1 /* $NetBSD: encoding.c,v 1.1.1.4 2013/12/01 19:28:16 christos Exp $ */ 2 3 /* 4 * Copyright (c) Ian F. Darwin 1986-1995. 5 * Software written by Ian F. Darwin and others; 6 * maintained 1995-present by Christos Zoulas and others. 7 * 8 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 9 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 10 * are met: 11 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 12 * notice immediately at the beginning of the file, without modification, 13 * this list of conditions, and the following disclaimer. 14 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 15 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 16 * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 17 * 18 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 19 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 20 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 21 * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR 22 * ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 23 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 24 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 25 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 26 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 27 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 28 * SUCH DAMAGE. 29 */ 30 /* 31 * Encoding -- determine the character encoding of a text file. 32 * 33 * Joerg Wunsch <joerg@freebsd.org> wrote the original support for 8-bit 34 * international characters. 35 */ 36 37 #include "file.h" 38 39 #ifndef lint 40 #if 0 41 FILE_RCSID("@(#)$File: encoding.c,v 1.9 2013/11/19 20:45:50 christos Exp $") 42 #else 43 __RCSID("$NetBSD: encoding.c,v 1.1.1.4 2013/12/01 19:28:16 christos Exp $"); 44 #endif 45 #endif /* lint */ 46 47 #include "magic.h" 48 #include <string.h> 49 #include <memory.h> 50 #include <stdlib.h> 51 52 53 private int looks_ascii(const unsigned char *, size_t, unichar *, size_t *); 54 private int looks_utf8_with_BOM(const unsigned char *, size_t, unichar *, 55 size_t *); 56 private int looks_ucs16(const unsigned char *, size_t, unichar *, size_t *); 57 private int looks_latin1(const unsigned char *, size_t, unichar *, size_t *); 58 private int looks_extended(const unsigned char *, size_t, unichar *, size_t *); 59 private void from_ebcdic(const unsigned char *, size_t, unsigned char *); 60 61 #ifdef DEBUG_ENCODING 62 #define DPRINTF(a) printf a 63 #else 64 #define DPRINTF(a) 65 #endif 66 67 /* 68 * Try to determine whether text is in some character code we can 69 * identify. Each of these tests, if it succeeds, will leave 70 * the text converted into one-unichar-per-character Unicode in 71 * ubuf, and the number of characters converted in ulen. 72 */ 73 protected int 74 file_encoding(struct magic_set *ms, const unsigned char *buf, size_t nbytes, unichar **ubuf, size_t *ulen, const char **code, const char **code_mime, const char **type) 75 { 76 size_t mlen; 77 int rv = 1, ucs_type; 78 unsigned char *nbuf = NULL; 79 80 *type = "text"; 81 *ulen = 0; 82 *code = "unknown"; 83 *code_mime = "binary"; 84 85 mlen = (nbytes + 1) * sizeof((*ubuf)[0]); 86 if ((*ubuf = CAST(unichar *, calloc((size_t)1, mlen))) == NULL) { 87 file_oomem(ms, mlen); 88 goto done; 89 } 90 mlen = (nbytes + 1) * sizeof(nbuf[0]); 91 if ((nbuf = CAST(unsigned char *, calloc((size_t)1, mlen))) == NULL) { 92 file_oomem(ms, mlen); 93 goto done; 94 } 95 96 if (looks_ascii(buf, nbytes, *ubuf, ulen)) { 97 DPRINTF(("ascii %" SIZE_T_FORMAT "u\n", *ulen)); 98 *code = "ASCII"; 99 *code_mime = "us-ascii"; 100 } else if (looks_utf8_with_BOM(buf, nbytes, *ubuf, ulen) > 0) { 101 DPRINTF(("utf8/bom %" SIZE_T_FORMAT "u\n", *ulen)); 102 *code = "UTF-8 Unicode (with BOM)"; 103 *code_mime = "utf-8"; 104 } else if (file_looks_utf8(buf, nbytes, *ubuf, ulen) > 1) { 105 DPRINTF(("utf8 %" SIZE_T_FORMAT "u\n", *ulen)); 106 *code = "UTF-8 Unicode (with BOM)"; 107 *code = "UTF-8 Unicode"; 108 *code_mime = "utf-8"; 109 } else if ((ucs_type = looks_ucs16(buf, nbytes, *ubuf, ulen)) != 0) { 110 if (ucs_type == 1) { 111 *code = "Little-endian UTF-16 Unicode"; 112 *code_mime = "utf-16le"; 113 } else { 114 *code = "Big-endian UTF-16 Unicode"; 115 *code_mime = "utf-16be"; 116 } 117 DPRINTF(("ucs16 %" SIZE_T_FORMAT "u\n", *ulen)); 118 } else if (looks_latin1(buf, nbytes, *ubuf, ulen)) { 119 DPRINTF(("latin1 %" SIZE_T_FORMAT "u\n", *ulen)); 120 *code = "ISO-8859"; 121 *code_mime = "iso-8859-1"; 122 } else if (looks_extended(buf, nbytes, *ubuf, ulen)) { 123 DPRINTF(("extended %" SIZE_T_FORMAT "u\n", *ulen)); 124 *code = "Non-ISO extended-ASCII"; 125 *code_mime = "unknown-8bit"; 126 } else { 127 from_ebcdic(buf, nbytes, nbuf); 128 129 if (looks_ascii(nbuf, nbytes, *ubuf, ulen)) { 130 DPRINTF(("ebcdic %" SIZE_T_FORMAT "u\n", *ulen)); 131 *code = "EBCDIC"; 132 *code_mime = "ebcdic"; 133 } else if (looks_latin1(nbuf, nbytes, *ubuf, ulen)) { 134 DPRINTF(("ebcdic/international %" SIZE_T_FORMAT "u\n", 135 *ulen)); 136 *code = "International EBCDIC"; 137 *code_mime = "ebcdic"; 138 } else { /* Doesn't look like text at all */ 139 DPRINTF(("binary\n")); 140 rv = 0; 141 *type = "binary"; 142 } 143 } 144 145 done: 146 free(nbuf); 147 148 return rv; 149 } 150 151 /* 152 * This table reflects a particular philosophy about what constitutes 153 * "text," and there is room for disagreement about it. 154 * 155 * Version 3.31 of the file command considered a file to be ASCII if 156 * each of its characters was approved by either the isascii() or 157 * isalpha() function. On most systems, this would mean that any 158 * file consisting only of characters in the range 0x00 ... 0x7F 159 * would be called ASCII text, but many systems might reasonably 160 * consider some characters outside this range to be alphabetic, 161 * so the file command would call such characters ASCII. It might 162 * have been more accurate to call this "considered textual on the 163 * local system" than "ASCII." 164 * 165 * It considered a file to be "International language text" if each 166 * of its characters was either an ASCII printing character (according 167 * to the real ASCII standard, not the above test), a character in 168 * the range 0x80 ... 0xFF, or one of the following control characters: 169 * backspace, tab, line feed, vertical tab, form feed, carriage return, 170 * escape. No attempt was made to determine the language in which files 171 * of this type were written. 172 * 173 * 174 * The table below considers a file to be ASCII if all of its characters 175 * are either ASCII printing characters (again, according to the X3.4 176 * standard, not isascii()) or any of the following controls: bell, 177 * backspace, tab, line feed, form feed, carriage return, esc, nextline. 178 * 179 * I include bell because some programs (particularly shell scripts) 180 * use it literally, even though it is rare in normal text. I exclude 181 * vertical tab because it never seems to be used in real text. I also 182 * include, with hesitation, the X3.64/ECMA-43 control nextline (0x85), 183 * because that's what the dd EBCDIC->ASCII table maps the EBCDIC newline 184 * character to. It might be more appropriate to include it in the 8859 185 * set instead of the ASCII set, but it's got to be included in *something* 186 * we recognize or EBCDIC files aren't going to be considered textual. 187 * Some old Unix source files use SO/SI (^N/^O) to shift between Greek 188 * and Latin characters, so these should possibly be allowed. But they 189 * make a real mess on VT100-style displays if they're not paired properly, 190 * so we are probably better off not calling them text. 191 * 192 * A file is considered to be ISO-8859 text if its characters are all 193 * either ASCII, according to the above definition, or printing characters 194 * from the ISO-8859 8-bit extension, characters 0xA0 ... 0xFF. 195 * 196 * Finally, a file is considered to be international text from some other 197 * character code if its characters are all either ISO-8859 (according to 198 * the above definition) or characters in the range 0x80 ... 0x9F, which 199 * ISO-8859 considers to be control characters but the IBM PC and Macintosh 200 * consider to be printing characters. 201 */ 202 203 #define F 0 /* character never appears in text */ 204 #define T 1 /* character appears in plain ASCII text */ 205 #define I 2 /* character appears in ISO-8859 text */ 206 #define X 3 /* character appears in non-ISO extended ASCII (Mac, IBM PC) */ 207 208 private char text_chars[256] = { 209 /* BEL BS HT LF FF CR */ 210 F, F, F, F, F, F, F, T, T, T, T, F, T, T, F, F, /* 0x0X */ 211 /* ESC */ 212 F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, F, T, F, F, F, F, /* 0x1X */ 213 T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, /* 0x2X */ 214 T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, /* 0x3X */ 215 T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, /* 0x4X */ 216 T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, /* 0x5X */ 217 T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, /* 0x6X */ 218 T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, F, /* 0x7X */ 219 /* NEL */ 220 X, X, X, X, X, T, X, X, X, X, X, X, X, X, X, X, /* 0x8X */ 221 X, X, X, X, X, X, X, X, X, X, X, X, X, X, X, X, /* 0x9X */ 222 I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, /* 0xaX */ 223 I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, /* 0xbX */ 224 I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, /* 0xcX */ 225 I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, /* 0xdX */ 226 I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, /* 0xeX */ 227 I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I, I /* 0xfX */ 228 }; 229 230 private int 231 looks_ascii(const unsigned char *buf, size_t nbytes, unichar *ubuf, 232 size_t *ulen) 233 { 234 size_t i; 235 236 *ulen = 0; 237 238 for (i = 0; i < nbytes; i++) { 239 int t = text_chars[buf[i]]; 240 241 if (t != T) 242 return 0; 243 244 ubuf[(*ulen)++] = buf[i]; 245 } 246 247 return 1; 248 } 249 250 private int 251 looks_latin1(const unsigned char *buf, size_t nbytes, unichar *ubuf, size_t *ulen) 252 { 253 size_t i; 254 255 *ulen = 0; 256 257 for (i = 0; i < nbytes; i++) { 258 int t = text_chars[buf[i]]; 259 260 if (t != T && t != I) 261 return 0; 262 263 ubuf[(*ulen)++] = buf[i]; 264 } 265 266 return 1; 267 } 268 269 private int 270 looks_extended(const unsigned char *buf, size_t nbytes, unichar *ubuf, 271 size_t *ulen) 272 { 273 size_t i; 274 275 *ulen = 0; 276 277 for (i = 0; i < nbytes; i++) { 278 int t = text_chars[buf[i]]; 279 280 if (t != T && t != I && t != X) 281 return 0; 282 283 ubuf[(*ulen)++] = buf[i]; 284 } 285 286 return 1; 287 } 288 289 /* 290 * Decide whether some text looks like UTF-8. Returns: 291 * 292 * -1: invalid UTF-8 293 * 0: uses odd control characters, so doesn't look like text 294 * 1: 7-bit text 295 * 2: definitely UTF-8 text (valid high-bit set bytes) 296 * 297 * If ubuf is non-NULL on entry, text is decoded into ubuf, *ulen; 298 * ubuf must be big enough! 299 */ 300 protected int 301 file_looks_utf8(const unsigned char *buf, size_t nbytes, unichar *ubuf, size_t *ulen) 302 { 303 size_t i; 304 int n; 305 unichar c; 306 int gotone = 0, ctrl = 0; 307 308 if (ubuf) 309 *ulen = 0; 310 311 for (i = 0; i < nbytes; i++) { 312 if ((buf[i] & 0x80) == 0) { /* 0xxxxxxx is plain ASCII */ 313 /* 314 * Even if the whole file is valid UTF-8 sequences, 315 * still reject it if it uses weird control characters. 316 */ 317 318 if (text_chars[buf[i]] != T) 319 ctrl = 1; 320 321 if (ubuf) 322 ubuf[(*ulen)++] = buf[i]; 323 } else if ((buf[i] & 0x40) == 0) { /* 10xxxxxx never 1st byte */ 324 return -1; 325 } else { /* 11xxxxxx begins UTF-8 */ 326 int following; 327 328 if ((buf[i] & 0x20) == 0) { /* 110xxxxx */ 329 c = buf[i] & 0x1f; 330 following = 1; 331 } else if ((buf[i] & 0x10) == 0) { /* 1110xxxx */ 332 c = buf[i] & 0x0f; 333 following = 2; 334 } else if ((buf[i] & 0x08) == 0) { /* 11110xxx */ 335 c = buf[i] & 0x07; 336 following = 3; 337 } else if ((buf[i] & 0x04) == 0) { /* 111110xx */ 338 c = buf[i] & 0x03; 339 following = 4; 340 } else if ((buf[i] & 0x02) == 0) { /* 1111110x */ 341 c = buf[i] & 0x01; 342 following = 5; 343 } else 344 return -1; 345 346 for (n = 0; n < following; n++) { 347 i++; 348 if (i >= nbytes) 349 goto done; 350 351 if ((buf[i] & 0x80) == 0 || (buf[i] & 0x40)) 352 return -1; 353 354 c = (c << 6) + (buf[i] & 0x3f); 355 } 356 357 if (ubuf) 358 ubuf[(*ulen)++] = c; 359 gotone = 1; 360 } 361 } 362 done: 363 return ctrl ? 0 : (gotone ? 2 : 1); 364 } 365 366 /* 367 * Decide whether some text looks like UTF-8 with BOM. If there is no 368 * BOM, return -1; otherwise return the result of looks_utf8 on the 369 * rest of the text. 370 */ 371 private int 372 looks_utf8_with_BOM(const unsigned char *buf, size_t nbytes, unichar *ubuf, 373 size_t *ulen) 374 { 375 if (nbytes > 3 && buf[0] == 0xef && buf[1] == 0xbb && buf[2] == 0xbf) 376 return file_looks_utf8(buf + 3, nbytes - 3, ubuf, ulen); 377 else 378 return -1; 379 } 380 381 private int 382 looks_ucs16(const unsigned char *buf, size_t nbytes, unichar *ubuf, 383 size_t *ulen) 384 { 385 int bigend; 386 size_t i; 387 388 if (nbytes < 2) 389 return 0; 390 391 if (buf[0] == 0xff && buf[1] == 0xfe) 392 bigend = 0; 393 else if (buf[0] == 0xfe && buf[1] == 0xff) 394 bigend = 1; 395 else 396 return 0; 397 398 *ulen = 0; 399 400 for (i = 2; i + 1 < nbytes; i += 2) { 401 /* XXX fix to properly handle chars > 65536 */ 402 403 if (bigend) 404 ubuf[(*ulen)++] = buf[i + 1] + 256 * buf[i]; 405 else 406 ubuf[(*ulen)++] = buf[i] + 256 * buf[i + 1]; 407 408 if (ubuf[*ulen - 1] == 0xfffe) 409 return 0; 410 if (ubuf[*ulen - 1] < 128 && 411 text_chars[(size_t)ubuf[*ulen - 1]] != T) 412 return 0; 413 } 414 415 return 1 + bigend; 416 } 417 418 #undef F 419 #undef T 420 #undef I 421 #undef X 422 423 /* 424 * This table maps each EBCDIC character to an (8-bit extended) ASCII 425 * character, as specified in the rationale for the dd(1) command in 426 * draft 11.2 (September, 1991) of the POSIX P1003.2 standard. 427 * 428 * Unfortunately it does not seem to correspond exactly to any of the 429 * five variants of EBCDIC documented in IBM's _Enterprise Systems 430 * Architecture/390: Principles of Operation_, SA22-7201-06, Seventh 431 * Edition, July, 1999, pp. I-1 - I-4. 432 * 433 * Fortunately, though, all versions of EBCDIC, including this one, agree 434 * on most of the printing characters that also appear in (7-bit) ASCII. 435 * Of these, only '|', '!', '~', '^', '[', and ']' are in question at all. 436 * 437 * Fortunately too, there is general agreement that codes 0x00 through 438 * 0x3F represent control characters, 0x41 a nonbreaking space, and the 439 * remainder printing characters. 440 * 441 * This is sufficient to allow us to identify EBCDIC text and to distinguish 442 * between old-style and internationalized examples of text. 443 */ 444 445 private unsigned char ebcdic_to_ascii[] = { 446 0, 1, 2, 3, 156, 9, 134, 127, 151, 141, 142, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 447 16, 17, 18, 19, 157, 133, 8, 135, 24, 25, 146, 143, 28, 29, 30, 31, 448 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 10, 23, 27, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 5, 6, 7, 449 144, 145, 22, 147, 148, 149, 150, 4, 152, 153, 154, 155, 20, 21, 158, 26, 450 ' ', 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 213, '.', '<', '(', '+', '|', 451 '&', 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, '!', '$', '*', ')', ';', '~', 452 '-', '/', 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 203, ',', '%', '_', '>', '?', 453 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, '`', ':', '#', '@', '\'','=', '"', 454 195, 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 455 202, 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm', 'n', 'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', '^', 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 456 209, 229, 's', 't', 'u', 'v', 'w', 'x', 'y', 'z', 210, 211, 212, '[', 214, 215, 457 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, ']', 230, 231, 458 '{', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 459 '}', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P', 'Q', 'R', 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 460 '\\',159, 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z', 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 461 '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255 462 }; 463 464 #ifdef notdef 465 /* 466 * The following EBCDIC-to-ASCII table may relate more closely to reality, 467 * or at least to modern reality. It comes from 468 * 469 * http://ftp.s390.ibm.com/products/oe/bpxqp9.html 470 * 471 * and maps the characters of EBCDIC code page 1047 (the code used for 472 * Unix-derived software on IBM's 390 systems) to the corresponding 473 * characters from ISO 8859-1. 474 * 475 * If this table is used instead of the above one, some of the special 476 * cases for the NEL character can be taken out of the code. 477 */ 478 479 private unsigned char ebcdic_1047_to_8859[] = { 480 0x00,0x01,0x02,0x03,0x9C,0x09,0x86,0x7F,0x97,0x8D,0x8E,0x0B,0x0C,0x0D,0x0E,0x0F, 481 0x10,0x11,0x12,0x13,0x9D,0x0A,0x08,0x87,0x18,0x19,0x92,0x8F,0x1C,0x1D,0x1E,0x1F, 482 0x80,0x81,0x82,0x83,0x84,0x85,0x17,0x1B,0x88,0x89,0x8A,0x8B,0x8C,0x05,0x06,0x07, 483 0x90,0x91,0x16,0x93,0x94,0x95,0x96,0x04,0x98,0x99,0x9A,0x9B,0x14,0x15,0x9E,0x1A, 484 0x20,0xA0,0xE2,0xE4,0xE0,0xE1,0xE3,0xE5,0xE7,0xF1,0xA2,0x2E,0x3C,0x28,0x2B,0x7C, 485 0x26,0xE9,0xEA,0xEB,0xE8,0xED,0xEE,0xEF,0xEC,0xDF,0x21,0x24,0x2A,0x29,0x3B,0x5E, 486 0x2D,0x2F,0xC2,0xC4,0xC0,0xC1,0xC3,0xC5,0xC7,0xD1,0xA6,0x2C,0x25,0x5F,0x3E,0x3F, 487 0xF8,0xC9,0xCA,0xCB,0xC8,0xCD,0xCE,0xCF,0xCC,0x60,0x3A,0x23,0x40,0x27,0x3D,0x22, 488 0xD8,0x61,0x62,0x63,0x64,0x65,0x66,0x67,0x68,0x69,0xAB,0xBB,0xF0,0xFD,0xFE,0xB1, 489 0xB0,0x6A,0x6B,0x6C,0x6D,0x6E,0x6F,0x70,0x71,0x72,0xAA,0xBA,0xE6,0xB8,0xC6,0xA4, 490 0xB5,0x7E,0x73,0x74,0x75,0x76,0x77,0x78,0x79,0x7A,0xA1,0xBF,0xD0,0x5B,0xDE,0xAE, 491 0xAC,0xA3,0xA5,0xB7,0xA9,0xA7,0xB6,0xBC,0xBD,0xBE,0xDD,0xA8,0xAF,0x5D,0xB4,0xD7, 492 0x7B,0x41,0x42,0x43,0x44,0x45,0x46,0x47,0x48,0x49,0xAD,0xF4,0xF6,0xF2,0xF3,0xF5, 493 0x7D,0x4A,0x4B,0x4C,0x4D,0x4E,0x4F,0x50,0x51,0x52,0xB9,0xFB,0xFC,0xF9,0xFA,0xFF, 494 0x5C,0xF7,0x53,0x54,0x55,0x56,0x57,0x58,0x59,0x5A,0xB2,0xD4,0xD6,0xD2,0xD3,0xD5, 495 0x30,0x31,0x32,0x33,0x34,0x35,0x36,0x37,0x38,0x39,0xB3,0xDB,0xDC,0xD9,0xDA,0x9F 496 }; 497 #endif 498 499 /* 500 * Copy buf[0 ... nbytes-1] into out[], translating EBCDIC to ASCII. 501 */ 502 private void 503 from_ebcdic(const unsigned char *buf, size_t nbytes, unsigned char *out) 504 { 505 size_t i; 506 507 for (i = 0; i < nbytes; i++) { 508 out[i] = ebcdic_to_ascii[buf[i]]; 509 } 510 } 511