xref: /netbsd-src/crypto/external/bsd/openssh/dist/misc.c (revision f3cfa6f6ce31685c6c4a758bc430e69eb99f50a4)
1 /*	$NetBSD: misc.c,v 1.20 2019/04/20 17:16:40 christos Exp $	*/
2 /* $OpenBSD: misc.c,v 1.137 2019/01/23 21:50:56 dtucker Exp $ */
3 /*
4  * Copyright (c) 2000 Markus Friedl.  All rights reserved.
5  * Copyright (c) 2005,2006 Damien Miller.  All rights reserved.
6  *
7  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
8  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
9  * are met:
10  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
11  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
12  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
13  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
14  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
15  *
16  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
17  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
18  * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
19  * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
20  * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
21  * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
22  * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
23  * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
24  * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
25  * THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
26  */
27 
28 #include "includes.h"
29 __RCSID("$NetBSD: misc.c,v 1.20 2019/04/20 17:16:40 christos Exp $");
30 #include <sys/types.h>
31 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
32 #include <sys/socket.h>
33 #include <sys/stat.h>
34 #include <sys/time.h>
35 #include <sys/wait.h>
36 #include <sys/un.h>
37 
38 #include <net/if.h>
39 #include <net/if_tun.h>
40 #include <netinet/in.h>
41 #include <netinet/ip.h>
42 #include <netinet/tcp.h>
43 #include <arpa/inet.h>
44 
45 #include <ctype.h>
46 #include <errno.h>
47 #include <fcntl.h>
48 #include <netdb.h>
49 #include <paths.h>
50 #include <pwd.h>
51 #include <libgen.h>
52 #include <limits.h>
53 #include <poll.h>
54 #include <signal.h>
55 #include <stdarg.h>
56 #include <stdio.h>
57 #include <stdlib.h>
58 #include <string.h>
59 #include <unistd.h>
60 
61 #include "xmalloc.h"
62 #include "misc.h"
63 #include "log.h"
64 #include "ssh.h"
65 #include "sshbuf.h"
66 #include "ssherr.h"
67 
68 /* remove newline at end of string */
69 char *
70 chop(char *s)
71 {
72 	char *t = s;
73 	while (*t) {
74 		if (*t == '\n' || *t == '\r') {
75 			*t = '\0';
76 			return s;
77 		}
78 		t++;
79 	}
80 	return s;
81 
82 }
83 
84 /* set/unset filedescriptor to non-blocking */
85 int
86 set_nonblock(int fd)
87 {
88 	int val;
89 
90 	val = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL);
91 	if (val < 0) {
92 		error("fcntl(%d, F_GETFL): %s", fd, strerror(errno));
93 		return (-1);
94 	}
95 	if (val & O_NONBLOCK) {
96 		debug3("fd %d is O_NONBLOCK", fd);
97 		return (0);
98 	}
99 	debug2("fd %d setting O_NONBLOCK", fd);
100 	val |= O_NONBLOCK;
101 	if (fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, val) == -1) {
102 		debug("fcntl(%d, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK): %s", fd,
103 		    strerror(errno));
104 		return (-1);
105 	}
106 	return (0);
107 }
108 
109 int
110 unset_nonblock(int fd)
111 {
112 	int val;
113 
114 	val = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL);
115 	if (val < 0) {
116 		error("fcntl(%d, F_GETFL): %s", fd, strerror(errno));
117 		return (-1);
118 	}
119 	if (!(val & O_NONBLOCK)) {
120 		debug3("fd %d is not O_NONBLOCK", fd);
121 		return (0);
122 	}
123 	debug("fd %d clearing O_NONBLOCK", fd);
124 	val &= ~O_NONBLOCK;
125 	if (fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, val) == -1) {
126 		debug("fcntl(%d, F_SETFL, ~O_NONBLOCK): %s",
127 		    fd, strerror(errno));
128 		return (-1);
129 	}
130 	return (0);
131 }
132 
133 const char *
134 ssh_gai_strerror(int gaierr)
135 {
136 	if (gaierr == EAI_SYSTEM && errno != 0)
137 		return strerror(errno);
138 	return gai_strerror(gaierr);
139 }
140 
141 /* disable nagle on socket */
142 void
143 set_nodelay(int fd)
144 {
145 	int opt;
146 	socklen_t optlen;
147 
148 	optlen = sizeof opt;
149 	if (getsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, &opt, &optlen) == -1) {
150 		debug("getsockopt TCP_NODELAY: %.100s", strerror(errno));
151 		return;
152 	}
153 	if (opt == 1) {
154 		debug2("fd %d is TCP_NODELAY", fd);
155 		return;
156 	}
157 	opt = 1;
158 	debug2("fd %d setting TCP_NODELAY", fd);
159 	if (setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, &opt, sizeof opt) == -1)
160 		error("setsockopt TCP_NODELAY: %.100s", strerror(errno));
161 }
162 
163 /* Allow local port reuse in TIME_WAIT */
164 int
165 set_reuseaddr(int fd)
166 {
167 	int on = 1;
168 
169 	if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &on, sizeof(on)) == -1) {
170 		error("setsockopt SO_REUSEADDR fd %d: %s", fd, strerror(errno));
171 		return -1;
172 	}
173 	return 0;
174 }
175 
176 /* Get/set routing domain */
177 char *
178 get_rdomain(int fd)
179 {
180 #ifdef SO_RTABLE
181 	int rtable;
182 	char *ret;
183 	socklen_t len = sizeof(rtable);
184 
185 	if (getsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RTABLE, &rtable, &len) == -1) {
186 		error("Failed to get routing domain for fd %d: %s",
187 		    fd, strerror(errno));
188 		return NULL;
189 	}
190 	xasprintf(&ret, "%d", rtable);
191 	return ret;
192 #else
193 	return NULL;
194 #endif
195 }
196 
197 int
198 set_rdomain(int fd, const char *name)
199 {
200 #ifdef SO_RTABLE
201 	int rtable;
202 	const char *errstr;
203 
204 	if (name == NULL)
205 		return 0; /* default table */
206 
207 	rtable = (int)strtonum(name, 0, 255, &errstr);
208 	if (errstr != NULL) {
209 		/* Shouldn't happen */
210 		error("Invalid routing domain \"%s\": %s", name, errstr);
211 		return -1;
212 	}
213 	if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RTABLE,
214 	    &rtable, sizeof(rtable)) == -1) {
215 		error("Failed to set routing domain %d on fd %d: %s",
216 		    rtable, fd, strerror(errno));
217 		return -1;
218 	}
219 	return 0;
220 #else
221 	return -1;
222 #endif
223 }
224 
225 /*
226  * Wait up to *timeoutp milliseconds for fd to be readable. Updates
227  * *timeoutp with time remaining.
228  * Returns 0 if fd ready or -1 on timeout or error (see errno).
229  */
230 int
231 waitrfd(int fd, int *timeoutp)
232 {
233 	struct pollfd pfd;
234 	struct timeval t_start;
235 	int oerrno, r;
236 
237 	monotime_tv(&t_start);
238 	pfd.fd = fd;
239 	pfd.events = POLLIN;
240 	for (; *timeoutp >= 0;) {
241 		r = poll(&pfd, 1, *timeoutp);
242 		oerrno = errno;
243 		ms_subtract_diff(&t_start, timeoutp);
244 		errno = oerrno;
245 		if (r > 0)
246 			return 0;
247 		else if (r == -1 && errno != EAGAIN)
248 			return -1;
249 		else if (r == 0)
250 			break;
251 	}
252 	/* timeout */
253 	errno = ETIMEDOUT;
254 	return -1;
255 }
256 
257 /*
258  * Attempt a non-blocking connect(2) to the specified address, waiting up to
259  * *timeoutp milliseconds for the connection to complete. If the timeout is
260  * <=0, then wait indefinitely.
261  *
262  * Returns 0 on success or -1 on failure.
263  */
264 int
265 timeout_connect(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *serv_addr,
266     socklen_t addrlen, int *timeoutp)
267 {
268 	int optval = 0;
269 	socklen_t optlen = sizeof(optval);
270 
271 	/* No timeout: just do a blocking connect() */
272 	if (timeoutp == NULL || *timeoutp <= 0)
273 		return connect(sockfd, serv_addr, addrlen);
274 
275 	set_nonblock(sockfd);
276 	if (connect(sockfd, serv_addr, addrlen) == 0) {
277 		/* Succeeded already? */
278 		unset_nonblock(sockfd);
279 		return 0;
280 	} else if (errno != EINPROGRESS)
281 		return -1;
282 
283 	if (waitrfd(sockfd, timeoutp) == -1)
284 		return -1;
285 
286 	/* Completed or failed */
287 	if (getsockopt(sockfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_ERROR, &optval, &optlen) == -1) {
288 		debug("getsockopt: %s", strerror(errno));
289 		return -1;
290 	}
291 	if (optval != 0) {
292 		errno = optval;
293 		return -1;
294 	}
295 	unset_nonblock(sockfd);
296 	return 0;
297 }
298 
299 /* Characters considered whitespace in strsep calls. */
300 #define WHITESPACE " \t\r\n"
301 #define QUOTE	"\""
302 
303 /* return next token in configuration line */
304 static char *
305 strdelim_internal(char **s, int split_equals)
306 {
307 	char *old;
308 	int wspace = 0;
309 
310 	if (*s == NULL)
311 		return NULL;
312 
313 	old = *s;
314 
315 	*s = strpbrk(*s,
316 	    split_equals ? WHITESPACE QUOTE "=" : WHITESPACE QUOTE);
317 	if (*s == NULL)
318 		return (old);
319 
320 	if (*s[0] == '\"') {
321 		memmove(*s, *s + 1, strlen(*s)); /* move nul too */
322 		/* Find matching quote */
323 		if ((*s = strpbrk(*s, QUOTE)) == NULL) {
324 			return (NULL);		/* no matching quote */
325 		} else {
326 			*s[0] = '\0';
327 			*s += strspn(*s + 1, WHITESPACE) + 1;
328 			return (old);
329 		}
330 	}
331 
332 	/* Allow only one '=' to be skipped */
333 	if (split_equals && *s[0] == '=')
334 		wspace = 1;
335 	*s[0] = '\0';
336 
337 	/* Skip any extra whitespace after first token */
338 	*s += strspn(*s + 1, WHITESPACE) + 1;
339 	if (split_equals && *s[0] == '=' && !wspace)
340 		*s += strspn(*s + 1, WHITESPACE) + 1;
341 
342 	return (old);
343 }
344 
345 /*
346  * Return next token in configuration line; splts on whitespace or a
347  * single '=' character.
348  */
349 char *
350 strdelim(char **s)
351 {
352 	return strdelim_internal(s, 1);
353 }
354 
355 /*
356  * Return next token in configuration line; splts on whitespace only.
357  */
358 char *
359 strdelimw(char **s)
360 {
361 	return strdelim_internal(s, 0);
362 }
363 
364 struct passwd *
365 pwcopy(struct passwd *pw)
366 {
367 	struct passwd *copy = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*copy));
368 
369 	copy->pw_name = xstrdup(pw->pw_name);
370 	copy->pw_passwd = xstrdup(pw->pw_passwd);
371 	copy->pw_gecos = xstrdup(pw->pw_gecos);
372 	copy->pw_uid = pw->pw_uid;
373 	copy->pw_gid = pw->pw_gid;
374 	copy->pw_expire = pw->pw_expire;
375 	copy->pw_change = pw->pw_change;
376 	copy->pw_class = xstrdup(pw->pw_class);
377 	copy->pw_dir = xstrdup(pw->pw_dir);
378 	copy->pw_shell = xstrdup(pw->pw_shell);
379 	return copy;
380 }
381 
382 /*
383  * Convert ASCII string to TCP/IP port number.
384  * Port must be >=0 and <=65535.
385  * Return -1 if invalid.
386  */
387 int
388 a2port(const char *s)
389 {
390 	struct servent *se;
391 	long long port;
392 	const char *errstr;
393 
394 	port = strtonum(s, 0, 65535, &errstr);
395 	if (errstr == NULL)
396 		return (int)port;
397 	if ((se = getservbyname(s, "tcp")) != NULL)
398 		return ntohs(se->s_port);
399 	return -1;
400 }
401 
402 int
403 a2tun(const char *s, int *remote)
404 {
405 	const char *errstr = NULL;
406 	char *sp, *ep;
407 	int tun;
408 
409 	if (remote != NULL) {
410 		*remote = SSH_TUNID_ANY;
411 		sp = xstrdup(s);
412 		if ((ep = strchr(sp, ':')) == NULL) {
413 			free(sp);
414 			return (a2tun(s, NULL));
415 		}
416 		ep[0] = '\0'; ep++;
417 		*remote = a2tun(ep, NULL);
418 		tun = a2tun(sp, NULL);
419 		free(sp);
420 		return (*remote == SSH_TUNID_ERR ? *remote : tun);
421 	}
422 
423 	if (strcasecmp(s, "any") == 0)
424 		return (SSH_TUNID_ANY);
425 
426 	tun = strtonum(s, 0, SSH_TUNID_MAX, &errstr);
427 	if (errstr != NULL)
428 		return (SSH_TUNID_ERR);
429 
430 	return (tun);
431 }
432 
433 #define SECONDS		1
434 #define MINUTES		(SECONDS * 60)
435 #define HOURS		(MINUTES * 60)
436 #define DAYS		(HOURS * 24)
437 #define WEEKS		(DAYS * 7)
438 
439 /*
440  * Convert a time string into seconds; format is
441  * a sequence of:
442  *      time[qualifier]
443  *
444  * Valid time qualifiers are:
445  *      <none>  seconds
446  *      s|S     seconds
447  *      m|M     minutes
448  *      h|H     hours
449  *      d|D     days
450  *      w|W     weeks
451  *
452  * Examples:
453  *      90m     90 minutes
454  *      1h30m   90 minutes
455  *      2d      2 days
456  *      1w      1 week
457  *
458  * Return -1 if time string is invalid.
459  */
460 long
461 convtime(const char *s)
462 {
463 	long total, secs, multiplier = 1;
464 	const char *p;
465 	char *endp;
466 
467 	errno = 0;
468 	total = 0;
469 	p = s;
470 
471 	if (p == NULL || *p == '\0')
472 		return -1;
473 
474 	while (*p) {
475 		secs = strtol(p, &endp, 10);
476 		if (p == endp ||
477 		    (errno == ERANGE && (secs == LONG_MIN || secs == LONG_MAX)) ||
478 		    secs < 0)
479 			return -1;
480 
481 		switch (*endp++) {
482 		case '\0':
483 			endp--;
484 			break;
485 		case 's':
486 		case 'S':
487 			break;
488 		case 'm':
489 		case 'M':
490 			multiplier = MINUTES;
491 			break;
492 		case 'h':
493 		case 'H':
494 			multiplier = HOURS;
495 			break;
496 		case 'd':
497 		case 'D':
498 			multiplier = DAYS;
499 			break;
500 		case 'w':
501 		case 'W':
502 			multiplier = WEEKS;
503 			break;
504 		default:
505 			return -1;
506 		}
507 		if (secs >= LONG_MAX / multiplier)
508 			return -1;
509 		secs *= multiplier;
510 		if  (total >= LONG_MAX - secs)
511 			return -1;
512 		total += secs;
513 		if (total < 0)
514 			return -1;
515 		p = endp;
516 	}
517 
518 	return total;
519 }
520 
521 /*
522  * Returns a standardized host+port identifier string.
523  * Caller must free returned string.
524  */
525 char *
526 put_host_port(const char *host, u_short port)
527 {
528 	char *hoststr;
529 
530 	if (port == 0 || port == SSH_DEFAULT_PORT)
531 		return(xstrdup(host));
532 	if (asprintf(&hoststr, "[%s]:%d", host, (int)port) < 0)
533 		fatal("put_host_port: asprintf: %s", strerror(errno));
534 	debug3("put_host_port: %s", hoststr);
535 	return hoststr;
536 }
537 
538 /*
539  * Search for next delimiter between hostnames/addresses and ports.
540  * Argument may be modified (for termination).
541  * Returns *cp if parsing succeeds.
542  * *cp is set to the start of the next field, if one was found.
543  * The delimiter char, if present, is stored in delim.
544  * If this is the last field, *cp is set to NULL.
545  */
546 char *
547 hpdelim2(char **cp, char *delim)
548 {
549 	char *s, *old;
550 
551 	if (cp == NULL || *cp == NULL)
552 		return NULL;
553 
554 	old = s = *cp;
555 	if (*s == '[') {
556 		if ((s = strchr(s, ']')) == NULL)
557 			return NULL;
558 		else
559 			s++;
560 	} else if ((s = strpbrk(s, ":/")) == NULL)
561 		s = *cp + strlen(*cp); /* skip to end (see first case below) */
562 
563 	switch (*s) {
564 	case '\0':
565 		*cp = NULL;	/* no more fields*/
566 		break;
567 
568 	case ':':
569 	case '/':
570 		if (delim != NULL)
571 			*delim = *s;
572 		*s = '\0';	/* terminate */
573 		*cp = s + 1;
574 		break;
575 
576 	default:
577 		return NULL;
578 	}
579 
580 	return old;
581 }
582 
583 char *
584 hpdelim(char **cp)
585 {
586 	return hpdelim2(cp, NULL);
587 }
588 
589 char *
590 cleanhostname(char *host)
591 {
592 	if (*host == '[' && host[strlen(host) - 1] == ']') {
593 		host[strlen(host) - 1] = '\0';
594 		return (host + 1);
595 	} else
596 		return host;
597 }
598 
599 char *
600 colon(char *cp)
601 {
602 	int flag = 0;
603 
604 	if (*cp == ':')		/* Leading colon is part of file name. */
605 		return NULL;
606 	if (*cp == '[')
607 		flag = 1;
608 
609 	for (; *cp; ++cp) {
610 		if (*cp == '@' && *(cp+1) == '[')
611 			flag = 1;
612 		if (*cp == ']' && *(cp+1) == ':' && flag)
613 			return (cp+1);
614 		if (*cp == ':' && !flag)
615 			return (cp);
616 		if (*cp == '/')
617 			return NULL;
618 	}
619 	return NULL;
620 }
621 
622 /*
623  * Parse a [user@]host:[path] string.
624  * Caller must free returned user, host and path.
625  * Any of the pointer return arguments may be NULL (useful for syntax checking).
626  * If user was not specified then *userp will be set to NULL.
627  * If host was not specified then *hostp will be set to NULL.
628  * If path was not specified then *pathp will be set to ".".
629  * Returns 0 on success, -1 on failure.
630  */
631 int
632 parse_user_host_path(const char *s, char **userp, char **hostp,
633     const char **pathp)
634 {
635 	char *user = NULL, *host = NULL, *path = NULL;
636 	char *tmp, *sdup;
637 	int ret = -1;
638 
639 	if (userp != NULL)
640 		*userp = NULL;
641 	if (hostp != NULL)
642 		*hostp = NULL;
643 	if (pathp != NULL)
644 		*pathp = NULL;
645 
646 	sdup = xstrdup(s);
647 
648 	/* Check for remote syntax: [user@]host:[path] */
649 	if ((tmp = colon(sdup)) == NULL)
650 		goto out;
651 
652 	/* Extract optional path */
653 	*tmp++ = '\0';
654 	if (*tmp == '\0')
655 		tmp = __UNCONST(".");
656 	path = xstrdup(tmp);
657 
658 	/* Extract optional user and mandatory host */
659 	tmp = strrchr(sdup, '@');
660 	if (tmp != NULL) {
661 		*tmp++ = '\0';
662 		host = xstrdup(cleanhostname(tmp));
663 		if (*sdup != '\0')
664 			user = xstrdup(sdup);
665 	} else {
666 		host = xstrdup(cleanhostname(sdup));
667 		user = NULL;
668 	}
669 
670 	/* Success */
671 	if (userp != NULL) {
672 		*userp = user;
673 		user = NULL;
674 	}
675 	if (hostp != NULL) {
676 		*hostp = host;
677 		host = NULL;
678 	}
679 	if (pathp != NULL) {
680 		*pathp = path;
681 		path = NULL;
682 	}
683 	ret = 0;
684 out:
685 	free(sdup);
686 	free(user);
687 	free(host);
688 	free(path);
689 	return ret;
690 }
691 
692 /*
693  * Parse a [user@]host[:port] string.
694  * Caller must free returned user and host.
695  * Any of the pointer return arguments may be NULL (useful for syntax checking).
696  * If user was not specified then *userp will be set to NULL.
697  * If port was not specified then *portp will be -1.
698  * Returns 0 on success, -1 on failure.
699  */
700 int
701 parse_user_host_port(const char *s, char **userp, char **hostp, int *portp)
702 {
703 	char *sdup, *cp, *tmp;
704 	char *user = NULL, *host = NULL;
705 	int port = -1, ret = -1;
706 
707 	if (userp != NULL)
708 		*userp = NULL;
709 	if (hostp != NULL)
710 		*hostp = NULL;
711 	if (portp != NULL)
712 		*portp = -1;
713 
714 	if ((sdup = tmp = strdup(s)) == NULL)
715 		return -1;
716 	/* Extract optional username */
717 	if ((cp = strrchr(tmp, '@')) != NULL) {
718 		*cp = '\0';
719 		if (*tmp == '\0')
720 			goto out;
721 		if ((user = strdup(tmp)) == NULL)
722 			goto out;
723 		tmp = cp + 1;
724 	}
725 	/* Extract mandatory hostname */
726 	if ((cp = hpdelim(&tmp)) == NULL || *cp == '\0')
727 		goto out;
728 	host = xstrdup(cleanhostname(cp));
729 	/* Convert and verify optional port */
730 	if (tmp != NULL && *tmp != '\0') {
731 		if ((port = a2port(tmp)) <= 0)
732 			goto out;
733 	}
734 	/* Success */
735 	if (userp != NULL) {
736 		*userp = user;
737 		user = NULL;
738 	}
739 	if (hostp != NULL) {
740 		*hostp = host;
741 		host = NULL;
742 	}
743 	if (portp != NULL)
744 		*portp = port;
745 	ret = 0;
746  out:
747 	free(sdup);
748 	free(user);
749 	free(host);
750 	return ret;
751 }
752 
753 /*
754  * Converts a two-byte hex string to decimal.
755  * Returns the decimal value or -1 for invalid input.
756  */
757 static int
758 hexchar(const char *s)
759 {
760 	unsigned char result[2];
761 	int i;
762 
763 	for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
764 		if (s[i] >= '0' && s[i] <= '9')
765 			result[i] = (unsigned char)(s[i] - '0');
766 		else if (s[i] >= 'a' && s[i] <= 'f')
767 			result[i] = (unsigned char)(s[i] - 'a') + 10;
768 		else if (s[i] >= 'A' && s[i] <= 'F')
769 			result[i] = (unsigned char)(s[i] - 'A') + 10;
770 		else
771 			return -1;
772 	}
773 	return (result[0] << 4) | result[1];
774 }
775 
776 /*
777  * Decode an url-encoded string.
778  * Returns a newly allocated string on success or NULL on failure.
779  */
780 static char *
781 urldecode(const char *src)
782 {
783 	char *ret, *dst;
784 	int ch;
785 
786 	ret = xmalloc(strlen(src) + 1);
787 	for (dst = ret; *src != '\0'; src++) {
788 		switch (*src) {
789 		case '+':
790 			*dst++ = ' ';
791 			break;
792 		case '%':
793 			if (!isxdigit((unsigned char)src[1]) ||
794 			    !isxdigit((unsigned char)src[2]) ||
795 			    (ch = hexchar(src + 1)) == -1) {
796 				free(ret);
797 				return NULL;
798 			}
799 			*dst++ = ch;
800 			src += 2;
801 			break;
802 		default:
803 			*dst++ = *src;
804 			break;
805 		}
806 	}
807 	*dst = '\0';
808 
809 	return ret;
810 }
811 
812 /*
813  * Parse an (scp|ssh|sftp)://[user@]host[:port][/path] URI.
814  * See https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-secsh-scp-sftp-ssh-uri-04
815  * Either user or path may be url-encoded (but not host or port).
816  * Caller must free returned user, host and path.
817  * Any of the pointer return arguments may be NULL (useful for syntax checking)
818  * but the scheme must always be specified.
819  * If user was not specified then *userp will be set to NULL.
820  * If port was not specified then *portp will be -1.
821  * If path was not specified then *pathp will be set to NULL.
822  * Returns 0 on success, 1 if non-uri/wrong scheme, -1 on error/invalid uri.
823  */
824 int
825 parse_uri(const char *scheme, const char *uri, char **userp, char **hostp,
826     int *portp, const char **pathp)
827 {
828 	char *uridup, *cp, *tmp, ch;
829 	char *user = NULL, *host = NULL, *path = NULL;
830 	int port = -1, ret = -1;
831 	size_t len;
832 
833 	len = strlen(scheme);
834 	if (strncmp(uri, scheme, len) != 0 || strncmp(uri + len, "://", 3) != 0)
835 		return 1;
836 	uri += len + 3;
837 
838 	if (userp != NULL)
839 		*userp = NULL;
840 	if (hostp != NULL)
841 		*hostp = NULL;
842 	if (portp != NULL)
843 		*portp = -1;
844 	if (pathp != NULL)
845 		*pathp = NULL;
846 
847 	uridup = tmp = xstrdup(uri);
848 
849 	/* Extract optional ssh-info (username + connection params) */
850 	if ((cp = strchr(tmp, '@')) != NULL) {
851 		char *delim;
852 
853 		*cp = '\0';
854 		/* Extract username and connection params */
855 		if ((delim = strchr(tmp, ';')) != NULL) {
856 			/* Just ignore connection params for now */
857 			*delim = '\0';
858 		}
859 		if (*tmp == '\0') {
860 			/* Empty username */
861 			goto out;
862 		}
863 		if ((user = urldecode(tmp)) == NULL)
864 			goto out;
865 		tmp = cp + 1;
866 	}
867 
868 	/* Extract mandatory hostname */
869 	if ((cp = hpdelim2(&tmp, &ch)) == NULL || *cp == '\0')
870 		goto out;
871 	host = xstrdup(cleanhostname(cp));
872 	if (!valid_domain(host, 0, NULL))
873 		goto out;
874 
875 	if (tmp != NULL && *tmp != '\0') {
876 		if (ch == ':') {
877 			/* Convert and verify port. */
878 			if ((cp = strchr(tmp, '/')) != NULL)
879 				*cp = '\0';
880 			if ((port = a2port(tmp)) <= 0)
881 				goto out;
882 			tmp = cp ? cp + 1 : NULL;
883 		}
884 		if (tmp != NULL && *tmp != '\0') {
885 			/* Extract optional path */
886 			if ((path = urldecode(tmp)) == NULL)
887 				goto out;
888 		}
889 	}
890 
891 	/* Success */
892 	if (userp != NULL) {
893 		*userp = user;
894 		user = NULL;
895 	}
896 	if (hostp != NULL) {
897 		*hostp = host;
898 		host = NULL;
899 	}
900 	if (portp != NULL)
901 		*portp = port;
902 	if (pathp != NULL) {
903 		*pathp = path;
904 		path = NULL;
905 	}
906 	ret = 0;
907  out:
908 	free(uridup);
909 	free(user);
910 	free(host);
911 	free(path);
912 	return ret;
913 }
914 
915 /* function to assist building execv() arguments */
916 void
917 addargs(arglist *args, const char *fmt, ...)
918 {
919 	va_list ap;
920 	char *cp;
921 	u_int nalloc;
922 	int r;
923 
924 	va_start(ap, fmt);
925 	r = vasprintf(&cp, fmt, ap);
926 	va_end(ap);
927 	if (r == -1)
928 		fatal("addargs: argument too long");
929 
930 	nalloc = args->nalloc;
931 	if (args->list == NULL) {
932 		nalloc = 32;
933 		args->num = 0;
934 	} else if (args->num+2 >= nalloc)
935 		nalloc *= 2;
936 
937 	args->list = xrecallocarray(args->list, args->nalloc, nalloc, sizeof(char *));
938 	args->nalloc = nalloc;
939 	args->list[args->num++] = cp;
940 	args->list[args->num] = NULL;
941 }
942 
943 void
944 replacearg(arglist *args, u_int which, const char *fmt, ...)
945 {
946 	va_list ap;
947 	char *cp;
948 	int r;
949 
950 	va_start(ap, fmt);
951 	r = vasprintf(&cp, fmt, ap);
952 	va_end(ap);
953 	if (r == -1)
954 		fatal("replacearg: argument too long");
955 
956 	if (which >= args->num)
957 		fatal("replacearg: tried to replace invalid arg %d >= %d",
958 		    which, args->num);
959 	free(args->list[which]);
960 	args->list[which] = cp;
961 }
962 
963 void
964 freeargs(arglist *args)
965 {
966 	u_int i;
967 
968 	if (args->list != NULL) {
969 		for (i = 0; i < args->num; i++)
970 			free(args->list[i]);
971 		free(args->list);
972 		args->nalloc = args->num = 0;
973 		args->list = NULL;
974 	}
975 }
976 
977 /*
978  * Expands tildes in the file name.  Returns data allocated by xmalloc.
979  * Warning: this calls getpw*.
980  */
981 char *
982 tilde_expand_filename(const char *filename, uid_t uid)
983 {
984 	const char *path, *sep;
985 	char user[128], *ret, *homedir;
986 	struct passwd *pw;
987 	u_int len, slash;
988 
989 	if (*filename != '~')
990 		return (xstrdup(filename));
991 	filename++;
992 
993 	path = strchr(filename, '/');
994 	if (path != NULL && path > filename) {		/* ~user/path */
995 		slash = path - filename;
996 		if (slash > sizeof(user) - 1)
997 			fatal("tilde_expand_filename: ~username too long");
998 		memcpy(user, filename, slash);
999 		user[slash] = '\0';
1000 		if ((pw = getpwnam(user)) == NULL)
1001 			fatal("tilde_expand_filename: No such user %s", user);
1002 		homedir = pw->pw_dir;
1003 	} else {
1004 		if ((pw = getpwuid(uid)) == NULL)	/* ~/path */
1005 			fatal("tilde_expand_filename: No such uid %ld",
1006 			    (long)uid);
1007 		homedir = pw->pw_dir;
1008 	}
1009 
1010 	/* Make sure directory has a trailing '/' */
1011 	len = strlen(homedir);
1012 	if (len == 0 || homedir[len - 1] != '/')
1013 		sep = "/";
1014 	else
1015 		sep = "";
1016 
1017 	/* Skip leading '/' from specified path */
1018 	if (path != NULL)
1019 		filename = path + 1;
1020 
1021 	if (xasprintf(&ret, "%s%s%s", homedir, sep, filename) >= PATH_MAX)
1022 		fatal("tilde_expand_filename: Path too long");
1023 
1024 	return (ret);
1025 }
1026 
1027 /*
1028  * Expand a string with a set of %[char] escapes. A number of escapes may be
1029  * specified as (char *escape_chars, char *replacement) pairs. The list must
1030  * be terminated by a NULL escape_char. Returns replaced string in memory
1031  * allocated by xmalloc.
1032  */
1033 char *
1034 percent_expand(const char *string, ...)
1035 {
1036 #define EXPAND_MAX_KEYS	16
1037 	u_int num_keys, i, j;
1038 	struct {
1039 		const char *key;
1040 		const char *repl;
1041 	} keys[EXPAND_MAX_KEYS];
1042 	char buf[4096];
1043 	va_list ap;
1044 
1045 	/* Gather keys */
1046 	va_start(ap, string);
1047 	for (num_keys = 0; num_keys < EXPAND_MAX_KEYS; num_keys++) {
1048 		keys[num_keys].key = va_arg(ap, char *);
1049 		if (keys[num_keys].key == NULL)
1050 			break;
1051 		keys[num_keys].repl = va_arg(ap, char *);
1052 		if (keys[num_keys].repl == NULL)
1053 			fatal("%s: NULL replacement", __func__);
1054 	}
1055 	if (num_keys == EXPAND_MAX_KEYS && va_arg(ap, char *) != NULL)
1056 		fatal("%s: too many keys", __func__);
1057 	va_end(ap);
1058 
1059 	/* Expand string */
1060 	*buf = '\0';
1061 	for (i = 0; *string != '\0'; string++) {
1062 		if (*string != '%') {
1063  append:
1064 			buf[i++] = *string;
1065 			if (i >= sizeof(buf))
1066 				fatal("%s: string too long", __func__);
1067 			buf[i] = '\0';
1068 			continue;
1069 		}
1070 		string++;
1071 		/* %% case */
1072 		if (*string == '%')
1073 			goto append;
1074 		if (*string == '\0')
1075 			fatal("%s: invalid format", __func__);
1076 		for (j = 0; j < num_keys; j++) {
1077 			if (strchr(keys[j].key, *string) != NULL) {
1078 				i = strlcat(buf, keys[j].repl, sizeof(buf));
1079 				if (i >= sizeof(buf))
1080 					fatal("%s: string too long", __func__);
1081 				break;
1082 			}
1083 		}
1084 		if (j >= num_keys)
1085 			fatal("%s: unknown key %%%c", __func__, *string);
1086 	}
1087 	return (xstrdup(buf));
1088 #undef EXPAND_MAX_KEYS
1089 }
1090 
1091 int
1092 tun_open(int tun, int mode, char **ifname)
1093 {
1094 	struct ifreq ifr;
1095 	char name[100];
1096 	int fd = -1, sock;
1097 	const char *tunbase = "tun";
1098 
1099 	if (ifname != NULL)
1100 		*ifname = NULL;
1101 
1102 	if (mode == SSH_TUNMODE_ETHERNET)
1103 		tunbase = "tap";
1104 
1105 	/* Open the tunnel device */
1106 	if (tun <= SSH_TUNID_MAX) {
1107 		snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "/dev/%s%d", tunbase, tun);
1108 		fd = open(name, O_RDWR);
1109 	} else if (tun == SSH_TUNID_ANY) {
1110 		for (tun = 100; tun >= 0; tun--) {
1111 			snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "/dev/%s%d",
1112 			    tunbase, tun);
1113 			if ((fd = open(name, O_RDWR)) >= 0)
1114 				break;
1115 		}
1116 	} else {
1117 		debug("%s: invalid tunnel %u", __func__, tun);
1118 		return -1;
1119 	}
1120 
1121 	if (fd < 0) {
1122 		debug("%s: %s open: %s", __func__, name, strerror(errno));
1123 		return -1;
1124 	}
1125 
1126 
1127 #ifdef TUNSIFHEAD
1128 	/* Turn on tunnel headers */
1129 	int flag = 1;
1130 	if (mode != SSH_TUNMODE_ETHERNET &&
1131 	    ioctl(fd, TUNSIFHEAD, &flag) == -1) {
1132 		debug("%s: ioctl(%d, TUNSIFHEAD, 1): %s", __func__, fd,
1133 		    strerror(errno));
1134 		close(fd);
1135 		return -1;
1136 	}
1137 #endif
1138 
1139 	debug("%s: %s mode %d fd %d", __func__, ifr.ifr_name, mode, fd);
1140 	/* Bring interface up if it is not already */
1141 	snprintf(ifr.ifr_name, sizeof(ifr.ifr_name), "%s%d", tunbase, tun);
1142 	if ((sock = socket(PF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) == -1)
1143 		goto failed;
1144 
1145 	if (ioctl(sock, SIOCGIFFLAGS, &ifr) == -1) {
1146 		debug("%s: get interface %s flags: %s", __func__,
1147 		    ifr.ifr_name, strerror(errno));
1148 		goto failed;
1149 	}
1150 
1151 	if (!(ifr.ifr_flags & IFF_UP)) {
1152 		ifr.ifr_flags |= IFF_UP;
1153 		if (ioctl(sock, SIOCSIFFLAGS, &ifr) == -1) {
1154 			debug("%s: activate interface %s: %s", __func__,
1155 			    ifr.ifr_name, strerror(errno));
1156 			goto failed;
1157 		}
1158 	}
1159 
1160 	if (ifname != NULL)
1161 		*ifname = xstrdup(ifr.ifr_name);
1162 
1163 	close(sock);
1164 	return fd;
1165 
1166  failed:
1167 	if (fd >= 0)
1168 		close(fd);
1169 	if (sock >= 0)
1170 		close(sock);
1171 	debug("%s: failed to set %s mode %d: %s", __func__, ifr.ifr_name,
1172 	    mode, strerror(errno));
1173 	return -1;
1174 }
1175 
1176 void
1177 sanitise_stdfd(void)
1178 {
1179 	int nullfd, dupfd;
1180 
1181 	if ((nullfd = dupfd = open(_PATH_DEVNULL, O_RDWR)) == -1) {
1182 		fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't open /dev/null: %s\n",
1183 		    strerror(errno));
1184 		exit(1);
1185 	}
1186 	while (++dupfd <= STDERR_FILENO) {
1187 		/* Only populate closed fds. */
1188 		if (fcntl(dupfd, F_GETFL) == -1 && errno == EBADF) {
1189 			if (dup2(nullfd, dupfd) == -1) {
1190 				fprintf(stderr, "dup2: %s\n", strerror(errno));
1191 				exit(1);
1192 			}
1193 		}
1194 	}
1195 	if (nullfd > STDERR_FILENO)
1196 		close(nullfd);
1197 }
1198 
1199 char *
1200 tohex(const void *vp, size_t l)
1201 {
1202 	const u_char *p = (const u_char *)vp;
1203 	char b[3], *r;
1204 	size_t i, hl;
1205 
1206 	if (l > 65536)
1207 		return xstrdup("tohex: length > 65536");
1208 
1209 	hl = l * 2 + 1;
1210 	r = xcalloc(1, hl);
1211 	for (i = 0; i < l; i++) {
1212 		snprintf(b, sizeof(b), "%02x", p[i]);
1213 		strlcat(r, b, hl);
1214 	}
1215 	return (r);
1216 }
1217 
1218 u_int64_t
1219 get_u64(const void *vp)
1220 {
1221 	const u_char *p = (const u_char *)vp;
1222 	u_int64_t v;
1223 
1224 	v  = (u_int64_t)p[0] << 56;
1225 	v |= (u_int64_t)p[1] << 48;
1226 	v |= (u_int64_t)p[2] << 40;
1227 	v |= (u_int64_t)p[3] << 32;
1228 	v |= (u_int64_t)p[4] << 24;
1229 	v |= (u_int64_t)p[5] << 16;
1230 	v |= (u_int64_t)p[6] << 8;
1231 	v |= (u_int64_t)p[7];
1232 
1233 	return (v);
1234 }
1235 
1236 u_int32_t
1237 get_u32(const void *vp)
1238 {
1239 	const u_char *p = (const u_char *)vp;
1240 	u_int32_t v;
1241 
1242 	v  = (u_int32_t)p[0] << 24;
1243 	v |= (u_int32_t)p[1] << 16;
1244 	v |= (u_int32_t)p[2] << 8;
1245 	v |= (u_int32_t)p[3];
1246 
1247 	return (v);
1248 }
1249 
1250 u_int32_t
1251 get_u32_le(const void *vp)
1252 {
1253 	const u_char *p = (const u_char *)vp;
1254 	u_int32_t v;
1255 
1256 	v  = (u_int32_t)p[0];
1257 	v |= (u_int32_t)p[1] << 8;
1258 	v |= (u_int32_t)p[2] << 16;
1259 	v |= (u_int32_t)p[3] << 24;
1260 
1261 	return (v);
1262 }
1263 
1264 u_int16_t
1265 get_u16(const void *vp)
1266 {
1267 	const u_char *p = (const u_char *)vp;
1268 	u_int16_t v;
1269 
1270 	v  = (u_int16_t)p[0] << 8;
1271 	v |= (u_int16_t)p[1];
1272 
1273 	return (v);
1274 }
1275 
1276 void
1277 put_u64(void *vp, u_int64_t v)
1278 {
1279 	u_char *p = (u_char *)vp;
1280 
1281 	p[0] = (u_char)(v >> 56) & 0xff;
1282 	p[1] = (u_char)(v >> 48) & 0xff;
1283 	p[2] = (u_char)(v >> 40) & 0xff;
1284 	p[3] = (u_char)(v >> 32) & 0xff;
1285 	p[4] = (u_char)(v >> 24) & 0xff;
1286 	p[5] = (u_char)(v >> 16) & 0xff;
1287 	p[6] = (u_char)(v >> 8) & 0xff;
1288 	p[7] = (u_char)v & 0xff;
1289 }
1290 
1291 void
1292 put_u32(void *vp, u_int32_t v)
1293 {
1294 	u_char *p = (u_char *)vp;
1295 
1296 	p[0] = (u_char)(v >> 24) & 0xff;
1297 	p[1] = (u_char)(v >> 16) & 0xff;
1298 	p[2] = (u_char)(v >> 8) & 0xff;
1299 	p[3] = (u_char)v & 0xff;
1300 }
1301 
1302 void
1303 put_u32_le(void *vp, u_int32_t v)
1304 {
1305 	u_char *p = (u_char *)vp;
1306 
1307 	p[0] = (u_char)v & 0xff;
1308 	p[1] = (u_char)(v >> 8) & 0xff;
1309 	p[2] = (u_char)(v >> 16) & 0xff;
1310 	p[3] = (u_char)(v >> 24) & 0xff;
1311 }
1312 
1313 void
1314 put_u16(void *vp, u_int16_t v)
1315 {
1316 	u_char *p = (u_char *)vp;
1317 
1318 	p[0] = (u_char)(v >> 8) & 0xff;
1319 	p[1] = (u_char)v & 0xff;
1320 }
1321 
1322 void
1323 ms_subtract_diff(struct timeval *start, int *ms)
1324 {
1325 	struct timeval diff, finish;
1326 
1327 	monotime_tv(&finish);
1328 	timersub(&finish, start, &diff);
1329 	*ms -= (diff.tv_sec * 1000) + (diff.tv_usec / 1000);
1330 }
1331 
1332 void
1333 ms_to_timeval(struct timeval *tv, int ms)
1334 {
1335 	if (ms < 0)
1336 		ms = 0;
1337 	tv->tv_sec = ms / 1000;
1338 	tv->tv_usec = (ms % 1000) * 1000;
1339 }
1340 
1341 void
1342 monotime_ts(struct timespec *ts)
1343 {
1344 	if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, ts) != 0)
1345 		fatal("clock_gettime: %s", strerror(errno));
1346 }
1347 
1348 void
1349 monotime_tv(struct timeval *tv)
1350 {
1351 	struct timespec ts;
1352 
1353 	monotime_ts(&ts);
1354 	tv->tv_sec = ts.tv_sec;
1355 	tv->tv_usec = ts.tv_nsec / 1000;
1356 }
1357 
1358 time_t
1359 monotime(void)
1360 {
1361 	struct timespec ts;
1362 
1363 	monotime_ts(&ts);
1364 	return (ts.tv_sec);
1365 }
1366 
1367 double
1368 monotime_double(void)
1369 {
1370 	struct timespec ts;
1371 
1372 	monotime_ts(&ts);
1373 	return (double)ts.tv_sec + (double)ts.tv_nsec / 1000000000.0;
1374 }
1375 
1376 void
1377 bandwidth_limit_init(struct bwlimit *bw, u_int64_t kbps, size_t buflen)
1378 {
1379 	bw->buflen = buflen;
1380 	bw->rate = kbps;
1381 	bw->thresh = buflen;
1382 	bw->lamt = 0;
1383 	timerclear(&bw->bwstart);
1384 	timerclear(&bw->bwend);
1385 }
1386 
1387 /* Callback from read/write loop to insert bandwidth-limiting delays */
1388 void
1389 bandwidth_limit(struct bwlimit *bw, size_t read_len)
1390 {
1391 	u_int64_t waitlen;
1392 	struct timespec ts, rm;
1393 
1394 	bw->lamt += read_len;
1395 	if (!timerisset(&bw->bwstart)) {
1396 		monotime_tv(&bw->bwstart);
1397 		return;
1398 	}
1399 	if (bw->lamt < bw->thresh)
1400 		return;
1401 
1402 	monotime_tv(&bw->bwend);
1403 	timersub(&bw->bwend, &bw->bwstart, &bw->bwend);
1404 	if (!timerisset(&bw->bwend))
1405 		return;
1406 
1407 	bw->lamt *= 8;
1408 	waitlen = (double)1000000L * bw->lamt / bw->rate;
1409 
1410 	bw->bwstart.tv_sec = waitlen / 1000000L;
1411 	bw->bwstart.tv_usec = waitlen % 1000000L;
1412 
1413 	if (timercmp(&bw->bwstart, &bw->bwend, >)) {
1414 		timersub(&bw->bwstart, &bw->bwend, &bw->bwend);
1415 
1416 		/* Adjust the wait time */
1417 		if (bw->bwend.tv_sec) {
1418 			bw->thresh /= 2;
1419 			if (bw->thresh < bw->buflen / 4)
1420 				bw->thresh = bw->buflen / 4;
1421 		} else if (bw->bwend.tv_usec < 10000) {
1422 			bw->thresh *= 2;
1423 			if (bw->thresh > bw->buflen * 8)
1424 				bw->thresh = bw->buflen * 8;
1425 		}
1426 
1427 		TIMEVAL_TO_TIMESPEC(&bw->bwend, &ts);
1428 		while (nanosleep(&ts, &rm) == -1) {
1429 			if (errno != EINTR)
1430 				break;
1431 			ts = rm;
1432 		}
1433 	}
1434 
1435 	bw->lamt = 0;
1436 	monotime_tv(&bw->bwstart);
1437 }
1438 
1439 /* Make a template filename for mk[sd]temp() */
1440 void
1441 mktemp_proto(char *s, size_t len)
1442 {
1443 	const char *tmpdir;
1444 	int r;
1445 
1446 	if ((tmpdir = getenv("TMPDIR")) != NULL) {
1447 		r = snprintf(s, len, "%s/ssh-XXXXXXXXXXXX", tmpdir);
1448 		if (r > 0 && (size_t)r < len)
1449 			return;
1450 	}
1451 	r = snprintf(s, len, "/tmp/ssh-XXXXXXXXXXXX");
1452 	if (r < 0 || (size_t)r >= len)
1453 		fatal("%s: template string too short", __func__);
1454 }
1455 
1456 static const struct {
1457 	const char *name;
1458 	int value;
1459 } ipqos[] = {
1460 	{ "none", INT_MAX },		/* can't use 0 here; that's CS0 */
1461 	{ "af11", IPTOS_DSCP_AF11 },
1462 	{ "af12", IPTOS_DSCP_AF12 },
1463 	{ "af13", IPTOS_DSCP_AF13 },
1464 	{ "af21", IPTOS_DSCP_AF21 },
1465 	{ "af22", IPTOS_DSCP_AF22 },
1466 	{ "af23", IPTOS_DSCP_AF23 },
1467 	{ "af31", IPTOS_DSCP_AF31 },
1468 	{ "af32", IPTOS_DSCP_AF32 },
1469 	{ "af33", IPTOS_DSCP_AF33 },
1470 	{ "af41", IPTOS_DSCP_AF41 },
1471 	{ "af42", IPTOS_DSCP_AF42 },
1472 	{ "af43", IPTOS_DSCP_AF43 },
1473 	{ "cs0", IPTOS_DSCP_CS0 },
1474 	{ "cs1", IPTOS_DSCP_CS1 },
1475 	{ "cs2", IPTOS_DSCP_CS2 },
1476 	{ "cs3", IPTOS_DSCP_CS3 },
1477 	{ "cs4", IPTOS_DSCP_CS4 },
1478 	{ "cs5", IPTOS_DSCP_CS5 },
1479 	{ "cs6", IPTOS_DSCP_CS6 },
1480 	{ "cs7", IPTOS_DSCP_CS7 },
1481 	{ "ef", IPTOS_DSCP_EF },
1482 	{ "lowdelay", IPTOS_LOWDELAY },
1483 	{ "throughput", IPTOS_THROUGHPUT },
1484 	{ "reliability", IPTOS_RELIABILITY },
1485 	{ NULL, -1 }
1486 };
1487 
1488 int
1489 parse_ipqos(const char *cp)
1490 {
1491 	u_int i;
1492 	char *ep;
1493 	long val;
1494 
1495 	if (cp == NULL)
1496 		return -1;
1497 	for (i = 0; ipqos[i].name != NULL; i++) {
1498 		if (strcasecmp(cp, ipqos[i].name) == 0)
1499 			return ipqos[i].value;
1500 	}
1501 	/* Try parsing as an integer */
1502 	val = strtol(cp, &ep, 0);
1503 	if (*cp == '\0' || *ep != '\0' || val < 0 || val > 255)
1504 		return -1;
1505 	return val;
1506 }
1507 
1508 const char *
1509 iptos2str(int iptos)
1510 {
1511 	int i;
1512 	static char iptos_str[sizeof "0xff"];
1513 
1514 	for (i = 0; ipqos[i].name != NULL; i++) {
1515 		if (ipqos[i].value == iptos)
1516 			return ipqos[i].name;
1517 	}
1518 	snprintf(iptos_str, sizeof iptos_str, "0x%02x", iptos);
1519 	return iptos_str;
1520 }
1521 
1522 void
1523 lowercase(char *s)
1524 {
1525 	for (; *s; s++)
1526 		*s = tolower((u_char)*s);
1527 }
1528 
1529 int
1530 unix_listener(const char *path, int backlog, int unlink_first)
1531 {
1532 	struct sockaddr_un sunaddr;
1533 	int saved_errno, sock;
1534 
1535 	memset(&sunaddr, 0, sizeof(sunaddr));
1536 	sunaddr.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
1537 	if (strlcpy(sunaddr.sun_path, path,
1538 	    sizeof(sunaddr.sun_path)) >= sizeof(sunaddr.sun_path)) {
1539 		error("%s: path \"%s\" too long for Unix domain socket",
1540 		    __func__, path);
1541 		errno = ENAMETOOLONG;
1542 		return -1;
1543 	}
1544 
1545 	sock = socket(PF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
1546 	if (sock < 0) {
1547 		saved_errno = errno;
1548 		error("%s: socket: %.100s", __func__, strerror(errno));
1549 		errno = saved_errno;
1550 		return -1;
1551 	}
1552 	if (unlink_first == 1) {
1553 		if (unlink(path) != 0 && errno != ENOENT)
1554 			error("unlink(%s): %.100s", path, strerror(errno));
1555 	}
1556 	if (bind(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&sunaddr, sizeof(sunaddr)) < 0) {
1557 		saved_errno = errno;
1558 		error("%s: cannot bind to path %s: %s",
1559 		    __func__, path, strerror(errno));
1560 		close(sock);
1561 		errno = saved_errno;
1562 		return -1;
1563 	}
1564 	if (listen(sock, backlog) < 0) {
1565 		saved_errno = errno;
1566 		error("%s: cannot listen on path %s: %s",
1567 		    __func__, path, strerror(errno));
1568 		close(sock);
1569 		unlink(path);
1570 		errno = saved_errno;
1571 		return -1;
1572 	}
1573 	return sock;
1574 }
1575 
1576 /*
1577  * Compares two strings that maybe be NULL. Returns non-zero if strings
1578  * are both NULL or are identical, returns zero otherwise.
1579  */
1580 static int
1581 strcmp_maybe_null(const char *a, const char *b)
1582 {
1583 	if ((a == NULL && b != NULL) || (a != NULL && b == NULL))
1584 		return 0;
1585 	if (a != NULL && strcmp(a, b) != 0)
1586 		return 0;
1587 	return 1;
1588 }
1589 
1590 /*
1591  * Compare two forwards, returning non-zero if they are identical or
1592  * zero otherwise.
1593  */
1594 int
1595 forward_equals(const struct Forward *a, const struct Forward *b)
1596 {
1597 	if (strcmp_maybe_null(a->listen_host, b->listen_host) == 0)
1598 		return 0;
1599 	if (a->listen_port != b->listen_port)
1600 		return 0;
1601 	if (strcmp_maybe_null(a->listen_path, b->listen_path) == 0)
1602 		return 0;
1603 	if (strcmp_maybe_null(a->connect_host, b->connect_host) == 0)
1604 		return 0;
1605 	if (a->connect_port != b->connect_port)
1606 		return 0;
1607 	if (strcmp_maybe_null(a->connect_path, b->connect_path) == 0)
1608 		return 0;
1609 	/* allocated_port and handle are not checked */
1610 	return 1;
1611 }
1612 
1613 /* returns 1 if process is already daemonized, 0 otherwise */
1614 int
1615 daemonized(void)
1616 {
1617 	int fd;
1618 
1619 	if ((fd = open(_PATH_TTY, O_RDONLY | O_NOCTTY)) >= 0) {
1620 		close(fd);
1621 		return 0;	/* have controlling terminal */
1622 	}
1623 	if (getppid() != 1)
1624 		return 0;	/* parent is not init */
1625 	if (getsid(0) != getpid())
1626 		return 0;	/* not session leader */
1627 	debug3("already daemonized");
1628 	return 1;
1629 }
1630 
1631 
1632 /*
1633  * Splits 's' into an argument vector. Handles quoted string and basic
1634  * escape characters (\\, \", \'). Caller must free the argument vector
1635  * and its members.
1636  */
1637 int
1638 argv_split(const char *s, int *argcp, char ***argvp)
1639 {
1640 	int r = SSH_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR;
1641 	int argc = 0, quote, i, j;
1642 	char *arg, **argv = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*argv));
1643 
1644 	*argvp = NULL;
1645 	*argcp = 0;
1646 
1647 	for (i = 0; s[i] != '\0'; i++) {
1648 		/* Skip leading whitespace */
1649 		if (s[i] == ' ' || s[i] == '\t')
1650 			continue;
1651 
1652 		/* Start of a token */
1653 		quote = 0;
1654 		if (s[i] == '\\' &&
1655 		    (s[i + 1] == '\'' || s[i + 1] == '\"' || s[i + 1] == '\\'))
1656 			i++;
1657 		else if (s[i] == '\'' || s[i] == '"')
1658 			quote = s[i++];
1659 
1660 		argv = xreallocarray(argv, (argc + 2), sizeof(*argv));
1661 		arg = argv[argc++] = xcalloc(1, strlen(s + i) + 1);
1662 		argv[argc] = NULL;
1663 
1664 		/* Copy the token in, removing escapes */
1665 		for (j = 0; s[i] != '\0'; i++) {
1666 			if (s[i] == '\\') {
1667 				if (s[i + 1] == '\'' ||
1668 				    s[i + 1] == '\"' ||
1669 				    s[i + 1] == '\\') {
1670 					i++; /* Skip '\' */
1671 					arg[j++] = s[i];
1672 				} else {
1673 					/* Unrecognised escape */
1674 					arg[j++] = s[i];
1675 				}
1676 			} else if (quote == 0 && (s[i] == ' ' || s[i] == '\t'))
1677 				break; /* done */
1678 			else if (quote != 0 && s[i] == quote)
1679 				break; /* done */
1680 			else
1681 				arg[j++] = s[i];
1682 		}
1683 		if (s[i] == '\0') {
1684 			if (quote != 0) {
1685 				/* Ran out of string looking for close quote */
1686 				r = SSH_ERR_INVALID_FORMAT;
1687 				goto out;
1688 			}
1689 			break;
1690 		}
1691 	}
1692 	/* Success */
1693 	*argcp = argc;
1694 	*argvp = argv;
1695 	argc = 0;
1696 	argv = NULL;
1697 	r = 0;
1698  out:
1699 	if (argc != 0 && argv != NULL) {
1700 		for (i = 0; i < argc; i++)
1701 			free(argv[i]);
1702 		free(argv);
1703 	}
1704 	return r;
1705 }
1706 
1707 /*
1708  * Reassemble an argument vector into a string, quoting and escaping as
1709  * necessary. Caller must free returned string.
1710  */
1711 char *
1712 argv_assemble(int argc, char **argv)
1713 {
1714 	int i, j, ws, r;
1715 	char c, *ret;
1716 	struct sshbuf *buf, *arg;
1717 
1718 	if ((buf = sshbuf_new()) == NULL || (arg = sshbuf_new()) == NULL)
1719 		fatal("%s: sshbuf_new failed", __func__);
1720 
1721 	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
1722 		ws = 0;
1723 		sshbuf_reset(arg);
1724 		for (j = 0; argv[i][j] != '\0'; j++) {
1725 			r = 0;
1726 			c = argv[i][j];
1727 			switch (c) {
1728 			case ' ':
1729 			case '\t':
1730 				ws = 1;
1731 				r = sshbuf_put_u8(arg, c);
1732 				break;
1733 			case '\\':
1734 			case '\'':
1735 			case '"':
1736 				if ((r = sshbuf_put_u8(arg, '\\')) != 0)
1737 					break;
1738 				/* FALLTHROUGH */
1739 			default:
1740 				r = sshbuf_put_u8(arg, c);
1741 				break;
1742 			}
1743 			if (r != 0)
1744 				fatal("%s: sshbuf_put_u8: %s",
1745 				    __func__, ssh_err(r));
1746 		}
1747 		if ((i != 0 && (r = sshbuf_put_u8(buf, ' ')) != 0) ||
1748 		    (ws != 0 && (r = sshbuf_put_u8(buf, '"')) != 0) ||
1749 		    (r = sshbuf_putb(buf, arg)) != 0 ||
1750 		    (ws != 0 && (r = sshbuf_put_u8(buf, '"')) != 0))
1751 			fatal("%s: buffer error: %s", __func__, ssh_err(r));
1752 	}
1753 	if ((ret = malloc(sshbuf_len(buf) + 1)) == NULL)
1754 		fatal("%s: malloc failed", __func__);
1755 	memcpy(ret, sshbuf_ptr(buf), sshbuf_len(buf));
1756 	ret[sshbuf_len(buf)] = '\0';
1757 	sshbuf_free(buf);
1758 	sshbuf_free(arg);
1759 	return ret;
1760 }
1761 
1762 /* Returns 0 if pid exited cleanly, non-zero otherwise */
1763 int
1764 exited_cleanly(pid_t pid, const char *tag, const char *cmd, int quiet)
1765 {
1766 	int status;
1767 
1768 	while (waitpid(pid, &status, 0) == -1) {
1769 		if (errno != EINTR) {
1770 			error("%s: waitpid: %s", tag, strerror(errno));
1771 			return -1;
1772 		}
1773 	}
1774 	if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) {
1775 		error("%s %s exited on signal %d", tag, cmd, WTERMSIG(status));
1776 		return -1;
1777 	} else if (WEXITSTATUS(status) != 0) {
1778 		do_log2(quiet ? SYSLOG_LEVEL_DEBUG1 : SYSLOG_LEVEL_INFO,
1779 		    "%s %s failed, status %d", tag, cmd, WEXITSTATUS(status));
1780 		return -1;
1781 	}
1782 	return 0;
1783 }
1784 
1785 /*
1786  * Check a given path for security. This is defined as all components
1787  * of the path to the file must be owned by either the owner of
1788  * of the file or root and no directories must be group or world writable.
1789  *
1790  * XXX Should any specific check be done for sym links ?
1791  *
1792  * Takes a file name, its stat information (preferably from fstat() to
1793  * avoid races), the uid of the expected owner, their home directory and an
1794  * error buffer plus max size as arguments.
1795  *
1796  * Returns 0 on success and -1 on failure
1797  */
1798 int
1799 safe_path(const char *name, struct stat *stp, const char *pw_dir,
1800     uid_t uid, char *err, size_t errlen)
1801 {
1802 	char buf[PATH_MAX], homedir[PATH_MAX];
1803 	char *cp;
1804 	int comparehome = 0;
1805 	struct stat st;
1806 
1807 	if (realpath(name, buf) == NULL) {
1808 		snprintf(err, errlen, "realpath %s failed: %s", name,
1809 		    strerror(errno));
1810 		return -1;
1811 	}
1812 	if (pw_dir != NULL && realpath(pw_dir, homedir) != NULL)
1813 		comparehome = 1;
1814 
1815 	if (!S_ISREG(stp->st_mode)) {
1816 		snprintf(err, errlen, "%s is not a regular file", buf);
1817 		return -1;
1818 	}
1819 	if ((stp->st_uid != 0 && stp->st_uid != uid) ||
1820 	    (stp->st_mode & 022) != 0) {
1821 		snprintf(err, errlen, "bad ownership or modes for file %s",
1822 		    buf);
1823 		return -1;
1824 	}
1825 
1826 	/* for each component of the canonical path, walking upwards */
1827 	for (;;) {
1828 		if ((cp = dirname(buf)) == NULL) {
1829 			snprintf(err, errlen, "dirname() failed");
1830 			return -1;
1831 		}
1832 		strlcpy(buf, cp, sizeof(buf));
1833 
1834 		if (stat(buf, &st) < 0 ||
1835 		    (st.st_uid != 0 && st.st_uid != uid) ||
1836 		    (st.st_mode & 022) != 0) {
1837 			snprintf(err, errlen,
1838 			    "bad ownership or modes for directory %s", buf);
1839 			return -1;
1840 		}
1841 
1842 		/* If are past the homedir then we can stop */
1843 		if (comparehome && strcmp(homedir, buf) == 0)
1844 			break;
1845 
1846 		/*
1847 		 * dirname should always complete with a "/" path,
1848 		 * but we can be paranoid and check for "." too
1849 		 */
1850 		if ((strcmp("/", buf) == 0) || (strcmp(".", buf) == 0))
1851 			break;
1852 	}
1853 	return 0;
1854 }
1855 
1856 /*
1857  * Version of safe_path() that accepts an open file descriptor to
1858  * avoid races.
1859  *
1860  * Returns 0 on success and -1 on failure
1861  */
1862 int
1863 safe_path_fd(int fd, const char *file, struct passwd *pw,
1864     char *err, size_t errlen)
1865 {
1866 	struct stat st;
1867 
1868 	/* check the open file to avoid races */
1869 	if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0) {
1870 		snprintf(err, errlen, "cannot stat file %s: %s",
1871 		    file, strerror(errno));
1872 		return -1;
1873 	}
1874 	return safe_path(file, &st, pw->pw_dir, pw->pw_uid, err, errlen);
1875 }
1876 
1877 /*
1878  * Sets the value of the given variable in the environment.  If the variable
1879  * already exists, its value is overridden.
1880  */
1881 void
1882 child_set_env(char ***envp, u_int *envsizep, const char *name,
1883 	const char *value)
1884 {
1885 	char **env;
1886 	u_int envsize;
1887 	u_int i, namelen;
1888 
1889 	if (strchr(name, '=') != NULL) {
1890 		error("Invalid environment variable \"%.100s\"", name);
1891 		return;
1892 	}
1893 
1894 	/*
1895 	 * Find the slot where the value should be stored.  If the variable
1896 	 * already exists, we reuse the slot; otherwise we append a new slot
1897 	 * at the end of the array, expanding if necessary.
1898 	 */
1899 	env = *envp;
1900 	namelen = strlen(name);
1901 	for (i = 0; env[i]; i++)
1902 		if (strncmp(env[i], name, namelen) == 0 && env[i][namelen] == '=')
1903 			break;
1904 	if (env[i]) {
1905 		/* Reuse the slot. */
1906 		free(env[i]);
1907 	} else {
1908 		/* New variable.  Expand if necessary. */
1909 		envsize = *envsizep;
1910 		if (i >= envsize - 1) {
1911 			if (envsize >= 1000)
1912 				fatal("child_set_env: too many env vars");
1913 			envsize += 50;
1914 			env = (*envp) = xreallocarray(env, envsize, sizeof(char *));
1915 			*envsizep = envsize;
1916 		}
1917 		/* Need to set the NULL pointer at end of array beyond the new slot. */
1918 		env[i + 1] = NULL;
1919 	}
1920 
1921 	/* Allocate space and format the variable in the appropriate slot. */
1922 	/* XXX xasprintf */
1923 	env[i] = xmalloc(strlen(name) + 1 + strlen(value) + 1);
1924 	snprintf(env[i], strlen(name) + 1 + strlen(value) + 1, "%s=%s", name, value);
1925 }
1926 
1927 /*
1928  * Check and optionally lowercase a domain name, also removes trailing '.'
1929  * Returns 1 on success and 0 on failure, storing an error message in errstr.
1930  */
1931 int
1932 valid_domain(char *name, int makelower, const char **errstr)
1933 {
1934 	size_t i, l = strlen(name);
1935 	u_char c, last = '\0';
1936 	static char errbuf[256];
1937 
1938 	if (l == 0) {
1939 		strlcpy(errbuf, "empty domain name", sizeof(errbuf));
1940 		goto bad;
1941 	}
1942 	if (!isalpha((u_char)name[0]) && !isdigit((u_char)name[0])) {
1943 		snprintf(errbuf, sizeof(errbuf), "domain name \"%.100s\" "
1944 		    "starts with invalid character", name);
1945 		goto bad;
1946 	}
1947 	for (i = 0; i < l; i++) {
1948 		c = tolower((u_char)name[i]);
1949 		if (makelower)
1950 			name[i] = (char)c;
1951 		if (last == '.' && c == '.') {
1952 			snprintf(errbuf, sizeof(errbuf), "domain name "
1953 			    "\"%.100s\" contains consecutive separators", name);
1954 			goto bad;
1955 		}
1956 		if (c != '.' && c != '-' && !isalnum(c) &&
1957 		    c != '_') /* technically invalid, but common */ {
1958 			snprintf(errbuf, sizeof(errbuf), "domain name "
1959 			    "\"%.100s\" contains invalid characters", name);
1960 			goto bad;
1961 		}
1962 		last = c;
1963 	}
1964 	if (name[l - 1] == '.')
1965 		name[l - 1] = '\0';
1966 	if (errstr != NULL)
1967 		*errstr = NULL;
1968 	return 1;
1969 bad:
1970 	if (errstr != NULL)
1971 		*errstr = errbuf;
1972 	return 0;
1973 }
1974 
1975 /*
1976  * Verify that a environment variable name (not including initial '$') is
1977  * valid; consisting of one or more alphanumeric or underscore characters only.
1978  * Returns 1 on valid, 0 otherwise.
1979  */
1980 int
1981 valid_env_name(const char *name)
1982 {
1983 	const char *cp;
1984 
1985 	if (name[0] == '\0')
1986 		return 0;
1987 	for (cp = name; *cp != '\0'; cp++) {
1988 		if (!isalnum((u_char)*cp) && *cp != '_')
1989 			return 0;
1990 	}
1991 	return 1;
1992 }
1993 
1994 const char *
1995 atoi_err(const char *nptr, int *val)
1996 {
1997 	const char *errstr = NULL;
1998 	long long num;
1999 
2000 	if (nptr == NULL || *nptr == '\0')
2001 		return "missing";
2002 	num = strtonum(nptr, 0, INT_MAX, &errstr);
2003 	if (errstr == NULL)
2004 		*val = (int)num;
2005 	return errstr;
2006 }
2007 
2008 int
2009 parse_absolute_time(const char *s, uint64_t *tp)
2010 {
2011 	struct tm tm;
2012 	time_t tt;
2013 	char buf[32];
2014 	const char *fmt;
2015 
2016 	*tp = 0;
2017 
2018 	/*
2019 	 * POSIX strptime says "The application shall ensure that there
2020 	 * is white-space or other non-alphanumeric characters between
2021 	 * any two conversion specifications" so arrange things this way.
2022 	 */
2023 	switch (strlen(s)) {
2024 	case 8: /* YYYYMMDD */
2025 		fmt = "%Y-%m-%d";
2026 		snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%.4s-%.2s-%.2s", s, s + 4, s + 6);
2027 		break;
2028 	case 12: /* YYYYMMDDHHMM */
2029 		fmt = "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M";
2030 		snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%.4s-%.2s-%.2sT%.2s:%.2s",
2031 		    s, s + 4, s + 6, s + 8, s + 10);
2032 		break;
2033 	case 14: /* YYYYMMDDHHMMSS */
2034 		fmt = "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S";
2035 		snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%.4s-%.2s-%.2sT%.2s:%.2s:%.2s",
2036 		    s, s + 4, s + 6, s + 8, s + 10, s + 12);
2037 		break;
2038 	default:
2039 		return SSH_ERR_INVALID_FORMAT;
2040 	}
2041 
2042 	memset(&tm, 0, sizeof(tm));
2043 	if (strptime(buf, fmt, &tm) == NULL)
2044 		return SSH_ERR_INVALID_FORMAT;
2045 	if ((tt = mktime(&tm)) < 0)
2046 		return SSH_ERR_INVALID_FORMAT;
2047 	/* success */
2048 	*tp = (uint64_t)tt;
2049 	return 0;
2050 }
2051 
2052 void
2053 format_absolute_time(uint64_t t, char *buf, size_t len)
2054 {
2055 	time_t tt = t > INT_MAX ? INT_MAX : t; /* XXX revisit in 2038 :P */
2056 	struct tm tm;
2057 
2058 	localtime_r(&tt, &tm);
2059 	strftime(buf, len, "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S", &tm);
2060 }
2061 
2062 /* check if path is absolute */
2063 int
2064 path_absolute(const char *path)
2065 {
2066 	return (*path == '/') ? 1 : 0;
2067 }
2068