles until the next database backup is taken</UL></UL> 7222<P>For configuration, please see the <A HREF="#MirrorMode">MirrorMode</A> section below</P> 7223<H3><A NAME="Syncrepl Proxy Mode">18.2.4. Syncrepl Proxy Mode</A></H3> 7224<P>While the LDAP Sync protocol supports both pull- and push-based replication, the push mode (refreshAndPersist) must still be initiated from the consumer before the provider can begin pushing changes. In some network configurations, particularly where firewalls restrict the direction in which connections can be made, a provider-initiated push mode may be needed.</P> 7225<P>This mode can be configured with the aid of the LDAP Backend (<A HREF="#Backends">Backends</A> and <EM>slapd-ldap(8)</EM>). Instead of running the syncrepl engine on the actual consumer, a slapd-ldap proxy is set up near (or collocated with) the provider that points to the consumer, and the syncrepl engine runs on the proxy.</P> 7226<P>For configuration, please see the <A HREF="#Syncrepl Proxy">Syncrepl Proxy</A> section.</P> 7227<H4><A NAME="Replacing Slurpd">18.2.4.1. Replacing Slurpd</A></H4> 7228<P>The old <EM>slurpd</EM> mechanism only operated in provider-initiated push mode. Slurpd replication was deprecated in favor of Syncrepl replication and has been completely removed from OpenLDAP 2.4.</P> 7229<P>The slurpd daemon was the original replication mechanism inherited from UMich's LDAP and operated in push mode: the master pushed changes to the slaves. It was replaced for many reasons, in brief:</P> 7230<UL> 7231<LI>It was not reliable<UL> 7232<LI>It was extremely sensitive to the ordering of records in the replog 7233<LI>It could easily go out of sync, at which point manual intervention was required to resync the slave database with the master directory 7234<LI>It wasn't very tolerant of unavailable servers. If a slave went down for a long time, the replog could grow to a size that was too large for slurpd to process</UL> 7235<LI>It only worked in push mode 7236<LI>It required stopping and restarting the master to add new slaves 7237<LI>It only supported single master replication</UL> 7238<P>Syncrepl has none of those weaknesses:</P> 7239<UL> 7240<LI>Syncrepl is self-synchronizing; you can start with a consumer database in any state from totally empty to fully synced and it will automatically do the right thing to achieve and maintain synchronization<UL> 7241<LI>It is completely insensitive to the order in which changes occur 7242<LI>It guarantees convergence between the consumer and the provider content without manual intervention 7243<LI>It can resynchronize regardless of how long a consumer stays out of contact with the provider</UL> 7244<LI>Syncrepl can operate in either direction 7245<LI>Consumers can be added at any time without touching anything on the provider 7246<LI>Multi-master replication is supported</UL> 7247<H2><A NAME="Configuring the different replication types">18.3. Configuring the different replication types</A></H2> 7248<H3><A NAME="Syncrepl">18.3.1. Syncrepl</A></H3> 7249<H4><A NAME="Syncrepl configuration">18.3.1.1. Syncrepl configuration</A></H4> 7250<P>Because syncrepl is a consumer-side replication engine, the syncrepl specification is defined in <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) of the consumer server, not in the provider server's configuration file. The initial loading of the replica content can be performed either by starting the syncrepl engine with no synchronization cookie or by populating the consumer replica by loading an <TERM>LDIF</TERM> file dumped as a backup at the provider.</P> 7251<P>When loading from a backup, it is not required to perform the initial loading from the up-to-date backup of the provider content. The syncrepl engine will automatically synchronize the initial consumer replica to the current provider content. As a result, it is not required to stop the provider server in order to avoid the replica inconsistency caused by the updates to the provider content during the content backup and loading process.</P> 7252<P>When replicating a large scale directory, especially in a bandwidth constrained environment, it is advised to load the consumer replica from a backup instead of performing a full initial load using syncrepl.</P> 7253<H4><A NAME="Set up the provider slapd">18.3.1.2. Set up the provider slapd</A></H4> 7254<P>The provider is implemented as an overlay, so the overlay itself must first be configured in <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) before it can be used. The provider has only two configuration directives, for setting checkpoints on the <TT>contextCSN</TT> and for configuring the session log. Because the LDAP Sync search is subject to access control, proper access control privileges should be set up for the replicated content.</P> 7255<P>The <TT>contextCSN</TT> checkpoint is configured by the</P> 7256<PRE> 7257 syncprov-checkpoint <ops> <minutes> 7258</PRE> 7259<P>directive. Checkpoints are only tested after successful write operations. If <EM><ops></EM> operations or more than <EM><minutes></EM> time has passed since the last checkpoint, a new checkpoint is performed.</P> 7260<P>The session log is configured by the</P> 7261<PRE> 7262 syncprov-sessionlog <size> 7263</PRE> 7264<P>directive, where <EM><size></EM> is the maximum number of session log entries the session log can record. When a session log is configured, it is automatically used for all LDAP Sync searches within the database.</P> 7265<P>Note that using the session log requires searching on the <EM>entryUUID</EM> attribute. Setting an eq index on this attribute will greatly benefit the performance of the session log on the provider.</P> 7266<P>A more complete example of the <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) content is thus:</P> 7267<PRE> 7268 database bdb 7269 suffix dc=Example,dc=com 7270 rootdn dc=Example,dc=com 7271 directory /var/ldap/db 7272 index objectclass,entryCSN,entryUUID eq 7273 7274 overlay syncprov 7275 syncprov-checkpoint 100 10 7276 syncprov-sessionlog 100 7277</PRE> 7278<H4><A NAME="Set up the consumer slapd">18.3.1.3. Set up the consumer slapd</A></H4> 7279<P>The syncrepl replication is specified in the database section of <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) for the replica context. The syncrepl engine is backend independent and the directive can be defined with any database type.</P> 7280<PRE> 7281 database hdb 7282 suffix dc=Example,dc=com 7283 rootdn dc=Example,dc=com 7284 directory /var/ldap/db 7285 index objectclass,entryCSN,entryUUID eq 7286 7287 syncrepl rid=123 7288 provider=ldap://provider.example.com:389 7289 type=refreshOnly 7290 interval=01:00:00:00 7291 searchbase="dc=example,dc=com" 7292 filter="(objectClass=organizationalPerson)" 7293 scope=sub 7294 attrs="cn,sn,ou,telephoneNumber,title,l" 7295 schemachecking=off 7296 bindmethod=simple 7297 binddn="cn=syncuser,dc=example,dc=com" 7298 credentials=secret 7299</PRE> 7300<P>In this example, the consumer will connect to the provider <EM>slapd</EM>(8) at port 389 of <A HREF="ldap://provider.example.com">ldap://provider.example.com</A> to perform a polling (<EM>refreshOnly</EM>) mode of synchronization once a day. It will bind as <TT>cn=syncuser,dc=example,dc=com</TT> using simple authentication with password "secret". Note that the access control privilege of <TT>cn=syncuser,dc=example,dc=com</TT> should be set appropriately in the provider to retrieve the desired replication content. Also the search limits must be high enough on the provider to allow the syncuser to retrieve a complete copy of the requested content. The consumer uses the rootdn to write to its database so it always has full permissions to write all content.</P> 7301<P>The synchronization search in the above example will search for the entries whose objectClass is organizationalPerson in the entire subtree rooted at <TT>dc=example,dc=com</TT>. The requested attributes are <TT>cn</TT>, <TT>sn</TT>, <TT>ou</TT>, <TT>telephoneNumber</TT>, <TT>title</TT>, and <TT>l</TT>. The schema checking is turned off, so that the consumer <EM>slapd</EM>(8) will not enforce entry schema checking when it processes updates from the provider <EM>slapd</EM>(8).</P> 7302<P>For more detailed information on the syncrepl directive, see the <A HREF="#syncrepl">syncrepl</A> section of <A HREF="#The slapd Configuration File">The slapd Configuration File</A> chapter of this admin guide.</P> 7303<H4><A NAME="Start the provider and the consumer slapd">18.3.1.4. Start the provider and the consumer slapd</A></H4> 7304<P>The provider <EM>slapd</EM>(8) is not required to be restarted. <EM>contextCSN</EM> is automatically generated as needed: it might be originally contained in the <TERM>LDIF</TERM> file, generated by <EM>slapadd</EM> (8), generated upon changes in the context, or generated when the first LDAP Sync search arrives at the provider. If an LDIF file is being loaded which did not previously contain the <EM>contextCSN</EM>, the <EM>-w</EM> option should be used with <EM>slapadd</EM> (8) to cause it to be generated. This will allow the server to startup a little quicker the first time it runs.</P> 7305<P>When starting a consumer <EM>slapd</EM>(8), it is possible to provide a synchronization cookie as the <EM>-c cookie</EM> command line option in order to start the synchronization from a specific state. The cookie is a comma separated list of name=value pairs. Currently supported syncrepl cookie fields are <EM>csn=<csn></EM> and <EM>rid=<rid></EM>. <EM><csn></EM> represents the current synchronization state of the consumer replica. <EM><rid></EM> identifies a consumer replica locally within the consumer server. It is used to relate the cookie to the syncrepl definition in <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) which has the matching replica identifier. The <EM><rid></EM> must have no more than 3 decimal digits. The command line cookie overrides the synchronization cookie stored in the consumer replica database.</P> 7306<H3><A NAME="Delta-syncrepl">18.3.2. Delta-syncrepl</A></H3> 7307<H4><A NAME="Delta-syncrepl Provider configuration">18.3.2.1. Delta-syncrepl Provider configuration</A></H4> 7308<P>Setting up delta-syncrepl requires configuration changes on both the master and replica servers:</P> 7309<PRE> 7310 # Give the replica DN unlimited read access. This ACL needs to be 7311 # merged with other ACL statements, and/or moved within the scope 7312 # of a database. The "by * break" portion causes evaluation of 7313 # subsequent rules. See slapd.access(5) for details. 7314 access to * 7315 by dn.base="cn=replicator,dc=symas,dc=com" read 7316 by * break 7317 7318 # Set the module path location 7319 modulepath /opt/symas/lib/openldap 7320 7321 # Load the hdb backend 7322 moduleload back_hdb.la 7323 7324 # Load the accesslog overlay 7325 moduleload accesslog.la 7326 7327 #Load the syncprov overlay 7328 moduleload syncprov.la 7329 7330 # Accesslog database definitions 7331 database hdb 7332 suffix cn=accesslog 7333 directory /db/accesslog 7334 rootdn cn=accesslog 7335 index default eq 7336 index entryCSN,objectClass,reqEnd,reqResult,reqStart 7337 7338 overlay syncprov 7339 syncprov-nopresent TRUE 7340 syncprov-reloadhint TRUE 7341 7342 # Let the replica DN have limitless searches 7343 limits dn.exact="cn=replicator,dc=symas,dc=com" time.soft=unlimited time.hard=unlimited size.soft=unlimited size.hard=unlimited 7344 7345 # Primary database definitions 7346 database hdb 7347 suffix "dc=symas,dc=com" 7348 rootdn "cn=manager,dc=symas,dc=com" 7349 7350 ## Whatever other configuration options are desired 7351 7352 # syncprov specific indexing 7353 index entryCSN eq 7354 index entryUUID eq 7355 7356 # syncrepl Provider for primary db 7357 overlay syncprov 7358 syncprov-checkpoint 1000 60 7359 7360 # accesslog overlay definitions for primary db 7361 overlay accesslog 7362 logdb cn=accesslog 7363 logops writes 7364 logsuccess TRUE 7365 # scan the accesslog DB every day, and purge entries older than 7 days 7366 logpurge 07+00:00 01+00:00 7367 7368 # Let the replica DN have limitless searches 7369 limits dn.exact="cn=replicator,dc=symas,dc=com" time.soft=unlimited time.hard=unlimited size.soft=unlimited size.hard=unlimited 7370</PRE> 7371<P>For more information, always consult the relevant man pages (<EM>slapo-accesslog</EM>(5) and <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5))</P> 7372<H4><A NAME="Delta-syncrepl Consumer configuration">18.3.2.2. Delta-syncrepl Consumer configuration</A></H4> 7373<PRE> 7374 # Replica database configuration 7375 database hdb 7376 suffix "dc=symas,dc=com" 7377 rootdn "cn=manager,dc=symas,dc=com" 7378 7379 ## Whatever other configuration bits for the replica, like indexing 7380 ## that you want 7381 7382 # syncrepl specific indices 7383 index entryUUID eq 7384 7385 # syncrepl directives 7386 syncrepl rid=0 7387 provider=ldap://ldapmaster.symas.com:389 7388 bindmethod=simple 7389 binddn="cn=replicator,dc=symas,dc=com" 7390 credentials=secret 7391 searchbase="dc=symas,dc=com" 7392 logbase="cn=accesslog" 7393 logfilter="(&(objectClass=auditWriteObject)(reqResult=0))" 7394 schemachecking=on 7395 type=refreshAndPersist 7396 retry="60 +" 7397 syncdata=accesslog 7398 7399 # Refer updates to the master 7400 updateref ldap://ldapmaster.symas.com 7401</PRE> 7402<P>The above configuration assumes that you have a replicator identity defined in your database that can be used to bind to the provider. In addition, all of the databases (primary, replica, and the accesslog storage database) should also have properly tuned <EM>DB_CONFIG</EM> files that meet your needs.</P> 7403<H3><A NAME="N-Way Multi-Master">18.3.3. N-Way Multi-Master</A></H3> 7404<P>For the following example we will be using 3 Master nodes. Keeping in line with <B>test050-syncrepl-multimaster</B> of the OpenLDAP test suite, we will be configuring <EM>slapd(8)</EM> via <B>cn=config</B></P> 7405<P>This sets up the config database:</P> 7406<PRE> 7407 dn: cn=config 7408 objectClass: olcGlobal 7409 cn: config 7410 olcServerID: 1 7411 7412 dn: olcDatabase={0}config,cn=config 7413 objectClass: olcDatabaseConfig 7414 olcDatabase: {0}config 7415 olcRootPW: secret 7416</PRE> 7417<P>second and third servers will have a different olcServerID obviously:</P> 7418<PRE> 7419 dn: cn=config 7420 objectClass: olcGlobal 7421 cn: config 7422 olcServerID: 2 7423 7424 dn: olcDatabase={0}config,cn=config 7425 objectClass: olcDatabaseConfig 7426 olcDatabase: {0}config 7427 olcRootPW: secret 7428</PRE> 7429<P>This sets up syncrepl as a provider (since these are all masters):</P> 7430<PRE> 7431 dn: cn=module,cn=config 7432 objectClass: olcModuleList 7433 cn: module 7434 olcModulePath: /usr/local/libexec/openldap 7435 olcModuleLoad: syncprov.la 7436</PRE> 7437<P>Now we setup the first Master Node (replace $URI1, $URI2 and $URI3 etc. with your actual ldap urls):</P> 7438<PRE> 7439 dn: cn=config 7440 changetype: modify 7441 replace: olcServerID 7442 olcServerID: 1 $URI1 7443 olcServerID: 2 $URI2 7444 olcServerID: 3 $URI3 7445 7446 dn: olcOverlay=syncprov,olcDatabase={0}config,cn=config 7447 changetype: add 7448 objectClass: olcOverlayConfig 7449 objectClass: olcSyncProvConfig 7450 olcOverlay: syncprov 7451 7452 dn: olcDatabase={0}config,cn=config 7453 changetype: modify 7454 add: olcSyncRepl 7455 olcSyncRepl: rid=001 provider=$URI1 binddn="cn=config" bindmethod=simple 7456 credentials=secret searchbase="cn=config" type=refreshAndPersist 7457 retry="5 5 300 5" timeout=1 7458 olcSyncRepl: rid=002 provider=$URI2 binddn="cn=config" bindmethod=simple 7459 credentials=secret searchbase="cn=config" type=refreshAndPersist 7460 retry="5 5 300 5" timeout=1 7461 olcSyncRepl: rid=003 provider=$URI3 binddn="cn=config" bindmethod=simple 7462 credentials=secret searchbase="cn=config" type=refreshAndPersist 7463 retry="5 5 300 5" timeout=1 7464 - 7465 add: olcMirrorMode 7466 olcMirrorMode: TRUE 7467</PRE> 7468<P>Now start up the Master and a consumer/s, also add the above LDIF to the first consumer, second consumer etc. It will then replicate <B>cn=config</B>. You now have N-Way Multimaster on the config database.</P> 7469<P>We still have to replicate the actual data, not just the config, so add to the master (all active and configured consumers/masters will pull down this config, as they are all syncing). Also, replace all <EM>${</EM>} variables with whatever is applicable to your setup:</P> 7470<PRE> 7471 dn: olcDatabase={1}$BACKEND,cn=config 7472 objectClass: olcDatabaseConfig 7473 objectClass: olc${BACKEND}Config 7474 olcDatabase: {1}$BACKEND 7475 olcSuffix: $BASEDN 7476 olcDbDirectory: ./db 7477 olcRootDN: $MANAGERDN 7478 olcRootPW: $PASSWD 7479 olcLimits: dn.exact="$MANAGERDN" time.soft=unlimited time.hard=unlimited size.soft=unlimited size.hard=unlimited 7480 olcSyncRepl: rid=004 provider=$URI1 binddn="$MANAGERDN" bindmethod=simple 7481 credentials=$PASSWD searchbase="$BASEDN" type=refreshOnly 7482 interval=00:00:00:10 retry="5 5 300 5" timeout=1 7483 olcSyncRepl: rid=005 provider=$URI2 binddn="$MANAGERDN" bindmethod=simple 7484 credentials=$PASSWD searchbase="$BASEDN" type=refreshOnly 7485 interval=00:00:00:10 retry="5 5 300 5" timeout=1 7486 olcSyncRepl: rid=006 provider=$URI3 binddn="$MANAGERDN" bindmethod=simple 7487 credentials=$PASSWD searchbase="$BASEDN" type=refreshOnly 7488 interval=00:00:00:10 retry="5 5 300 5" timeout=1 7489 olcMirrorMode: TRUE 7490 7491 dn: olcOverlay=syncprov,olcDatabase={1}${BACKEND},cn=config 7492 changetype: add 7493 objectClass: olcOverlayConfig 7494 objectClass: olcSyncProvConfig 7495 olcOverlay: syncprov 7496</PRE> 7497<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 7498<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>All of your servers' clocks must be tightly synchronized using e.g. NTP <A HREF="http://www.ntp.org/">http://www.ntp.org/</A>, atomic clock, or some other reliable time reference. 7499<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 7500<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 7501<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>As stated in <EM>slapd-config</EM>(5), URLs specified in <EM>olcSyncRepl</EM> directives are the URLs of the servers from which to replicate. These must exactly match the URLs <EM>slapd</EM> listens on (<EM>-h</EM> in <A HREF="#Command-Line Options">Command-Line Options</A>). Otherwise slapd may attempt to replicate from itself, causing a loop. 7502<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 7503<H3><A NAME="MirrorMode">18.3.4. MirrorMode</A></H3> 7504<P>MirrorMode configuration is actually very easy. If you have ever setup a normal slapd syncrepl provider, then the only change is the following two directives:</P> 7505<PRE> 7506 mirrormode on 7507 serverID 1 7508</PRE> 7509<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 7510<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>You need to make sure that the <EM>serverID</EM> of each mirror node is different and add it as a global configuration option. 7511<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 7512<H4><A NAME="Mirror Node Configuration">18.3.4.1. Mirror Node Configuration</A></H4> 7513<P>The first step is to configure the syncrepl provider the same as in the <A HREF="#Set up the provider slapd">Set up the provider slapd</A> section.</P> 7514<P>Here's a specific cut down example using <A HREF="#LDAP Sync Replication">LDAP Sync Replication</A> in <EM>refreshAndPersist</EM> mode:</P> 7515<P>MirrorMode node 1:</P> 7516<PRE> 7517 # Global section 7518 serverID 1 7519 # database section 7520 7521 # syncrepl directive 7522 syncrepl rid=001 7523 provider=ldap://ldap-sid2.example.com 7524 bindmethod=simple 7525 binddn="cn=mirrormode,dc=example,dc=com" 7526 credentials=mirrormode 7527 searchbase="dc=example,dc=com" 7528 schemachecking=on 7529 type=refreshAndPersist 7530 retry="60 +" 7531 7532 mirrormode on 7533</PRE> 7534<P>MirrorMode node 2:</P> 7535<PRE> 7536 # Global section 7537 serverID 2 7538 # database section 7539 7540 # syncrepl directive 7541 syncrepl rid=001 7542 provider=ldap://ldap-sid1.example.com 7543 bindmethod=simple 7544 binddn="cn=mirrormode,dc=example,dc=com" 7545 credentials=mirrormode 7546 searchbase="dc=example,dc=com" 7547 schemachecking=on 7548 type=refreshAndPersist 7549 retry="60 +" 7550 7551 mirrormode on 7552</PRE> 7553<P>It's simple really; each MirrorMode node is setup <B>exactly</B> the same, except that the <EM>serverID</EM> is unique, and each consumer is pointed to the other server.</P> 7554<H5><A NAME="Failover Configuration">18.3.4.1.1. Failover Configuration</A></H5> 7555<P>There are generally 2 choices for this; 1. Hardware proxies/load-balancing or dedicated proxy software, 2. using a Back-LDAP proxy as a syncrepl provider</P> 7556<P>A typical enterprise example might be:</P> 7557<P><CENTER><IMG SRC="dual_dc.png" ALIGN="center"></CENTER></P> 7558<P ALIGN="Center">Figure X.Y: MirrorMode in a Dual Data Center Configuration</P> 7559<H5><A NAME="Normal Consumer Configuration">18.3.4.1.2. Normal Consumer Configuration</A></H5> 7560<P>This is exactly the same as the <A HREF="#Set up the consumer slapd">Set up the consumer slapd</A> section. It can either setup in normal <A HREF="#syncrepl replication">syncrepl replication</A> mode, or in <A HREF="#delta-syncrepl replication">delta-syncrepl replication</A> mode.</P> 7561<H4><A NAME="MirrorMode Summary">18.3.4.2. MirrorMode Summary</A></H4> 7562<P>You will now have a directory architecture that provides all of the consistency guarantees of single-master replication, while also providing the high availability of multi-master replication.</P> 7563<H3><A NAME="Syncrepl Proxy">18.3.5. Syncrepl Proxy</A></H3> 7564<P><CENTER><IMG SRC="push-based-complete.png" ALIGN="center"></CENTER></P> 7565<P ALIGN="Center">Figure X.Y: Replacing slurpd</P> 7566<P>The following example is for a self-contained push-based replication solution:</P> 7567<PRE> 7568 ####################################################################### 7569 # Standard OpenLDAP Master/Provider 7570 ####################################################################### 7571 7572 include /usr/local/etc/openldap/schema/core.schema 7573 include /usr/local/etc/openldap/schema/cosine.schema 7574 include /usr/local/etc/openldap/schema/nis.schema 7575 include /usr/local/etc/openldap/schema/inetorgperson.schema 7576 7577 include /usr/local/etc/openldap/slapd.acl 7578 7579 modulepath /usr/local/libexec/openldap 7580 moduleload back_hdb.la 7581 moduleload syncprov.la 7582 moduleload back_monitor.la 7583 moduleload back_ldap.la 7584 7585 pidfile /usr/local/var/slapd.pid 7586 argsfile /usr/local/var/slapd.args 7587 7588 loglevel sync stats 7589 7590 database hdb 7591 suffix "dc=suretecsystems,dc=com" 7592 directory /usr/local/var/openldap-data 7593 7594 checkpoint 1024 5 7595 cachesize 10000 7596 idlcachesize 10000 7597 7598 index objectClass eq 7599 # rest of indexes 7600 index default sub 7601 7602 rootdn "cn=admin,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com" 7603 rootpw testing 7604 7605 # syncprov specific indexing 7606 index entryCSN eq 7607 index entryUUID eq 7608 7609 # syncrepl Provider for primary db 7610 overlay syncprov 7611 syncprov-checkpoint 1000 60 7612 7613 # Let the replica DN have limitless searches 7614 limits dn.exact="cn=replicator,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com" time.soft=unlimited time.hard=unlimited size.soft=unlimited size.hard=unlimited 7615 7616 database monitor 7617 7618 database config 7619 rootpw testing 7620 7621 ############################################################################## 7622 # Consumer Proxy that pulls in data via Syncrepl and pushes out via slapd-ldap 7623 ############################################################################## 7624 7625 database ldap 7626 # ignore conflicts with other databases, as we need to push out to same suffix 7627 hidden on 7628 suffix "dc=suretecsystems,dc=com" 7629 rootdn "cn=slapd-ldap" 7630 uri ldap://localhost:9012/ 7631 7632 lastmod on 7633 7634 # We don't need any access to this DSA 7635 restrict all 7636 7637 acl-bind bindmethod=simple 7638 binddn="cn=replicator,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com" 7639 credentials=testing 7640 7641 syncrepl rid=001 7642 provider=ldap://localhost:9011/ 7643 binddn="cn=replicator,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com" 7644 bindmethod=simple 7645 credentials=testing 7646 searchbase="dc=suretecsystems,dc=com" 7647 type=refreshAndPersist 7648 retry="5 5 300 5" 7649 7650 overlay syncprov 7651</PRE> 7652<P>A replica configuration for this type of setup could be:</P> 7653<PRE> 7654 ####################################################################### 7655 # Standard OpenLDAP Slave without Syncrepl 7656 ####################################################################### 7657 7658 include /usr/local/etc/openldap/schema/core.schema 7659 include /usr/local/etc/openldap/schema/cosine.schema 7660 include /usr/local/etc/openldap/schema/nis.schema 7661 include /usr/local/etc/openldap/schema/inetorgperson.schema 7662 7663 include /usr/local/etc/openldap/slapd.acl 7664 7665 modulepath /usr/local/libexec/openldap 7666 moduleload back_hdb.la 7667 moduleload syncprov.la 7668 moduleload back_monitor.la 7669 moduleload back_ldap.la 7670 7671 pidfile /usr/local/var/slapd.pid 7672 argsfile /usr/local/var/slapd.args 7673 7674 loglevel sync stats 7675 7676 database hdb 7677 suffix "dc=suretecsystems,dc=com" 7678 directory /usr/local/var/openldap-slave/data 7679 7680 checkpoint 1024 5 7681 cachesize 10000 7682 idlcachesize 10000 7683 7684 index objectClass eq 7685 # rest of indexes 7686 index default sub 7687 7688 rootdn "cn=admin,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com" 7689 rootpw testing 7690 7691 # Let the replica DN have limitless searches 7692 limits dn.exact="cn=replicator,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com" time.soft=unlimited time.hard=unlimited size.soft=unlimited size.hard=unlimited 7693 7694 updatedn "cn=replicator,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com" 7695 7696 # Refer updates to the master 7697 updateref ldap://localhost:9011 7698 7699 database monitor 7700 7701 database config 7702 rootpw testing 7703</PRE> 7704<P>You can see we use the <EM>updatedn</EM> directive here and example ACLs (<TT>usr/local/etc/openldap/slapd.acl</TT>) for this could be:</P> 7705<PRE> 7706 # Give the replica DN unlimited read access. This ACL may need to be 7707 # merged with other ACL statements. 7708 7709 access to * 7710 by dn.base="cn=replicator,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com" write 7711 by * break 7712 7713 access to dn.base="" 7714 by * read 7715 7716 access to dn.base="cn=Subschema" 7717 by * read 7718 7719 access to dn.subtree="cn=Monitor" 7720 by dn.exact="uid=admin,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com" write 7721 by users read 7722 by * none 7723 7724 access to * 7725 by self write 7726 by * read 7727</PRE> 7728<P>In order to support more replicas, just add more <EM>database ldap</EM> sections and increment the <EM>syncrepl rid</EM> number accordingly.</P> 7729<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 7730<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>You must populate the Master and Slave directories with the same data, unlike when using normal Syncrepl 7731<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 7732<P>If you do not have access to modify the master directory configuration you can configure a standalone ldap proxy, which might look like:</P> 7733<P><CENTER><IMG SRC="push-based-standalone.png" ALIGN="center"></CENTER></P> 7734<P ALIGN="Center">Figure X.Y: Replacing slurpd with a standalone version</P> 7735<P>The following configuration is an example of a standalone LDAP Proxy:</P> 7736<PRE> 7737 include /usr/local/etc/openldap/schema/core.schema 7738 include /usr/local/etc/openldap/schema/cosine.schema 7739 include /usr/local/etc/openldap/schema/nis.schema 7740 include /usr/local/etc/openldap/schema/inetorgperson.schema 7741 7742 include /usr/local/etc/openldap/slapd.acl 7743 7744 modulepath /usr/local/libexec/openldap 7745 moduleload syncprov.la 7746 moduleload back_ldap.la 7747 7748 ############################################################################## 7749 # Consumer Proxy that pulls in data via Syncrepl and pushes out via slapd-ldap 7750 ############################################################################## 7751 7752 database ldap 7753 # ignore conflicts with other databases, as we need to push out to same suffix 7754 hidden on 7755 suffix "dc=suretecsystems,dc=com" 7756 rootdn "cn=slapd-ldap" 7757 uri ldap://localhost:9012/ 7758 7759 lastmod on 7760 7761 # We don't need any access to this DSA 7762 restrict all 7763 7764 acl-bind bindmethod=simple 7765 binddn="cn=replicator,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com" 7766 credentials=testing 7767 7768 syncrepl rid=001 7769 provider=ldap://localhost:9011/ 7770 binddn="cn=replicator,dc=suretecsystems,dc=com" 7771 bindmethod=simple 7772 credentials=testing 7773 searchbase="dc=suretecsystems,dc=com" 7774 type=refreshAndPersist 7775 retry="5 5 300 5" 7776 7777 overlay syncprov 7778</PRE> 7779<P>As you can see, you can let your imagination go wild using Syncrepl and <EM>slapd-ldap(8)</EM> tailoring your replication to fit your specific network topology.</P> 7780<P></P> 7781<HR> 7782<H1><A NAME="Maintenance">19. Maintenance</A></H1> 7783<P>System Administration is all about maintenance, so it is only fair that we discuss how to correctly maintain an OpenLDAP deployment.</P> 7784<H2><A NAME="Directory Backups">19.1. Directory Backups</A></H2> 7785<P>Backup strategies largely depend on the amount of change in the database and how much of that change an administrator might be willing to lose in a catastrophic failure. There are two basic methods that can be used:</P> 7786<P>1. Backup the Berkeley database itself and periodically back up the transaction log files:</P> 7787<P>Berkeley DB produces transaction logs that can be used to reconstruct changes from a given point in time. For example, if an administrator were willing to only lose one hour's worth of changes, they could take down the server in the middle of the night, copy the Berkeley database files offsite, and bring the server back online. Then, on an hourly basis, they could force a database checkpoint, capture the log files that have been generated in the past hour, and copy them offsite. The accumulated log files, in combination with the previous database backup, could be used with db_recover to reconstruct the database up to the time the last collection of log files was copied offsite. This method affords good protection, with minimal space overhead.</P> 7788<P>2. Periodically run slapcat and back up the LDIF file:</P> 7789<P>Slapcat can be run while slapd is active. However, one runs the risk of an inconsistent database- not from the point of slapd, but from the point of the applications using LDAP. For example, if a provisioning application performed tasks that consisted of several LDAP operations, and the slapcat took place concurrently with those operations, then there might be inconsistencies in the LDAP database from the point of view of that provisioning application and applications that depended on it. One must, therefore, be convinced something like that won't happen. One way to do that would be to put the database in read-only mode while performing the slapcat. The other disadvantage of this approach is that the generated LDIF files can be rather large and the accumulation of the day's backups could add up to a substantial amount of space.</P> 7790<P>You can use <EM>slapcat</EM>(8) to generate an LDIF file for each of your <EM>slapd</EM>(8) back-bdb or back-hdb databases.</P> 7791<PRE> 7792 slapcat -f slapd.conf -b "dc=example,dc=com" 7793</PRE> 7794<P>For back-bdb and back-hdb, this command may be ran while slapd(8) is running.</P> 7795<P>MORE on actual Berkeley DB backups later covering db_recover etc.</P> 7796<H2><A NAME="Berkeley DB Logs">19.2. Berkeley DB Logs</A></H2> 7797<P>Berkeley DB log files grow, and the administrator has to deal with it. The procedure is known as log file archival or log file rotation.</P> 7798<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 7799<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>The actual log file rotation is handled by the Berkeley DB engine. 7800<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 7801<P>Logs of current transactions need to be stored into files so that the database can be recovered in the event of an application crash. Administrators can change the size limit of a single log file (by default 10MB), and have old log files removed automatically, by setting up DB environment (see below). The reason Berkeley DB never deletes any log files by default is that the administrator may wish to backup the log files before removal to make database recovery possible even after a catastrophic failure, such as file system corruption.</P> 7802<P>Log file names are <TT>log.XXXXXXXXXX</TT> (X is a digit). By default the log files are located in the BDB backend directory. The <TT>db_archive</TT> tool knows what log files are used in current transactions, and what are not. Administrators can move unused log files to a backup media, and delete them. To have them removed automatically, place set_flags <EM>DB_LOG_AUTOREMOVE</EM> directive in <TT>DB_CONFIG</TT>.</P> 7803<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 7804<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>If the log files are removed automatically, recovery after a catastrophic failure is likely to be impossible. 7805<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 7806<P>The files with names <TT>__db.001</TT>, <TT>__db.002</TT>, etc are just shared memory regions (or whatever). These ARE NOT 'logs', they must be left alone. Don't be afraid of them, they do not grow like logs do.</P> 7807<P>To understand the <TT>db_archive</TT> interface, the reader should refer to chapter 9 of the Berkeley DB guide. In particular, the following chapters are recommended:</P> 7808<UL> 7809<LI>Database and log file archival - <A HREF="http://www.oracle.com/technology/documentation/berkeley-db/db/ref/transapp/archival.html">http://www.oracle.com/technology/documentation/berkeley-db/db/ref/transapp/archival.html</A> 7810<LI>Log file removal - <A HREF="http://www.oracle.com/technology/documentation/berkeley-db/db/ref/transapp/logfile.html">http://www.oracle.com/technology/documentation/berkeley-db/db/ref/transapp/logfile.html</A> 7811<LI>Recovery procedures - <A HREF="http://www.oracle.com/technology/documentation/berkeley-db/db/ref/transapp/recovery.html">http://www.oracle.com/technology/documentation/berkeley-db/db/ref/transapp/recovery.html</A> 7812<LI>Hot failover - <A HREF="http://www.oracle.com/technology/documentation/berkeley-db/db/ref/transapp/hotfail.html">http://www.oracle.com/technology/documentation/berkeley-db/db/ref/transapp/hotfail.html</A> 7813<LI>Complete list of Berkeley DB flags - <A HREF="http://www.oracle.com/technology/documentation/berkeley-db/db/api_c/env_set_flags.html">http://www.oracle.com/technology/documentation/berkeley-db/db/api_c/env_set_flags.html</A></UL> 7814<P>Advanced installations can use special environment settings to fine-tune some Berkeley DB options (change the log file limit, etc). This can be done by using the <TT>DB_CONFIG</TT> file. This magic file can be created in BDB backend directory set up by <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5). More information on this file can be found in File naming chapter. Specific directives can be found in C Interface, look for <EM>DB_ENV->set_XXXX</EM> calls.</P> 7815<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 7816<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>options set in <TT>DB_CONFIG</TT> file override options set by OpenLDAP. Use them with extreme caution. Do not use them unless You know what You are doing. 7817<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 7818<P>The advantages of <TT>DB_CONFIG</TT> usage can be the following:</P> 7819<UL> 7820<LI>to keep data files and log files on different mediums (i.e. disks) to improve performance and/or reliability; 7821<LI>to fine-tune some specific options (such as shared memory region sizes); 7822<LI>to set the log file limit (please read Log file limits before doing this).</UL> 7823<P>To figure out the best-practice BDB backup scenario, the reader is highly recommended to read the whole Chapter 9: Berkeley DB Transactional Data Store Applications. This chapter is a set of small pages with examples in C language. Non-programming people can skip these examples without loss of knowledge.</P> 7824<H2><A NAME="Checkpointing">19.3. Checkpointing</A></H2> 7825<P>MORE/TIDY</P> 7826<P>If you put "checkpoint 1024 5" in slapd.conf (to checkpoint after 1024kb or 5 minutes, for example), this does not checkpoint every 5 minutes as you may think. The explanation from Howard is:</P> 7827<P>'In OpenLDAP 2.1 and 2.2 the checkpoint directive acts as follows - *when there is a write operation*, and more than <check> minutes have occurred since the last checkpoint, perform the checkpoint. If more than <check> minutes pass after a write without any other write operations occurring, no checkpoint is performed, so it's possible to lose the last write that occurred.''</P> 7828<P>In other words, a write operation occurring less than "check" minutes after the last checkpoint will not be checkpointed until the next write occurs after "check" minutes have passed since the checkpoint.</P> 7829<P>This has been modified in 2.3 to indeed checkpoint every so often; in the meantime a workaround is to invoke "db_checkpoint" from a cron script every so often, say 5 minutes.</P> 7830<H2><A NAME="Migration">19.4. Migration</A></H2> 7831<P>The simplest steps needed to migrate between versions or upgrade, depending on your deployment type are:</P> 7832<UL> 7833 </UL><OL> 7834<LI><B>Stop the current server when convenient</B> 7835<BR> 7836 7837<LI><B>slapcat the current data out</B> 7838<BR> 7839 7840<LI><B>Clear out the current data directory (/usr/local/var/openldap-data/) leaving DB_CONFIG in place</B> 7841<BR> 7842 7843<LI><B>Perform the software upgrades</B> 7844<BR> 7845 7846<LI><B>slapadd the exported data back into the directory</B> 7847<BR> 7848 7849<LI><B>Start the server</B></OL> 7850<P>Obviously this doesn't cater for any complicated deployments like <A HREF="#MirrorMode">MirrorMode</A> or <A HREF="#N-Way Multi-Master">N-Way Multi-Master</A>, but following the above sections and using either commercial support or community support should help. Also check the <A HREF="#Troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</A> section.</P> 7851<P></P> 7852<HR> 7853<H1><A NAME="Monitoring">20. Monitoring</A></H1> 7854<P><EM>slapd</EM>(8) supports an optional <TERM>LDAP</TERM> monitoring interface you can use to obtain information regarding the current state of your <EM>slapd</EM> instance. For instance, the interface allows you to determine how many clients are connected to the server currently. The monitoring information is provided by a specialized backend, the <EM>monitor</EM> backend. A manual page, <EM>slapd-monitor</EM>(5) is available.</P> 7855<P>When the monitoring interface is enabled, LDAP clients may be used to access information provided by the <EM>monitor</EM> backend, subject to access and other controls.</P> 7856<P>When enabled, the <EM>monitor</EM> backend dynamically generates and returns objects in response to search requests in the <EM>cn=Monitor</EM> subtree. Each object contains information about a particular aspect of the server. The information is held in a combination of user applications and operational attributes. This information can be access with <EM>ldapsearch(1)</EM>, with any general-purpose LDAP browser, or with specialized monitoring tools. The <A HREF="#Accessing Monitoring Information">Accessing Monitoring Information</A> section provides a brief tutorial on how to use <EM>ldapsearch</EM>(1) to access monitoring information, while the <A HREF="#Monitor information">Monitor information</A> section details monitoring information base and its organization.</P> 7857<P>While support for the monitor backend is included in default builds of slapd(8), this support requires some configuration to become active. This may be done using either <TT>cn=config</TT> or <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5). The former is discussed in the <A HREF="#Monitor configuration via cn=config">Monitor configuration via cn=config</A> section of this of this chapter. The latter is discussed in the <A HREF="#Monitor configuration via slapd.conf(5)">Monitor configuration via slapd.conf(5)</A> section of this chapter. These sections assume monitor backend is built into <EM>slapd</EM> (e.g., <TT>--enable-monitor=yes</TT>, the default). If the monitor backend was built as a module (e.g., <TT>--enable-monitor=mod</TT>, this module must loaded. Loading of modules is discussed in the <A HREF="#Configuring slapd">Configuring slapd</A> and <A HREF="#The slapd Configuration File">The slapd Configuration File</A> chapters.</P> 7858<H2><A NAME="Monitor configuration via cn=config(5)">20.1. Monitor configuration via cn=config(5)</A></H2> 7859<P><EM>This section has yet to be written.</EM></P> 7860<H2><A NAME="Monitor configuration via slapd.conf(5)">20.2. Monitor configuration via slapd.conf(5)</A></H2> 7861<P>Configuration of the slapd.conf(5) to support LDAP monitoring is quite simple.</P> 7862<P>First, ensure <EM>core.schema</EM> schema configuration file is included by your <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) file. The <EM>monitor</EM> backend requires it.</P> 7863<P>Second, instantiate the <EM>monitor backend</EM> by adding a <EM>database monitor</EM> directive below your existing database sections. For instance:</P> 7864<PRE> 7865 database monitor 7866</PRE> 7867<P>Lastly, add additional global or database directives as needed.</P> 7868<P>Like most other database backends, the monitor backend does honor slapd(8) access and other administrative controls. As some monitor information may be sensitive, it is generally recommend access to cn=monitor be restricted to directory administrators and their monitoring agents. Adding an <EM>access</EM> directive immediately below the <EM>database monitor</EM> directive is a clear and effective approach for controlling access. For instance, the addition of the following <EM>access</EM> directive immediately below the <EM>database monitor</EM> directive restricts access to monitoring information to the specified directory manager.</P> 7869<PRE> 7870 access to * 7871 by dn.exact="cn=Manager,dc=example,dc=com 7872 by * none 7873</PRE> 7874<P>More information on <EM>slapd</EM>(8) access controls, see <EM>The access Control Directive</EM> section of the <A HREF="#The slapd Configuration File">The slapd Configuration File</A> chapter and <EM>slapd.access</EM>(5).</P> 7875<P>After restarting <EM>slapd</EM>(8), you are ready to start exploring the monitoring information provided in <TT>cn=config</TT> as discussed in the <A HREF="#Accessing Monitoring Information">Accessing Monitoring Information</A> section of this chapter.</P> 7876<P>One can verify slapd(8) is properly configured to provide monitoring information by attempting to read the <TT>cn=monitor</TT> object. For instance, if the following <EM>ldapsearch</EM>(1) command returns the cn=monitor object (with, as requested, no attributes), it's working.</P> 7877<PRE> 7878 ldapsearch -x -D 'cn=Manager,dc=example,dc=com' -W \ 7879 -b 'cn=Monitor' -s base 1.1 7880</PRE> 7881<P>Note that unlike general purpose database backends, the database suffix is hardcoded. It's always <TT>cn=Monitor</TT>. So no <EM>suffix</EM> directive should be provided. Also note that general purpose database backends, the monitor backend cannot be instantiated multiple times. That is, there can only be one (or zero) occurrences of <TT>database monitor</TT> in the server's configuration.</P> 7882<H2><A NAME="Accessing Monitoring Information">20.3. Accessing Monitoring Information</A></H2> 7883<P>As previously discussed, when enabled, the <EM>monitor</EM> backend dynamically generates and returns objects in response to search requests in the <EM>cn=Monitor</EM> subtree. Each object contains information about a particular aspect of the server. The information is held in a combination of user applications and operational attributes. This information can be access with <EM>ldapsearch(1)</EM>, with any general-purpose LDAP browser, or with specialized monitoring tools.</P> 7884<P>This section provides a provides a brief tutorial on how to use <EM>ldapsearch</EM>(1) to access monitoring information.</P> 7885<P>To inspect any particular monitor object, one performs search operation on the object with a baseObject scope and a <TT>(objectClass=*)</TT> filter. As the monitoring information is contained in a combination of user applications and operational attributes, the return all user applications attributes (e.g., <TT>'*'</TT>) and all operational attributes (e.g., <TT>'+'</TT>) should be requested. For instance, to read the <TT>cn=Monitor</TT> object itself, the <EM>ldapsearch</EM>(1) command (modified to fit your configuration) can be used:</P> 7886<PRE> 7887 ldapsearch -x -D 'cn=Manager,dc=example,dc=com' -W \ 7888 -b 'cn=Monitor' -s base '(objectClass=*)' '*' '+' 7889</PRE> 7890<P>When run against your server, this should produce output similar to:</P> 7891<PRE> 7892 dn: cn=Monitor 7893 objectClass: monitorServer 7894 structuralObjectClass: monitorServer 7895 cn: Monitor 7896 creatorsName: 7897 modifiersName: 7898 createTimestamp: 20061208223558Z 7899 modifyTimestamp: 20061208223558Z 7900 description: This subtree contains monitoring/managing objects. 7901 description: This object contains information about this server. 7902 description: Most of the information is held in operational attributes, which 7903 must be explicitly requested. 7904 monitoredInfo: OpenLDAP: slapd 2.4 (Dec 7 2006 17:30:29) 7905 entryDN: cn=Monitor 7906 subschemaSubentry: cn=Subschema 7907 hasSubordinates: TRUE 7908</PRE> 7909<P>To reduce the number of uninteresting attributes returned, one can be more selective when requesting which attributes are to be returned. For instance, one could request the return of all attributes allowed by the <EM>monitorServer</EM> object class (e.g., <TT>@objectClass</TT>) instead of all user and all operational attributes:</P> 7910<PRE> 7911 ldapsearch -x -D 'cn=Manager,dc=example,dc=com' -W \ 7912 -b 'cn=Monitor' -s base '(objectClass=*)' '@monitorServer' 7913</PRE> 7914<P>This limits the output as follows:</P> 7915<PRE> 7916 dn: cn=Monitor 7917 objectClass: monitorServer 7918 cn: Monitor 7919 description: This subtree contains monitoring/managing objects. 7920 description: This object contains information about this server. 7921 description: Most of the information is held in operational attributes, which 7922 must be explicitly requested. 7923 monitoredInfo: OpenLDAP: slapd 2.X (Dec 7 2006 17:30:29) 7924</PRE> 7925<P>To return the names of all the monitoring objects, one performs a search of <TT>cn=Monitor</TT> with subtree scope and <TT>(objectClass=*)</TT> filter and requesting no attributes (e.g., <TT>1.1</TT>) be returned.</P> 7926<PRE> 7927 ldapsearch -x -D 'cn=Manager,dc=example,dc=com' -W -b 'cn=Monitor' -s sub 1.1 7928</PRE> 7929<P>If you run this command you will discover that there are many objects in the <EM>cn=Monitor</EM> subtree. The following section describes some of the commonly available monitoring objects.</P> 7930<H2><A NAME="Monitor Information">20.4. Monitor Information</A></H2> 7931<P>The <EM>monitor</EM> backend provides a wealth of information useful for monitoring the slapd(8) contained in set of monitor objects. Each object contains information about a particular aspect of the server, such as a backends, a connection, or a thread. Some objects serve as containers for other objects and used to construct a hierarchy of objects.</P> 7932<P>In this hierarchy, the most superior object is {cn=Monitor}. While this object primarily serves as a container for other objects, most of which are containers, this object provides information about this server. In particular, it provides the slapd(8) version string. Example:</P> 7933<PRE> 7934 dn: cn=Monitor 7935 monitoredInfo: OpenLDAP: slapd 2.X (Dec 7 2006 17:30:29) 7936</PRE> 7937<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 7938<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>Examples in this section (and its subsections) have been trimmed to show only key information. 7939<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 7940<H3><A NAME="Backends">20.4.1. Backends</A></H3> 7941<P>The <TT>cn=Backends,cn=Monitor</TT> object, itself, provides a list of available backends. The list of available backends all builtin backends, as well as backends loaded by modules. For example:</P> 7942<PRE> 7943 dn: cn=Backends,cn=Monitor 7944 monitoredInfo: config 7945 monitoredInfo: ldif 7946 monitoredInfo: monitor 7947 monitoredInfo: bdb 7948 monitoredInfo: hdb 7949</PRE> 7950<P>This indicates the <EM>config</EM>, <EM>ldif</EM>, <EM>monitor</EM>, <EM>bdb</EM>, and <EM>hdb</EM> backends are available.</P> 7951<P>The <TT>cn=Backends,cn=Monitor</TT> object is also a container for available backend objects. Each available backend object contains information about a particular backend. For example:</P> 7952<PRE> 7953 dn: cn=Backend 0,cn=Backends,cn=Monitor 7954 monitoredInfo: config 7955 monitorRuntimeConfig: TRUE 7956 supportedControl: 2.16.840.1.113730.3.4.2 7957 seeAlso: cn=Database 0,cn=Databases,cn=Monitor 7958 7959 dn: cn=Backend 1,cn=Backends,cn=Monitor 7960 monitoredInfo: ldif 7961 monitorRuntimeConfig: TRUE 7962 supportedControl: 2.16.840.1.113730.3.4.2 7963 7964 dn: cn=Backend 2,cn=Backends,cn=Monitor 7965 monitoredInfo: monitor 7966 monitorRuntimeConfig: TRUE 7967 supportedControl: 2.16.840.1.113730.3.4.2 7968 seeAlso: cn=Database 2,cn=Databases,cn=Monitor 7969 7970 dn: cn=Backend 3,cn=Backends,cn=Monitor 7971 monitoredInfo: bdb 7972 monitorRuntimeConfig: TRUE 7973 supportedControl: 1.3.6.1.1.12 7974 supportedControl: 2.16.840.1.113730.3.4.2 7975 supportedControl: 1.3.6.1.4.1.4203.666.5.2 7976 supportedControl: 1.2.840.113556.1.4.319 7977 supportedControl: 1.3.6.1.1.13.1 7978 supportedControl: 1.3.6.1.1.13.2 7979 supportedControl: 1.3.6.1.4.1.4203.1.10.1 7980 supportedControl: 1.2.840.113556.1.4.1413 7981 supportedControl: 1.3.6.1.4.1.4203.666.11.7.2 7982 seeAlso: cn=Database 1,cn=Databases,cn=Monitor 7983 7984 dn: cn=Backend 4,cn=Backends,cn=Monitor 7985 monitoredInfo: hdb 7986 monitorRuntimeConfig: TRUE 7987 supportedControl: 1.3.6.1.1.12 7988 supportedControl: 2.16.840.1.113730.3.4.2 7989 supportedControl: 1.3.6.1.4.1.4203.666.5.2 7990 supportedControl: 1.2.840.113556.1.4.319 7991 supportedControl: 1.3.6.1.1.13.1 7992 supportedControl: 1.3.6.1.1.13.2 7993 supportedControl: 1.3.6.1.4.1.4203.1.10.1 7994 supportedControl: 1.2.840.113556.1.4.1413 7995 supportedControl: 1.3.6.1.4.1.4203.666.11.7.2 7996</PRE> 7997<P>For each of these objects, monitorInfo indicates which backend the information in the object is about. For instance, the <TT>cn=Backend 3,cn=Backends,cn=Monitor</TT> object contains (in the example) information about the <EM>bdb</EM> backend.</P> 7998<TABLE CLASS="columns" BORDER> 7999<TR CLASS="heading"> 8000<TD> 8001<STRONG>Attribute</STRONG> 8002</TD> 8003<TD> 8004<STRONG>Description</STRONG> 8005</TD> 8006</TR> 8007<TR> 8008<TD> 8009monitoredInfo 8010</TD> 8011<TD> 8012Name of backend 8013</TD> 8014</TR> 8015<TR> 8016<TD> 8017supportedControl 8018</TD> 8019<TD> 8020supported LDAP control extensions 8021</TD> 8022</TR> 8023<TR> 8024<TD> 8025seeAlso 8026</TD> 8027<TD> 8028Database objects of instances of this backend 8029</TD> 8030</TR> 8031</TABLE> 8032 8033<H3><A NAME="Connections">20.4.2. Connections</A></H3> 8034<P>The main entry is empty; it should contain some statistics on the number of connections.</P> 8035<P>Dynamic child entries are created for each open connection, with stats on the activity on that connection (the format will be detailed later). There are two special child entries that show the number of total and current connections respectively.</P> 8036<P>For example:</P> 8037<P>Total Connections:</P> 8038<PRE> 8039 dn: cn=Total,cn=Connections,cn=Monitor 8040 structuralObjectClass: monitorCounterObject 8041 monitorCounter: 4 8042 entryDN: cn=Total,cn=Connections,cn=Monitor 8043 subschemaSubentry: cn=Subschema 8044 hasSubordinates: FALSE 8045</PRE> 8046<P>Current Connections:</P> 8047<PRE> 8048 dn: cn=Current,cn=Connections,cn=Monitor 8049 structuralObjectClass: monitorCounterObject 8050 monitorCounter: 2 8051 entryDN: cn=Current,cn=Connections,cn=Monitor 8052 subschemaSubentry: cn=Subschema 8053 hasSubordinates: FALSE 8054</PRE> 8055<H3><A NAME="Databases">20.4.3. Databases</A></H3> 8056<P>The main entry contains the naming context of each configured database; the child entries contain, for each database, the type and the naming context.</P> 8057<P>For example:</P> 8058<PRE> 8059 dn: cn=Database 2,cn=Databases,cn=Monitor 8060 structuralObjectClass: monitoredObject 8061 monitoredInfo: monitor 8062 monitorIsShadow: FALSE 8063 monitorContext: cn=Monitor 8064 readOnly: FALSE 8065 entryDN: cn=Database 2,cn=Databases,cn=Monitor 8066 subschemaSubentry: cn=Subschema 8067 hasSubordinates: FALSE 8068</PRE> 8069<H3><A NAME="Listener">20.4.4. Listener</A></H3> 8070<P>It contains the description of the devices the server is currently listening on:</P> 8071<PRE> 8072 dn: cn=Listener 0,cn=Listeners,cn=Monitor 8073 structuralObjectClass: monitoredObject 8074 monitorConnectionLocalAddress: IP=0.0.0.0:389 8075 entryDN: cn=Listener 0,cn=Listeners,cn=Monitor 8076 subschemaSubentry: cn=Subschema 8077 hasSubordinates: FALSE 8078</PRE> 8079<H3><A NAME="Log">20.4.5. Log</A></H3> 8080<P>It contains the currently active log items. The <EM>Log</EM> subsystem allows user modify operations on the <EM>description</EM> attribute, whose values <EM>MUST</EM> be in the list of admittable log switches:</P> 8081<PRE> 8082 Trace 8083 Packets 8084 Args 8085 Conns 8086 BER 8087 Filter 8088 Config 8089 ACL 8090 Stats 8091 Stats2 8092 Shell 8093 Parse 8094 Sync 8095</PRE> 8096<P>These values can be added, replaced or deleted; they affect what messages are sent to the syslog device. Custom values could be added by custom modules.</P> 8097<H3><A NAME="Operations">20.4.6. Operations</A></H3> 8098<P>It shows some statistics on the operations performed by the server:</P> 8099<PRE> 8100 Initiated 8101 Completed 8102</PRE> 8103<P>and for each operation type, i.e.:</P> 8104<PRE> 8105 Bind 8106 Unbind 8107 Add 8108 Delete 8109 Modrdn 8110 Modify 8111 Compare 8112 Search 8113 Abandon 8114 Extended 8115</PRE> 8116<P>There are too many types to list example here, so please try for yourself using <A HREF="#Monitor search example">Monitor search example</A></P> 8117<H3><A NAME="Overlays">20.4.7. Overlays</A></H3> 8118<P>The main entry contains the type of overlays available at run-time; the child entries, for each overlay, contain the type of the overlay.</P> 8119<P>It should also contain the modules that have been loaded if dynamic overlays are enabled:</P> 8120<PRE> 8121 # Overlays, Monitor 8122 dn: cn=Overlays,cn=Monitor 8123 structuralObjectClass: monitorContainer 8124 monitoredInfo: syncprov 8125 monitoredInfo: accesslog 8126 monitoredInfo: glue 8127 entryDN: cn=Overlays,cn=Monitor 8128 subschemaSubentry: cn=Subschema 8129 hasSubordinates: TRUE 8130</PRE> 8131<H3><A NAME="SASL">20.4.8. SASL</A></H3> 8132<P>Currently empty.</P> 8133<H3><A NAME="Statistics">20.4.9. Statistics</A></H3> 8134<P>It shows some statistics on the data sent by the server:</P> 8135<PRE> 8136 Bytes 8137 PDU 8138 Entries 8139 Referrals 8140</PRE> 8141<P>e.g.</P> 8142<PRE> 8143 # Entries, Statistics, Monitor 8144 dn: cn=Entries,cn=Statistics,cn=Monitor 8145 structuralObjectClass: monitorCounterObject 8146 monitorCounter: 612248 8147 entryDN: cn=Entries,cn=Statistics,cn=Monitor 8148 subschemaSubentry: cn=Subschema 8149 hasSubordinates: FALSE 8150</PRE> 8151<H3><A NAME="Threads">20.4.10. Threads</A></H3> 8152<P>It contains the maximum number of threads enabled at startup and the current backload.</P> 8153<P>e.g.</P> 8154<PRE> 8155 # Max, Threads, Monitor 8156 dn: cn=Max,cn=Threads,cn=Monitor 8157 structuralObjectClass: monitoredObject 8158 monitoredInfo: 16 8159 entryDN: cn=Max,cn=Threads,cn=Monitor 8160 subschemaSubentry: cn=Subschema 8161 hasSubordinates: FALSE 8162</PRE> 8163<H3><A NAME="Time">20.4.11. Time</A></H3> 8164<P>It contains two child entries with the start time and the current time of the server.</P> 8165<P>e.g.</P> 8166<P>Start time:</P> 8167<PRE> 8168 dn: cn=Start,cn=Time,cn=Monitor 8169 structuralObjectClass: monitoredObject 8170 monitorTimestamp: 20061205124040Z 8171 entryDN: cn=Start,cn=Time,cn=Monitor 8172 subschemaSubentry: cn=Subschema 8173 hasSubordinates: FALSE 8174</PRE> 8175<P>Current time:</P> 8176<PRE> 8177 dn: cn=Current,cn=Time,cn=Monitor 8178 structuralObjectClass: monitoredObject 8179 monitorTimestamp: 20061207120624Z 8180 entryDN: cn=Current,cn=Time,cn=Monitor 8181 subschemaSubentry: cn=Subschema 8182 hasSubordinates: FALSE 8183</PRE> 8184<H3><A NAME="TLS">20.4.12. TLS</A></H3> 8185<P>Currently empty.</P> 8186<H3><A NAME="Waiters">20.4.13. Waiters</A></H3> 8187<P>It contains the number of current read waiters.</P> 8188<P>e.g.</P> 8189<P>Read waiters:</P> 8190<PRE> 8191 dn: cn=Read,cn=Waiters,cn=Monitor 8192 structuralObjectClass: monitorCounterObject 8193 monitorCounter: 7 8194 entryDN: cn=Read,cn=Waiters,cn=Monitor 8195 subschemaSubentry: cn=Subschema 8196 hasSubordinates: FALSE 8197</PRE> 8198<P>Write waiters:</P> 8199<PRE> 8200 dn: cn=Write,cn=Waiters,cn=Monitor 8201 structuralObjectClass: monitorCounterObject 8202 monitorCounter: 0 8203 entryDN: cn=Write,cn=Waiters,cn=Monitor 8204 subschemaSubentry: cn=Subschema 8205 hasSubordinates: FALSE 8206</PRE> 8207<P>Add new monitored things here and discuss, referencing man pages and present examples</P> 8208<P></P> 8209<HR> 8210<H1><A NAME="Tuning">21. Tuning</A></H1> 8211<P>This is perhaps one of the most important chapters in the guide, because if you have not tuned <EM>slapd</EM>(8) correctly or grasped how to design your directory and environment, you can expect very poor performance.</P> 8212<P>Reading, understanding and experimenting using the instructions and information in the following sections, will enable you to fully understand how to tailor your directory server to your specific requirements.</P> 8213<P>It should be noted that the following information has been collected over time from our community based FAQ. So obviously the benefit of this real world experience and advice should be of great value to the reader.</P> 8214<H2><A NAME="Performance Factors">21.1. Performance Factors</A></H2> 8215<P>Various factors can play a part in how your directory performs on your chosen hardware and environment. We will attempt to discuss these here.</P> 8216<H3><A NAME="Memory">21.1.1. Memory</A></H3> 8217<P>Scale your cache to use available memory and increase system memory if you can.</P> 8218<P>See <A HREF="#Caching">Caching</A> for BDB cache tuning hints. Note that LMDB uses no cache of its own and has no tuning options, so the Caching section can be ignored when using LMDB.</P> 8219<H3><A NAME="Disks">21.1.2. Disks</A></H3> 8220<P>Use fast filesystems, and conduct your own testing to see which filesystem types perform best with your workload. (On our own Linux testing, EXT2 and JFS tend to provide better write performance than everything else, including newer filesystems like EXT4, BTRFS, etc.)</P> 8221<P>Use fast subsystems. Put each database and logs on separate disks (for BDB this is configurable via <EM>DB_CONFIG</EM>):</P> 8222<PRE> 8223 # Data Directory 8224 set_data_dir /data/db 8225 8226 # Transaction Log settings 8227 set_lg_dir /logs 8228</PRE> 8229<H3><A NAME="Network Topology">21.1.3. Network Topology</A></H3> 8230<P>http://www.openldap.org/faq/data/cache/363.html</P> 8231<P>Drawing here.</P> 8232<H3><A NAME="Directory Layout Design">21.1.4. Directory Layout Design</A></H3> 8233<P>Reference to other sections and good/bad drawing here.</P> 8234<H3><A NAME="Expected Usage">21.1.5. Expected Usage</A></H3> 8235<P>Discussion.</P> 8236<H2><A NAME="Indexes">21.2. Indexes</A></H2> 8237<H3><A NAME="Understanding how a search works">21.2.1. Understanding how a search works</A></H3> 8238<P>If you're searching on a filter that has been indexed, then the search reads the index and pulls exactly the entries that are referenced by the index. If the filter term has not been indexed, then the search must read every single entry in the target scope and test to see if each entry matches the filter. Obviously indexing can save a lot of work when it's used correctly.</P> 8239<H3><A NAME="What to index">21.2.2. What to index</A></H3> 8240<P>You should create indices to match the actual filter terms used in search queries.</P> 8241<PRE> 8242 index cn,sn,givenname,mail eq 8243</PRE> 8244<P>Each attribute index can be tuned further by selecting the set of index types to generate. For example, substring and approximate search for organizations (o) may make little sense (and isn't like done very often). And searching for <EM>userPassword</EM> likely makes no sense what so ever.</P> 8245<P>General rule: don't go overboard with indexes. Unused indexes must be maintained and hence can only slow things down.</P> 8246<P>See <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(8) and <EM>slapdindex</EM>(8) for more information</P> 8247<H3><A NAME="Presence indexing">21.2.3. Presence indexing</A></H3> 8248<P>If your client application uses presence filters and if the target attribute exists on the majority of entries in your target scope, then all of those entries are going to be read anyway, because they are valid members of the result set. In a subtree where 100% of the entries are going to contain the same attributes, the presence index does absolutely NOTHING to benefit the search, because 100% of the entries match that presence filter.</P> 8249<P>So the resource cost of generating the index is a complete waste of CPU time, disk, and memory. Don't do it unless you know that it will be used, and that the attribute in question occurs very infrequently in the target data.</P> 8250<P>Almost no applications use presence filters in their search queries. Presence indexing is pointless when the target attribute exists on the majority of entries in the database. In most LDAP deployments, presence indexing should not be done, it's just wasted overhead.</P> 8251<P>See the <EM>Logging</EM> section below on what to watch our for if you have a frequently searched for attribute that is unindexed.</P> 8252<H2><A NAME="Logging">21.3. Logging</A></H2> 8253<H3><A NAME="What log level to use">21.3.1. What log level to use</A></H3> 8254<P>The default of <EM>loglevel stats</EM> (256) is really the best bet. There's a corollary to this when problems *do* arise, don't try to trace them using syslog. Use the debug flag instead, and capture slapd's stderr output. syslog is too slow for debug tracing, and it's inherently lossy - it will throw away messages when it can't keep up.</P> 8255<P>Contrary to popular belief, <EM>loglevel 0</EM> is not ideal for production as you won't be able to track when problems first arise.</P> 8256<H3><A NAME="What to watch out for">21.3.2. What to watch out for</A></H3> 8257<P>The most common message you'll see that you should pay attention to is:</P> 8258<PRE> 8259 "<= bdb_equality_candidates: (foo) index_param failed (18)" 8260</PRE> 8261<P>That means that some application tried to use an equality filter (<EM>foo=<somevalue></EM>) and attribute <EM>foo</EM> does not have an equality index. If you see a lot of these messages, you should add the index. If you see one every month or so, it may be acceptable to ignore it.</P> 8262<P>The default syslog level is stats (256) which logs the basic parameters of each request; it usually produces 1-3 lines of output. On Solaris and systems that only provide synchronous syslog, you may want to turn it off completely, but usually you want to leave it enabled so that you'll be able to see index messages whenever they arise. On Linux you can configure syslogd to run asynchronously, in which case the performance hit for moderate syslog traffic pretty much disappears.</P> 8263<H3><A NAME="Improving throughput">21.3.3. Improving throughput</A></H3> 8264<P>You can improve logging performance on some systems by configuring syslog not to sync the file system with every write (<EM>man syslogd/syslog.conf</EM>). In Linux, you can prepend the log file name with a "-" in <EM>syslog.conf</EM>. For example, if you are using the default LOCAL4 logging you could try:</P> 8265<PRE> 8266 # LDAP logs 8267 LOCAL4.* -/var/log/ldap 8268</PRE> 8269<P>For syslog-ng, add or modify the following line in <EM>syslog-ng.conf</EM>:</P> 8270<PRE> 8271 options { sync(n); }; 8272</PRE> 8273<P>where n is the number of lines which will be buffered before a write.</P> 8274<H2><A NAME="Caching">21.4. Caching</A></H2> 8275<P>We all know what caching is, don't we?</P> 8276<P>In brief, "A cache is a block of memory for temporary storage of data likely to be used again" - <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache</A></P> 8277<P>There are 3 types of caches, BerkeleyDB's own cache, <EM>slapd</EM>(8) entry cache and <TERM>IDL</TERM> (IDL) cache.</P> 8278<H3><A NAME="Berkeley DB Cache">21.4.1. Berkeley DB Cache</A></H3> 8279<P>There are two ways to tune for the BDB cachesize:</P> 8280<P>(a) BDB cache size necessary to load the database via slapadd in optimal time</P> 8281<P>(b) BDB cache size necessary to have a high performing running slapd once the data is loaded</P> 8282<P>For (a), the optimal cachesize is the size of the entire database. If you already have the database loaded, this is simply a</P> 8283<PRE> 8284 du -c -h *.bdb 8285</PRE> 8286<P>in the directory containing the OpenLDAP (<EM>/usr/local/var/openldap-data</EM>) data.</P> 8287<P>For (b), the optimal cachesize is just the size of the <EM>id2entry.bdb</EM> file, plus about 10% for growth.</P> 8288<P>The tuning of <EM>DB_CONFIG</EM> should be done for each BDB type database instantiated (back-bdb, back-hdb).</P> 8289<P>Note that while the <TERM>BDB</TERM> cache is just raw chunks of memory and configured as a memory size, the <EM>slapd</EM>(8) entry cache holds parsed entries, and the size of each entry is variable.</P> 8290<P>There is also an IDL cache which is used for Index Data Lookups. If you can fit all of your database into slapd's entry cache, and all of your index lookups fit in the IDL cache, that will provide the maximum throughput.</P> 8291<P>If not, but you can fit the entire database into the BDB cache, then you should do that and shrink the slapd entry cache as appropriate.</P> 8292<P>Failing that, you should balance the BDB cache against the entry cache.</P> 8293<P>It is worth noting that it is not absolutely necessary to configure a BerkeleyDB cache equal in size to your entire database. All that you need is a cache that's large enough for your "working set."</P> 8294<P>That means, large enough to hold all of the most frequently accessed data, plus a few less-frequently accessed items.</P> 8295<P>For more information, please see: <A HREF="http://www.oracle.com/technology/documentation/berkeley-db/db/ref/am_conf/cachesize.html">http://www.oracle.com/technology/documentation/berkeley-db/db/ref/am_conf/cachesize.html</A></P> 8296<H4><A NAME="Calculating Cachesize">21.4.1.1. Calculating Cachesize</A></H4> 8297<P>The back-bdb database lives in two main files, <TT>dn2id.bdb</TT> and <TT>id2entry.bdb</TT>. These are B-tree databases. We have never documented the back-bdb internal layout before, because it didn't seem like something anyone should have to worry about, nor was it necessarily cast in stone. But here's how it works today, in OpenLDAP 2.4.</P> 8298<P>A B-tree is a balanced tree; it stores data in its leaf nodes and bookkeeping data in its interior nodes (If you don't know what tree data structures look like in general, Google for some references, because that's getting far too elementary for the purposes of this discussion).</P> 8299<P>For decent performance, you need enough cache memory to contain all the nodes along the path from the root of the tree down to the particular data item you're accessing. That's enough cache for a single search. For the general case, you want enough cache to contain all the internal nodes in the database.</P> 8300<PRE> 8301 db_stat -d 8302</PRE> 8303<P>will tell you how many internal pages are present in a database. You should check this number for both dn2id and id2entry.</P> 8304<P>Also note that <EM>id2entry</EM> always uses 16KB per "page", while <EM>dn2id</EM> uses whatever the underlying filesystem uses, typically 4 or 8KB. To avoid thrashing, your cache must be at least as large as the number of internal pages in both the <EM>dn2id</EM> and <EM>id2entry</EM> databases, plus some extra space to accommodate the actual leaf data pages.</P> 8305<P>For example, in my OpenLDAP 2.4 test database, I have an input LDIF file that's about 360MB. With the back-hdb backend this creates a <EM>dn2id.bdb</EM> that's 68MB, and an <EM>id2entry</EM> that's 800MB. db_stat tells me that <EM>dn2id</EM> uses 4KB pages, has 433 internal pages, and 6378 leaf pages. The id2entry uses 16KB pages, has 52 internal pages, and 45912 leaf pages. In order to efficiently retrieve any single entry in this database, the cache should be at least</P> 8306<PRE> 8307 (433+1) * 4KB + (52+1) * 16KB in size: 1736KB + 848KB =~ 2.5MB. 8308</PRE> 8309<P>This doesn't take into account other library overhead, so this is even lower than the barest minimum. The default cache size, when nothing is configured, is only 256KB.</P> 8310<P>This 2.5MB number also doesn't take indexing into account. Each indexed attribute results in another database file. Earlier versions of OpenLDAP kept these index databases in Hash format, but from OpenLDAP 2.2 onward the index databases are in B-tree format so the same procedure can be used to calculate the necessary amount of cache for each index database.</P> 8311<P>For example, if your only index is for the objectClass attribute and db_stat reveals that <EM>objectClass.bdb</EM> has 339 internal pages and uses 4096 byte pages, the additional cache needed for just this attribute index is</P> 8312<PRE> 8313 (339+1) * 4KB =~ 1.3MB. 8314</PRE> 8315<P>With only this index enabled, I'd figure at least a 4MB cache for this backend. (Of course you're using a single cache shared among all of the database files, so the cache pages will most likely get used for something other than what you accounted for, but this gives you a fighting chance.)</P> 8316<P>With this 4MB cache I can slapcat this entire database on my 1.3GHz PIII in 1 minute, 40 seconds. With the cache doubled to 8MB, it still takes the same 1:40s. Once you've got enough cache to fit the B-tree internal pages, increasing it further won't have any effect until the cache really is large enough to hold 100% of the data pages. I don't have enough free RAM to hold all the 800MB id2entry data, so 4MB is good enough.</P> 8317<P>With back-bdb and back-hdb you can use "db_stat -m" to check how well the database cache is performing.</P> 8318<P>For more information on <EM>db_stat</EM>: <A HREF="http://www.oracle.com/technology/documentation/berkeley-db/db/utility/db_stat.html">http://www.oracle.com/technology/documentation/berkeley-db/db/utility/db_stat.html</A></P> 8319<H3><A NAME="{{slapd}}(8) Entry Cache (cachesize)">21.4.2. <EM>slapd</EM>(8) Entry Cache (cachesize)</A></H3> 8320<P>The <EM>slapd</EM>(8) entry cache operates on decoded entries. The rationale - entries in the entry cache can be used directly, giving the fastest response. If an entry isn't in the entry cache but can be extracted from the BDB page cache, that will avoid an I/O but it will still require parsing, so this will be slower.</P> 8321<P>If the entry is in neither cache then BDB will have to flush some of its current cached pages and bring in the needed pages, resulting in a couple of expensive I/Os as well as parsing.</P> 8322<P>The most optimal value is of course, the entire number of entries in the database. However, most directory servers don't consistently serve out their entire database, so setting this to a lesser number that more closely matches the believed working set of data is sufficient. This is the second most important parameter for the DB.</P> 8323<P>As far as balancing the entry cache vs the BDB cache - parsed entries in memory are generally about twice as large as they are on disk.</P> 8324<P>As we have already mentioned, not having a proper database cache size will cause performance issues. These issues are not an indication of corruption occurring in the database. It is merely the fact that the cache is thrashing itself that causes performance/response time to slowdown.</P> 8325<H3><A NAME="{{TERM:IDL}} Cache (idlcachesize)">21.4.3. <TERM>IDL</TERM> Cache (idlcachesize)</A></H3> 8326<P>Each IDL holds the search results from a given query, so the IDL cache will end up holding the most frequently requested search results. For back-bdb, it is generally recommended to match the "cachesize" setting. For back-hdb, it is generally recommended to be 3x"cachesize".</P> 8327<P>{NOTE: The idlcachesize setting directly affects search performance}</P> 8328<H2><A NAME="{{slapd}}(8) Threads">21.5. <EM>slapd</EM>(8) Threads</A></H2> 8329<P><EM>slapd</EM>(8) can process requests via a configurable number of threads, which in turn affects the in/out rate of connections.</P> 8330<P>This value should generally be a function of the number of "real" cores on the system, for example on a server with 2 CPUs with one core each, set this to 8, or 4 threads per real core. This is a "read" maximized value. The more threads that are configured per core, the slower <EM>slapd</EM>(8) responds for "read" operations. On the flip side, it appears to handle write operations faster in a heavy write/low read scenario.</P> 8331<P>The upper bound for good read performance appears to be 16 threads (which also happens to be the default setting).</P> 8332<P></P> 8333<HR> 8334<H1><A NAME="Troubleshooting">22. Troubleshooting</A></H1> 8335<P>If you're having trouble using OpenLDAP, get onto the OpenLDAP-Software mailing list, or:</P> 8336<UL> 8337<LI>Browse the list archives at <A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/lists/#archives">http://www.openldap.org/lists/#archives</A> 8338<LI>Search the FAQ at <A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/faq/">http://www.openldap.org/faq/</A> 8339<LI>Search the Issue Tracking System at <A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/its/">http://www.openldap.org/its/</A></UL> 8340<P>Chances are the problem has been solved and explained in detail many times before.</P> 8341<H2><A NAME="User or Software errors">22.1. User or Software errors?</A></H2> 8342<P>More often than not, an error is caused by a configuration problem or a misunderstanding of what you are trying to implement and/or achieve.</P> 8343<P>We will now attempt to discuss common user errors.</P> 8344<H2><A NAME="Checklist">22.2. Checklist</A></H2> 8345<P>The following checklist can help track down your problem. Please try to use if <B>before</B> posting to the list, or in the rare circumstances of reporting a bug.</P> 8346<UL> 8347 </UL><OL> 8348<LI><B>Use the <EM>slaptest</EM> tool to verify configurations before starting <EM>slapd</EM></B> 8349<BR> 8350 8351<LI><B>Verify that <EM>slapd</EM> is listening to the specified port(s) (389 and 636, generally) before trying the <EM>ldapsearch</EM></B> 8352<BR> 8353 8354<LI><B>Can you issue an <EM>ldapsearch</EM>?</B> 8355<BR> 8356 8357<LI><B>If not, have you enabled complex ACLs without fully understanding them?</B> 8358<BR> 8359 8360<LI><B>Do you have a system wide LDAP setting pointing to the wrong LDAP Directory?</B> 8361<BR> 8362 8363<LI><B>Are you using TLS?</B> 8364<BR> 8365 8366<LI><B>Have your certificates expired?</B></OL> 8367<H2><A NAME="OpenLDAP Bugs">22.3. OpenLDAP Bugs</A></H2> 8368<P>Sometimes you may encounter an actual OpenLDAP bug, in which case please visit our Issue Tracking system <A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/its/">http://www.openldap.org/its/</A> and report it. However, make sure it's not already a known bug or a common user problem.</P> 8369<UL> 8370<LI>bugs in historic versions of OpenLDAP will not be considered; 8371<LI>bugs in released versions that are no longer present in the Git master branch, either because they have been fixed or because they no longer apply, will not be considered as well; 8372<LI>bugs in distributions of OpenLDAP software that are not related to the software as provided by OpenLDAP will not be considered; in those cases please refer to the distributor.</UL> 8373<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 8374<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>Our Issue Tracking system is <B>NOT</B> for OpenLDAP <B>Support</B>, please join our mailing Lists: <A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/lists/">http://www.openldap.org/lists/</A> for that. 8375<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 8376<P>The information you should provide in your bug report is discussed in our FAQ-O-MATIC at <A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/faq/data/cache/59.html">http://www.openldap.org/faq/data/cache/59.html</A></P> 8377<H2><A NAME="3rd party software error">22.4. 3rd party software error</A></H2> 8378<P>The OpenLDAP Project only supports OpenLDAP software.</P> 8379<P>You may however seek commercial support (<A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/support/">http://www.openldap.org/support/</A>) or join the general LDAP forum for non-commercial discussions and information relating to LDAP at: <A HREF="http://www.umich.edu/~dirsvcs/ldap/mailinglist.html">http://www.umich.edu/~dirsvcs/ldap/mailinglist.html</A></P> 8380<H2><A NAME="How to contact the OpenLDAP Project">22.5. How to contact the OpenLDAP Project</A></H2> 8381<UL> 8382<LI>Mailing Lists: <A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/lists/">http://www.openldap.org/lists/</A> 8383<LI>Project: <A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/project/">http://www.openldap.org/project/</A> 8384<LI>Issue Tracking: <A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/its/">http://www.openldap.org/its/</A></UL> 8385<H2><A NAME="How to present your problem">22.6. How to present your problem</A></H2> 8386<H2><A NAME="Debugging {{slapd}}(8)">22.7. Debugging <EM>slapd</EM>(8)</A></H2> 8387<P>After reading through the above sections and before e-mailing the OpenLDAP lists, you might want to try out some of the following to track down the cause of your problems:</P> 8388<UL> 8389<LI>Loglevel stats (256) is generally a good first loglevel to try for getting information useful to list members on issues 8390<LI>Running <EM>slapd -d -1</EM> can often track down fairly simple issues, such as missing schemas and incorrect file permissions for the <EM>slapd</EM> user to things like certs 8391<LI>Check your logs for errors, as discussed at <A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/faq/data/cache/358.html">http://www.openldap.org/faq/data/cache/358.html</A></UL> 8392<H2><A NAME="Commercial Support">22.8. Commercial Support</A></H2> 8393<P>The firms listed at <A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/support/">http://www.openldap.org/support/</A> offer technical support services catering to OpenLDAP community.</P> 8394<P>The listing of any given firm should not be viewed as an endorsement or recommendation of any kind, nor as otherwise indicating there exists a business relationship or an affiliation between any listed firm and the OpenLDAP Foundation or the OpenLDAP Project or its contributors.</P> 8395<P></P> 8396<HR> 8397<H1><A NAME="Changes Since Previous Release">A. Changes Since Previous Release</A></H1> 8398<P>The following sections attempt to summarize the new features and changes in OpenLDAP software since the 2.3.x release and the OpenLDAP Admin Guide.</P> 8399<H2><A NAME="New Guide Sections">A.1. New Guide Sections</A></H2> 8400<P>In order to make the Admin Guide more thorough and cover the majority of questions asked on the OpenLDAP mailing lists and scenarios discussed there, we have added the following new sections:</P> 8401<UL> 8402<LI><A HREF="#When should I use LDAP">When should I use LDAP?</A> 8403<LI><A HREF="#When should I not use LDAP">When should I not use LDAP?</A> 8404<LI><A HREF="#LDAP vs RDBMS">LDAP vs RDBMS</A> 8405<LI><A HREF="#Access Control">Access Control</A> 8406<LI><A HREF="#Backends">Backends</A> 8407<LI><A HREF="#Overlays">Overlays</A> 8408<LI><A HREF="#Replication">Replication</A> 8409<LI><A HREF="#Maintenance">Maintenance</A> 8410<LI><A HREF="#Monitoring">Monitoring</A> 8411<LI><A HREF="#Tuning">Tuning</A> 8412<LI><A HREF="#Troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</A> 8413<LI><A HREF="#Changes Since Previous Release">Changes Since Previous Release</A> 8414<LI><A HREF="#Upgrading from 2.3.x">Upgrading from 2.3.x</A> 8415<LI><A HREF="#Common errors encountered when using OpenLDAP Software">Common errors encountered when using OpenLDAP Software</A> 8416<LI><A HREF="#Recommended OpenLDAP Software Dependency Versions">Recommended OpenLDAP Software Dependency Versions</A> 8417<LI><A HREF="#Real World OpenLDAP Deployments and Examples">Real World OpenLDAP Deployments and Examples</A> 8418<LI><A HREF="#OpenLDAP Software Contributions">OpenLDAP Software Contributions</A> 8419<LI><A HREF="#Configuration File Examples">Configuration File Examples</A> 8420<LI><A HREF="#LDAP Result Codes">LDAP Result Codes</A> 8421<LI><A HREF="#Glossary">Glossary</A></UL> 8422<P>Also, the table of contents is now 3 levels deep to ease navigation.</P> 8423<H2><A NAME="New Features and Enhancements in 2.4">A.2. New Features and Enhancements in 2.4</A></H2> 8424<H3><A NAME="Better {{B:cn=config}} functionality">A.2.1. Better <B>cn=config</B> functionality</A></H3> 8425<P>There is a new slapd-config(5) manpage for the <B>cn=config</B> backend. The original design called for auto-renaming of config entries when you insert or delete entries with ordered names, but that was not implemented in 2.3. It is now in 2.4. This means, e.g., if you have</P> 8426<PRE> 8427 olcDatabase={1}bdb,cn=config 8428 olcSuffix: dc=example,dc=com 8429</PRE> 8430<P>and you want to add a new subordinate, now you can ldapadd:</P> 8431<PRE> 8432 olcDatabase={1}bdb,cn=config 8433 olcSuffix: dc=foo,dc=example,dc=com 8434</PRE> 8435<P>This will insert a new BDB database in slot 1 and bump all following databases down one, so the original BDB database will now be named:</P> 8436<PRE> 8437 olcDatabase={2}bdb,cn=config 8438 olcSuffix: dc=example,dc=com 8439</PRE> 8440<H3><A NAME="Better {{B:cn=schema}} functionality">A.2.2. Better <B>cn=schema</B> functionality</A></H3> 8441<P>In 2.3 you were only able to add new schema elements, not delete or modify existing elements. In 2.4 you can modify schema at will. (Except for the hardcoded system schema, of course.)</P> 8442<H3><A NAME="More sophisticated Syncrepl configurations">A.2.3. More sophisticated Syncrepl configurations</A></H3> 8443<P>The original implementation of Syncrepl in OpenLDAP 2.2 was intended to support multiple consumers within the same database, but that feature never worked and was removed from OpenLDAP 2.3; you could only configure a single consumer in any database.</P> 8444<P>In 2.4 you can configure multiple consumers in a single database. The configuration possibilities here are quite complex and numerous. You can configure consumers over arbitrary subtrees of a database (disjoint or overlapping). Any portion of the database may in turn be provided to other consumers using the Syncprov overlay. The Syncprov overlay works with any number of consumers over a single database or over arbitrarily many glued databases.</P> 8445<H3><A NAME="N-Way Multimaster Replication">A.2.4. N-Way Multimaster Replication</A></H3> 8446<P>As a consequence of the work to support multiple consumer contexts, the syncrepl system now supports full N-Way multimaster replication with entry-level conflict resolution. There are some important constraints, of course: In order to maintain consistent results across all servers, you must maintain tightly synchronized clocks across all participating servers (e.g., you must use NTP on all servers).</P> 8447<P>The entryCSNs used for replication now record timestamps with microsecond resolution, instead of just seconds. The delta-syncrepl code has not been updated to support multimaster usage yet, that will come later in the 2.4 cycle.</P> 8448<H3><A NAME="Replicating {{slapd}} Configuration (syncrepl and {{B:cn=config}})">A.2.5. Replicating <EM>slapd</EM> Configuration (syncrepl and <B>cn=config</B>)</A></H3> 8449<P>Syncrepl was explicitly disabled on cn=config in 2.3. It is now fully supported in 2.4; you can use syncrepl to replicate an entire server configuration from one server to arbitrarily many other servers. It's possible to clone an entire running slapd using just a small (less than 10 lines) seed configuration, or you can just replicate the schema subtrees, etc. Tests 049 and 050 in the test suite provide working examples of these capabilities.</P> 8450<H3><A NAME="Push-Mode Replication">A.2.6. Push-Mode Replication</A></H3> 8451<P>In 2.3 you could configure syncrepl as a full push-mode replicator by using it in conjunction with a back-ldap pointed at the target server. But because the back-ldap database needs to have a suffix corresponding to the target's suffix, you could only configure one instance per slapd.</P> 8452<P>In 2.4 you can define a database to be "hidden", which means that its suffix is ignored when checking for name collisions, and the database will never be used to answer requests received by the frontend. Using this "hidden" database feature allows you to configure multiple databases with the same suffix, allowing you to set up multiple back-ldap instances for pushing replication of a single database to multiple targets. There may be other uses for hidden databases as well (e.g., using a syncrepl consumer to maintain a *local* mirror of a database on a separate filesystem).</P> 8453<H3><A NAME="More extensive TLS configuration control">A.2.7. More extensive TLS configuration control</A></H3> 8454<P>In 2.3, the TLS configuration in slapd was only used by the slapd listeners. For outbound connections used by e.g. back-ldap or syncrepl their TLS parameters came from the system's ldap.conf file.</P> 8455<P>In 2.4 all of these sessions inherit their settings from the main slapd configuration, but settings can be individually overridden on a per-config-item basis. This is particularly helpful if you use certificate-based authentication and need to use a different client certificate for different destinations.</P> 8456<H3><A NAME="Performance enhancements">A.2.8. Performance enhancements</A></H3> 8457<P>Too many to list. Some notable changes - ldapadd used to be a couple of orders of magnitude slower than "slapadd -q". It's now at worst only about half the speed of slapadd -q. Some comparisons of all the 2.x OpenLDAP releases are available at <A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/pub/hyc/scale2007.pdf">http://www.openldap.org/pub/hyc/scale2007.pdf</A></P> 8458<P>That compared 2.0.27, 2.1.30, 2.2.30, 2.3.33, and CVS HEAD). Toward the latter end of the "Cached Search Performance" chart it gets hard to see the difference because the run times are so small, but the new code is about 25% faster than 2.3, which was about 20% faster than 2.2, which was about 100% faster than 2.1, which was about 100% faster than 2.0, in that particular search scenario. That test basically searched a 1.3GB DB of 380836 entries (all in the slapd entry cache) in under 1 second. i.e., on a 2.4GHz CPU with DDR400 ECC/Registered RAM we can search over 500 thousand entries per second. The search was on an unindexed attribute using a filter that would not match any entry, forcing slapd to examine every entry in the DB, testing the filter for a match.</P> 8459<P>Essentially the slapd entry cache in back-bdb/back-hdb is so efficient the search processing time is almost invisible; the runtime is limited only by the memory bandwidth of the machine. (The search data rate corresponds to about 3.5GB/sec; the memory bandwidth on the machine is only about 4GB/sec due to ECC and register latency.)</P> 8460<H3><A NAME="New overlays">A.2.9. New overlays</A></H3> 8461<UL> 8462<LI>slapo-constraint (Attribute value constraints) 8463<LI>slapo-dds (Dynamic Directory Services, RFC 2589) 8464<LI>slapo-memberof (reverse group membership maintenance)</UL> 8465<H3><A NAME="New features in existing Overlays">A.2.10. New features in existing Overlays</A></H3> 8466<UL> 8467<LI>slapo-pcache<UL> 8468<LI>Inspection/Maintenance<UL> 8469<LI>the cache database can be directly accessed via LDAP by adding a specific control to each LDAP request; a specific extended operation allows to consistently remove cached entries and entire cached queries</UL> 8470<LI>Hot Restart<UL> 8471<LI>cached queries are saved on disk at shutdown, and reloaded if not expired yet at subsequent restart</UL></UL> 8472<LI>slapo-rwm can safely interoperate with other overlays 8473<LI>Dyngroup/Dynlist merge, plus security enhancements<UL> 8474<LI>added dgIdentity support (draft-haripriya-dynamicgroup)</UL></UL> 8475<H3><A NAME="New features in slapd">A.2.11. New features in slapd</A></H3> 8476<UL> 8477<LI>monitoring of back-{b,h}db: cache fill-in, non-indexed searches, 8478<LI>session tracking control (draft-wahl-ldap-session) 8479<LI>subtree delete in back-sql (draft-armijo-ldap-treedelete) 8480<LI>sorted values in multivalued attributes for faster matching 8481<LI>lightweight dispatcher for greater throughput under heavy load and on multiprocessor machines. (33% faster than 2.3 on AMD quad-socket dual-core server.)</UL> 8482<H3><A NAME="New features in libldap">A.2.12. New features in libldap</A></H3> 8483<UL> 8484<LI>ldap_sync client API (LDAP Content Sync Operation, RFC 4533)</UL> 8485<H3><A NAME="New clients, tools and tool enhancements">A.2.13. New clients, tools and tool enhancements</A></H3> 8486<UL> 8487<LI>ldapexop for arbitrary extended operations 8488<LI>Complete support of controls in request/response for all clients 8489<LI>LDAP Client tools now honor SRV records</UL> 8490<H3><A NAME="New build options">A.2.14. New build options</A></H3> 8491<UL> 8492<LI>Support for building against GnuTLS</UL> 8493<H2><A NAME="Obsolete Features Removed From 2.4">A.3. Obsolete Features Removed From 2.4</A></H2> 8494<P>These features were strongly deprecated in 2.3 and removed in 2.4.</P> 8495<H3><A NAME="Slurpd">A.3.1. Slurpd</A></H3> 8496<P>Please read the <A HREF="#Replication">Replication</A> section as to why this is no longer in OpenLDAP</P> 8497<H3><A NAME="back-ldbm">A.3.2. back-ldbm</A></H3> 8498<P>back-ldbm was both slow and unreliable. Its byzantine indexing code was prone to spontaneous corruption, as were the underlying database libraries that were commonly used (e.g. GDBM or NDBM). back-bdb and back-hdb are superior in every aspect, with simplified indexing to avoid index corruption, fine-grained locking for greater concurrency, hierarchical caching for greater performance, streamlined on-disk format for greater efficiency and portability, and full transaction support for greater reliability.</P> 8499<P></P> 8500<HR> 8501<H1><A NAME="Upgrading from 2.3.x">B. Upgrading from 2.3.x</A></H1> 8502<P>The following sections attempt to document the steps you will need to take in order to upgrade from the latest 2.3.x OpenLDAP version.</P> 8503<P>The normal upgrade procedure, as discussed in the <A HREF="#Maintenance">Maintenance</A> section, should of course still be followed prior to doing any of this.</P> 8504<H2><A NAME="{{B:cn=config}} olc* attributes">B.1. <B>cn=config</B> olc* attributes</A></H2> 8505<P>Quite a few <EM>olc*</EM> attributes have now become obsolete, if you see in your logs entries like below, just remove them from the relevant ldif file.</P> 8506<PRE> 8507 olcReplicationInterval: value #0: <olcReplicationInterval> keyword is obsolete (ignored) 8508</PRE> 8509<H2><A NAME="ACLs: searches require privileges on the search base">B.2. ACLs: searches require privileges on the search base</A></H2> 8510<P>Search operations now require "search" privileges on the "entry" pseudo-attribute of the search base. While upgrading from 2.3.x, make sure your ACLs grant such privileges to all desired search bases.</P> 8511<P>For example, assuming you have the following ACL:</P> 8512<PRE> 8513 access to dn.sub="ou=people,dc=example,dc=com" by * search 8514</PRE> 8515<P>Searches using a base of "dc=example,dc=com" will only be allowed if you add the following ACL:</P> 8516<PRE> 8517 access to dn.base="dc=example,dc=com" attrs=entry by * search 8518</PRE> 8519<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 8520<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>The <EM>slapd.access</EM>(5) man page states that this requirement was introduced with OpenLDAP 2.3. However, it is the default behavior only since 2.4. 8521<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 8522<P>ADD MORE HERE</P> 8523<P></P> 8524<HR> 8525<H1><A NAME="Common errors encountered when using OpenLDAP Software">C. Common errors encountered when using OpenLDAP Software</A></H1> 8526<P>The following sections attempt to summarize the most common causes of LDAP errors when using OpenLDAP</P> 8527<H2><A NAME="Common causes of LDAP errors">C.1. Common causes of LDAP errors</A></H2> 8528<H3><A NAME="ldap_*: Can\'t contact LDAP server">C.1.1. ldap_*: Can't contact LDAP server</A></H3> 8529<P>The <B>Can't contact LDAP server</B> error is usually returned when the LDAP server cannot be contacted. This may occur for many reasons:</P> 8530<UL> 8531<LI>the LDAP server is not running; this can be checked by running, for example,</UL> 8532<PRE> 8533 telnet <host> <port> 8534</PRE> 8535<P>replacing <EM><host></EM> and <EM><port></EM> with the hostname and the port the server is supposed to listen on.</P> 8536<UL> 8537<LI>the client has not been instructed to contact a running server; with OpenLDAP command-line tools this is accomplished by providing the -H switch, whose argument is a valid LDAP url corresponding to the interface the server is supposed to be listening on.</UL> 8538<H3><A NAME="ldap_*: No such object">C.1.2. ldap_*: No such object</A></H3> 8539<P>The <B>no such object</B> error is generally returned when the target DN of the operation cannot be located. This section details reasons common to all operations. You should also look for answers specific to the operation (as indicated in the error message).</P> 8540<P>The most common reason for this error is non-existence of the named object. First, check for typos.</P> 8541<P>Also note that, by default, a new directory server holds no objects (except for a few system entries). So, if you are setting up a new directory server and get this message, it may simply be that you have yet to add the object you are trying to locate.</P> 8542<P>The error commonly occurs because a DN was not specified and a default was not properly configured.</P> 8543<P>If you have a suffix specified in slapd.conf eg.</P> 8544<PRE> 8545 suffix "dc=example,dc=com" 8546</PRE> 8547<P>You should use</P> 8548<PRE> 8549 ldapsearch -b 'dc=example,dc=com' '(cn=jane*)' 8550</PRE> 8551<P>to tell it where to start the search.</P> 8552<P>The <TT>-b</TT> should be specified for all LDAP commands unless you have an <EM>ldap.conf</EM>(5) default configured.</P> 8553<P>See <EM>ldapsearch</EM>(1), <EM>ldapmodify</EM>(1)</P> 8554<P>Also, <EM>slapadd</EM>(8) and its ancillary programs are very strict about the syntax of the LDIF file.</P> 8555<P>Some liberties in the LDIF file may result in an apparently successful creation of the database, but accessing some parts of it may be difficult.</P> 8556<P>One known common error in database creation is putting a blank line before the first entry in the LDIF file. <B>There must be no leading blank lines in the LDIF file.</B></P> 8557<P>It is generally recommended that <EM>ldapadd</EM>(1) be used instead of <EM>slapadd</EM>(8) when adding new entries your directory. <EM>slapadd</EM>(8) should be used to bulk load entries known to be valid.</P> 8558<P>Another cause of this message is a referral ({SECT:Constructing a Distributed Directory Service}}) entry to an unpopulated directory.</P> 8559<P>Either remove the referral, or add a single record with the referral base DN to the empty directory.</P> 8560<P>This error may also occur when slapd is unable to access the contents of its database because of file permission problems. For instance, on a Red Hat Linux system, slapd runs as user 'ldap'. When slapadd is run as root to create a database from scratch, the contents of <TT>/var/lib/ldap</TT> are created with user and group root and with permission 600, making the contents inaccessible to the slapd server.</P> 8561<H3><A NAME="ldap_*: Can\'t chase referral">C.1.3. ldap_*: Can't chase referral</A></H3> 8562<P>This is caused by the line</P> 8563<PRE> 8564 referral ldap://root.openldap.org 8565</PRE> 8566<P>In <TT>slapd.conf</TT>, it was provided as an example for how to use referrals in the original file. However if your machine is not permanently connected to the Internet, it will fail to find the server, and hence produce an error message.</P> 8567<P>To resolve, just place a # in front of line and restart slapd or point it to an available ldap server.</P> 8568<P>See also: <EM>ldapadd</EM>(1), <EM>ldapmodify</EM>(1) and <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5)</P> 8569<H3><A NAME="ldap_*: server is unwilling to perform">C.1.4. ldap_*: server is unwilling to perform</A></H3> 8570<P>slapd will return an unwilling to perform error if the backend holding the target entry does not support the given operation.</P> 8571<P>The password backend is only willing to perform searches. It will return an unwilling to perform error for all other operations.</P> 8572<P>The shell backend is configurable and may support a limited subset of operations. Check for other errors indicating a shortage of resources required by the directory server. i.e. you may have a full disk etc</P> 8573<H3><A NAME="ldap_*: Insufficient access">C.1.5. ldap_*: Insufficient access</A></H3> 8574<P>This error occurs when server denies the operation due to insufficient access. This is usually caused by binding to a DN with insufficient privileges (or binding anonymously) to perform the operation.</P> 8575<P>You can bind as the rootdn/rootpw specified in <EM>slapd.conf</EM>(5) to gain full access. Otherwise, you must bind to an entry which has been granted the appropriate rights through access controls.</P> 8576<H3><A NAME="ldap_*: Invalid DN syntax">C.1.6. ldap_*: Invalid DN syntax</A></H3> 8577<P>The target (or other) DN of the operation is invalid. This implies that either the string representation of the DN is not in the required form, one of the types in the attribute value assertions is not defined, or one of the values in the attribute value assertions does not conform to the appropriate syntax.</P> 8578<H3><A NAME="ldap_*: Referral hop limit exceeded">C.1.7. ldap_*: Referral hop limit exceeded</A></H3> 8579<P>This error generally occurs when the client chases a referral which refers itself back to a server it already contacted. The server responds as it did before and the client loops. This loop is detected when the hop limit is exceeded.</P> 8580<P>This is most often caused through misconfiguration of the server's default referral. The default referral should not be itself:</P> 8581<P>That is, on <A HREF="ldap://myldap/">ldap://myldap/</A> the default referral should not be <A HREF="ldap://myldap/">ldap://myldap/</A> (or any hostname/ip which is equivalent to myldap).</P> 8582<H3><A NAME="ldap_*: operations error">C.1.8. ldap_*: operations error</A></H3> 8583<P>In some versions of <EM>slapd</EM>(8), <EM>operationsError</EM> was returned instead of other.</P> 8584<H3><A NAME="ldap_*: other error">C.1.9. ldap_*: other error</A></H3> 8585<P>The other result code indicates an internal error has occurred. While the additional information provided with the result code might provide some hint as to the problem, often one will need to consult the server's log files.</P> 8586<H3><A NAME="ldap_add/modify: Invalid syntax">C.1.10. ldap_add/modify: Invalid syntax</A></H3> 8587<P>This error is reported when a value of an attribute does not conform to syntax restrictions. Additional information is commonly provided stating which value of which attribute was found to be invalid. Double check this value and other values (the server will only report the first error it finds).</P> 8588<P>Common causes include:</P> 8589<UL> 8590<LI>extraneous whitespace (especially trailing whitespace) 8591<LI>improperly encoded characters (LDAPv3 uses UTF-8 encoded Unicode) 8592<LI>empty values (few syntaxes allow empty values)</UL> 8593<P>For certain syntax, like OBJECT IDENTIFIER (OID), this error can indicate that the OID descriptor (a "short name") provided is unrecognized. For instance, this error is returned if the <EM>objectClass</EM> value provided is unrecognized.</P> 8594<H3><A NAME="ldap_add/modify: Object class violation">C.1.11. ldap_add/modify: Object class violation</A></H3> 8595<P>This error is returned with the entry to be added or the entry as modified violates the object class schema rules. Normally additional information is returned the error detailing the violation. Some of these are detailed below.</P> 8596<P>Violations related to the entry's attributes:</P> 8597<PRE> 8598 Attribute not allowed 8599</PRE> 8600<P>A provided attribute is not allowed by the entry's object class(es).</P> 8601<PRE> 8602 Missing required attribute 8603</PRE> 8604<P>An attribute required by the entry's object class(es) was not provided.</P> 8605<P>Violations related to the entry's class(es):</P> 8606<PRE> 8607 Entry has no objectClass attribute 8608</PRE> 8609<P>The entry did not state which object classes it belonged to.</P> 8610<PRE> 8611 Unrecognized objectClass 8612</PRE> 8613<P>One (or more) of the listed objectClass values is not recognized.</P> 8614<PRE> 8615 No structural object class provided 8616</PRE> 8617<P>None of the listed objectClass values is structural.</P> 8618<PRE> 8619 Invalid structural object class chain 8620</PRE> 8621<P>Two or more structural objectClass values are not in same structural object class chain.</P> 8622<PRE> 8623 Structural object class modification 8624</PRE> 8625<P>Modify operation attempts to change the structural class of the entry.</P> 8626<PRE> 8627 Instanstantiation of abstract objectClass. 8628</PRE> 8629<P>An abstract class is not subordinate to any listed structural or auxiliary class.</P> 8630<PRE> 8631 Invalid structural object class 8632</PRE> 8633<P>Other structural object class problem.</P> 8634<PRE> 8635 No structuralObjectClass operational attribute 8636</PRE> 8637<P>This is commonly returned when a shadow server is provided an entry which does not contain the structuralObjectClass operational attribute.</P> 8638<P>Note that the above error messages as well as the above answer assumes basic knowledge of LDAP/X.500 schema.</P> 8639<H3><A NAME="ldap_add: No such object">C.1.12. ldap_add: No such object</A></H3> 8640<P>The "ldap_add: No such object" error is commonly returned if parent of the entry being added does not exist. Add the parent entry first...</P> 8641<P>For example, if you are adding "cn=bob,dc=domain,dc=com" and you get:</P> 8642<PRE> 8643 ldap_add: No such object 8644</PRE> 8645<P>The entry "dc=domain,dc=com" likely doesn't exist. You can use ldapsearch to see if does exist:</P> 8646<PRE> 8647 ldapsearch -b 'dc=domain,dc=com' -s base '(objectclass=*)' 8648</PRE> 8649<P>If it doesn't, add it. See <A HREF="#A Quick-Start Guide">A Quick-Start Guide</A> for assistance.</P> 8650<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 8651<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>if the entry being added is the same as database suffix, it's parent isn't required. i.e.: if your suffix is "dc=domain,dc=com", "dc=com" doesn't need to exist to add "dc=domain,dc=com". 8652<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 8653<P>This error will also occur if you try to add any entry that the server is not configured to hold.</P> 8654<P>For example, if your database suffix is "dc=domain,dc=com" and you attempt to add "dc=domain2,dc=com", "dc=com", "dc=domain,dc=org", "o=domain,c=us", or an other DN in the "dc=domain,dc=com" subtree, the server will return a "No such object" (or referral) error.</P> 8655<P><EM>slapd</EM>(8) will generally return "no global superior knowledge" as additional information indicating its return noSuchObject instead of a referral as the server is not configured with knowledge of a global superior server.</P> 8656<H3><A NAME="ldap add: invalid structural object class chain">C.1.13. ldap add: invalid structural object class chain</A></H3> 8657<P>This particular error refers to the rule about STRUCTURAL objectclasses, which states that an object is of one STRUCTURAL class, the structural class of the object. The object is said to belong to this class, zero or more auxiliaries classes, and their super classes.</P> 8658<P>While all of these classes are commonly listed in the objectClass attribute of the entry, one of these classes is the structural object class of the entry. Thus, it is OK for an objectClass attribute to contain inetOrgPerson, organizationalPerson, and person because they inherit one from another to form a single super class chain. That is, inetOrgPerson SUPs organizationPerson SUPs person. On the other hand, it is invalid for both inetOrgPerson and account to be listed in objectClass as inetOrgPerson and account are not part of the same super class chain (unless some other class is also listed with is a subclass of both).</P> 8659<P>To resolve this problem, one must determine which class will better serve structural object class for the entry, adding this class to the objectClass attribute (if not already present), and remove any other structural class from the entry's objectClass attribute which is not a super class of the structural object class.</P> 8660<P>Which object class is better depends on the particulars of the situation. One generally should consult the documentation for the applications one is using for help in making the determination.</P> 8661<H3><A NAME="ldap_add: no structuralObjectClass operational attribute">C.1.14. ldap_add: no structuralObjectClass operational attribute</A></H3> 8662<P>ldapadd(1) may error:</P> 8663<PRE> 8664 adding new entry "uid=XXX,ou=People,o=campus,c=ru" 8665 ldap_add: Internal (implementation specific) error (80) 8666 additional info: no structuralObjectClass operational attribute 8667</PRE> 8668<P>when slapd(8) cannot determine, based upon the contents of the objectClass attribute, what the structural class of the object should be.</P> 8669<H3><A NAME="ldap_add/modify/rename: Naming violation">C.1.15. ldap_add/modify/rename: Naming violation</A></H3> 8670<P>OpenLDAP's slapd checks for naming attributes and distinguished values consistency, according to RFC 4512.</P> 8671<P>Naming attributes are those attributeTypes that appear in an entry's RDN; distinguished values are the values of the naming attributes that appear in an entry's RDN, e.g, in</P> 8672<PRE> 8673 cn=Someone+mail=someone@example.com,dc=example,dc=com 8674</PRE> 8675<P>the naming attributes are cn and mail, and the distinguished values are Someone and someone@example.com.</P> 8676<P>OpenLDAP's slapd checks for consistency when:</P> 8677<UL> 8678<LI>adding an entry 8679<LI>modifying an entry, if the values of the naming attributes are changed 8680<LI>renaming an entry, if the RDN of the entry changes</UL> 8681<P>Possible causes of error are:</P> 8682<UL> 8683<LI>the naming attributes are not present in the entry; for example:</UL> 8684<PRE> 8685 dn: dc=example,dc=com 8686 objectClass: organization 8687 o: Example 8688 # note: "dc: example" is missing 8689</PRE> 8690<UL> 8691<LI>the naming attributes are present in the entry, but in the attributeType definition they are marked as:<UL> 8692<LI>collective 8693<LI>operational 8694<LI>obsolete</UL> 8695<LI>the naming attributes are present in the entry, but the distinguished values are not; for example:</UL> 8696<PRE> 8697 dn: dc=example,dc=com 8698 objectClass: domain 8699 dc: foobar 8700 # note: "dc" is present, but the value is not "example" 8701</PRE> 8702<UL> 8703<LI>the naming attributes are present in the entry, with the distinguished values, but the naming attributes:<UL> 8704<LI>do not have an equality field, so equality cannot be asserted 8705<LI>the matching rule is not supported (yet) 8706<LI>the matching rule is not appropriate</UL> 8707<LI>the given distinguished values do not comply with their syntax 8708<LI>other errors occurred during the validation/normalization/match process; this is a catchall: look at previous logs for details in case none of the above apply to your case.</UL> 8709<P>In any case, make sure that the attributeType definition for the naming attributes contains an appropriate EQUALITY field; or that of the superior, if they are defined based on a superior attributeType (look at the SUP field). See RFC 4512 for details.</P> 8710<H3><A NAME="ldap_add/delete/modify/rename: no global superior knowledge">C.1.16. ldap_add/delete/modify/rename: no global superior knowledge</A></H3> 8711<P>If the target entry name places is not within any of the databases the server is configured to hold and the server has no knowledge of a global superior, the server will indicate it is unwilling to perform the operation and provide the text "no global superior knowledge" as additional text.</P> 8712<P>Likely the entry name is incorrect, or the server is not properly configured to hold the named entry, or, in distributed directory environments, a default referral was not configured.</P> 8713<H3><A NAME="ldap_bind: Insufficient access">C.1.17. ldap_bind: Insufficient access</A></H3> 8714<P>Current versions of slapd(8) requires that clients have authentication permission to attribute types used for authentication purposes before accessing them to perform the bind operation. As all bind operations are done anonymously (regardless of previous bind success), the auth access must be granted to anonymous.</P> 8715<P>In the example ACL below grants the following access:</P> 8716<UL> 8717<LI>to anonymous users:<UL> 8718<LI>permission to authenticate using values of userPassword</UL> 8719<LI>to authenticated users:<UL> 8720<LI>permission to update (but not read) their userPassword 8721<LI>permission to read any object excepting values of userPassword</UL></UL> 8722<P>All other access is denied.</P> 8723<PRE> 8724 access to attr=userPassword 8725 by self =w 8726 by anonymous auth 8727 access * 8728 by self write 8729 by users read 8730</PRE> 8731<H3><A NAME="ldap_bind: Invalid credentials">C.1.18. ldap_bind: Invalid credentials</A></H3> 8732<P>The error usually occurs when the credentials (password) provided does not match the userPassword held in entry you are binding to.</P> 8733<P>The error can also occur when the bind DN specified is not known to the server.</P> 8734<P>Check both! In addition to the cases mentioned above you should check if the server denied access to userPassword on selected parts of the directory. In fact, slapd always returns "Invalid credentials" in case of failed bind, regardless of the failure reason, since other return codes could reveal the validity of the user's name.</P> 8735<P>To debug access rules defined in slapd.conf, add "ACL" to log level.</P> 8736<H3><A NAME="ldap_bind: Protocol error">C.1.19. ldap_bind: Protocol error</A></H3> 8737<P>There error is generally occurs when the LDAP version requested by the client is not supported by the server.</P> 8738<P>The OpenLDAP Software 2.x server, by default, only accepts version 3 LDAP Bind requests but can be configured to accept a version 2 LDAP Bind request.</P> 8739<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 8740<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>The 2.x server expects LDAPv3 [RFC4510] to be used when the client requests version 3 and expects a limited LDAPv3 variant (basically, LDAPv3 syntax and semantics in an LDAPv2 PDUs) to be used when version 2 is expected. 8741<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 8742<P>This variant is also sometimes referred to as LDAPv2+, but differs from the U-Mich LDAP variant in a number of ways.</P> 8743<H3><A NAME="ldap_modify: cannot modify object class">C.1.20. ldap_modify: cannot modify object class</A></H3> 8744<P>This message is commonly returned when attempting to modify the objectClass attribute in a manner inconsistent with the LDAP/X.500 information model. In particular, it commonly occurs when one tries to change the structure of the object from one class to another, for instance, trying to change an 'apple' into a 'pear' or a 'fruit' into a 'pear'.</P> 8745<P>Such changes are disallowed by the slapd(8) in accordance with LDAP and X.500 restrictions.</P> 8746<H3><A NAME="ldap_sasl_interactive_bind_s: ..">C.1.21. ldap_sasl_interactive_bind_s: ...</A></H3> 8747<P>If you intended to bind using a DN and password and get an error from ldap_sasl_interactive_bind_s, you likely forgot to provide a '-x' option to the command. By default, SASL authentication is used. '-x' is necessary to select "simple" authentication.</P> 8748<H3><A NAME="ldap_sasl_interactive_bind_s: No such Object">C.1.22. ldap_sasl_interactive_bind_s: No such Object</A></H3> 8749<P>This indicates that LDAP SASL authentication function could not read the Root DSE. The error will occur when the server doesn't provide a root DSE. This may be due to access controls.</P> 8750<H3><A NAME="ldap_sasl_interactive_bind_s: No such attribute">C.1.23. ldap_sasl_interactive_bind_s: No such attribute</A></H3> 8751<P>This indicates that LDAP SASL authentication function could read the Root DSE but it contained no supportedSASLMechanism attribute.</P> 8752<P>The supportedSASLmechanism attribute lists mechanisms currently available. The list may be empty because none of the supported mechanisms are currently available. For example, EXTERNAL is listed only if the client has established its identity by authenticating at a lower level (e.g. TLS).</P> 8753<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 8754<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>the attribute may not be visible due to access controls 8755<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 8756<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 8757<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>SASL bind is the default for all OpenLDAP tools, e.g. ldapsearch(1), ldapmodify(1). To force use of "simple" bind, use the "-x" option. Use of "simple" bind is not recommended unless one has adequate confidentiality protection in place (e.g. TLS/SSL, IPSEC). 8758<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 8759<H3><A NAME="ldap_sasl_interactive_bind_s: Unknown authentication method">C.1.24. ldap_sasl_interactive_bind_s: Unknown authentication method</A></H3> 8760<P>This indicates that none of the SASL authentication supported by the server are supported by the client, or that they are too weak or otherwise inappropriate for use by the client. Note that the default security options disallows the use of certain mechanisms such as ANONYMOUS and PLAIN (without TLS).</P> 8761<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 8762<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>SASL bind is the default for all OpenLDAP tools. To force use of "simple" bind, use the "-x" option. Use of "simple" bind is not recommended unless one has adequate confidentiality protection in place (e.g. TLS/SSL, IPSEC). 8763<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 8764<H3><A NAME="ldap_sasl_interactive_bind_s: Local error (82)">C.1.25. ldap_sasl_interactive_bind_s: Local error (82)</A></H3> 8765<P>Apparently not having forward and reverse DNS entries for the LDAP server can result in this error.</P> 8766<H3><A NAME="ldap_search: Partial results and referral received">C.1.26. ldap_search: Partial results and referral received</A></H3> 8767<P>This error is returned with the server responses to an LDAPv2 search query with both results (zero or more matched entries) and references (referrals to other servers). See also: ldapsearch(1).</P> 8768<P>If the updatedn on the replica does not exist, a referral will be returned. It may do this as well if the ACL needs tweaking.</P> 8769<H3><A NAME="ldap_start_tls: Operations error">C.1.27. ldap_start_tls: Operations error</A></H3> 8770<P>ldapsearch(1) and other tools will return</P> 8771<PRE> 8772 ldap_start_tls: Operations error (1) 8773 additional info: TLS already started 8774</PRE> 8775<P>When the user (though command line options and/or ldap.conf(5)) has requested TLS (SSL) be started twice. For instance, when specifying both "-H ldaps://server.do.main" and "-ZZ".</P> 8776<H2><A NAME="Other Errors">C.2. Other Errors</A></H2> 8777<H3><A NAME="ber_get_next on fd X failed errno=34 (Numerical result out of range)">C.2.1. ber_get_next on fd X failed errno=34 (Numerical result out of range)</A></H3> 8778<P>This slapd error generally indicates that the client sent a message that exceeded an administrative limit. See sockbuf_max_incoming and sockbuf_max_incoming_auth configuration directives in slapd.conf(5).</P> 8779<H3><A NAME="ber_get_next on fd X failed errno=11 (Resource temporarily unavailable)">C.2.2. ber_get_next on fd X failed errno=11 (Resource temporarily unavailable)</A></H3> 8780<P>This message is not indicative of abnormal behavior or error. It simply means that expected data is not yet available from the resource, in this context, a network socket. slapd(8) will process the data once it does becomes available.</P> 8781<H3><A NAME="daemon: socket() failed errno=97 (Address family not supported)">C.2.3. daemon: socket() failed errno=97 (Address family not supported)</A></H3> 8782<P>This message indicates that the operating system does not support one of the (protocol) address families which slapd(8) was configured to support. Most commonly, this occurs when slapd(8) was configured to support IPv6 yet the operating system kernel wasn't. In such cases, the message can be ignored.</P> 8783<H3><A NAME="GSSAPI: gss_acquire_cred: Miscellaneous failure; Permission denied;">C.2.4. GSSAPI: gss_acquire_cred: Miscellaneous failure; Permission denied;</A></H3> 8784<P>This message means that slapd is not running as root and, thus, it cannot get its Kerberos 5 key from the keytab, usually file /etc/krb5.keytab.</P> 8785<P>A keytab file is used to store keys that are to be used by services or daemons that are started at boot time. It is very important that these secrets are kept beyond reach of intruders.</P> 8786<P>That's why the default keytab file is owned by root and protected from being read by others. Do not mess with these permissions, build a different keytab file for slapd instead, and make sure it is owned by the user that slapd runs as.</P> 8787<P>To do this, start kadmin, and enter the following commands:</P> 8788<PRE> 8789 addprinc -randkey ldap/ldap.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM 8790 ktadd -k /etc/openldap/ldap.keytab ldap/ldap.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM 8791</PRE> 8792<P>Then, on the shell, do:</P> 8793<PRE> 8794 chown ldap:ldap /etc/openldap/ldap.keytab 8795 chmod 600 /etc/openldap/ldap.keytab 8796</PRE> 8797<P>Now you have to tell slapd (well, actually tell the gssapi library in Kerberos 5 that is invoked by Cyrus SASL) where to find the new keytab. You do this by setting the environment variable KRB5_KTNAME like this:</P> 8798<PRE> 8799 export KRB5_KTNAME="FILE:/etc/openldap/ldap.keytab" 8800</PRE> 8801<P>Set that environment variable on the slapd start script (Red Hat users might find /etc/sysconfig/ldap a perfect place).</P> 8802<P>This only works if you are using MIT kerberos. It doesn't work with Heimdal, for instance.</P> 8803<P>In Heimdal there is a function gsskrb5_register_acceptor_identity() that sets the path of the keytab file you want to use. In Cyrus SASL 2 you can add</P> 8804<PRE> 8805 keytab: /path/to/file 8806</PRE> 8807<P>to your application's SASL config file to use this feature. This only works with Heimdal.</P> 8808<H3><A NAME="access from unknown denied">C.2.5. access from unknown denied</A></H3> 8809<P>This related to TCP wrappers. See hosts_access(5) for more information. in the log file: "access from unknown denied" This related to TCP wrappers. See hosts_access(5) for more information. for example: add the line "slapd: .hosts.you.want.to.allow" in /etc/hosts.allow to get rid of the error.</P> 8810<H3><A NAME="ldap_read: want=# error=Resource temporarily unavailable">C.2.6. ldap_read: want=# error=Resource temporarily unavailable</A></H3> 8811<P>This message occurs normally. It means that pending data is not yet available from the resource, a network socket. slapd(8) will process the data once it becomes available.</P> 8812<H3><A NAME="`make test\' fails">C.2.7. `make test' fails</A></H3> 8813<P>Some times, `make test' fails at the very first test with an obscure message like</P> 8814<PRE> 8815 make test 8816 make[1]: Entering directory `/ldap_files/openldap-2.4.6/tests' 8817 make[2]: Entering directory `/ldap_files/openldap-2.4.6/tests' 8818 Initiating LDAP tests for BDB... 8819 Cleaning up test run directory leftover from previous run. 8820 Running ./scripts/all... 8821 >>>>> Executing all LDAP tests for bdb 8822 >>>>> Starting test000-rootdse ... 8823 running defines.sh 8824 Starting slapd on TCP/IP port 9011... 8825 Using ldapsearch to retrieve the root DSE... 8826 Waiting 5 seconds for slapd to start... 8827 ./scripts/test000-rootdse: line 40: 10607 Segmentation fault $SLAPD -f $CONF1 -h $URI1 -d $LVL $TIMING >$LOG1 2>&1 8828 Waiting 5 seconds for slapd to start... 8829 Waiting 5 seconds for slapd to start... 8830 Waiting 5 seconds for slapd to start... 8831 Waiting 5 seconds for slapd to start... 8832 Waiting 5 seconds for slapd to start... 8833 ./scripts/test000-rootdse: kill: (10607) - No such pid 8834 ldap_sasl_bind_s: Can't contact LDAP server (-1) 8835 >>>>> Test failed 8836 >>>>> ./scripts/test000-rootdse failed (exit 1) 8837 make[2]: *** [bdb-yes] Error 1 8838 make[2]: Leaving directory `/ldap_files/openldap-2.4.6/tests' 8839 make[1]: *** [test] Error 2 8840 make[1]: Leaving directory `/ldap_files/openldap-2.4.6/tests' 8841 make: *** [test] Error 2 8842</PRE> 8843<P>or so. Usually, the five lines</P> 8844<P>Waiting 5 seconds for slapd to start...</P> 8845<P>indicate that slapd didn't start at all.</P> 8846<P>In tests/testrun/slapd.1.log there is a full log of what slapd wrote while trying to start. The log level can be increased by setting the environment variable SLAPD_DEBUG to the corresponding value; see loglevel in slapd.conf(5) for the meaning of log levels.</P> 8847<P>A typical reason for this behavior is a runtime link problem, i.e. slapd cannot find some dynamic libraries it was linked against. Try running ldd(1) on slapd (for those architectures that support runtime linking).</P> 8848<P>There might well be other reasons; the contents of the log file should help clarifying them.</P> 8849<P>Tests that fire up multiple instances of slapd typically log to tests/testrun/slapd.<n>.log, with a distinct <n> for each instance of slapd; list tests/testrun/ for possible values of <n>.</P> 8850<H3><A NAME="ldap_*: Internal (implementation specific) error (80) - additional info: entry index delete failed">C.2.8. ldap_*: Internal (implementation specific) error (80) - additional info: entry index delete failed</A></H3> 8851<P>This seems to be related with wrong ownership of the BDB's dir (/var/lib/ldap) and files. The files must be owned by the user that slapd runs as.</P> 8852<PRE> 8853 chown -R ldap:ldap /var/lib/ldap 8854</PRE> 8855<P>fixes it in Debian</P> 8856<H3><A NAME="ldap_sasl_interactive_bind_s: Can\'t contact LDAP server (-1)">C.2.9. ldap_sasl_interactive_bind_s: Can't contact LDAP server (-1)</A></H3> 8857<P>Using SASL, when a client contacts LDAP server, the slapd service dies immediately and client gets an error :</P> 8858<PRE> 8859 SASL/GSSAPI authentication started ldap_sasl_interactive_bind_s: Can't contact LDAP server (-1) 8860</PRE> 8861<P>Then check the slapd service, it stopped.</P> 8862<P>This may come from incompatible of using different versions of BerkeleyDB for installing of SASL and installing of OpenLDAP. The problem arises in case of using multiple version of BerkeleyDB. Solution: - Check which version of BerkeleyDB when install Cyrus SASL.</P> 8863<P>Reinstall OpenLDAP with the version of BerkeleyDB above.</P> 8864<P></P> 8865<HR> 8866<H1><A NAME="Recommended OpenLDAP Software Dependency Versions">D. Recommended OpenLDAP Software Dependency Versions</A></H1> 8867<P>This appendix details the recommended versions of the software that OpenLDAP depends on.</P> 8868<P>Please read the <A HREF="#Prerequisite software">Prerequisite software</A> section for more information on the following software dependencies.</P> 8869<H2><A NAME="Dependency Versions">D.1. Dependency Versions</A></H2> 8870<TABLE CLASS="columns" BORDER ALIGN='Center'> 8871<CAPTION ALIGN=top>Table 8.5: OpenLDAP Software Dependency Versions</CAPTION> 8872<TR CLASS="heading"> 8873<TD> 8874<STRONG>Feature</STRONG> 8875</TD> 8876<TD> 8877<STRONG>Software</STRONG> 8878</TD> 8879<TD> 8880<STRONG>Version</STRONG> 8881</TD> 8882</TR> 8883<TR> 8884<TD> 8885 <TERM>Transport Layer Security</TERM>: 8886</TD> 8887<TD> 8888<TT> </TT> 8889</TD> 8890<TD> 8891<TT> </TT> 8892</TD> 8893</TR> 8894<TR> 8895<TD> 8896 8897</TD> 8898<TD> 8899<TT> <A HREF="http://www.openssl.org/">OpenSSL</A></TT> 8900</TD> 8901<TD> 8902<TT>0.9.7+</TT> 8903</TD> 8904</TR> 8905<TR> 8906<TD> 8907 8908</TD> 8909<TD> 8910<TT> <A HREF="http://www.gnu.org/software/gnutls/">GnuTLS</A></TT> 8911</TD> 8912<TD> 8913<TT>2.0.1</TT> 8914</TD> 8915</TR> 8916<TR> 8917<TD> 8918 8919</TD> 8920<TD> 8921<TT> <A HREF="http://developer.mozilla.org/en/NSS">MozNSS</A></TT> 8922</TD> 8923<TD> 8924<TT>3.12.9</TT> 8925</TD> 8926</TR> 8927<TR> 8928<TD> 8929 <TERM>Simple Authentication and Security Layer</TERM> 8930</TD> 8931<TD> 8932<TT> <A HREF="http://asg.web.cmu.edu/sasl/sasl-library.html">Cyrus SASL</A></TT> 8933</TD> 8934<TD> 8935<TT>2.1.21+</TT> 8936</TD> 8937</TR> 8938<TR> 8939<TD> 8940 <TERM>Kerberos Authentication Service</TERM>: 8941</TD> 8942<TD> 8943<TT> </TT> 8944</TD> 8945<TD> 8946<TT> </TT> 8947</TD> 8948</TR> 8949<TR> 8950<TD> 8951 8952</TD> 8953<TD> 8954<TT> <A HREF="http://www.pdc.kth.se/heimdal/">Heimdal</A></TT> 8955</TD> 8956<TD> 8957<TT>Version</TT> 8958</TD> 8959</TR> 8960<TR> 8961<TD> 8962 8963</TD> 8964<TD> 8965<TT> <A HREF="http://web.mit.edu/kerberos/www/">MIT Kerberos</A></TT> 8966</TD> 8967<TD> 8968<TT>Version</TT> 8969</TD> 8970</TR> 8971<TR> 8972<TD> 8973Database Software 8974</TD> 8975<TD> 8976<TT> <A HREF="http://www.oracle.com/database/berkeley-db/db/index.html">Berkeley DB</A>:</TT> 8977</TD> 8978<TD> 8979<TT> </TT> 8980</TD> 8981</TR> 8982<TR> 8983<TD> 8984 8985</TD> 8986<TD> 8987<TT> </TT> 8988</TD> 8989<TD> 8990<TT>4.4</TT> 8991</TD> 8992</TR> 8993<TR> 8994<TD> 8995 8996</TD> 8997<TD> 8998<TT> </TT> 8999</TD> 9000<TD> 9001<TT>4.5</TT> 9002</TD> 9003</TR> 9004<TR> 9005<TD> 9006 9007</TD> 9008<TD> 9009<TT> </TT> 9010</TD> 9011<TD> 9012<TT>4.6</TT> 9013</TD> 9014</TR> 9015<TR> 9016<TD> 9017 9018</TD> 9019<TD> 9020<TT> </TT> 9021</TD> 9022<TD> 9023<TT>4.7</TT> 9024</TD> 9025</TR> 9026<TR> 9027<TD> 9028 9029</TD> 9030<TD> 9031<TT> </TT> 9032</TD> 9033<TD> 9034<TT>4.8</TT> 9035</TD> 9036</TR> 9037<TR> 9038<TD> 9039 9040</TD> 9041<TD> 9042<TT> </TT> 9043</TD> 9044<TD> 9045<TT>5.0</TT> 9046</TD> 9047</TR> 9048<TR> 9049<TD> 9050 9051</TD> 9052<TD> 9053<TT> </TT> 9054</TD> 9055<TD> 9056<TT>5.1</TT> 9057</TD> 9058</TR> 9059<TR> 9060<TD> 9061 9062</TD> 9063<TD> 9064<TT> </TT> 9065</TD> 9066<TD> 9067<TT>Note: It is highly recommended to apply the patches from Oracle for a given release.</TT> 9068</TD> 9069</TR> 9070<TR> 9071<TD> 9072Threads: 9073</TD> 9074<TD> 9075<TT> </TT> 9076</TD> 9077<TD> 9078<TT> </TT> 9079</TD> 9080</TR> 9081<TR> 9082<TD> 9083 9084</TD> 9085<TD> 9086<TT>POSIX <EM>pthreads</EM></TT> 9087</TD> 9088<TD> 9089<TT>Version</TT> 9090</TD> 9091</TR> 9092<TR> 9093<TD> 9094 9095</TD> 9096<TD> 9097<TT>Mach <EM>CThreads</EM></TT> 9098</TD> 9099<TD> 9100<TT>Version</TT> 9101</TD> 9102</TR> 9103<TR> 9104<TD> 9105TCP Wrappers 9106</TD> 9107<TD> 9108<TT>Name</TT> 9109</TD> 9110<TD> 9111<TT>Version</TT> 9112</TD> 9113</TR> 9114</TABLE> 9115 9116<P></P> 9117<HR> 9118<H1><A NAME="Real World OpenLDAP Deployments and Examples">E. Real World OpenLDAP Deployments and Examples</A></H1> 9119<P>Examples and discussions</P> 9120<P></P> 9121<HR> 9122<H1><A NAME="OpenLDAP Software Contributions">F. OpenLDAP Software Contributions</A></H1> 9123<P>The following sections attempt to summarize the various contributions in OpenLDAP software, as found in <TT>openldap_src/contrib</TT></P> 9124<H2><A NAME="Client APIs">F.1. Client APIs</A></H2> 9125<P>Intro and discuss</P> 9126<H3><A NAME="ldapc++">F.1.1. ldapc++</A></H3> 9127<P>Intro and discuss</P> 9128<H3><A NAME="ldaptcl">F.1.2. ldaptcl</A></H3> 9129<P>Intro and discuss</P> 9130<H2><A NAME="Overlays">F.2. Overlays</A></H2> 9131<H3><A NAME="acl">F.2.1. acl</A></H3> 9132<P>Plugins that implement access rules. Currently only posixGroup, which implements access control based on posixGroup membership.</P> 9133<H3><A NAME="addpartial">F.2.2. addpartial</A></H3> 9134<P>Treat Add requests as Modify requests if the entry exists.</P> 9135<H3><A NAME="allop">F.2.3. allop</A></H3> 9136<P>Return operational attributes for root DSE even when not requested, since some clients expect this.</P> 9137<H3><A NAME="autogroup">F.2.4. autogroup</A></H3> 9138<P>Automated updates of group memberships.</P> 9139<H3><A NAME="comp_match">F.2.5. comp_match</A></H3> 9140<P>Component Matching rules (RFC 3687).</P> 9141<H3><A NAME="denyop">F.2.6. denyop</A></H3> 9142<P>Deny selected operations, returning <EM>unwillingToPerform</EM>.</P> 9143<H3><A NAME="dsaschema">F.2.7. dsaschema</A></H3> 9144<P>Permit loading DSA-specific schema, including operational attrs.</P> 9145<H3><A NAME="lastmod">F.2.8. lastmod</A></H3> 9146<P>Track the time of the last write operation to a database.</P> 9147<H3><A NAME="nops">F.2.9. nops</A></H3> 9148<P>Remove null operations, e.g. changing a value to same as before.</P> 9149<H3><A NAME="nssov">F.2.10. nssov</A></H3> 9150<P>Handle NSS lookup requests through a local Unix Domain socket.</P> 9151<H3><A NAME="passwd">F.2.11. passwd</A></H3> 9152<P>Support additional password mechanisms.</P> 9153<H3><A NAME="proxyOld">F.2.12. proxyOld</A></H3> 9154<P>Proxy Authorization compatibility with obsolete internet-draft.</P> 9155<H3><A NAME="smbk5pwd">F.2.13. smbk5pwd</A></H3> 9156<P>Make the PasswordModify Extended Operation update Kerberos keys and Samba password hashes as well as <EM>userPassword</EM>.</P> 9157<H3><A NAME="trace">F.2.14. trace</A></H3> 9158<P>Trace overlay invocation.</P> 9159<H3><A NAME="usn">F.2.15. usn</A></H3> 9160<P>Maintain <EM>usnCreated</EM> and <EM>usnChanged</EM> attrs similar to Microsoft AD.</P> 9161<H2><A NAME="Tools">F.3. Tools</A></H2> 9162<P>Intro and discuss</P> 9163<H3><A NAME="Statistic Logging">F.3.1. Statistic Logging</A></H3> 9164<P>statslog</P> 9165<H2><A NAME="SLAPI Plugins">F.4. SLAPI Plugins</A></H2> 9166<P>Intro and discuss</P> 9167<H3><A NAME="addrdnvalues">F.4.1. addrdnvalues</A></H3> 9168<P>More</P> 9169<P></P> 9170<HR> 9171<H1><A NAME="Configuration File Examples">G. Configuration File Examples</A></H1> 9172<H2><A NAME="slapd.conf">G.1. slapd.conf</A></H2> 9173<H2><A NAME="ldap.conf">G.2. ldap.conf</A></H2> 9174<H2><A NAME="a-n-other.conf">G.3. a-n-other.conf</A></H2> 9175<P></P> 9176<HR> 9177<H1><A NAME="LDAP Result Codes">H. LDAP Result Codes</A></H1> 9178<P>For the purposes of this guide, we have incorporated the standard LDAP result codes from <EM>Appendix A. LDAP Result Codes</EM> of <A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4511.txt">RFC4511</A>, a copy of which can be found in <TT>doc/rfc</TT> of the OpenLDAP source code.</P> 9179<P>We have expanded the description of each error in relation to the OpenLDAP toolsets. LDAP extensions may introduce extension-specific result codes, which are not part of RFC4511. OpenLDAP returns the result codes related to extensions it implements. Their meaning is documented in the extension they are related to.</P> 9180<H2><A NAME="Non-Error Result Codes">H.1. Non-Error Result Codes</A></H2> 9181<P>These result codes (called "non-error" result codes) do not indicate an error condition:</P> 9182<PRE> 9183 success (0), 9184 compareFalse (5), 9185 compareTrue (6), 9186 referral (10), and 9187 saslBindInProgress (14). 9188</PRE> 9189<P>The <EM>success</EM>, <EM>compareTrue</EM>, and <EM>compareFalse</EM> result codes indicate successful completion (and, hence, are referred to as "successful" result codes).</P> 9190<P>The <EM>referral</EM> and <EM>saslBindInProgress</EM> result codes indicate the client needs to take additional action to complete the operation.</P> 9191<H2><A NAME="Result Codes">H.2. Result Codes</A></H2> 9192<P>Existing LDAP result codes are described as follows:</P> 9193<H2><A NAME="success (0)">H.3. success (0)</A></H2> 9194<P>Indicates the successful completion of an operation.</P> 9195<P><HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"> 9196<STRONG>Note: </STRONG>this code is not used with the Compare operation. See <A HREF="#compareFalse (5)">compareFalse (5)</A> and <A HREF="#compareTrue (6)">compareTrue (6)</A>. 9197<HR WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="Left"></P> 9198<H2><A NAME="operationsError (1)">H.4. operationsError (1)</A></H2> 9199<P>Indicates that the operation is not properly sequenced with relation to other operations (of same or different type).</P> 9200<P>For example, this code is returned if the client attempts to StartTLS (<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4511.txt">RFC4511</A> Section 4.14) while there are other uncompleted operations or if a TLS layer was already installed.</P> 9201<H2><A NAME="protocolError (2)">H.5. protocolError (2)</A></H2> 9202<P>Indicates the server received data that is not well-formed.</P> 9203<P>For Bind operation only, this code is also used to indicate that the server does not support the requested protocol version.</P> 9204<P>For Extended operations only, this code is also used to indicate that the server does not support (by design or configuration) the Extended operation associated with the <EM>requestName</EM>.</P> 9205<P>For request operations specifying multiple controls, this may be used to indicate that the server cannot ignore the order of the controls as specified, or that the combination of the specified controls is invalid or unspecified.</P> 9206<H2><A NAME="timeLimitExceeded (3)">H.6. timeLimitExceeded (3)</A></H2> 9207<P>Indicates that the time limit specified by the client was exceeded before the operation could be completed.</P> 9208<H2><A NAME="sizeLimitExceeded (4)">H.7. sizeLimitExceeded (4)</A></H2> 9209<P>Indicates that the size limit specified by the client was exceeded before the operation could be completed.</P> 9210<H2><A NAME="compareFalse (5)">H.8. compareFalse (5)</A></H2> 9211<P>Indicates that the Compare operation has successfully completed and the assertion has evaluated to FALSE or Undefined.</P> 9212<H2><A NAME="compareTrue (6)">H.9. compareTrue (6)</A></H2> 9213<P>Indicates that the Compare operation has successfully completed and the assertion has evaluated to TRUE.</P> 9214<H2><A NAME="authMethodNotSupported (7)">H.10. authMethodNotSupported (7)</A></H2> 9215<P>Indicates that the authentication method or mechanism is not supported.</P> 9216<H2><A NAME="strongerAuthRequired (8)">H.11. strongerAuthRequired (8)</A></H2> 9217<P>Indicates the server requires strong(er) authentication in order to complete the operation.</P> 9218<P>When used with the Notice of Disconnection operation, this code indicates that the server has detected that an established security association between the client and server has unexpectedly failed or been compromised.</P> 9219<H2><A NAME="referral (10)">H.12. referral (10)</A></H2> 9220<P>Indicates that a referral needs to be chased to complete the operation (see <A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4511.txt">RFC4511</A> Section 4.1.10).</P> 9221<H2><A NAME="adminLimitExceeded (11)">H.13. adminLimitExceeded (11)</A></H2> 9222<P>Indicates that an administrative limit has been exceeded.</P> 9223<H2><A NAME="unavailableCriticalExtension (12)">H.14. unavailableCriticalExtension (12)</A></H2> 9224<P>Indicates a critical control is unrecognized (see <A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4511.txt">RFC4511</A> Section 4.1.11).</P> 9225<H2><A NAME="confidentialityRequired (13)">H.15. confidentialityRequired (13)</A></H2> 9226<P>Indicates that data confidentiality protections are required.</P> 9227<H2><A NAME="saslBindInProgress (14)">H.16. saslBindInProgress (14)</A></H2> 9228<P>Indicates the server requires the client to send a new bind request, with the same SASL mechanism, to continue the authentication process (see <A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4511.txt">RFC4511</A> Section 4.2).</P> 9229<H2><A NAME="noSuchAttribute (16)">H.17. noSuchAttribute (16)</A></H2> 9230<P>Indicates that the named entry does not contain the specified attribute or attribute value.</P> 9231<H2><A NAME="undefinedAttributeType (17)">H.18. undefinedAttributeType (17)</A></H2> 9232<P>Indicates that a request field contains an unrecognized attribute description.</P> 9233<H2><A NAME="inappropriateMatching (18)">H.19. inappropriateMatching (18)</A></H2> 9234<P>Indicates that an attempt was made (e.g., in an assertion) to use a matching rule not defined for the attribute type concerned.</P> 9235<H2><A NAME="constraintViolation (19)">H.20. constraintViolation (19)</A></H2> 9236<P>Indicates that the client supplied an attribute value that does not conform to the constraints placed upon it by the data model.</P> 9237<P>For example, this code is returned when multiple values are supplied to an attribute that has a SINGLE-VALUE constraint.</P> 9238<H2><A NAME="attributeOrValueExists (20)">H.21. attributeOrValueExists (20)</A></H2> 9239<P>Indicates that the client supplied an attribute or value to be added to an entry, but the attribute or value already exists.</P> 9240<H2><A NAME="invalidAttributeSyntax (21)">H.22. invalidAttributeSyntax (21)</A></H2> 9241<P>Indicates that a purported attribute value does not conform to the syntax of the attribute.</P> 9242<H2><A NAME="noSuchObject (32)">H.23. noSuchObject (32)</A></H2> 9243<P>Indicates that the object does not exist in the DIT.</P> 9244<H2><A NAME="aliasProblem (33)">H.24. aliasProblem (33)</A></H2> 9245<P>Indicates that an alias problem has occurred. For example, the code may used to indicate an alias has been dereferenced that names no object.</P> 9246<H2><A NAME="invalidDNSyntax (34)">H.25. invalidDNSyntax (34)</A></H2> 9247<P>Indicates that an LDAPDN or RelativeLDAPDN field (e.g., search base, target entry, ModifyDN newrdn, etc.) of a request does not conform to the required syntax or contains attribute values that do not conform to the syntax of the attribute's type.</P> 9248<H2><A NAME="aliasDereferencingProblem (36)">H.26. aliasDereferencingProblem (36)</A></H2> 9249<P>Indicates that a problem occurred while dereferencing an alias. Typically, an alias was encountered in a situation where it was not allowed or where access was denied.</P> 9250<H2><A NAME="inappropriateAuthentication (48)">H.27. inappropriateAuthentication (48)</A></H2> 9251<P>Indicates the server requires the client that had attempted to bind anonymously or without supplying credentials to provide some form of credentials.</P> 9252<H2><A NAME="invalidCredentials (49)">H.28. invalidCredentials (49)</A></H2> 9253<P>Indicates that the provided credentials (e.g., the user's name and password) are invalid.</P> 9254<H2><A NAME="insufficientAccessRights (50)">H.29. insufficientAccessRights (50)</A></H2> 9255<P>Indicates that the client does not have sufficient access rights to perform the operation.</P> 9256<H2><A NAME="busy (51)">H.30. busy (51)</A></H2> 9257<P>Indicates that the server is too busy to service the operation.</P> 9258<H2><A NAME="unavailable (52)">H.31. unavailable (52)</A></H2> 9259<P>Indicates that the server is shutting down or a subsystem necessary to complete the operation is offline.</P> 9260<H2><A NAME="unwillingToPerform (53)">H.32. unwillingToPerform (53)</A></H2> 9261<P>Indicates that the server is unwilling to perform the operation.</P> 9262<H2><A NAME="loopDetect (54)">H.33. loopDetect (54)</A></H2> 9263<P>Indicates that the server has detected an internal loop (e.g., while dereferencing aliases or chaining an operation).</P> 9264<H2><A NAME="namingViolation (64)">H.34. namingViolation (64)</A></H2> 9265<P>Indicates that the entry's name violates naming restrictions.</P> 9266<H2><A NAME="objectClassViolation (65)">H.35. objectClassViolation (65)</A></H2> 9267<P>Indicates that the entry violates object class restrictions.</P> 9268<H2><A NAME="notAllowedOnNonLeaf (66)">H.36. notAllowedOnNonLeaf (66)</A></H2> 9269<P>Indicates that the operation is inappropriately acting upon a non-leaf entry.</P> 9270<H2><A NAME="notAllowedOnRDN (67)">H.37. notAllowedOnRDN (67)</A></H2> 9271<P>Indicates that the operation is inappropriately attempting to remove a value that forms the entry's relative distinguished name.</P> 9272<H2><A NAME="entryAlreadyExists (68)">H.38. entryAlreadyExists (68)</A></H2> 9273<P>Indicates that the request cannot be fulfilled (added, moved, or renamed) as the target entry already exists.</P> 9274<H2><A NAME="objectClassModsProhibited (69)">H.39. objectClassModsProhibited (69)</A></H2> 9275<P>Indicates that an attempt to modify the object class(es) of an entry's 'objectClass' attribute is prohibited.</P> 9276<P>For example, this code is returned when a client attempts to modify the structural object class of an entry.</P> 9277<H2><A NAME="affectsMultipleDSAs (71)">H.40. affectsMultipleDSAs (71)</A></H2> 9278<P>Indicates that the operation cannot be performed as it would affect multiple servers (DSAs).</P> 9279<H2><A NAME="other (80)">H.41. other (80)</A></H2> 9280<P>Indicates the server has encountered an internal error.</P> 9281<P></P> 9282<HR> 9283<H1><A NAME="Glossary">I. Glossary</A></H1> 9284<H2><A NAME="Terms">I.1. Terms</A></H2> 9285<TABLE CLASS="plain"> 9286<TR CLASS="heading"> 9287<TD> 9288<STRONG>Term</STRONG> 9289</TD> 9290<TD> 9291<STRONG>Definition</STRONG> 9292</TD> 9293</TR> 9294<TR> 9295<TD> 92963DES 9297</TD> 9298<TD> 9299Triple DES 9300</TD> 9301</TR> 9302<TR> 9303<TD> 9304ABNF 9305</TD> 9306<TD> 9307Augmented Backus-Naur Form 9308</TD> 9309</TR> 9310<TR> 9311<TD> 9312ACDF 9313</TD> 9314<TD> 9315Access Control Decision Function 9316</TD> 9317</TR> 9318<TR> 9319<TD> 9320ACE 9321</TD> 9322<TD> 9323ASCII Compatible Encoding 9324</TD> 9325</TR> 9326<TR> 9327<TD> 9328ASCII 9329</TD> 9330<TD> 9331American Standard Code for Information Interchange 9332</TD> 9333</TR> 9334<TR> 9335<TD> 9336ACID 9337</TD> 9338<TD> 9339Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability 9340</TD> 9341</TR> 9342<TR> 9343<TD> 9344ACI 9345</TD> 9346<TD> 9347Access Control Information 9348</TD> 9349</TR> 9350<TR> 9351<TD> 9352ACL 9353</TD> 9354<TD> 9355Access Control List 9356</TD> 9357</TR> 9358<TR> 9359<TD> 9360AES 9361</TD> 9362<TD> 9363Advance Encryption Standard 9364</TD> 9365</TR> 9366<TR> 9367<TD> 9368ABI 9369</TD> 9370<TD> 9371Application Binary Interface 9372</TD> 9373</TR> 9374<TR> 9375<TD> 9376API 9377</TD> 9378<TD> 9379Application Program Interface 9380</TD> 9381</TR> 9382<TR> 9383<TD> 9384ASN.1 9385</TD> 9386<TD> 9387Abstract Syntax Notation - One 9388</TD> 9389</TR> 9390<TR> 9391<TD> 9392AVA 9393</TD> 9394<TD> 9395Attribute Value Assertion 9396</TD> 9397</TR> 9398<TR> 9399<TD> 9400AuthcDN 9401</TD> 9402<TD> 9403Authentication DN 9404</TD> 9405</TR> 9406<TR> 9407<TD> 9408AuthcId 9409</TD> 9410<TD> 9411Authentication Identity 9412</TD> 9413</TR> 9414<TR> 9415<TD> 9416AuthzDN 9417</TD> 9418<TD> 9419Authorization DN 9420</TD> 9421</TR> 9422<TR> 9423<TD> 9424AuthzId 9425</TD> 9426<TD> 9427Authorization Identity 9428</TD> 9429</TR> 9430<TR> 9431<TD> 9432BCP 9433</TD> 9434<TD> 9435Best Current Practice 9436</TD> 9437</TR> 9438<TR> 9439<TD> 9440BDB 9441</TD> 9442<TD> 9443Berkeley DB (Backend) 9444</TD> 9445</TR> 9446<TR> 9447<TD> 9448BER 9449</TD> 9450<TD> 9451Basic Encoding Rules 9452</TD> 9453</TR> 9454<TR> 9455<TD> 9456BNF 9457</TD> 9458<TD> 9459Backus-Naur Form 9460</TD> 9461</TR> 9462<TR> 9463<TD> 9464C 9465</TD> 9466<TD> 9467The C Programming Language 9468</TD> 9469</TR> 9470<TR> 9471<TD> 9472CA 9473</TD> 9474<TD> 9475Certificate Authority 9476</TD> 9477</TR> 9478<TR> 9479<TD> 9480CER 9481</TD> 9482<TD> 9483Canonical Encoding Rules 9484</TD> 9485</TR> 9486<TR> 9487<TD> 9488CLDAP 9489</TD> 9490<TD> 9491Connection-less LDAP 9492</TD> 9493</TR> 9494<TR> 9495<TD> 9496CN 9497</TD> 9498<TD> 9499Common Name 9500</TD> 9501</TR> 9502<TR> 9503<TD> 9504CRAM-MD5 9505</TD> 9506<TD> 9507SASL MD5 Challenge/Response Authentication Mechanism 9508</TD> 9509</TR> 9510<TR> 9511<TD> 9512CRL 9513</TD> 9514<TD> 9515Certificate Revocation List 9516</TD> 9517</TR> 9518<TR> 9519<TD> 9520DAP 9521</TD> 9522<TD> 9523Directory Access Protocol 9524</TD> 9525</TR> 9526<TR> 9527<TD> 9528DC 9529</TD> 9530<TD> 9531Domain Component 9532</TD> 9533</TR> 9534<TR> 9535<TD> 9536DER 9537</TD> 9538<TD> 9539Distinguished Encoding Rules 9540</TD> 9541</TR> 9542<TR> 9543<TD> 9544DES 9545</TD> 9546<TD> 9547Data Encryption Standard 9548</TD> 9549</TR> 9550<TR> 9551<TD> 9552DIB 9553</TD> 9554<TD> 9555Directory Information Base 9556</TD> 9557</TR> 9558<TR> 9559<TD> 9560DIGEST-MD5 9561</TD> 9562<TD> 9563SASL Digest MD5 Authentication Mechanism 9564</TD> 9565</TR> 9566<TR> 9567<TD> 9568DISP 9569</TD> 9570<TD> 9571Directory Information Shadowing Protocol 9572</TD> 9573</TR> 9574<TR> 9575<TD> 9576DIT 9577</TD> 9578<TD> 9579Directory Information Tree 9580</TD> 9581</TR> 9582<TR> 9583<TD> 9584DNS 9585</TD> 9586<TD> 9587Domain Name System 9588</TD> 9589</TR> 9590<TR> 9591<TD> 9592DN 9593</TD> 9594<TD> 9595Distinguished Name 9596</TD> 9597</TR> 9598<TR> 9599<TD> 9600DOP 9601</TD> 9602<TD> 9603Directory Operational Binding Management Protocol 9604</TD> 9605</TR> 9606<TR> 9607<TD> 9608DSAIT 9609</TD> 9610<TD> 9611DSA Information Tree 9612</TD> 9613</TR> 9614<TR> 9615<TD> 9616DSA 9617</TD> 9618<TD> 9619Directory System Agent 9620</TD> 9621</TR> 9622<TR> 9623<TD> 9624DSE 9625</TD> 9626<TD> 9627DSA-specific Entry 9628</TD> 9629</TR> 9630<TR> 9631<TD> 9632DSP 9633</TD> 9634<TD> 9635Directory System Protocol 9636</TD> 9637</TR> 9638<TR> 9639<TD> 9640DS 9641</TD> 9642<TD> 9643Draft Standard 9644</TD> 9645</TR> 9646<TR> 9647<TD> 9648DUA 9649</TD> 9650<TD> 9651Directory User Agent 9652</TD> 9653</TR> 9654<TR> 9655<TD> 9656EXTERNAL 9657</TD> 9658<TD> 9659SASL External Authentication Mechanism 9660</TD> 9661</TR> 9662<TR> 9663<TD> 9664FAQ 9665</TD> 9666<TD> 9667Frequently Asked Questions 9668</TD> 9669</TR> 9670<TR> 9671<TD> 9672FTP 9673</TD> 9674<TD> 9675File Transfer Protocol 9676</TD> 9677</TR> 9678<TR> 9679<TD> 9680FYI 9681</TD> 9682<TD> 9683For Your Information 9684</TD> 9685</TR> 9686<TR> 9687<TD> 9688GSER 9689</TD> 9690<TD> 9691Generic String Encoding Rules 9692</TD> 9693</TR> 9694<TR> 9695<TD> 9696GSS-API 9697</TD> 9698<TD> 9699Generic Security Service Application Program Interface 9700</TD> 9701</TR> 9702<TR> 9703<TD> 9704GSSAPI 9705</TD> 9706<TD> 9707SASL Kerberos V GSS-API Authentication Mechanism 9708</TD> 9709</TR> 9710<TR> 9711<TD> 9712HDB 9713</TD> 9714<TD> 9715Hierarchical Database (Backend) 9716</TD> 9717</TR> 9718<TR> 9719<TD> 9720I-D 9721</TD> 9722<TD> 9723Internet-Draft 9724</TD> 9725</TR> 9726<TR> 9727<TD> 9728IA5 9729</TD> 9730<TD> 9731International Alphabet 5 9732</TD> 9733</TR> 9734<TR> 9735<TD> 9736IDNA 9737</TD> 9738<TD> 9739Internationalized Domain Names in Applications 9740</TD> 9741</TR> 9742<TR> 9743<TD> 9744IDN 9745</TD> 9746<TD> 9747Internationalized Domain Name 9748</TD> 9749</TR> 9750<TR> 9751<TD> 9752ID 9753</TD> 9754<TD> 9755Identifier 9756</TD> 9757</TR> 9758<TR> 9759<TD> 9760IDL 9761</TD> 9762<TD> 9763Index Data Lookups 9764</TD> 9765</TR> 9766<TR> 9767<TD> 9768IP 9769</TD> 9770<TD> 9771Internet Protocol 9772</TD> 9773</TR> 9774<TR> 9775<TD> 9776IPC 9777</TD> 9778<TD> 9779Inter-process communication 9780</TD> 9781</TR> 9782<TR> 9783<TD> 9784IPsec 9785</TD> 9786<TD> 9787Internet Protocol Security 9788</TD> 9789</TR> 9790<TR> 9791<TD> 9792IPv4 9793</TD> 9794<TD> 9795Internet Protocol, version 4 9796</TD> 9797</TR> 9798<TR> 9799<TD> 9800IPv6 9801</TD> 9802<TD> 9803Internet Protocol, version 6 9804</TD> 9805</TR> 9806<TR> 9807<TD> 9808ITS 9809</TD> 9810<TD> 9811Issue Tracking System 9812</TD> 9813</TR> 9814<TR> 9815<TD> 9816JPEG 9817</TD> 9818<TD> 9819Joint Photographic Experts Group 9820</TD> 9821</TR> 9822<TR> 9823<TD> 9824Kerberos 9825</TD> 9826<TD> 9827Kerberos Authentication Service 9828</TD> 9829</TR> 9830<TR> 9831<TD> 9832LBER 9833</TD> 9834<TD> 9835Lightweight BER 9836</TD> 9837</TR> 9838<TR> 9839<TD> 9840LDAP 9841</TD> 9842<TD> 9843Lightweight Directory Access Protocol 9844</TD> 9845</TR> 9846<TR> 9847<TD> 9848LDAP Sync 9849</TD> 9850<TD> 9851LDAP Content Synchronization 9852</TD> 9853</TR> 9854<TR> 9855<TD> 9856LDAPv3 9857</TD> 9858<TD> 9859LDAP, version 3 9860</TD> 9861</TR> 9862<TR> 9863<TD> 9864LDIF 9865</TD> 9866<TD> 9867LDAP Data Interchange Format 9868</TD> 9869</TR> 9870<TR> 9871<TD> 9872LMDB 9873</TD> 9874<TD> 9875Lightning Memory-Mapped Database 9876</TD> 9877</TR> 9878<TR> 9879<TD> 9880MD5 9881</TD> 9882<TD> 9883Message Digest 5 9884</TD> 9885</TR> 9886<TR> 9887<TD> 9888MIB 9889</TD> 9890<TD> 9891Management Information Base 9892</TD> 9893</TR> 9894<TR> 9895<TD> 9896MODDN 9897</TD> 9898<TD> 9899Modify DN 9900</TD> 9901</TR> 9902<TR> 9903<TD> 9904MODRDN 9905</TD> 9906<TD> 9907Modify RDN 9908</TD> 9909</TR> 9910<TR> 9911<TD> 9912NSSR 9913</TD> 9914<TD> 9915Non-specific Subordinate Reference 9916</TD> 9917</TR> 9918<TR> 9919<TD> 9920OID 9921</TD> 9922<TD> 9923Object Identifier 9924</TD> 9925</TR> 9926<TR> 9927<TD> 9928OSI 9929</TD> 9930<TD> 9931Open Systems Interconnect 9932</TD> 9933</TR> 9934<TR> 9935<TD> 9936OTP 9937</TD> 9938<TD> 9939One Time Password 9940</TD> 9941</TR> 9942<TR> 9943<TD> 9944PDU 9945</TD> 9946<TD> 9947Protocol Data Unit 9948</TD> 9949</TR> 9950<TR> 9951<TD> 9952PEM 9953</TD> 9954<TD> 9955Privacy Enhanced eMail 9956</TD> 9957</TR> 9958<TR> 9959<TD> 9960PEN 9961</TD> 9962<TD> 9963Private Enterprise Number 9964</TD> 9965</TR> 9966<TR> 9967<TD> 9968PKCS 9969</TD> 9970<TD> 9971Public Key Cryptosystem 9972</TD> 9973</TR> 9974<TR> 9975<TD> 9976PKI 9977</TD> 9978<TD> 9979Public Key Infrastructure 9980</TD> 9981</TR> 9982<TR> 9983<TD> 9984PKIX 9985</TD> 9986<TD> 9987Public Key Infrastructure (X.509) 9988</TD> 9989</TR> 9990<TR> 9991<TD> 9992PLAIN 9993</TD> 9994<TD> 9995SASL Plaintext Password Authentication Mechanism 9996</TD> 9997</TR> 9998<TR> 9999<TD> 10000POSIX 10001</TD> 10002<TD> 10003Portable Operating System Interface 10004</TD> 10005</TR> 10006<TR> 10007<TD> 10008PS 10009</TD> 10010<TD> 10011Proposed Standard 10012</TD> 10013</TR> 10014<TR> 10015<TD> 10016RDN 10017</TD> 10018<TD> 10019Relative Distinguished Name 10020</TD> 10021</TR> 10022<TR> 10023<TD> 10024RFC 10025</TD> 10026<TD> 10027Request for Comments 10028</TD> 10029</TR> 10030<TR> 10031<TD> 10032RPC 10033</TD> 10034<TD> 10035Remote Procedure Call 10036</TD> 10037</TR> 10038<TR> 10039<TD> 10040RXER 10041</TD> 10042<TD> 10043Robust XML Encoding Rules 10044</TD> 10045</TR> 10046<TR> 10047<TD> 10048SASL 10049</TD> 10050<TD> 10051Simple Authentication and Security Layer 10052</TD> 10053</TR> 10054<TR> 10055<TD> 10056SDF 10057</TD> 10058<TD> 10059Simple Document Format 10060</TD> 10061</TR> 10062<TR> 10063<TD> 10064SDSE 10065</TD> 10066<TD> 10067Shadowed DSE 10068</TD> 10069</TR> 10070<TR> 10071<TD> 10072SHA1 10073</TD> 10074<TD> 10075Secure Hash Algorithm 1 10076</TD> 10077</TR> 10078<TR> 10079<TD> 10080SLAPD 10081</TD> 10082<TD> 10083Standalone LDAP Daemon 10084</TD> 10085</TR> 10086<TR> 10087<TD> 10088SLURPD 10089</TD> 10090<TD> 10091Standalone LDAP Update Replication Daemon 10092</TD> 10093</TR> 10094<TR> 10095<TD> 10096SMTP 10097</TD> 10098<TD> 10099Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 10100</TD> 10101</TR> 10102<TR> 10103<TD> 10104SNMP 10105</TD> 10106<TD> 10107Simple Network Management Protocol 10108</TD> 10109</TR> 10110<TR> 10111<TD> 10112SQL 10113</TD> 10114<TD> 10115Structured Query Language 10116</TD> 10117</TR> 10118<TR> 10119<TD> 10120SRP 10121</TD> 10122<TD> 10123Secure Remote Password 10124</TD> 10125</TR> 10126<TR> 10127<TD> 10128SSF 10129</TD> 10130<TD> 10131Security Strength Factor 10132</TD> 10133</TR> 10134<TR> 10135<TD> 10136SSL 10137</TD> 10138<TD> 10139Secure Socket Layer 10140</TD> 10141</TR> 10142<TR> 10143<TD> 10144STD 10145</TD> 10146<TD> 10147Internet Standard 10148</TD> 10149</TR> 10150<TR> 10151<TD> 10152TCP 10153</TD> 10154<TD> 10155Transmission Control Protocol 10156</TD> 10157</TR> 10158<TR> 10159<TD> 10160TLS 10161</TD> 10162<TD> 10163Transport Layer Security 10164</TD> 10165</TR> 10166<TR> 10167<TD> 10168UCS 10169</TD> 10170<TD> 10171Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set 10172</TD> 10173</TR> 10174<TR> 10175<TD> 10176UDP 10177</TD> 10178<TD> 10179User Datagram Protocol 10180</TD> 10181</TR> 10182<TR> 10183<TD> 10184UID 10185</TD> 10186<TD> 10187User Identifier 10188</TD> 10189</TR> 10190<TR> 10191<TD> 10192Unicode 10193</TD> 10194<TD> 10195The Unicode Standard 10196</TD> 10197</TR> 10198<TR> 10199<TD> 10200UNIX 10201</TD> 10202<TD> 10203Unix 10204</TD> 10205</TR> 10206<TR> 10207<TD> 10208URI 10209</TD> 10210<TD> 10211Uniform Resource Identifier 10212</TD> 10213</TR> 10214<TR> 10215<TD> 10216URL 10217</TD> 10218<TD> 10219Uniform Resource Locator 10220</TD> 10221</TR> 10222<TR> 10223<TD> 10224URN 10225</TD> 10226<TD> 10227Uniform Resource Name 10228</TD> 10229</TR> 10230<TR> 10231<TD> 10232UTF-8 10233</TD> 10234<TD> 102358-bit UCS/Unicode Transformation Format 10236</TD> 10237</TR> 10238<TR> 10239<TD> 10240UTR 10241</TD> 10242<TD> 10243Unicode Technical Report 10244</TD> 10245</TR> 10246<TR> 10247<TD> 10248UUID 10249</TD> 10250<TD> 10251Universally Unique Identifier 10252</TD> 10253</TR> 10254<TR> 10255<TD> 10256WWW 10257</TD> 10258<TD> 10259World Wide Web 10260</TD> 10261</TR> 10262<TR> 10263<TD> 10264X.500 10265</TD> 10266<TD> 10267X.500 Directory Services 10268</TD> 10269</TR> 10270<TR> 10271<TD> 10272X.509 10273</TD> 10274<TD> 10275X.509 Public Key and Attribute Certificate Frameworks 10276</TD> 10277</TR> 10278<TR> 10279<TD> 10280XED 10281</TD> 10282<TD> 10283XML Enabled Directory 10284</TD> 10285</TR> 10286<TR> 10287<TD> 10288XER 10289</TD> 10290<TD> 10291XML Encoding Rules 10292</TD> 10293</TR> 10294<TR> 10295<TD> 10296XML 10297</TD> 10298<TD> 10299Extensible Markup Language 10300</TD> 10301</TR> 10302<TR> 10303<TD> 10304syncrepl 10305</TD> 10306<TD> 10307LDAP Sync-based Replication 10308</TD> 10309</TR> 10310</TABLE> 10311 10312<H2><A NAME="Related Organizations">I.2. Related Organizations</A></H2> 10313<TABLE CLASS="plain"> 10314<TR CLASS="heading"> 10315<TD> 10316<STRONG>Name</STRONG> 10317</TD> 10318<TD> 10319<STRONG>Long</STRONG> 10320</TD> 10321<TD> 10322<STRONG>Jump</STRONG> 10323</TD> 10324</TR> 10325<TR> 10326<TD> 10327<A HREF="http://www.ansi.org/">ANSI</A> 10328</TD> 10329<TD> 10330American National Standards Institute 10331</TD> 10332<TD> 10333<A HREF="http://www.ansi.org/">http://www.ansi.org/</A> 10334</TD> 10335</TR> 10336<TR> 10337<TD> 10338<A HREF="http://www.bsi-global.com/">BSI</A> 10339</TD> 10340<TD> 10341British Standards Institute 10342</TD> 10343<TD> 10344<A HREF="http://www.bsi-global.com/">http://www.bsi-global.com/</A> 10345</TD> 10346</TR> 10347<TR> 10348<TD> 10349<ORG>COSINE</ORG> 10350</TD> 10351<TD> 10352Co-operation and Open Systems Interconnection in Europe 10353</TD> 10354<TD> 10355<JUMP> </JUMP> 10356</TD> 10357</TR> 10358<TR> 10359<TD> 10360<A HREF="http://cpan.org/">CPAN</A> 10361</TD> 10362<TD> 10363Comprehensive Perl Archive Network 10364</TD> 10365<TD> 10366<A HREF="http://cpan.org/">http://cpan.org/</A> 10367</TD> 10368</TR> 10369<TR> 10370<TD> 10371<A HREF="http://cyrusimap.web.cmu.edu/">Cyrus</A> 10372</TD> 10373<TD> 10374Project Cyrus 10375</TD> 10376<TD> 10377<A HREF="http://cyrusimap.web.cmu.edu/">http://cyrusimap.web.cmu.edu/</A> 10378</TD> 10379</TR> 10380<TR> 10381<TD> 10382<A HREF="http://www.fsf.org/">FSF</A> 10383</TD> 10384<TD> 10385Free Software Foundation 10386</TD> 10387<TD> 10388<A HREF="http://www.fsf.org/">http://www.fsf.org/</A> 10389</TD> 10390</TR> 10391<TR> 10392<TD> 10393<A HREF="http://www.gnu.org/">GNU</A> 10394</TD> 10395<TD> 10396GNU Not Unix Project 10397</TD> 10398<TD> 10399<A HREF="http://www.gnu.org/">http://www.gnu.org/</A> 10400</TD> 10401</TR> 10402<TR> 10403<TD> 10404<A HREF="http://www.iab.org/">IAB</A> 10405</TD> 10406<TD> 10407Internet Architecture Board 10408</TD> 10409<TD> 10410<A HREF="http://www.iab.org/">http://www.iab.org/</A> 10411</TD> 10412</TR> 10413<TR> 10414<TD> 10415<A HREF="http://www.iana.org/">IANA</A> 10416</TD> 10417<TD> 10418Internet Assigned Numbers Authority 10419</TD> 10420<TD> 10421<A HREF="http://www.iana.org/">http://www.iana.org/</A> 10422</TD> 10423</TR> 10424<TR> 10425<TD> 10426<A HREF="http://www.ieee.org">IEEE</A> 10427</TD> 10428<TD> 10429Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 10430</TD> 10431<TD> 10432<A HREF="http://www.ieee.org">http://www.ieee.org</A> 10433</TD> 10434</TR> 10435<TR> 10436<TD> 10437<A HREF="http://www.ietf.org/iesg/">IESG</A> 10438</TD> 10439<TD> 10440Internet Engineering Steering Group 10441</TD> 10442<TD> 10443<A HREF="http://www.ietf.org/iesg/">http://www.ietf.org/iesg/</A> 10444</TD> 10445</TR> 10446<TR> 10447<TD> 10448<A HREF="http://www.ietf.org/">IETF</A> 10449</TD> 10450<TD> 10451Internet Engineering Task Force 10452</TD> 10453<TD> 10454<A HREF="http://www.ietf.org/">http://www.ietf.org/</A> 10455</TD> 10456</TR> 10457<TR> 10458<TD> 10459<A HREF="http://www.irtf.org/">IRTF</A> 10460</TD> 10461<TD> 10462Internet Research Task Force 10463</TD> 10464<TD> 10465<A HREF="http://www.irtf.org/">http://www.irtf.org/</A> 10466</TD> 10467</TR> 10468<TR> 10469<TD> 10470<A HREF="http://www.iso.org/">ISO</A> 10471</TD> 10472<TD> 10473International Standards Organisation 10474</TD> 10475<TD> 10476<A HREF="http://www.iso.org/">http://www.iso.org/</A> 10477</TD> 10478</TR> 10479<TR> 10480<TD> 10481<A HREF="http://www.isoc.org/">ISOC</A> 10482</TD> 10483<TD> 10484Internet Society 10485</TD> 10486<TD> 10487<A HREF="http://www.isoc.org/">http://www.isoc.org/</A> 10488</TD> 10489</TR> 10490<TR> 10491<TD> 10492<A HREF="http://www.itu.int/">ITU</A> 10493</TD> 10494<TD> 10495International Telephone Union 10496</TD> 10497<TD> 10498<A HREF="http://www.itu.int/">http://www.itu.int/</A> 10499</TD> 10500</TR> 10501<TR> 10502<TD> 10503<A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/foundation/">OLF</A> 10504</TD> 10505<TD> 10506OpenLDAP Foundation 10507</TD> 10508<TD> 10509<A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/foundation/">http://www.openldap.org/foundation/</A> 10510</TD> 10511</TR> 10512<TR> 10513<TD> 10514<A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/project/">OLP</A> 10515</TD> 10516<TD> 10517OpenLDAP Project 10518</TD> 10519<TD> 10520<A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/project/">http://www.openldap.org/project/</A> 10521</TD> 10522</TR> 10523<TR> 10524<TD> 10525<A HREF="http://www.openssl.org/">OpenSSL</A> 10526</TD> 10527<TD> 10528OpenSSL Project 10529</TD> 10530<TD> 10531<A HREF="http://www.openssl.org/">http://www.openssl.org/</A> 10532</TD> 10533</TR> 10534<TR> 10535<TD> 10536<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/">RFC Editor</A> 10537</TD> 10538<TD> 10539RFC Editor 10540</TD> 10541<TD> 10542<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/">http://www.rfc-editor.org/</A> 10543</TD> 10544</TR> 10545<TR> 10546<TD> 10547<A HREF="http://www.oracle.com/">Oracle</A> 10548</TD> 10549<TD> 10550Oracle Corporation 10551</TD> 10552<TD> 10553<A HREF="http://www.oracle.com/">http://www.oracle.com/</A> 10554</TD> 10555</TR> 10556<TR> 10557<TD> 10558<A HREF="http://www.umich.edu/">UM</A> 10559</TD> 10560<TD> 10561University of Michigan 10562</TD> 10563<TD> 10564<A HREF="http://www.umich.edu/">http://www.umich.edu/</A> 10565</TD> 10566</TR> 10567<TR> 10568<TD> 10569<A HREF="http://www.umich.edu/~dirsvcs/ldap/ldap.html">UMLDAP</A> 10570</TD> 10571<TD> 10572University of Michigan LDAP Team 10573</TD> 10574<TD> 10575<A HREF="http://www.umich.edu/~dirsvcs/ldap/ldap.html">http://www.umich.edu/~dirsvcs/ldap/ldap.html</A> 10576</TD> 10577</TR> 10578</TABLE> 10579 10580<H2><A NAME="Related Products">I.3. Related Products</A></H2> 10581<TABLE CLASS="plain"> 10582<TR CLASS="heading"> 10583<TD> 10584<STRONG>Name</STRONG> 10585</TD> 10586<TD> 10587<STRONG>Jump</STRONG> 10588</TD> 10589</TR> 10590<TR> 10591<TD> 10592<A HREF="http://search.cpan.org/src/IANC/sdf-2.001/doc/catalog.html">SDF</A> 10593</TD> 10594<TD> 10595<A HREF="http://search.cpan.org/src/IANC/sdf-2.001/doc/catalog.html">http://search.cpan.org/src/IANC/sdf-2.001/doc/catalog.html</A> 10596</TD> 10597</TR> 10598<TR> 10599<TD> 10600<A HREF="http://www.oracle.com/database/berkeley-db/db/index.html">Berkeley DB</A> 10601</TD> 10602<TD> 10603<A HREF="http://www.oracle.com/database/berkeley-db/db/index.html">http://www.oracle.com/database/berkeley-db/db/index.html</A> 10604</TD> 10605</TR> 10606<TR> 10607<TD> 10608<A HREF="http://cyrusimap.web.cmu.edu/generalinfo.html">Cyrus</A> 10609</TD> 10610<TD> 10611<A HREF="http://cyrusimap.web.cmu.edu/generalinfo.html">http://cyrusimap.web.cmu.edu/generalinfo.html</A> 10612</TD> 10613</TR> 10614<TR> 10615<TD> 10616<A HREF="http://asg.web.cmu.edu/sasl/sasl-library.html">Cyrus SASL</A> 10617</TD> 10618<TD> 10619<A HREF="http://asg.web.cmu.edu/sasl/sasl-library.html">http://asg.web.cmu.edu/sasl/sasl-library.html</A> 10620</TD> 10621</TR> 10622<TR> 10623<TD> 10624<A HREF="http://git-scm.com/">Git</A> 10625</TD> 10626<TD> 10627<A HREF="http://git-scm.com/">http://git-scm.com/</A> 10628</TD> 10629</TR> 10630<TR> 10631<TD> 10632<A HREF="http://www.gnu.org/software/">GNU</A> 10633</TD> 10634<TD> 10635<A HREF="http://www.gnu.org/software/">http://www.gnu.org/software/</A> 10636</TD> 10637</TR> 10638<TR> 10639<TD> 10640<A HREF="http://www.gnu.org/software/gnutls/">GnuTLS</A> 10641</TD> 10642<TD> 10643<A HREF="http://www.gnu.org/software/gnutls/">http://www.gnu.org/software/gnutls/</A> 10644</TD> 10645</TR> 10646<TR> 10647<TD> 10648<A HREF="http://www.pdc.kth.se/heimdal/">Heimdal</A> 10649</TD> 10650<TD> 10651<A HREF="http://www.pdc.kth.se/heimdal/">http://www.pdc.kth.se/heimdal/</A> 10652</TD> 10653</TR> 10654<TR> 10655<TD> 10656<A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/jldap/">JLDAP</A> 10657</TD> 10658<TD> 10659<A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/jldap/">http://www.openldap.org/jldap/</A> 10660</TD> 10661</TR> 10662<TR> 10663<TD> 10664<A HREF="http://web.mit.edu/kerberos/www/">MIT Kerberos</A> 10665</TD> 10666<TD> 10667<A HREF="http://web.mit.edu/kerberos/www/">http://web.mit.edu/kerberos/www/</A> 10668</TD> 10669</TR> 10670<TR> 10671<TD> 10672<A HREF="http://developer.mozilla.org/en/NSS">MozNSS</A> 10673</TD> 10674<TD> 10675<A HREF="http://developer.mozilla.org/en/NSS">http://developer.mozilla.org/en/NSS</A> 10676</TD> 10677</TR> 10678<TR> 10679<TD> 10680<A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/">OpenLDAP</A> 10681</TD> 10682<TD> 10683<A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/">http://www.openldap.org/</A> 10684</TD> 10685</TR> 10686<TR> 10687<TD> 10688<A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/faq/">OpenLDAP FAQ</A> 10689</TD> 10690<TD> 10691<A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/faq/">http://www.openldap.org/faq/</A> 10692</TD> 10693</TR> 10694<TR> 10695<TD> 10696<A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/its/">OpenLDAP ITS</A> 10697</TD> 10698<TD> 10699<A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/its/">http://www.openldap.org/its/</A> 10700</TD> 10701</TR> 10702<TR> 10703<TD> 10704<A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/software/">OpenLDAP Software</A> 10705</TD> 10706<TD> 10707<A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/software/">http://www.openldap.org/software/</A> 10708</TD> 10709</TR> 10710<TR> 10711<TD> 10712<A HREF="http://www.openssl.org/">OpenSSL</A> 10713</TD> 10714<TD> 10715<A HREF="http://www.openssl.org/">http://www.openssl.org/</A> 10716</TD> 10717</TR> 10718<TR> 10719<TD> 10720<A HREF="http://www.perl.org/">Perl</A> 10721</TD> 10722<TD> 10723<A HREF="http://www.perl.org/">http://www.perl.org/</A> 10724</TD> 10725</TR> 10726<TR> 10727<TD> 10728<A HREF="http://www.umich.edu/~dirsvcs/ldap/ldap.html">UMLDAP</A> 10729</TD> 10730<TD> 10731<A HREF="http://www.umich.edu/~dirsvcs/ldap/ldap.html">http://www.umich.edu/~dirsvcs/ldap/ldap.html</A> 10732</TD> 10733</TR> 10734</TABLE> 10735 10736<H2><A NAME="References">I.4. References</A></H2> 10737<TABLE CLASS="plain"> 10738<TR CLASS="heading"> 10739<TD> 10740<STRONG>Reference</STRONG> 10741</TD> 10742<TD> 10743<STRONG>Document</STRONG> 10744</TD> 10745<TD> 10746<STRONG>Status</STRONG> 10747</TD> 10748<TD> 10749<STRONG>Jump</STRONG> 10750</TD> 10751</TR> 10752<TR> 10753<TD> 10754<A HREF="http://www.umich.edu/~dirsvcs/ldap/doc/guides/slapd/guide.pdf">UM-GUIDE</A> 10755</TD> 10756<TD> 10757The SLAPD and SLURPD Administrators Guide 10758</TD> 10759<TD> 10760O 10761</TD> 10762<TD> 10763<A HREF="http://www.umich.edu/~dirsvcs/ldap/doc/guides/slapd/guide.pdf">http://www.umich.edu/~dirsvcs/ldap/doc/guides/slapd/guide.pdf</A> 10764</TD> 10765</TR> 10766<TR> 10767<TD> 10768<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2079.txt">RFC2079</A> 10769</TD> 10770<TD> 10771Definition of an X.500 Attribute Type and an Object Class to Hold Uniform Resource Identifers 10772</TD> 10773<TD> 10774PS 10775</TD> 10776<TD> 10777<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2079.txt">http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2079.txt</A> 10778</TD> 10779</TR> 10780<TR> 10781<TD> 10782<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2296.txt">RFC2296</A> 10783</TD> 10784<TD> 10785Use of Language Codes in LDAP 10786</TD> 10787<TD> 10788PS 10789</TD> 10790<TD> 10791<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2296.txt">http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2296.txt</A> 10792</TD> 10793</TR> 10794<TR> 10795<TD> 10796<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2307.txt">RFC2307</A> 10797</TD> 10798<TD> 10799An Approach for Using LDAP as a Network Information Service 10800</TD> 10801<TD> 10802X 10803</TD> 10804<TD> 10805<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2307.txt">http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2307.txt</A> 10806</TD> 10807</TR> 10808<TR> 10809<TD> 10810<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2589.txt">RFC2589</A> 10811</TD> 10812<TD> 10813Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (v3): Extensions for Dynamic Directory Services 10814</TD> 10815<TD> 10816PS 10817</TD> 10818<TD> 10819<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2589.txt">http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2589.txt</A> 10820</TD> 10821</TR> 10822<TR> 10823<TD> 10824<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2798.txt">RFC2798</A> 10825</TD> 10826<TD> 10827Definition of the inetOrgPerson LDAP Object Class 10828</TD> 10829<TD> 10830I 10831</TD> 10832<TD> 10833<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2798.txt">http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2798.txt</A> 10834</TD> 10835</TR> 10836<TR> 10837<TD> 10838<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2831.txt">RFC2831</A> 10839</TD> 10840<TD> 10841Using Digest Authentication as a SASL Mechanism 10842</TD> 10843<TD> 10844PS 10845</TD> 10846<TD> 10847<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2831.txt">http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2831.txt</A> 10848</TD> 10849</TR> 10850<TR> 10851<TD> 10852<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2849.txt">RFC2849</A> 10853</TD> 10854<TD> 10855The LDAP Data Interchange Format 10856</TD> 10857<TD> 10858PS 10859</TD> 10860<TD> 10861<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2849.txt">http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2849.txt</A> 10862</TD> 10863</TR> 10864<TR> 10865<TD> 10866<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3088.txt">RFC3088</A> 10867</TD> 10868<TD> 10869OpenLDAP Root Service 10870</TD> 10871<TD> 10872X 10873</TD> 10874<TD> 10875<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3088.txt">http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3088.txt</A> 10876</TD> 10877</TR> 10878<TR> 10879<TD> 10880<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3296.txt">RFC3296</A> 10881</TD> 10882<TD> 10883Named Subordinate References in LDAP 10884</TD> 10885<TD> 10886PS 10887</TD> 10888<TD> 10889<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3296.txt">http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3296.txt</A> 10890</TD> 10891</TR> 10892<TR> 10893<TD> 10894<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3384.txt">RFC3384</A> 10895</TD> 10896<TD> 10897Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (version 3) Replication Requirements 10898</TD> 10899<TD> 10900I 10901</TD> 10902<TD> 10903<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3384.txt">http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3384.txt</A> 10904</TD> 10905</TR> 10906<TR> 10907<TD> 10908<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3494.txt">RFC3494</A> 10909</TD> 10910<TD> 10911Lightweight Directory Access Protocol version 2 (LDAPv2) to Historic Status 10912</TD> 10913<TD> 10914I 10915</TD> 10916<TD> 10917<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3494.txt">http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3494.txt</A> 10918</TD> 10919</TR> 10920<TR> 10921<TD> 10922<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4013.txt">RFC4013</A> 10923</TD> 10924<TD> 10925SASLprep: Stringprep Profile for User Names and Passwords 10926</TD> 10927<TD> 10928PS 10929</TD> 10930<TD> 10931<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4013.txt">http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4013.txt</A> 10932</TD> 10933</TR> 10934<TR> 10935<TD> 10936<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4346.txt">RFC4346</A> 10937</TD> 10938<TD> 10939The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol, Version 1.1 10940</TD> 10941<TD> 10942PS 10943</TD> 10944<TD> 10945<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4346.txt">http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4346.txt</A> 10946</TD> 10947</TR> 10948<TR> 10949<TD> 10950<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4422.txt">RFC4422</A> 10951</TD> 10952<TD> 10953Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL) 10954</TD> 10955<TD> 10956PS 10957</TD> 10958<TD> 10959<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4422.txt">http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4422.txt</A> 10960</TD> 10961</TR> 10962<TR> 10963<TD> 10964<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4510.txt">RFC4510</A> 10965</TD> 10966<TD> 10967Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP): Technical Specification Roadmap 10968</TD> 10969<TD> 10970PS 10971</TD> 10972<TD> 10973<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4510.txt">http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4510.txt</A> 10974</TD> 10975</TR> 10976<TR> 10977<TD> 10978<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4511.txt">RFC4511</A> 10979</TD> 10980<TD> 10981Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP): The Protocol 10982</TD> 10983<TD> 10984PS 10985</TD> 10986<TD> 10987<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4511.txt">http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4511.txt</A> 10988</TD> 10989</TR> 10990<TR> 10991<TD> 10992<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4512.txt">RFC4512</A> 10993</TD> 10994<TD> 10995Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP): Directory Information Models 10996</TD> 10997<TD> 10998PS 10999</TD> 11000<TD> 11001<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4512.txt">http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4512.txt</A> 11002</TD> 11003</TR> 11004<TR> 11005<TD> 11006<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4513.txt">RFC4513</A> 11007</TD> 11008<TD> 11009Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP): Authentication Methods and Security Mechanisms 11010</TD> 11011<TD> 11012PS 11013</TD> 11014<TD> 11015<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4513.txt">http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4513.txt</A> 11016</TD> 11017</TR> 11018<TR> 11019<TD> 11020<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4514.txt">RFC4514</A> 11021</TD> 11022<TD> 11023Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP): String Representation of Distinguished Names 11024</TD> 11025<TD> 11026PS 11027</TD> 11028<TD> 11029<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4514.txt">http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4514.txt</A> 11030</TD> 11031</TR> 11032<TR> 11033<TD> 11034<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4515.txt">RFC4515</A> 11035</TD> 11036<TD> 11037Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP): String Representation of Search Filters 11038</TD> 11039<TD> 11040PS 11041</TD> 11042<TD> 11043<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4515.txt">http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4515.txt</A> 11044</TD> 11045</TR> 11046<TR> 11047<TD> 11048<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4516.txt">RFC4516</A> 11049</TD> 11050<TD> 11051Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP): Uniform Resource Locator 11052</TD> 11053<TD> 11054PS 11055</TD> 11056<TD> 11057<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4516.txt">http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4516.txt</A> 11058</TD> 11059</TR> 11060<TR> 11061<TD> 11062<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4517.txt">RFC4517</A> 11063</TD> 11064<TD> 11065Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP): Syntaxes and Matching Rules 11066</TD> 11067<TD> 11068PS 11069</TD> 11070<TD> 11071<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4517.txt">http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4517.txt</A> 11072</TD> 11073</TR> 11074<TR> 11075<TD> 11076<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4518.txt">RFC4518</A> 11077</TD> 11078<TD> 11079Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP): Internationalized String Preparation 11080</TD> 11081<TD> 11082PS 11083</TD> 11084<TD> 11085<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4518.txt">http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4518.txt</A> 11086</TD> 11087</TR> 11088<TR> 11089<TD> 11090<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4519.txt">RFC4519</A> 11091</TD> 11092<TD> 11093Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP): Schema for User Applications 11094</TD> 11095<TD> 11096PS 11097</TD> 11098<TD> 11099<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4519.txt">http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4519.txt</A> 11100</TD> 11101</TR> 11102<TR> 11103<TD> 11104<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4520.txt">RFC4520</A> 11105</TD> 11106<TD> 11107IANA Considerations for LDAP 11108</TD> 11109<TD> 11110BCP 11111</TD> 11112<TD> 11113<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4520.txt">http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4520.txt</A> 11114</TD> 11115</TR> 11116<TR> 11117<TD> 11118<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4533.txt">RFC4533</A> 11119</TD> 11120<TD> 11121The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) Content Synchronization Operation 11122</TD> 11123<TD> 11124X 11125</TD> 11126<TD> 11127<A HREF="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4533.txt">http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4533.txt</A> 11128</TD> 11129</TR> 11130<TR> 11131<TD> 11132<A HREF="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-chu-ldap-ldapi-00">Chu-LDAPI</A> 11133</TD> 11134<TD> 11135Using LDAP Over IPC Mechanisms 11136</TD> 11137<TD> 11138ID 11139</TD> 11140<TD> 11141<A HREF="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-chu-ldap-ldapi-00">http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-chu-ldap-ldapi-00</A> 11142</TD> 11143</TR> 11144</TABLE> 11145 11146<P></P> 11147<HR> 11148<H1><A NAME="Generic configure Instructions">J. Generic configure Instructions</A></H1> 11149<PRE> 11150Basic Installation 11151================== 11152 11153 These are generic installation instructions. 11154 11155 The `configure' shell script attempts to guess correct values for 11156various system-dependent variables used during compilation. It uses 11157those values to create a `Makefile' in each directory of the package. 11158It may also create one or more `.h' files containing system-dependent 11159definitions. Finally, it creates a shell script `config.status' that 11160you can run in the future to recreate the current configuration, a file 11161`config.cache' that saves the results of its tests to speed up 11162reconfiguring, and a file `config.log' containing compiler output 11163(useful mainly for debugging `configure'). 11164 11165 If you need to do unusual things to compile the package, please try 11166to figure out how `configure' could check whether to do them, and mail 11167diffs or instructions to the address given in the `README' so they can 11168be considered for the next release. If at some point `config.cache' 11169contains results you don't want to keep, you may remove or edit it. 11170 11171 The file `configure.in' is used to create `configure' by a program 11172called `autoconf'. You only need `configure.in' if you want to change 11173it or regenerate `configure' using a newer version of `autoconf'. 11174 11175The simplest way to compile this package is: 11176 11177 1. `cd' to the directory containing the package's source code and type 11178 `./configure' to configure the package for your system. If you're 11179 using `csh' on an old version of System V, you might need to type 11180 `sh ./configure' instead to prevent `csh' from trying to execute 11181 `configure' itself. 11182 11183 Running `configure' takes awhile. While running, it prints some 11184 messages telling which features it is checking for. 11185 11186 2. Type `make' to compile the package. 11187 11188 3. Optionally, type `make check' to run any self-tests that come with 11189 the package. 11190 11191 4. Type `make install' to install the programs and any data files and 11192 documentation. 11193 11194 5. You can remove the program binaries and object files from the 11195 source code directory by typing `make clean'. To also remove the 11196 files that `configure' created (so you can compile the package for 11197 a different kind of computer), type `make distclean'. There is 11198 also a `make maintainer-clean' target, but that is intended mainly 11199 for the package's developers. If you use it, you may have to get 11200 all sorts of other programs in order to regenerate files that came 11201 with the distribution. 11202 11203Compilers and Options 11204===================== 11205 11206 Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking that 11207the `configure' script does not know about. You can give `configure' 11208initial values for variables by setting them in the environment. Using 11209a Bourne-compatible shell, you can do that on the command line like 11210this: 11211 CC=c89 CFLAGS=-O2 LIBS=-lposix ./configure 11212 11213Or on systems that have the `env' program, you can do it like this: 11214 env CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include LDFLAGS=-s ./configure 11215 11216Compiling For Multiple Architectures 11217==================================== 11218 11219 You can compile the package for more than one kind of computer at the 11220same time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their 11221own directory. To do this, you must use a version of `make' that 11222supports the `VPATH' variable, such as GNU `make'. `cd' to the 11223directory where you want the object files and executables to go and run 11224the `configure' script. `configure' automatically checks for the 11225source code in the directory that `configure' is in and in `..'. 11226 11227 If you have to use a `make' that does not supports the `VPATH' 11228variable, you have to compile the package for one architecture at a time 11229in the source code directory. After you have installed the package for 11230one architecture, use `make distclean' before reconfiguring for another 11231architecture. 11232 11233Installation Names 11234================== 11235 11236 By default, `make install' will install the package's files in 11237`/usr/local/bin', `/usr/local/man', etc. You can specify an 11238installation prefix other than `/usr/local' by giving `configure' the 11239option `--prefix=PATH'. 11240 11241 You can specify separate installation prefixes for 11242architecture-specific files and architecture-independent files. If you 11243give `configure' the option `--exec-prefix=PATH', the package will use 11244PATH as the prefix for installing programs and libraries. 11245Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix. 11246 11247 In addition, if you use an unusual directory layout you can give 11248options like `--bindir=PATH' to specify different values for particular 11249kinds of files. Run `configure --help' for a list of the directories 11250you can set and what kinds of files go in them. 11251 11252 If the package supports it, you can cause programs to be installed 11253with an extra prefix or suffix on their names by giving `configure' the 11254option `--program-prefix=PREFIX' or `--program-suffix=SUFFIX'. 11255 11256Optional Features 11257================= 11258 11259 Some packages pay attention to `--enable-FEATURE' options to 11260`configure', where FEATURE indicates an optional part of the package. 11261They may also pay attention to `--with-PACKAGE' options, where PACKAGE 11262is something like `gnu-as' or `x' (for the X Window System). The 11263`README' should mention any `--enable-' and `--with-' options that the 11264package recognizes. 11265 11266 For packages that use the X Window System, `configure' can usually 11267find the X include and library files automatically, but if it doesn't, 11268you can use the `configure' options `--x-includes=DIR' and 11269`--x-libraries=DIR' to specify their locations. 11270 11271Specifying the System Type 11272========================== 11273 11274 There may be some features `configure' can not figure out 11275automatically, but needs to determine by the type of host the package 11276will run on. Usually `configure' can figure that out, but if it prints 11277a message saying it can not guess the host type, give it the 11278`--host=TYPE' option. TYPE can either be a short name for the system 11279type, such as `sun4', or a canonical name with three fields: 11280 CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM 11281 11282See the file `config.sub' for the possible values of each field. If 11283`config.sub' isn't included in this package, then this package doesn't 11284need to know the host type. 11285 11286 If you are building compiler tools for cross-compiling, you can also 11287use the `--target=TYPE' option to select the type of system they will 11288produce code for and the `--build=TYPE' option to select the type of 11289system on which you are compiling the package. 11290 11291Sharing Defaults 11292================ 11293 11294 If you want to set default values for `configure' scripts to share, 11295you can create a site shell script called `config.site' that gives 11296default values for variables like `CC', `cache_file', and `prefix'. 11297`configure' looks for `PREFIX/share/config.site' if it exists, then 11298`PREFIX/etc/config.site' if it exists. Or, you can set the 11299`CONFIG_SITE' environment variable to the location of the site script. 11300A warning: not all `configure' scripts look for a site script. 11301 11302Operation Controls 11303================== 11304 11305 `configure' recognizes the following options to control how it 11306operates. 11307 11308`--cache-file=FILE' 11309 Use and save the results of the tests in FILE instead of 11310 `./config.cache'. Set FILE to `/dev/null' to disable caching, for 11311 debugging `configure'. 11312 11313`--help' 11314 Print a summary of the options to `configure', and exit. 11315 11316`--quiet' 11317`--silent' 11318`-q' 11319 Do not print messages saying which checks are being made. To 11320 suppress all normal output, redirect it to `/dev/null' (any error 11321 messages will still be shown). 11322 11323`--srcdir=DIR' 11324 Look for the package's source code in directory DIR. Usually 11325 `configure' can determine that directory automatically. 11326 11327`--version' 11328 Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the `configure' 11329 script, and exit. 11330 11331`configure' also accepts some other, not widely useful, options. 11332 11333</PRE> 11334<P></P> 11335<HR> 11336<H1><A NAME="OpenLDAP Software Copyright Notices">K. OpenLDAP Software Copyright Notices</A></H1> 11337<H2><A NAME="OpenLDAP Copyright Notice">K.1. OpenLDAP Copyright Notice</A></H2> 11338<P>Copyright 1998-2012 The OpenLDAP Foundation.<BR><EM>All rights reserved.</EM></P> 11339<P>Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted <EM>only as authorized</EM> by the <A HREF="#OpenLDAP Public License">OpenLDAP Public License</A>.</P> 11340<P>A copy of this license is available in file <TT>LICENSE</TT> in the top-level directory of the distribution or, alternatively, at <<A HREF="http://www.OpenLDAP.org/license.html">http://www.OpenLDAP.org/license.html</A>>.</P> 11341<P>OpenLDAP is a registered trademark of the OpenLDAP Foundation.</P> 11342<P>Individual files and/or contributed packages may be copyright by other parties and their use subject to additional restrictions.</P> 11343<P>This work is derived from the University of Michigan LDAP v3.3 distribution. Information concerning this software is available at <<A HREF="http://www.umich.edu/~dirsvcs/ldap/ldap.html">http://www.umich.edu/~dirsvcs/ldap/ldap.html</A>>.</P> 11344<P>This work also contains materials derived from public sources.</P> 11345<P>Additional information about OpenLDAP software can be obtained at <<A HREF="http://www.OpenLDAP.org/">http://www.OpenLDAP.org/</A>>.</P> 11346<H2><A NAME="Additional Copyright Notices">K.2. Additional Copyright Notices</A></H2> 11347<P>Portions Copyright 1998-2012 Kurt D. Zeilenga.<BR>Portions Copyright 1998-2006 Net Boolean Incorporated.<BR>Portions Copyright 2001-2006 IBM Corporation.<BR><EM>All rights reserved.</EM></P> 11348<P>Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted only as authorized by the <A HREF="#OpenLDAP Public License">OpenLDAP Public License</A>.</P> 11349<P>Portions Copyright 1999-2008 Howard Y.H. Chu.<BR>Portions Copyright 1999-2008 Symas Corporation.<BR>Portions Copyright 1998-2003 Hallvard B. Furuseth.<BR>Portions Copyright 2007-2011 Gavin Henry.<BR>Portions Copyright 2007-2011 Suretec Systems Limited.<BR><EM>All rights reserved.</EM></P> 11350<P>Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that this notice is preserved. The names of the copyright holders may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without their specific prior written permission. This software is provided ``as is'' without express or implied warranty.</P> 11351<H2><A NAME="University of Michigan Copyright Notice">K.3. University of Michigan Copyright Notice</A></H2> 11352<P>Portions Copyright 1992-1996 Regents of the University of Michigan.<BR><EM>All rights reserved.</EM></P> 11353<P>Redistribution and use in source and binary forms are permitted provided that this notice is preserved and that due credit is given to the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. The name of the University may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. This software is provided ``as is'' without express or implied warranty.</P> 11354<P></P> 11355<HR> 11356<H1><A NAME="OpenLDAP Public License">L. OpenLDAP Public License</A></H1> 11357<PRE> 11358The OpenLDAP Public License 11359 Version 2.8, 17 August 2003 11360 11361Redistribution and use of this software and associated documentation 11362("Software"), with or without modification, are permitted provided 11363that the following conditions are met: 11364 113651. Redistributions in source form must retain copyright statements 11366 and notices, 11367 113682. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce applicable copyright 11369 statements and notices, this list of conditions, and the following 11370 disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided 11371 with the distribution, and 11372 113733. Redistributions must contain a verbatim copy of this document. 11374 11375The OpenLDAP Foundation may revise this license from time to time. 11376Each revision is distinguished by a version number. You may use 11377this Software under terms of this license revision or under the 11378terms of any subsequent revision of the license. 11379 11380THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE OPENLDAP FOUNDATION AND ITS 11381CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, 11382INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY 11383AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT 11384SHALL THE OPENLDAP FOUNDATION, ITS CONTRIBUTORS, OR THE AUTHOR(S) 11385OR OWNER(S) OF THE SOFTWARE BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, 11386INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, 11387BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; 11388LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER 11389CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 11390LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN 11391ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE 11392POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 11393 11394The names of the authors and copyright holders must not be used in 11395advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or other dealing 11396in this Software without specific, written prior permission. Title 11397to copyright in this Software shall at all times remain with copyright 11398holders. 11399 11400OpenLDAP is a registered trademark of the OpenLDAP Foundation. 11401 11402Copyright 1999-2003 The OpenLDAP Foundation, Redwood City, 11403California, USA. All Rights Reserved. Permission to copy and 11404distribute verbatim copies of this document is granted. 11405</PRE> 11406</DIV> 11407<DIV CLASS="footer"> 11408<HR> 11409<DIV CLASS="navigate"> 11410<P ALIGN="Center"><A HREF="http://www.openldap.org/">Home</A> | <A HREF="../index.html">Catalog</A></P> 11411</DIV> 11412<P> 11413<FONT COLOR="#808080" FACE="Arial,Verdana,Helvetica" SIZE="1"><B> 11414________________<BR> 11415<SMALL>© Copyright 2011, <A HREF="http://www.OpenLDAP.org/foundation/">OpenLDAP Foundation</A>, <A HREF="mailto:info@OpenLDAP.org">info@OpenLDAP.org</A></SMALL></B></FONT> 11416 11417</DIV> 11418 11419</BODY> 11420</HTML> 11421
