1.\" $NetBSD: main,v 1.107 2001/03/10 18:14:18 kent Exp $ 2.\" 3.\" Copyright (c) 1999, 2000 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. 4.\" All rights reserved. 5.\" 6.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 7.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 8.\" are met: 9.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 11.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 12.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 13.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 14.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 15.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 16.\" This product includes software developed by the NetBSD 17.\" Foundation, Inc. and its contributors. 18.\" 4. Neither the name of The NetBSD Foundation nor the names of its 19.\" contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived 20.\" from this software without specific prior written permission. 21.\" 22.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS 23.\" ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED 24.\" TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR 25.\" PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS 26.\" BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR 27.\" CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF 28.\" SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS 29.\" INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN 30.\" CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) 31.\" ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE 32.\" POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 33.\" 34.ig 35 36 The notes that describe the improvements over the last release 37 aren't appropriate for a snapshot, so these are conditional on 38 FOR_RELEASE. 0 == snapshot; 1 == release 39.. 40. 41.tm Processing INSTALL 42. 43.\" -------------------- CONFIGURATION -------------------- 44. 45.nr FOR_RELEASE 1 46.ds MACHINE_LIST alpha amiga amigappc arc arm26 arm32 atari bebox cobalt 47.as MACHINE_LIST " dreamcast evbsh3 hp300 hpcmips hpcsh i386 luna68k mac68k 48.as MACHINE_LIST " macppc mmeye mvme68k news68k newsmips next68k ofppc pc532 49.as MACHINE_LIST " pmax prep sgimips sparc sparc64 sun3 vax x68k 50. 51.so \*[.CURDIR]/../common/macros 52. 53.Dd October 29, 2000 54.Dt INSTALL 8 55.Os NetBSD 56.Sh NAME 57.Nm INSTALL 58.Nd Installation procedure for 59.Nx*M . 60.Sh DESCRIPTION 61. 62.Ss About this Document 63.Pp 64. 65This document describes the installation procedure for 66.Nx \*V 67on the 68.Em \*M 69platform. It is available in four different formats titled 70.Pa INSTALL. Ns Ar ext , 71where 72.Ar ext 73is one of 74.Pa \&.ps , \&.html , \&.more , 75.No or Pa \&.txt : 76.(tag \&.morex -offset indent 77.It Pa \&.ps 78PostScript. 79.It Pa \&.html 80.No Standard Internet Tn HTML . 81.It Pa \&.more 82The enhanced text format used on 83.Ul 84systems by the 85.Xr more 1 86and 87.Xr less 1 88pager utility programs. This is the format in which the on-line 89.Em man 90pages are generally presented. 91.It Pa \&.txt 92Plain old 93.Tn ASCII . 94.tag) 95.Pp 96You are reading the 97.Em \*[format] 98version. 99. 100.Ss "What is NetBSD?" 101.Pp 102. 103The 104.Nx 105Operating System is a fully functional 106.Tn Open Source 107.Ul 108operating system derived from the University of California, Berkeley 109Networking Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. 110.Nx 111runs on thirty-one different system architectures featuring twelve distinct 112families of CPUs, and is being ported to more. The 113.Nx \*V 114release contains complete binary releases for fifteen different 115machine types. (The sixteen remaining are not fully supported at this time 116and are thus not part of the binary distribution. For information on 117them, please see the 118.Nx 119web site at 120.Lk http://www.netbsd.org/ ) 121.Pp 122.Nx 123is a completely integrated system. 124In addition to its highly portable, high performance kernel, 125.Nx 126features a complete set of user utilities, compilers for several 127languages, the X Window System, firewall software 128and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code. 129.Pp 130.\" XXX Should we include some text here about NetBSD's license 131.\" policies and how commercial-friendly it is? 132.Nx 133is a creation of the members of the Internet community. 134Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes 135possible, it's likely that 136.Nx 137wouldn't exist. 138.if \n[FOR_RELEASE] \{\ 139.Ss Changes Since The Last Release 140.Pp 141The 142.Nx \*V 143release 144provides numerous significant functional enhancements, including 145support for many new devices, integration of hundreds of bug fixes, 146new and updated kernel subsystems, and many userland enhancements. The 147result of these improvements is a stable operating system fit for 148production use that rivals most commercially available systems. 149.Pp 150It is impossible to completely summarize over one year of 151development that went into the 152.Nx \*V 153release. Some highlights include: 154. 155.Ss2 Kernel 156. 157.(bullet 158Ports to new platforms including: 159arc, 160cobalt, 161hpcmips, 162news68k, 163sgimips, 164and 165sparc64. 166.It 167Improved performance and stability of the UVM virtual memory subsystem. 168.It 169Implementation of generic kernel locking code, as well as a 170restructure and re-tuning of the scheduler, to be used by the 171future symmetric multi-processing (SMP) implementation. 172.It 173Improved compatibility support for Linux, OSF1, and SVR4 programs. 174.It 175New compatibility support for Win32 programs. 176.It 177Support for dynamically loaded ELF kernel modules. 178.It 179Kernel process tracing using 180.Xr ktruss 1 . 181.It 182Deletion of swap devices using 183.Xr swapctl 8 . 184.It 185Easier hot-pluggability of keyboards and mice using a new wscons 186device - wsmux. 187.It 188Improved PCMCIA and Cardbus support, including support for detaching 189of devices and cards, resulting in better support for notebooks and 190PDA devices. 191.It 192Numerous hardware improvements, including areas such as: 193audio, UDMA/66 support for ATA drives, USB, and wireless networking. 194.bullet) 195. 196.Ss2 Networking 197. 198.(bullet 199Addition of IP version 6 (IPv6) and IPsec to the networking stack, 200from the KAME project. 201This includes addition of kernel code for IPv6/IPsec, 202IPv4/v6 dual-stack user applications and supporting libraries. 203Due to this, the shlib major version for 204.Xr pcap 3 205is incremented and you may need to recompile userland tools. 206The KAME IPv6 part includes results from the unified-ipv6 effort. 207.bullet) 208. 209.Ss2 File system 210. 211.(bullet 212Significant Fast file system (FFS) performance enhancements via 213integration of Kirk McKusick's soft updates and trickle sync code. 214.It 215Support for the 216.Tn "Windows NT" 217.Sq NTFS 218file system (read-only at this stage). 219.It 220Support for revision 1 of the 221.Tn Linux 222.Sq ext2fs 223file system. 224.It 225Enhanced stability and usability of LFS (the 226.Bx 227log-structured file system). 228.It 229Various RAIDframe enhancements including: auto-detection of RAID components 230and auto-configuration of RAID sets, and the ability to configure the root 231file system 232.Pq Pa / 233on a RAID set. 234.It 235Support for 236.Tn Microsoft 237Joliet extensions to the ISO9660 CD file system. 238.It 239Improved file system vnode locking mechanisms, 240thus resolving a source of several panics in the past. 241.It 242Support for NFS and RPC over IPv6. 243.It 244Server part of NFS locking (implemented by 245.Xr rpc.lockd 8 ) 246now works. 247.bullet) 248. 249.Ss2 Security 250. 251.(bullet 252Strong cryptographic libraries and applications integrated, 253including the AES cipher Rijndael, the OpenSSL library, more 254complete Kerberos IV and Kerberos V support, and an SSH server 255and client. 256.It 257.Xr sysctl 3 258interfaces to various elements of process and system information, 259allowing programs such as 260.Xr ps 1 , 261.Xr dmesg 1 262and the like to operate without recompilation after kernel upgrades, 263and remove the necessity to run setgid kmem (thus improving system 264security). 265.It 266Disable various services by default, and set the default options for 267disabled daemons to a higher level of logging. 268.It 269Several code audits were performed. One audit replaced 270string routines that were used without bound checking, and another 271one to identify and disable 272places where format strings were used in an 273unsafe way, allowing arbitrary data entered by (possibly) malicious 274users to overwrite application code, and leading from Denial of 275Service attacks to compromised system. 276.It 277.Xr sshd 8 278and 279.Xr ssh 1 280now require 281.Xr rnd 4 282kernel random number devices. 283.bullet) 284. 285.Ss2 System administration and user tools 286. 287.(bullet 288Conversion of the 289.Xr rc 8 290system startup and shutdown scripts to an 291.Sq rc.d 292mechanism, with separate control scripts for each service, and 293appropriate dependency ordering provided by 294.Xr rcorder 8 . 295.It 296.Xr postfix 1 297provided as alternative mail transport agent to 298.Xr sendmail 8 . 299.It 300User management tools 301.Xr useradd 8 , 302.Xr usermod 8 , 303.Xr userdel 8 , 304.Xr groupadd 8 , 305.Xr groupmod 8 , 306and 307.Xr groupdel 8 308added to the system. 309.It 310Incorporation of a login class capability database 311.Pq Pa /etc/login.conf 312from 313.Tn BSD/OS . 314.It 315Improved support for usernames longer than eight characters in programs 316such as 317.Xr at 1 318and 319.Xr w 1 . 320.It 321Many enhancements to 322.Xr ftpd 8 323providing features found in larger and less secure FTP daemons, 324such as user classes, connection limits, improved support for 325virtual hosting, transfer statistics, transfer rate throttling, 326and support for various IETF ftpext working group extensions. 327.It 328The 329.Xr ftp 1 330client has been improved even further, including 331transfer rate throttling, improved URL support, command line uploads. 332See the man page for details. 333.bullet) 334. 335.Ss2 Miscellaneous 336. 337.(bullet 338Updates to the 339.Nx 340source code style code (located in 341.Pa /usr/share/misc/style ) 342to use ANSI C only (instead of K&R) and reflect current (best) practice, 343and begin migrating the 344.Nx 345source code to follow it. 346.It 347Implementation of many SUSv2 features to the 348.Xr curses 3 349library, including support for color. 350.It 351Updates of most third party packages that are shipped in the base 352system, including 353.Xr file 1 , 354.Xr ipfilter 4 , 355.Xr ppp 4 , 356and 357.Xr sendmail 8 358to the latest stable release. 359.It 360Many new packages in the 361.Em pkgsrc 362system, including standard desktops like KDE and GNOME as well as latest 363Tcl/Tk and perl and many of the components of the Java Enterprise platform. 364The package framework itself now has full wildcard dependency support. 365.bullet) 366.Pp 367As has been noted, there have also been innumerable bug fixes. 368.Pp 369Kernel interfaces have continued to be refined, and more subsystems 370and device drivers are shared among the different ports. You can look 371for this trend to continue. 372.Pp 373.so whatis ----------------------------------------------- 374.\} \" \n[FOR_RELEASE] 375. 376.Ss "The Future of NetBSD" 377.Pp 378. 379The 380.Nx 381Foundation has been incorporated as a non-profit 382organization. Its purpose is to encourage, foster and promote the 383free exchange of computer software, namely the 384.Nx 385Operating 386System. The foundation will allow for many things to be handled more 387smoothly than could be done with our previous informal organization. 388In particular, it provides the framework to deal with other parties 389that wish to become involved in the 390.Nx 391Project. 392.Pp 393The 394.Nx 395Foundation will help improve the quality of 396.Nx 397by: 398.(bullet 399providing better organization to keep track of development 400efforts, including co-ordination with groups working in 401related fields. 402.It 403providing a framework to receive donations of goods and 404services and to own the resources necessary to run the 405.Nx 406Project. 407.It 408providing a better position from which to undertake 409promotional activities. 410.It 411periodically organizing workshops for developers and other 412interested people to discuss ongoing work. 413.bullet) 414.Pp 415We intend to begin narrowing the time delay between releases. Our 416ambition is to provide a full release every six to eight months. 417.Pp 418We hope to support even 419.Em more 420hardware in the future, and we have a 421rather large number of other ideas about what can be done to improve 422.Nx . 423.Pp 424We intend to continue our current practice of making the 425NetBSD-current development source available on a daily basis. 426.Pp 427We intend to integrate free, positive changes from whatever sources 428submit them, providing that they are well thought-out and increase the 429usability of the system. 430.Pp 431Above all, we hope to create a stable and accessible system, and to be 432responsive to the needs and desires of 433.Nx 434users, because it is for 435and because of them that 436.Nx 437exists. 438.br_ne 10P 439. 440.Ss "Sources of NetBSD" 441.Pp 442. 443Refer to 444.Lk http://www.netbsd.org/Sites/net.html . 445.br_ne 10P 446. 447.Ss "NetBSD \*V Release Contents 448.Pp 449. 450The root directory of the 451.Nx \*V 452release is organized as follows: 453.ie \n[FOR_RELEASE] \{\ 454.Pp 455.Pa .../NetBSD-\*V/ 456.(tag LAST_MINUTE 457.It Li CHANGES 458Changes since earlier 459.Nx 460releases. 461.It Li LAST_MINUTE 462Last minute changes. 463.It Li MIRRORS 464A list of sites that mirror the 465.Nx \*V 466distribution. 467.It Li README.files 468README describing the distribution's contents. 469.It Li TODO 470.Nx 's 471todo list (also somewhat incomplete and out of date). 472.It Pa patches/ 473Post-release source code patches. 474.It Pa source/ 475Source distribution sets; see below. 476.tag) 477.Pp 478In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one 479directory per architecture, for each of the architectures for which 480.Nx \*V 481has a binary distribution. 482There are also 483.Pa README.export-control 484files sprinkled liberally throughout the 485distribution tree, which point out that there are some portions of the 486distribution that may be subject to 487export regulations of the United States, e.g. 488code under 489.Pa src/crypto 490and 491.Pa src/sys/crypto . 492It is your responsibility 493to determine whether or not it is legal for you to export these portions 494and to act accordingly. 495.Pp 496The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the 497.Pa source 498subdirectory of the distribution tree. They contain the 499complete sources to the system. The source distribution sets 500are as follows: 501.(tag sharesrc 502.It Sy gnusrc 503This set contains the 504.Dq gnu 505sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, 506and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets. 507.br 508.Em 22.3 MB gzipped, 98.8 MB uncompressed 509.It Sy pkgsrc 510This set contains the 511.Dq pkgsrc 512sources, which contain the infrastructure to build third-party packages. 513.br 514.Em 5.6 MB gzipped, 57.0 MB uncompressed 515.It Sy sharesrc 516This set contains the 517.Dq share 518sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associated 519with any particular program, the sources for the typesettable document 520set, the dictionaries, and more. 521.br 522.Em 3.3 MB gzipped, 13.2 MB uncompressed 523.It Sy src 524This set contains all of the base 525.Nx \*V 526sources which are not in 527.Sy gnusrc , 528.Sy sharesrc , 529or 530.Sy syssrc . 531.br 532.Em 24.2 MB gzipped, 120.6 MB uncompressed 533.It Sy syssrc 534This set contains the sources to the 535.Nx \*V 536kernel for all architectures, 537.Xr config 8 , 538and 539.Xr dbsym 8 . 540.br 541.Em 17.6 MB gzipped, 88.6 MB uncompressed 542.It Sy xsrc 543This set contains the sources to the X Window System. 544.br 545.Em 35.2 MB gzipped, 176.8 MB uncompressed 546.tag) 547.Pp 548All the above source sets are located in the 549.Pa source/sets 550subdirectory of the distribution tree. 551.Pp 552The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files. They may be 553unpacked into 554.Pa /usr/src 555with the command: 556.Pp 557.Dl # Ic "( cd / ; tar -zxpf - ) < set_name.tgz" 558.Pp 559The 560.Pa sets/Split/ 561subdirectory contains split 562versions of the source sets for those users who need to load the 563source sets from floppy or otherwise need a split distribution. The 564split sets are named 565.Pa "set_name." Ns Ar xx 566where 567.Pa set_name 568is the distribution set name, and 569.Ar xx 570is the sequence number of the file, 571starting with 572.Dq aa 573for the first file in the distribution set, then 574.Dq ab 575for the next, and so on. All of these files except the last one 576of each set should be exactly 240,640 bytes long. (The last file is 577just long enough to contain the remainder of the data for that 578distribution set.) 579.Pp 580The split distributions may be reassembled and extracted with 581.Ic cat 582as follows: 583.Pp 584.Dl # Ic "cat set_name.?? | ( cd / ; tar -zxpf - )" 585.Pp 586In each of the source distribution set directories, there are 587files which contain the checksums of the files in the directory: 588.(tag SYSVSUM -offset indent 589.It Li BSDSUM 590Historic 591.Bx 592checksums for the various files 593in that directory, in the format produced by the command: 594.Ic cksum -o 1 Ar file 595.It Li CKSUM 596.Tn POSIX 597checksums for the various files in that 598directory, in the format produced by the command: 599.Ic cksum Ar file . 600.It Li MD5 601.Tn MD5 602digests for the various files in that 603directory, in the format produced by the command: 604.Ic cksum Fl m Ar file . 605.It Li SYSVSUM 606Historic AT\*&T System V 607.Ux 608checksums for the various files in that directory, in the format produced by 609the command: 610.Ic cksum Fl o 2 Ar file . 611.tag) 612.Pp 613The MD5 digest is the safest checksum, followed by the POSIX 614checksum. The other two checksums are provided only to ensure 615that the widest possible range of system can check the integrity 616of the release files. 617.\} 618.el \{\ 619.Pp 620.Pa \&.../NetBSD-current/tar_files/ 621.(item -compact -offset indent 622.Pa doc.tar.gz 623.It 624.Pa pkgsrc.tar.gz 625.It 626.Pa src/*.tar.gz 627.It 628.Pa xsrc/*.tar.gz 629.item) 630.Pp 631Other directories provide unpacked source trees for distribution via 632the source update protocol, for more information see: 633.Lk http://www.netbsd.org/Sites/net.html#sup 634.\} 635. 636. 637.so ../common/contents ----------------------------------------------- 638. 639. 640.(Note 641Each directory in the \*M binary distribution also has its 642own checksum files, just as the source distribution does. 643.Note) 644.br_ne 7P 645. 646.Ss "NetBSD/\*M System Requirements and Supported Devices" 647. 648.so hardware ----------------------------------------------- 649.br_ne 7P 650. 651.Ss "Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media" 652. 653.so xfer ----------------------------------------------- 654.br_ne 7P 655. 656.Ss "Preparing your System for NetBSD installation" 657. 658.so prep ----------------------------------------------- 659.br_ne 7P 660. 661.Ss "Installing the NetBSD System" 662. 663.so install ----------------------------------------------- 664.br_ne 7P 665. 666.Ss "Post installation steps" 667. 668.so ../common/postinstall ----------------------------------------------- 669.br_ne 7P 670. 671.Ss "Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System" 672. 673.so upgrade ----------------------------------------------- 674.br_ne 7P 675. 676.Ss "Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases" 677.Pp 678. 679Users upgrading from previous versions of 680.Nx 681may wish to bear the 682following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to 683.Nx \*V . 684.Ss2 General issues 685.(bullet 686.Pa /etc/rc 687modified to use 688.Pa /etc/rc.d/* 689.Pp 690In previous releases of 691.Nx , 692.Pa /etc/rc 693was a traditional 694.Bx 695style monolithic file. 696As of 697.Nx 1.5 , 698each discrete program or substem from 699.Pa /etc/rc 700and 701.Pa /etc/netstart 702has been moved into separate scripts in 703.Pa /etc/rc.d/ . 704.Pp 705At system startup, 706.Pa /etc/rc 707uses 708.Xr rcorder 8 709to build a dependency list of the files in 710.Pa /etc/rc.d 711and then executes each script in turn with an argument of 712.Sq start . 713Many 714.Pa rc.d 715scripts won't start unless the appropriate 716.Xr rc.conf 5 717entry in 718.Pa /etc/rc.conf 719is set to 720.Sq YES. 721.Pp 722At system shutdown, 723.Pa /etc/rc.shutdown 724uses 725.Xr rcorder 8 726to build a dependency list of the files in 727.Pa /etc/rc.d 728that have a 729.Dq "KEYWORD: shutdown" 730line, reverses the resulting list, and then executes each script in turn 731with an argument of 732.Sq stop . 733The following scripts support a specific shutdown method: 734.Pa cron , 735.Pa inetd , 736.Pa local , 737and 738.Pa xdm . 739.Pp 740Local and third-party scripts may be installed into 741.Pa /etc/rc.d 742as necessary. 743Refer to the other scripts in that directory and 744.Xr rc 8 745for more information on implementing 746.Pa rc.d 747scripts. 748.bullet) 749.Ss2 Issues affecting an upgrading from NetBSD 1.4 or later 750.(bullet 751.Xr named 8 752leaks version information 753. 754.Pp 755Previous releases of 756.Nx 757disabled a feature of 758.Xr named 8 759where the version number of the server could be determined by remote clients. 760This feature has not been disabled in 761.Nx 1.5 , 762because there is a 763.Xr named.conf 5 764option to change the version string: 765.(disp 766option { 767 version "newstring"; 768}; 769.disp) 770. 771.It 772.Xr sysctl 8 773pathname changed 774. 775.Pp 776.Xr sysctl 8 777is moved from 778.Pa /usr/sbin/sysctl 779to 780.Pa /sbin/sysctl . 781If you have hardcoded references to the full pathname 782.Pq in shell scripts, for example 783please be sure to update those. 784.\" 785.It 786.Xr sendmail 8 787configuration file pathname changed 788. 789.Pp 790Due to 791.Xr sendmail 8 792upgrade from 8.9.x to 8.10.x, 793.Pa /etc/sendmail.cf 794is moved to 795.Pa /etc/mail/sendmail.cf . 796Also, the default 797.Xr sendmail.cf 5 798refers different pathnames than before. 799For example, 800.Pa /etc/aliases 801is now located at 802.Pa /etc/mail/aliases , 803.Pa /etc/sendmail.cw 804is now called 805.Pa /etc/mail/local-host-names , 806and so forth. 807If you have customized 808.Xr sendmail.cf 5 809and friends, you will need to move the files to the new locations. 810See 811.Pa /usr/share/sendmail/README 812for more information. 813.bullet) 814. 815.Pp 816. 817. 818.Ss "Using online NetBSD documentation" 819.Pp 820Documentation is available if you first install the manual 821distribution set. Traditionally, the 822.Dq man pages 823(documentation) are denoted by 824.Sq Li name(section) . 825Some examples of this are 826.Pp 827.(bullet -compact -offset indent 828.Xr intro 1 , 829.It 830.Xr man 1 , 831.It 832.Xr apropros 1 , 833.It 834.Xr passwd 1 , 835and 836.It 837.Xr passwd 5 . 838.bullet) 839.Pp 840The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but three 841are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats 842are in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8. 843.Pp 844.No The Em man 845command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is 846started by entering 847.Ic man Op Ar section 848.Ar topic . 849The brackets 850.Op \& 851around the 852section should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is 853optional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the 854lowest numbered section name will be displayed. For instance, after 855logging in, enter 856.Pp 857.Dl # Ic "man passwd" 858.Pp 859to read the documentation for 860.Xr passwd 1 . 861To view the documentation for 862.Xr passwd 5 , 863enter 864.Pp 865.Dl # Ic "man 5 passwd" 866.Pp 867instead. 868.Pp 869If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter 870.Ic apropos Ar subject-word 871.Pp 872where 873.Ar subject-word 874is your topic of interest; a list of possibly 875related man pages will be displayed. 876. 877.Ss Administrivia 878.Pp 879. 880If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your input. 881There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list 882server at 883.Mt majordomo@netbsd.org . 884To get help on using the mailing 885list server, send mail to that address with an empty body, and it will 886reply with instructions. 887.Pp 888There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and 889questions about this release. Please send comments to: 890.Mt netbsd-comments@netbsd.org . 891.Pp 892To report bugs, use the 893.Xr send-pr 1 894command shipped with 895.Nx , 896and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good 897bug reports include lots of details. Additionally, bug reports can 898be sent by mail to: 899.Mt netbsd-bugs@netbsd.org . 900.Pp 901Use of 902.Xr send-pr 1 903is encouraged, however, because bugs reported with it 904are entered into the 905.Nx 906bugs database, and thus can't slip through 907the cracks. 908.Pp 909There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of 910each port of 911.Nx . 912Use majordomo to find their addresses, or visit 913.Lk http://www.netbsd.org/MailingLists/ . 914If 915you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific 916port, you probably should contact the 917.Sq owner 918of that port (listed 919below). 920.Pp 921If you'd like to help with this effort, and have an idea as to how 922you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to: 923.Mt netbsd-help@netbsd.org . 924.Pp 925As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these 926mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up 927for FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appropriate list about it, or, if 928you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data 929to those who want it. 930. 931.Ss Thanks go to 932. 933.(bullet 934The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research Group, 935including (but not limited to): 936.Bd -unfilled -offset indent 937Keith Bostic 938Ralph Campbell 939Mike Karels 940Marshall Kirk McKusick 941.Ed 942.Pp 943for their ongoing work on 944.Bx 945systems, support, and encouragement. 946.It 947Also, our thanks go to: 948.Bd -unfilled -offset indent 949Mike Hibler 950Rick Macklem 951Jan-Simon Pendry 952Chris Torek 953.Ed 954.Pp 955for answering lots of questions, fixing bugs, and doing the various work 956they've done. 957.It 958UC Berkeley's Experimental Computing Facility provided a home for 959sun-lamp in the past, people to look after it, and a sense of humor. 960Rob Robertson, too, has added his unique sense of humor to things, and 961for a long time provided the primary FTP site for 962.Nx . 963.It 964Vixie Enterprises for hosting the 965.Nx 966FTP, SUP, and WWW servers. 967.It 968Redback Networks, Inc. for hosting the 969.Nx 970mail and GNATS server. 971.It 972The Helsinki University of Technology in Finland for hosting the 973.Nx 974CVS server. 975.It 976The Internet Research Institute in Japan for hosting the server 977which runs the CVSweb interface to the 978.Nx 979source tree. 980.It 981The many organisations that provide 982.Nx 983mirror sites. 984.It 985Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage, so our hats 986go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various other people 987who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool. 988.It 989Dave Burgess 990.Mt burgess@cynjut.infonet.net 991has been maintaining the 992386BSD/NetBSD/FreeBSD FAQ for quite some time, and deserves to be 993recognized for it. 994.It 995The following individuals and organizations (each in alphabetical order) 996have made donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to support 997.Nx 998development, and deserve credit for it: 999.so ../common/donations ----------------------------------------------- 1000(If you're not on that list and should be, tell us! We probably were 1001not able to get in touch with you, to verify that you wanted to be 1002listed.) 1003.It 1004Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and tears into 1005developing 1006.Nx 1007since its inception in January, 1993. (Obviously, 1008there are a lot more people who deserve thanks here. If you're one of 1009them, and would like to mentioned, tell us!) 1010.bullet) 1011. 1012.Ss "We are..." 1013. 1014.Pp 1015(in alphabetical order) 1016.Pp 1017. 1018. 1019.Bl -column xxx "Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino" Mt sommerfeld@netbsd.org newsmips 1020. 1021.br_ne 1i 1022.It-span Em "The NetBSD core group:" 1023.It Ta Ta 1024.It Ta Alistair Crooks Ta Mt agc@netbsd.org 1025.It Ta Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino Ta Mt itojun@netbsd.org 1026.It Ta Frank van der Linden Ta Mt fvdl@netbsd.org 1027.It Ta Luke Mewburn Ta Mt lukem@netbsd.org 1028.It Ta Christos Zoulas Ta Mt christos@netbsd.org 1029.It Ta Ta 1030.br_ne 2i 1031.It-span Em "The portmasters (and their ports):" 1032.It Ta Ta 1033.It Ta Mark Brinicombe Ta Mt mark@netbsd.org Ta Sy arm32 1034.It Ta Jeremy Cooper Ta Mt jeremy@netbsd.org Ta Sy sun3x 1035.It Ta Ross Harvey Ta Mt ross@netbsd.org Ta Sy alpha 1036.It Ta "Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino" Ta Mt itojun@netbsd.org Ta Sy sh3 1037.It Ta Ben Harris Ta Mt bjh21@netbsd.org Ta Sy arm26 1038.It Ta Eduardo Horvath Ta Mt eeh@netbsd.org Ta Sy sparc64 1039.It Ta Darrin Jewell Ta Mt dbj@netbsd.org Ta Sy next68k 1040.It Ta S\(/oren J\(/orvang Ta Mt soren@netbsd.org Ta Sy cobalt 1041.It Ta S\(/oren J\(/orvang Ta Mt soren@netbsd.org Ta Sy sgimips 1042.It Ta Wayne Knowles Ta Mt wdk@netbsd.org Ta Sy mipsco 1043.It Ta Paul Kranenburg Ta Mt pk@netbsd.org Ta Sy sparc 1044.It Ta Anders Magnusson Ta Mt ragge@netbsd.org Ta Sy vax 1045.It Ta Minoura Makoto Ta Mt minoura@netbsd.org Ta Sy x68k 1046.It Ta Phil Nelson Ta Mt phil@netbsd.org Ta Sy pc532 1047.It Ta Tohru Nishimura Ta Mt nisimura@netbsd.org Ta Sy luna68k 1048.It Ta NONAKA Kimihiro Ta Mt nonaka@netbsd.org Ta Sy prep 1049.It Ta Scott Reynolds Ta Mt scottr@netbsd.org Ta Sy mac68k 1050.It Ta Kazuki Sakamoto Ta Mt sakamoto@netbsd.org Ta Sy bebox 1051.It Ta Noriyuki Soda Ta Mt soda@netbsd.org Ta Sy arc 1052.It Ta Wolfgang Solfrank Ta Mt ws@netbsd.org Ta Sy ofppc 1053.It Ta Ignatios Souvatzis Ta Mt is@netbsd.org Ta Sy amiga 1054.It Ta Jonathan Stone Ta Mt jonathan@netbsd.org Ta Sy pmax 1055.It Ta Shin Takemura Ta Mt takemura@netbsd.org Ta Sy hpcmips 1056.It Ta Jason Thorpe Ta Mt thorpej@netbsd.org Ta Sy alpha 1057.It Ta Jason Thorpe Ta Mt thorpej@netbsd.org Ta Sy hp300 1058.It Ta Tsubai Masanari Ta Mt tsubai@netbsd.org Ta Sy macppc 1059.It Ta Tsubai Masanari Ta Mt tsubai@netbsd.org Ta Sy newsmips 1060.It Ta Izumi Tsutsui Ta Mt tsutsui@netbsd.org Ta Sy news68k 1061.It Ta "Frank van der Linden" Ta Mt fvdl@netbsd.org Ta Sy i386 1062.It Ta Leo Weppelman Ta Mt leo@netbsd.org Ta Sy atari 1063.It Ta Nathan Williams Ta Mt nathanw@netbsd.org Ta Sy sun3 1064.It Ta Steve Woodford Ta Mt scw@netbsd.org Ta Sy mvme68k 1065.It Ta Ta 1066.br_ne 1i 1067.It-span Em "The NetBSD \*V Release Engineering team:" 1068.It Ta Ta 1069.It Ta Chris G. Demetriou Ta Mt cgd@netbsd.org 1070.It Ta Havard Eidnes Ta Mt he@netbsd.org 1071.It Ta Ted Lemon Ta Mt mellon@netbsd.org 1072.It Ta John Hawkinson Ta Mt jhawk@netbsd.org 1073.It Ta Perry Metzger Ta Mt perry@netbsd.org 1074.It Ta Curt Sampson Ta Mt cjs@netbsd.org 1075.It Ta Jason Thorpe Ta Mt thorpej@netbsd.org 1076.It Ta Todd Vierling Ta Mt tv@netbsd.org 1077.It Ta Ta 1078.br_ne 2i 1079.It-span Em "Developers and other contributors:" 1080.It Ta Ta 1081.It Ta Steve Allen Ta Mt wormey@netbsd.org 1082.It Ta Julian Assange Ta Mt proff@netbsd.org 1083.It Ta Lennart Augustsson Ta Mt augustss@netbsd.org 1084.It Ta Christoph Badura Ta Mt bad@netbsd.org 1085.It Ta Robert V. Baron Ta Mt rvb@netbsd.org 1086.It Ta Jason Beegan Ta Mt jtb@netbsd.org 1087.It Ta Erik Berls Ta Mt cyber@netbsd.org 1088.It Ta John Birrell Ta Mt jb@netbsd.org 1089.It Ta Mason Loring Bliss Ta Mt mason@netbsd.org 1090.It Ta Manuel Bouyer Ta Mt bouyer@netbsd.org 1091.It Ta John Brezak Ta Mt brezak@netbsd.org 1092.It Ta Allen Briggs Ta Mt briggs@netbsd.org 1093.It Ta Aaron Brown Ta Mt abrown@netbsd.org 1094.It Ta Andrew Brown Ta Mt atatat@netbsd.org 1095.It Ta David Brownlee Ta Mt abs@netbsd.org 1096.It Ta Frederick Bruckman Ta Mt fredb@netbsd.org 1097.It Ta Jon Buller Ta Mt jonb@netbsd.org 1098.It Ta Simon Burge Ta Mt simonb@netbsd.org 1099.It Ta Dave Burgess Ta Mt burgess@cynjut.infonet.net 1100.It Ta Robert Byrnes Ta Mt byrnes@netbsd.org 1101.It Ta D'Arcy J.M. Cain Ta Mt darcy@netbsd.org 1102.It Ta Dave Carrel Ta Mt carrel@netbsd.org 1103.It Ta James Chacon Ta Mt jmc@netbsd.org 1104.It Ta Bill Coldwell Ta Mt billc@netbsd.org 1105.It Ta Julian Coleman Ta Mt jdc@netbsd.org 1106.It Ta Chuck Cranor Ta Mt chuck@netbsd.org 1107.It Ta Aidan Cully Ta Mt aidan@netbsd.org 1108.It Ta Johan Danielsson Ta Mt joda@netbsd.org 1109.It Ta Matt DeBergalis Ta Mt deberg@netbsd.org 1110.It Ta Rob Deker Ta Mt deker@netbsd.org 1111.It Ta Chris G. Demetriou Ta Mt cgd@netbsd.org 1112.It Ta Jaromir Dolecek Ta Mt jdolecek@netbsd.org 1113.It Ta Andy Doran Ta Mt ad@netbsd.org 1114.It Ta Roland Dowdeswell Ta Mt elric@netbsd.org 1115.It Ta Matthias Drochner Ta Mt drochner@netbsd.org 1116.It Ta Jun Ebihara Ta Mt jun@netbsd.org 1117.It Ta Havard Eidnes Ta Mt he@netbsd.org 1118.It Ta Enami Tsugutomo Ta Mt enami@netbsd.org 1119.It Ta Bernd Ernesti Ta Mt veego@netbsd.org 1120.It Ta Erik Fair Ta Mt fair@netbsd.org 1121.It Ta Hubert Feyrer Ta Mt hubertf@netbsd.org 1122.It Ta Thorsten Frueauf Ta Mt frueauf@netbsd.org 1123.It Ta Castor Fu Ta Mt castor@netbsd.org 1124.It Ta Ichiro Fukuhara Ta Mt ichiro@netbsd.org 1125.It Ta Brian R. Gaeke Ta Mt brg@dgate.org 1126.It Ta Thomas Gerner Ta Mt thomas@netbsd.org 1127.It Ta Simon J. Gerraty Ta Mt sjg@netbsd.org 1128.It Ta Justin Gibbs Ta Mt gibbs@netbsd.org 1129.It Ta Adam Glass Ta Mt glass@netbsd.org 1130.It Ta Michael Graff Ta Mt explorer@netbsd.org 1131.It Ta Brad Grantham Ta Mt grantham@tenon.com 1132.It Ta Brian C. Grayson Ta Mt bgrayson@netbsd.org 1133.It Ta Matthew Green Ta Mt mrg@netbsd.org 1134.It Ta Juergen Hannken-Illjes Ta Mt hannken@netbsd.org 1135.It Ta Charles M. Hannum Ta Mt mycroft@netbsd.org 1136.It Ta Eric Haszlakiewicz Ta Mt erh@netbsd.org 1137.It Ta John Hawkinson Ta Mt jhawk@netbsd.org 1138.It Ta HAYAKAWA Koichi Ta Mt haya@netbsd.org 1139.It Ta Ren\('e Hexel Ta Mt rh@netbsd.org 1140.It Ta Michael L. Hitch Ta Mt mhitch@netbsd.org 1141.It Ta Christian E. Hopps Ta Mt chopps@netbsd.org 1142.It Ta Ken Hornstein Ta Mt kenh@netbsd.org 1143.It Ta Marc Horowitz Ta Mt marc@netbsd.org 1144.It Ta Nick Hudson Ta Mt skrll@netbsd.org 1145.It Ta Martin Husemann Ta Mt martin@netbsd.org 1146.It Ta Dean Huxley Ta Mt dean@netbsd.org 1147.It Ta Bernardo Innocenti Ta Mt bernie@netbsd.org 1148.It Ta ITOH Yasufumi Ta Mt itohy@netbsd.org 1149.It Ta IWAMOTO Toshihiro Ta Mt toshii@netbsd.org 1150.It Ta Matthew Jacob Ta Mt mjacob@netbsd.org 1151.It Ta Lonhyn T. Jasinskyj Ta Mt lonhyn@netbsd.org 1152.It Ta Chris Jones Ta Mt cjones@netbsd.org 1153.It Ta Takahiro Kambe Ta Mt taca@netbsd.org 1154.It Ta Antti Kantee Ta Mt pooka@netbsd.org 1155.It Ta Lawrence Kesteloot Ta Mt kesteloo@cs.unc.edu 1156.It Ta Thomas Klausner Ta Mt wiz@netbsd.org 1157.It Ta Klaus Klein Ta Mt kleink@netbsd.org 1158.It Ta Wayne Knowles Ta Mt wdk@netbsd.org 1159.It Ta John Kohl Ta Mt jtk@netbsd.org 1160.It Ta Kevin Lahey Ta Mt kml@netbsd.org 1161.It Ta Johnny C. Lam Ta Mt jlam@netbsd.org 1162.It Ta Martin J. Laubach Ta Mt mjl@netbsd.org 1163.It Ta Ted Lemon Ta Mt mellon@netbsd.org 1164.It Ta Joel Lindholm Ta Mt joel@netbsd.org 1165.It Ta Mike Long Ta Mt mikel@netbsd.org 1166.It Ta Warner Losh Ta Mt imp@netbsd.org 1167.It Ta Federico Lupi Ta Mt federico@netbsd.org 1168.It Ta Brett Lymn Ta Mt blymn@netbsd.org 1169.It Ta Paul Mackerras Ta Mt paulus@netbsd.org 1170.It Ta David Maxwell Ta Mt david@netbsd.org 1171.It Ta Dan McMahill Ta Mt dmcmahill@netbsd.org 1172.It Ta Gregory McGarry Ta Mt gmcgarry@netbsd.org 1173.It Ta Neil J. McRae Ta Mt neil@netbsd.org 1174.It Ta Perry Metzger Ta Mt perry@netbsd.org 1175.It Ta der Mouse Ta Mt mouse@netbsd.org 1176.It Ta Joseph Myers Ta Mt jsm@netbsd.org 1177.It Ta Ken Nakata Ta Mt kenn@netbsd.org 1178.It Ta Bob Nestor Ta Mt rnestor@netbsd.org 1179.It Ta NONAKA Kimihiro Ta Mt nonaka@netbsd.org 1180.It Ta Jesse Off Ta Mt joff@netbsd.org 1181.It Ta Tatoku Ogaito Ta Mt tacha@netbsd.org 1182.It Ta Masaru Oki Ta Mt oki@netbsd.org 1183.It Ta Atsushi Onoe Ta Mt onoe@netbsd.org 1184.It Ta Greg Oster Ta Mt oster@netbsd.org 1185.It Ta Herb Peyerl Ta Mt hpeyerl@netbsd.org 1186.It Ta Matthias Pfaller Ta Mt matthias@netbsd.org 1187.It Ta Dante Profeta Ta Mt dante@netbsd.org 1188.It Ta Chris Provenzano Ta Mt proven@netbsd.org 1189.It Ta Waldi Ravens Ta Mt waldi@moacs.indiv.nl.net 1190.It Ta Darren Reed Ta Mt darrenr@netbsd.org 1191.It Ta Michael Richardson Ta Mt mcr@netbsd.org 1192.It Ta Tim Rightnour Ta Mt garbled@netbsd.org 1193.It Ta Gordon Ross Ta Mt gwr@netbsd.org 1194.It Ta Heiko W. Rupp Ta Mt hwr@netbsd.org 1195.It Ta SAITOH Masanobu Ta Mt msaitoh@netbsd.org 1196.It Ta Curt Sampson Ta Mt cjs@netbsd.org 1197.It Ta Wilfredo Sanchez Ta Mt wsanchez@netbsd.org 1198.It Ta Ty Sarna Ta Mt tsarna@netbsd.org 1199.It Ta SATO Kazumi Ta Mt sato@netbsd.org 1200.It Ta Matthias Scheler Ta Mt tron@netbsd.org 1201.It Ta Karl Schilke (rAT) Ta Mt rat@netbsd.org 1202.It Ta Konrad Schroder Ta Mt perseant@netbsd.org 1203.It Ta Reed Shadgett Ta Mt dent@netbsd.org 1204.It Ta Tim Shepard Ta Mt shep@netbsd.org 1205.It Ta Takao Shinohara Ta Mt shin@netbsd.org 1206.It Ta Takuya SHIOZAKI Ta Mt tshiozak@netbsd.org 1207.It Ta Chuck Silvers Ta Mt chs@netbsd.org 1208.It Ta Thor Lancelot Simon Ta Mt tls@netbsd.org 1209.It Ta Jeff Smith Ta Mt jeffs@netbsd.org 1210.It Ta Bill Sommerfeld Ta Mt sommerfeld@netbsd.org 1211.It Ta Bill Squier Ta Mt groo@netbsd.org 1212.It Ta Bill Studenmund Ta Mt wrstuden@netbsd.org 1213.It Ta Kevin Sullivan Ta Mt sullivan@netbsd.org 1214.It Ta SUNAGAWA Keiki Ta Mt kei@netbsd.org 1215.It Ta Kimmo Suominen Ta Mt kim@netbsd.org 1216.It Ta TAMURA Kent Ta Mt kent@netbsd.org 1217.It Ta Shin'ichiro TAYA Ta Mt taya@netbsd.org 1218.It Ta Matt Thomas Ta Mt matt@netbsd.org 1219.It Ta Christoph Toshok Ta Mt toshok@netbsd.org 1220.It Ta UCHIYAMA Yasushi Ta Mt uch@netbsd.org 1221.It Ta Shuichiro URATA Ta Mt ur@netbsd.org 1222.It Ta Todd Vierling Ta Mt tv@netbsd.org 1223.It Ta Aymeric Vincent Ta Mt aymeric@netbsd.org 1224.It Ta Paul Vixie Ta Mt vixie@netbsd.org 1225.It Ta Krister Walfridsson Ta Mt kristerw@netbsd.org 1226.It Ta Lex Wennmacher Ta Mt wennmach@netbsd.org 1227.It Ta Assar Westerlund Ta Mt assar@netbsd.org 1228.It Ta Todd Whitesel Ta Mt toddpw@netbsd.org 1229.It Ta Rob Windsor Ta Mt windsor@netbsd.org 1230.It Ta Dan Winship Ta Mt danw@netbsd.org 1231.It Ta Jim Wise Ta Mt jwise@netbsd.org 1232.It Ta Michael Wolfson Ta Mt mbw@netbsd.org 1233.It Ta Colin Wood Ta Mt ender@netbsd.org 1234.It Ta Reinoud Zandijk Ta Mt reinoud@netbsd.org 1235. 1236.El 1237. 1238.Ss "Legal Mumbo-Jumbo" 1239.Pp 1240. 1241All product names mentioned herein are trademarks or registered 1242trademarks of their respective owners. 1243.Pp 1244The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms of 1245the software that we have mentioned in this document: 1246.Pp 1247.nr save_size \n[.s] 1248.nr save_vs \n[.v] 1249.ps 8 1250.vs 9 1251.Ht <font size=-1> 1252.so ../common/legal.common ----------------------------------------------- 1253.so legal ----------------------------------------------- 1254.Ht </font> 1255.ps 1256.vs 1257