xref: /netbsd-src/bin/sh/expand.c (revision ccd9df534e375a4366c5b55f23782053c7a98d82)
1 /*	$NetBSD: expand.c,v 1.144 2023/12/29 15:49:23 kre Exp $	*/
2 
3 /*-
4  * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
5  *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
6  *
7  * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
8  * Kenneth Almquist.
9  *
10  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
11  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
12  * are met:
13  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
14  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
15  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
16  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
17  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
18  * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
19  *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
20  *    without specific prior written permission.
21  *
22  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
23  * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
24  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
25  * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
26  * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
27  * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
28  * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
29  * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
30  * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
31  * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
32  * SUCH DAMAGE.
33  */
34 
35 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
36 #ifndef lint
37 #if 0
38 static char sccsid[] = "@(#)expand.c	8.5 (Berkeley) 5/15/95";
39 #else
40 __RCSID("$NetBSD: expand.c,v 1.144 2023/12/29 15:49:23 kre Exp $");
41 #endif
42 #endif /* not lint */
43 
44 #include <sys/types.h>
45 #include <sys/time.h>
46 #include <sys/stat.h>
47 #include <errno.h>
48 #include <dirent.h>
49 #include <unistd.h>
50 #include <pwd.h>
51 #include <limits.h>
52 #include <stdlib.h>
53 #include <stdio.h>
54 #include <wctype.h>
55 #include <wchar.h>
56 
57 /*
58  * Routines to expand arguments to commands.  We have to deal with
59  * backquotes, shell variables, and file metacharacters.
60  */
61 
62 #include "shell.h"
63 #include "main.h"
64 #include "nodes.h"
65 #include "eval.h"
66 #include "expand.h"
67 #include "syntax.h"
68 #include "arithmetic.h"
69 #include "parser.h"
70 #include "jobs.h"
71 #include "options.h"
72 #include "builtins.h"
73 #include "var.h"
74 #include "input.h"
75 #include "output.h"
76 #include "memalloc.h"
77 #include "error.h"
78 #include "mystring.h"
79 #include "show.h"
80 
81 /*
82  * Structure specifying which parts of the string should be searched
83  * for IFS characters.
84  */
85 
86 struct ifsregion {
87 	struct ifsregion *next;	/* next region in list */
88 	int begoff;		/* offset of start of region */
89 	int endoff;		/* offset of end of region */
90 	int inquotes;		/* search for nul bytes only */
91 };
92 
93 
94 char *expdest;			/* output of current string */
95 struct nodelist *argbackq;	/* list of back quote expressions */
96 struct ifsregion ifsfirst;	/* first struct in list of ifs regions */
97 struct ifsregion *ifslastp;	/* last struct in list */
98 struct arglist exparg;		/* holds expanded arg list */
99 
100 static int empty_dollar_at;	/* have expanded "$@" to nothing */
101 
102 STATIC const char *argstr(const char *, int);
103 STATIC const char *exptilde(const char *, int);
104 STATIC void expbackq(union node *, int, int);
105 STATIC const char *expari(const char *);
106 STATIC int subevalvar(const char *, const char *, int, int, int);
107 STATIC int subevalvar_trim(const char *, int, int, int, int, int);
108 STATIC const char *evalvar(const char *, int);
109 STATIC int varisset(const char *, int);
110 STATIC void varvalue(const char *, int, int, int);
111 STATIC void recordregion(int, int, int);
112 STATIC void removerecordregions(int);
113 STATIC void ifsbreakup(char *, struct arglist *);
114 STATIC void ifsfree(void);
115 STATIC void expandmeta(struct strlist *, int);
116 STATIC void expmeta(char *, char *);
117 STATIC void addfname(char *);
118 STATIC struct strlist *expsort(struct strlist *);
119 STATIC struct strlist *msort(struct strlist *, int);
120 STATIC int patmatch(const char *, const char *, int);
121 STATIC char *cvtnum(int, char *);
122 static int collate_range_cmp(wchar_t, wchar_t);
123 STATIC void add_args(struct strlist *);
124 STATIC void rmescapes_nl(char *);
125 
126 #ifdef	DEBUG
127 #define	NULLTERM_4_TRACE(p)	STACKSTRNUL(p)
128 #else
129 #define	NULLTERM_4_TRACE(p)	do { /* nothing */ } while (0)
130 #endif
131 
132 #define	IS_BORING(_ch)						\
133 	((_ch) == CTLQUOTEMARK || (_ch) == CTLQUOTEEND || (_ch) == CTLNONL)
134 #define	SKIP_BORING(p)						\
135 	do {							\
136 		char _ch;					\
137 								\
138 		while ((_ch = *(p)), IS_BORING(_ch))		\
139 			(p)++;					\
140 	} while (0)
141 
142 /*
143  * Expand shell variables and backquotes inside a here document.
144  */
145 
146 char *
147 expandhere(union node *arg)
148 {
149 	int len;
150 
151 	VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND|DBG_REDIR, ("expandhere(%p)\n", arg));
152 	expandarg(arg, NULL, 0);
153 	len = rmescapes(stackblock());
154 	VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND|DBG_REDIR, ("expandhere() -> %d\n", len));
155 	return stalloc(len + 1);	/* include the \0 */
156 }
157 
158 
159 static int
160 collate_range_cmp(wchar_t c1, wchar_t c2)
161 {
162 	wchar_t s1[2], s2[2];
163 
164 	s1[0] = c1;
165 	s1[1] = L'\0';
166 	s2[0] = c2;
167 	s2[1] = L'\0';
168 	return (wcscoll(s1, s2));
169 }
170 
171 /*
172  * Perform variable substitution and command substitution on an argument,
173  * placing the resulting list of arguments in arglist.  If EXP_FULL is true,
174  * perform splitting and file name expansion.  When arglist is NULL, perform
175  * here document expansion.
176  */
177 
178 void
179 expandarg(union node *arg, struct arglist *arglist, int flag)
180 {
181 	struct strlist *sp;
182 	char *p;
183 
184 	CTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, ("expandarg(fl=%#x)\n", flag));
185 	if (fflag)		/* no filename expandsion */
186 		flag &= ~EXP_GLOB;
187 
188 	empty_dollar_at = 0;
189 	argbackq = arg->narg.backquote;
190 	STARTSTACKSTR(expdest);
191 	ifsfirst.next = NULL;
192 	ifslastp = NULL;
193 	line_number = arg->narg.lineno;
194 	argstr(arg->narg.text, flag);
195 	if (arglist == NULL) {
196 		STACKSTRNUL(expdest);
197 		CTRACE(DBG_EXPAND,
198 		    ("expandarg: no arglist, done[%d] (len %d) \"%s\"\n",
199 		    back_exitstatus, expdest - stackblock(), stackblock()));
200 		return;			/* here document expanded */
201 	}
202 	STPUTC('\0', expdest);
203 	CTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, ("expandarg: arglist got (%d) \"%s\"\n",
204 		    expdest - stackblock() - 1, stackblock()));
205 	p = grabstackstr(expdest);
206 	exparg.lastp = &exparg.list;
207 	/*
208 	 * TODO - EXP_REDIR
209 	 */
210 	if (flag & EXP_SPLIT) {
211 		ifsbreakup(p, &exparg);
212 		*exparg.lastp = NULL;
213 		exparg.lastp = &exparg.list;
214 		if (flag & EXP_GLOB)
215 			expandmeta(exparg.list, flag);
216 		else
217 			add_args(exparg.list);
218 #if 0
219 	} else if (flag & EXP_REDIR) {
220 		/* if EXP_REDIR ever happens, it happens here */
221 		/* for now just (below) remove escapes, and leave it alone */
222 #endif
223 	} else {
224 		rmescapes(p);	/* we might have escaped CTL bytes to remove */
225 		sp = stalloc(sizeof(*sp));
226 		sp->text = p;
227 		*exparg.lastp = sp;
228 		exparg.lastp = &sp->next;
229 	}
230 	ifsfree();
231 	*exparg.lastp = NULL;
232 	if (exparg.list) {
233 		*arglist->lastp = exparg.list;
234 		arglist->lastp = exparg.lastp;
235 	}
236 }
237 
238 
239 
240 /*
241  * Perform variable and command substitution.
242  * If EXP_GLOB is set, output CTLESC characters to allow for further processing.
243  * If EXP_SPLIT is set, remember location of result for later,
244  * Otherwise treat $@ like $* since no splitting will be performed.
245  */
246 
247 STATIC const char *
248 argstr(const char *p, int flag)
249 {
250 	char c;
251 	const int quotes = flag & EXP_QNEEDED;		/* do CTLESC */
252 	int firsteq = 1;
253 	int had_dol_at = 0;
254 	int startoff;
255 	const char *ifs = NULL;
256 	int ifs_split = EXP_IFS_SPLIT;
257 
258 	if (flag & EXP_IFS_SPLIT)
259 		ifs = ifsval();
260 
261 	CTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, ("argstr(\"%s\", %#x) quotes=%#x\n", p,flag,quotes));
262 
263 	startoff = expdest - stackblock();
264 	if (*p == '~' && (flag & (EXP_TILDE | EXP_VARTILDE)))
265 		p = exptilde(p, flag);
266 	for (;;) {
267 		switch (c = *p++) {
268 		case '\0':
269 			NULLTERM_4_TRACE(expdest);
270 			VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, ("argstr returning at \"\" "
271 			   "added \"%s\" to expdest\n", stackblock()));
272 			return p - 1;
273 		case CTLENDVAR: /* end of expanding yyy in ${xxx-yyy} */
274 		case CTLENDARI: /* end of a $(( )) string */
275 			if (had_dol_at && *p == CTLQUOTEEND)
276 				p++;
277 			NULLTERM_4_TRACE(expdest);
278 			VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, ("argstr returning at \"%.6s\"..."
279 			    " after %2.2X; added \"%s\" to expdest\n",
280 			    p, (c & 0xff), stackblock()));
281 			return p;
282 		case CTLQUOTEMARK:
283 			/* "$@" syntax adherence hack */
284 			if (p[0] == CTLVAR && p[1] & VSQUOTE &&
285 			    p[2] == '@' && p[3] == '=') {
286 				had_dol_at = 1;
287 				break;
288 			}
289 			had_dol_at = 0;
290 			empty_dollar_at = 0;
291 			if ((flag & EXP_SPLIT) != 0)
292 				STPUTC(c, expdest);
293 			ifs_split = 0;
294 			break;
295 		case CTLNONL:
296 			if (flag & EXP_NL)
297 				STPUTC(c, expdest);
298 			line_number++;
299 			break;
300 		case CTLCNL:
301 			STPUTC('\n', expdest);	/* no line_number++ */
302 			break;
303 		case CTLQUOTEEND:
304 			if (empty_dollar_at &&
305 			    expdest - stackblock() > startoff &&
306 			    expdest[-1] == CTLQUOTEMARK)
307 				expdest--;
308 			else if (!had_dol_at && (flag & EXP_SPLIT) != 0)
309 				STPUTC(c, expdest);
310 			ifs_split = EXP_IFS_SPLIT;
311 			had_dol_at = 0;
312 			break;
313 		case CTLESC:
314 			if (quotes || ISCTL(*p))
315 				STPUTC(c, expdest);
316 			c = *p++;
317 			STPUTC(c, expdest);
318 			if (c == '\n')		/* should not happen, but ... */
319 				line_number++;
320 			break;
321 		case CTLVAR: {
322 #ifdef DEBUG
323 			unsigned int pos = expdest - stackblock();
324 			NULLTERM_4_TRACE(expdest);
325 #endif
326 			p = evalvar(p, (flag & ~EXP_IFS_SPLIT) | (flag & ifs_split));
327 			NULLTERM_4_TRACE(expdest);
328 			VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, ("argstr evalvar "
329 			   "added %zd \"%s\" to expdest\n",
330 			   (size_t)(expdest - (stackblock() + pos)),
331 			   stackblock() + pos));
332 			break;
333 		}
334 		case CTLBACKQ:
335 		case CTLBACKQ|CTLQUOTE: {
336 #ifdef DEBUG
337 			unsigned int pos = expdest - stackblock();
338 #endif
339 			expbackq(argbackq->n, c & CTLQUOTE, flag);
340 			argbackq = argbackq->next;
341 			NULLTERM_4_TRACE(expdest);
342 			VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, ("argstr expbackq added \"%s\" "
343 			   "to expdest\n", stackblock() + pos));
344 			break;
345 		}
346 		case CTLARI: {
347 #ifdef DEBUG
348 			unsigned int pos = expdest - stackblock();
349 #endif
350 			p = expari(p);
351 			NULLTERM_4_TRACE(expdest);
352 			VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, ("argstr expari "
353 			   "+ \"%s\" to expdest p=\"%.5s...\"\n",
354 			   stackblock() + pos, p));
355 			break;
356 		}
357 		case ':':
358 		case '=':
359 			/*
360 			 * sort of a hack - expand tildes in variable
361 			 * assignments (after the first '=' and after ':'s).
362 			 */
363 			STPUTC(c, expdest);
364 			if (flag & EXP_VARTILDE && *p == '~') {
365 				if (c == '=') {
366 					if (firsteq)
367 						firsteq = 0;
368 					else
369 						break;
370 				}
371 				p = exptilde(p, flag);
372 			}
373 			break;
374 		default:
375 			if (c == '\n')
376 				line_number++;
377 			STPUTC(c, expdest);
378 			if (flag & ifs_split && strchr(ifs, c) != NULL) {
379 				/* We need to get the output split here... */
380 				recordregion(expdest - stackblock() - 1,
381 						expdest - stackblock(), 0);
382 			}
383 			break;
384 		}
385 	}
386 }
387 
388 STATIC const char *
389 exptilde(const char *p, int flag)
390 {
391 	char c, last;
392 	const char *startp = p;
393 	struct passwd *pw;
394 	const char *home;
395 	const int quotes = flag & EXP_QNEEDED;
396 	char *user;
397 	struct stackmark smark;
398 #ifdef DEBUG
399 	unsigned int offs = expdest - stackblock();
400 #endif
401 
402 	setstackmark(&smark);
403 	(void) grabstackstr(expdest);
404 	user = stackblock();		/* we will just borrow top of stack */
405 
406 	while ((c = *++p) != '\0') {
407 		switch(c) {
408 		case CTLESC:		/* any of these occurring */
409 		case CTLVAR:		/* means ~ expansion */
410 		case CTLBACKQ:		/* does not happen at all */
411 		case CTLBACKQ | CTLQUOTE:
412 		case CTLARI:		/* just leave original unchanged */
413 		case CTLENDARI:
414 		case CTLQUOTEMARK:
415 		case '\n':
416 			popstackmark(&smark);
417 			return (startp);
418 		case CTLNONL:
419 			continue;
420 		case ':':
421 			if (!posix || flag & EXP_VARTILDE)
422 				goto done;
423 			break;
424 		case CTLENDVAR:
425 		case '/':
426 			goto done;
427 		}
428 		STPUTC(c, user);
429 	}
430  done:
431 	STACKSTRNUL(user);
432 	user = stackblock();		/* to start of collected username */
433 
434 	CTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, ("exptilde, found \"~%s\"", user));
435 	if (*user == '\0') {
436 		home = lookupvar("HOME");
437 		/*
438 		 * if HOME is unset, results are unspecified...
439 		 * we used to just leave the ~ unchanged, but
440 		 * (some) other shells do ... and this seems more useful.
441 		 */
442 		if (home == NULL && (pw = getpwuid(getuid())) != NULL)
443 			home = pw->pw_dir;
444 	} else if ((pw = getpwnam(user)) == NULL) {
445 		/*
446 		 * If user does not exist, results are undefined.
447 		 * so we can abort() here if we want, but let's not!
448 		 */
449 		home = NULL;
450 	} else
451 		home = pw->pw_dir;
452 
453 	VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, (" ->\"%s\"", home ? home : "<<NULL>>"));
454 	popstackmark(&smark);	/* now expdest is valid again */
455 
456 	/*
457 	 * Posix XCU 2.6.1: The value of $HOME (for ~) or the initial
458 	 *		working directory from getpwnam() for ~user
459 	 * Nothing there about "except if a null string".  So do what it wants.
460 	 * In later drafts (to become Issue 8), it is even required that in
461 	 * this case, (where HOME='') a bare ~ expands to "" (which must not
462 	 * be reduced to nothing).
463 	 */
464 	last = '\0';		/* just in case *home == '\0' (already) */
465 	if (home == NULL) {
466 		CTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, (": returning unused \"%s\"\n", startp));
467 		return startp;
468 	}
469 	while ((c = *home++) != '\0') {
470 		if ((quotes && NEEDESC(c)) || ISCTL(c))
471 			STPUTC(CTLESC, expdest);
472 		STPUTC(c, expdest);
473 		last = c;
474 	}
475 
476 	/*
477 	 * If HOME (or whatver) ended in a '/' (last == '/'), and
478 	 * the ~prefix was terminated by a '/', then only keep one
479 	 * of them - since we already took the one from HOME, just
480 	 * skip over the one that ended the tilde prefix.
481 	 *
482 	 * Current (Issue 8) drafts say this is permitted, and recommend
483 	 * it - a later version of the standard will probably require it.
484 	 * This is to prevent ~/foo generating //foo when HOME=/ (and
485 	 * other cases like it, but that's the important one).
486 	 */
487 	if (last == '/' && *p == '/')
488 		p++;
489 
490 	CTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, (": added %d \"%.*s\" returning \"%s\"\n",
491 	      expdest - stackblock() - offs, expdest - stackblock() - offs,
492 	      stackblock() + offs, p));
493 
494 	return (p);
495 }
496 
497 
498 STATIC void
499 removerecordregions(int endoff)
500 {
501 
502 	VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, ("removerecordregions(%d):", endoff));
503 	if (ifslastp == NULL) {
504 		VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, (" none\n", endoff));
505 		return;
506 	}
507 
508 	if (ifsfirst.endoff > endoff) {
509 		VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, (" first(%d)", ifsfirst.endoff));
510 		while (ifsfirst.next != NULL) {
511 			struct ifsregion *ifsp;
512 			INTOFF;
513 			ifsp = ifsfirst.next->next;
514 			ckfree(ifsfirst.next);
515 			ifsfirst.next = ifsp;
516 			INTON;
517 		}
518 		if (ifsfirst.begoff > endoff)
519 			ifslastp = NULL;
520 		else {
521 			VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND,("->(%d,%d)",ifsfirst.begoff,endoff));
522 			ifslastp = &ifsfirst;
523 			ifsfirst.endoff = endoff;
524 		}
525 		VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, ("\n"));
526 		return;
527 	}
528 
529 	ifslastp = &ifsfirst;
530 	while (ifslastp->next && ifslastp->next->begoff < endoff)
531 		ifslastp=ifslastp->next;
532 	VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, (" found(%d,%d)", ifslastp->begoff,ifslastp->endoff));
533 	while (ifslastp->next != NULL) {
534 		struct ifsregion *ifsp;
535 		INTOFF;
536 		ifsp = ifslastp->next->next;
537 		ckfree(ifslastp->next);
538 		ifslastp->next = ifsp;
539 		INTON;
540 	}
541 	if (ifslastp->endoff > endoff)
542 		ifslastp->endoff = endoff;
543 	VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, ("->(%d,%d)", ifslastp->begoff,ifslastp->endoff));
544 }
545 
546 
547 /*
548  * Expand arithmetic expression.
549  *
550  * In this incarnation, we start at the beginning (yes, "Let's start at the
551  * very beginning.  A very good place to start.") and collect the expression
552  * until the end - which means expanding anything contained within.
553  *
554  * Fortunately, argstr() just happens to do that for us...
555  */
556 STATIC const char *
557 expari(const char *p)
558 {
559 	char *q, *start;
560 	intmax_t result;
561 	int adjustment;
562 	int begoff;
563 	int quoted;
564 	struct stackmark smark;
565 
566 	/*	ifsfree(); */
567 
568 	/*
569 	 * SPACE_NEEDED is enough for all possible digits (rounded up)
570 	 * plus possible "-", and the terminating '\0', hence, plus 2
571 	 *
572 	 * The calculation produces the number of bytes needed to
573 	 * represent the biggest possible value, in octal.  We only
574 	 * generate decimal, which takes (often) less digits (never more)
575 	 * so this is safe, if occasionally slightly wasteful.
576 	 */
577 #define SPACE_NEEDED ((int)((sizeof(intmax_t) * CHAR_BIT + 2) / 3 + 2))
578 
579 	quoted = *p++ == '"';
580 	begoff = expdest - stackblock();
581 	VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, ("expari%s: \"%s\" begoff %d\n",
582 	    quoted ? "(quoted)" : "", p, begoff));
583 
584 	p = argstr(p, EXP_NL);			/* expand $(( )) string */
585 	STPUTC('\0', expdest);
586 	start = stackblock() + begoff;
587 
588 	removerecordregions(begoff);		/* nothing there is kept */
589 	rmescapes_nl(start);		/* convert CRTNONL back into \n's */
590 
591 	setstackmark(&smark);
592 	q = grabstackstr(expdest);	/* keep the expression while eval'ing */
593 	result = arith(start, line_number);
594 	popstackmark(&smark);		/* return the stack to before grab */
595 
596 	start = stackblock() + begoff;		/* block may have moved */
597 	adjustment = expdest - start;
598 	STADJUST(-adjustment, expdest);		/* remove the argstr() result */
599 
600 	CHECKSTRSPACE(SPACE_NEEDED, expdest);	/* nb: stack block might move */
601 	fmtstr(expdest, SPACE_NEEDED, "%"PRIdMAX, result);
602 
603 	for (q = expdest; *q++ != '\0'; )	/* find end of what we added */
604 		;
605 
606 	if (quoted == 0)			/* allow weird splitting */
607 		recordregion(begoff, begoff + q - 1 - expdest, 0);
608 	adjustment = q - expdest - 1;
609 	STADJUST(adjustment, expdest);		/* move expdest to end */
610 	VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, ("expari: adding %d \"%s\", returning \"%.5s...\"\n",
611 	    adjustment, stackblock() + begoff, p));
612 
613 	return p;
614 }
615 
616 
617 /*
618  * Expand stuff in backwards quotes (these days, any command substitution).
619  */
620 
621 STATIC void
622 expbackq(union node *cmd, int quoted, int flag)
623 {
624 	struct backcmd in;
625 	int i;
626 	char buf[128];
627 	char *p;
628 	char *dest = expdest;	/* expdest may be reused by eval, use an alt */
629 	struct ifsregion saveifs, *savelastp;
630 	struct nodelist *saveargbackq;
631 	char lastc;
632 	int startloc = dest - stackblock();
633 	int saveherefd;
634 	const int quotes = flag & EXP_QNEEDED;
635 	int nnl;
636 	struct stackmark smark;
637 
638 	VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, ("expbackq( ..., q=%d flag=%#x) have %d\n",
639 	    quoted, flag, startloc));
640 	INTOFF;
641 	saveifs = ifsfirst;
642 	savelastp = ifslastp;
643 	saveargbackq = argbackq;
644 	saveherefd = herefd;
645 	herefd = -1;
646 
647 	setstackmark(&smark);	/* preserve the stack */
648 	p = grabstackstr(dest);	/* save what we have there currently */
649 	evalbackcmd(cmd, &in);	/* evaluate the $( ) tree (using stack) */
650 	popstackmark(&smark);	/* and return stack to when we entered */
651 
652 	ifsfirst = saveifs;
653 	ifslastp = savelastp;
654 	argbackq = saveargbackq;
655 	herefd = saveherefd;
656 
657 	p = in.buf;		/* now extract the results */
658 	nnl = 0;		/* dropping trailing \n's */
659 	for (;;) {
660 		if (--in.nleft < 0) {
661 			if (in.fd < 0)
662 				break;
663 			INTON;
664 			while ((i = read(in.fd, buf, sizeof buf)) < 0 && errno == EINTR)
665 				continue;
666 			INTOFF;
667 			VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, ("expbackq: read returns %d\n", i));
668 			if (i <= 0)
669 				break;
670 			p = buf;
671 			in.nleft = i - 1;
672 		}
673 		lastc = *p++;
674 		if (lastc != '\0') {
675 			if (lastc == '\n')	/* don't save \n yet */
676 				nnl++;		/* it might be trailing */
677 			else {
678 				/*
679 				 * We have something other than \n
680 				 *
681 				 * Before saving it, we need to insert
682 				 * any \n's that we have just skipped.
683 				 */
684 
685 				/* XXX
686 				 * this hack is just because our
687 				 * CHECKSTRSPACE() is lazy, and only
688 				 * ever grows the stack once, even
689 				 * if that does not allocate the space
690 				 * we requested.  ie: safe for small
691 				 * requests, but not large ones.
692 				 * FIXME someday...
693 				 */
694 				if (nnl < 20) {
695 					CHECKSTRSPACE(nnl + 2, dest);
696 					while (nnl > 0) {
697 						nnl--;
698 						USTPUTC('\n', dest);
699 					}
700 				} else {
701 					/* The slower, safer, way */
702 					while (nnl > 0) {
703 						nnl--;
704 						STPUTC('\n', dest);
705 					}
706 					CHECKSTRSPACE(2, dest);
707 				}
708 				if ((quotes && quoted && NEEDESC(lastc)) ||
709 				    ISCTL(lastc))
710 					USTPUTC(CTLESC, dest);
711 				USTPUTC(lastc, dest);
712 			}
713 		}
714 	}
715 
716 	if (in.fd >= 0)
717 		close(in.fd);
718 	if (in.buf)
719 		ckfree(in.buf);
720 	if (in.jp)
721 		back_exitstatus = waitforjob(in.jp);
722 	if (quoted == 0)
723 		recordregion(startloc, dest - stackblock(), 0);
724 	CTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, ("evalbackq: [%d] size=%d: \"%.*s\"\n",
725 		back_exitstatus,
726 		(int)((dest - stackblock()) - startloc),
727 		(int)((dest - stackblock()) - startloc),
728 		stackblock() + startloc));
729 
730 	expdest = dest;		/* all done, expdest is all ours again */
731 	INTON;
732 }
733 
734 
735 STATIC int
736 subevalvar(const char *p, const char *str, int subtype, int startloc,
737     int varflags)
738 {
739 	char *startp;
740 	int saveherefd = herefd;
741 	struct nodelist *saveargbackq = argbackq;
742 	int amount;
743 
744 	herefd = -1;
745 	VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, ("subevalvar(%d) \"%.20s\" ${%.*s} sloc=%d vf=%x\n",
746 	    subtype, p, p-str, str, startloc, varflags));
747 	argstr(p, subtype == VSASSIGN ? EXP_VARTILDE : EXP_TILDE);
748 	STACKSTRNUL(expdest);
749 	herefd = saveherefd;
750 	argbackq = saveargbackq;
751 	startp = stackblock() + startloc;
752 
753 	switch (subtype) {
754 	case VSASSIGN:
755 		setvar(str, startp, 0);
756 		amount = startp - expdest;	/* remove what argstr added */
757 		STADJUST(amount, expdest);
758 		varflags &= ~VSNUL;	/*XXX Huh?   What's that achieve? */
759 		return 1;			/* go back and eval var again */
760 
761 	case VSQUESTION:
762 		if (*p != CTLENDVAR) {
763 			outfmt(&errout, "%s\n", startp);
764 			error(NULL);
765 		}
766 		error("%.*s: parameter %snot set",
767 		      (int)(p - str - 1),
768 		      str, (varflags & VSNUL) ? "null or "
769 					      : nullstr);
770 		/* NOTREACHED */
771 
772 	default:
773 		abort();
774 	}
775 }
776 
777 STATIC int
778 subevalvar_trim(const char *p, int strloc, int subtype, int startloc,
779     int varflags, int quotes)
780 {
781 	char *startp;
782 	char *str;
783 	char *loc = NULL;
784 	char *q;
785 	int c = 0;
786 	int saveherefd = herefd;
787 	struct nodelist *saveargbackq = argbackq;
788 	int amount;
789 
790 	herefd = -1;
791 	switch (subtype) {
792 	case VSTRIMLEFT:
793 	case VSTRIMLEFTMAX:
794 	case VSTRIMRIGHT:
795 	case VSTRIMRIGHTMAX:
796 		break;
797 	default:
798 		abort();
799 		break;
800 	}
801 
802 	VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND,
803 	("subevalvar_trim(\"%.9s\", STR@%d, SUBT=%d, start@%d, vf=%x, q=%x)\n",
804 		p, strloc, subtype, startloc, varflags, quotes));
805 
806 	argstr(p, (varflags & (VSQUOTE|VSPATQ)) == VSQUOTE ? 0 : EXP_CASE);
807 	STACKSTRNUL(expdest);
808 	herefd = saveherefd;
809 	argbackq = saveargbackq;
810 	startp = stackblock() + startloc;
811 	str = stackblock() + strloc;
812 
813 	switch (subtype) {
814 
815 	case VSTRIMLEFT:
816 		for (loc = startp; loc < str; loc++) {
817 			c = *loc;
818 			*loc = '\0';
819 			if (patmatch(str, startp, quotes))
820 				goto recordleft;
821 			*loc = c;
822 			if (quotes && *loc == CTLESC)
823 				loc++;
824 		}
825 		return 0;
826 
827 	case VSTRIMLEFTMAX:
828 		for (loc = str - 1; loc >= startp;) {
829 			c = *loc;
830 			*loc = '\0';
831 			if (patmatch(str, startp, quotes))
832 				goto recordleft;
833 			*loc = c;
834 			loc--;
835 			if (quotes && loc > startp &&
836 			    *(loc - 1) == CTLESC) {
837 				for (q = startp; q < loc; q++)
838 					if (*q == CTLESC)
839 						q++;
840 				if (q > loc)
841 					loc--;
842 			}
843 		}
844 		return 0;
845 
846 	case VSTRIMRIGHT:
847 		for (loc = str - 1; loc >= startp;) {
848 			if (patmatch(str, loc, quotes))
849 				goto recordright;
850 			loc--;
851 			if (quotes && loc > startp &&
852 			    *(loc - 1) == CTLESC) {
853 				for (q = startp; q < loc; q++)
854 					if (*q == CTLESC)
855 						q++;
856 				if (q > loc)
857 					loc--;
858 			}
859 		}
860 		return 0;
861 
862 	case VSTRIMRIGHTMAX:
863 		for (loc = startp; loc < str - 1; loc++) {
864 			if (patmatch(str, loc, quotes))
865 				goto recordright;
866 			if (quotes && *loc == CTLESC)
867 				loc++;
868 		}
869 		return 0;
870 
871 	default:
872 		abort();
873 	}
874 
875  recordleft:
876 	*loc = c;
877 	amount = ((str - 1) - (loc - startp)) - expdest;
878 	STADJUST(amount, expdest);
879 	while (loc != str - 1)
880 		*startp++ = *loc++;
881 	return 1;
882 
883  recordright:
884 	amount = loc - expdest;
885 	STADJUST(amount, expdest);
886 	STPUTC('\0', expdest);
887 	STADJUST(-1, expdest);
888 	return 1;
889 }
890 
891 
892 /*
893  * Expand a variable, and return a pointer to the next character in the
894  * input string.
895  */
896 
897 STATIC const char *
898 evalvar(const char *p, int flag)
899 {
900 	int subtype;
901 	int varflags;
902 	const char *var;
903 	char *val;
904 	int patloc;
905 	int c;
906 	int set;
907 	int special;
908 	int startloc;
909 	int varlen;
910 	int apply_ifs;
911 	const int quotes = flag & EXP_QNEEDED;
912 
913 	varflags = (unsigned char)*p++;
914 	subtype = varflags & VSTYPE;
915 	var = p;
916 	special = !is_name(*p);
917 	p = strchr(p, '=') + 1;
918 
919 	CTRACE(DBG_EXPAND,
920 	    ("evalvar \"%.*s\", flag=%#X quotes=%#X vf=%#X subtype=%X\n",
921 	    p - var - 1, var, flag, quotes, varflags, subtype));
922 
923  again: /* jump here after setting a variable with ${var=text} */
924 	if (varflags & VSLINENO) {
925 		if (line_num.flags & VUNSET) {
926 			set = 0;
927 			val = NULL;
928 		} else {
929 			set = 1;
930 			special = p - var;
931 			val = NULL;
932 		}
933 	} else if (special) {
934 		set = varisset(var, varflags & VSNUL);
935 		val = NULL;
936 		if (!set && *var == '@')
937 			empty_dollar_at = 1;
938 	} else {
939 		val = lookupvar(var);
940 		if (val == NULL || ((varflags & VSNUL) && val[0] == '\0')) {
941 			val = NULL;
942 			set = 0;
943 		} else
944 			set = 1;
945 	}
946 
947 	varlen = 0;
948 	startloc = expdest - stackblock();
949 
950 	if (!set && uflag && *var != '@' && *var != '*') {
951 		switch (subtype) {
952 		case VSNORMAL:
953 		case VSTRIMLEFT:
954 		case VSTRIMLEFTMAX:
955 		case VSTRIMRIGHT:
956 		case VSTRIMRIGHTMAX:
957 		case VSLENGTH:
958 			error("%.*s: parameter not set",
959 			    (int)(p - var - 1), var);
960 			/* NOTREACHED */
961 		}
962 	}
963 
964 #if 0		/* no longer need this $@ evil ... */
965 	if (!set && subtype != VSPLUS && special && *var == '@')
966 		if (startloc > 0 && expdest[-1] == CTLQUOTEMARK)
967 			expdest--, startloc--;
968 #endif
969 
970 	if (set && subtype != VSPLUS) {
971 		/* insert the value of the variable */
972 		if (special) {
973 			if (varflags & VSLINENO) {
974 				/*
975 				 * The LINENO hack (expansion part)
976 				 */
977 				while (--special > 0) {
978 /*						not needed, it is a number...
979 					if (quotes && NEEDESC(*var))
980 						STPUTC(CTLESC, expdest);
981 */
982 					STPUTC(*var++, expdest);
983 				}
984 			} else
985 				varvalue(var, varflags&VSQUOTE, subtype, flag);
986 			if (subtype == VSLENGTH) {
987 				varlen = expdest - stackblock() - startloc;
988 				STADJUST(-varlen, expdest);
989 			}
990 		} else {
991 
992 			if (subtype == VSLENGTH) {
993 				for (; *val; val++)
994 					varlen++;
995 			} else if (quotes && varflags & VSQUOTE) {
996 				/*
997 				 * If we are going to look for magic in the
998 				 * value (quotes is set) and the expansion
999 				 * occurs inside "" (VSQUOTE) then any char
1000 				 * that has any potential special meaning
1001 				 * needs to have that meaning suppressed,
1002 				 * so supply a CTLESC prefix for it.
1003 				 */
1004 				for (; (c = *val) != '\0'; val++) {
1005 					if (NEEDESC(c))
1006 						STPUTC(CTLESC, expdest);
1007 					STPUTC(c, expdest);
1008 				}
1009 			} else {
1010 				/*
1011 				 * We are going to rmescapes() later,
1012 				 * so make sure that any data char that
1013 				 * might be mistaken for one of our CTLxxx
1014 				 * magic chars is protected ... always.
1015 				 */
1016 				for (; (c = *val) != '\0'; val++) {
1017 					if (ISCTL(c))
1018 						STPUTC(CTLESC, expdest);
1019 					STPUTC(c, expdest);
1020 				}
1021 			}
1022 		}
1023 	}
1024 
1025 
1026 	if (varflags & VSQUOTE) {
1027 		if  (*var == '@' && shellparam.nparam != 1)
1028 		    apply_ifs = 1;
1029 		else {
1030 		    /*
1031 		     * Mark so that we don't apply IFS if we recurse through
1032 		     * here expanding $bar from "${foo-$bar}".
1033 		     */
1034 		    flag |= EXP_IN_QUOTES;
1035 		    apply_ifs = 0;
1036 		}
1037 	} else if (flag & EXP_IN_QUOTES) {
1038 		apply_ifs = 0;
1039 	} else
1040 		apply_ifs = 1;
1041 
1042 	switch (subtype) {
1043 	case VSLENGTH:
1044 		expdest = cvtnum(varlen, expdest);
1045 		break;
1046 
1047 	case VSNORMAL:
1048 		break;
1049 
1050 	case VSPLUS:
1051 		set = !set;
1052 		/* FALLTHROUGH */
1053 	case VSMINUS:
1054 		if (!set) {
1055 			argstr(p, flag | (apply_ifs ? EXP_IFS_SPLIT : 0));
1056 			/*
1057 			 * ${x-a b c} doesn't get split, but removing the
1058 			 * 'apply_ifs = 0' apparently breaks ${1+"$@"}..
1059 			 * ${x-'a b' c} should generate 2 args.
1060 			 */
1061 			if (*p != CTLENDVAR)
1062 			/* We should have marked stuff already */
1063 				apply_ifs = 0;
1064 		}
1065 		break;
1066 
1067 	case VSTRIMLEFT:
1068 	case VSTRIMLEFTMAX:
1069 	case VSTRIMRIGHT:
1070 	case VSTRIMRIGHTMAX:
1071 		if (!set) {
1072 			set = 1;  /* allow argbackq to be advanced if needed */
1073 			break;
1074 		}
1075 		/*
1076 		 * Terminate the string and start recording the pattern
1077 		 * right after it
1078 		 */
1079 		STPUTC('\0', expdest);
1080 		patloc = expdest - stackblock();
1081 		if (subevalvar_trim(p, patloc, subtype, startloc, varflags,
1082 		    quotes) == 0) {
1083 			int amount = (expdest - stackblock() - patloc) + 1;
1084 			STADJUST(-amount, expdest);
1085 		}
1086 		/* Remove any recorded regions beyond start of variable */
1087 		removerecordregions(startloc);
1088 		apply_ifs = 1;
1089 		break;
1090 
1091 	case VSASSIGN:
1092 	case VSQUESTION:
1093 		if (set)
1094 			break;
1095 		if (subevalvar(p, var, subtype, startloc, varflags)) {
1096 			/* if subevalvar() returns, it always returns 1 */
1097 
1098 			varflags &= ~VSNUL;
1099 			/*
1100 			 * Remove any recorded regions beyond
1101 			 * start of variable
1102 			 */
1103 			removerecordregions(startloc);
1104 			goto again;
1105 		}
1106 		apply_ifs = 0;		/* never executed */
1107 		break;
1108 
1109 	default:
1110 		abort();
1111 	}
1112 
1113 	if (apply_ifs)
1114 		recordregion(startloc, expdest - stackblock(),
1115 			     varflags & VSQUOTE);
1116 
1117 	if (subtype != VSNORMAL) {	/* skip to end of alternative */
1118 		int nesting = 1;
1119 		for (;;) {
1120 			if ((c = *p++) == CTLESC)
1121 				p++;
1122 			else if (c == CTLNONL)
1123 				;
1124 			else if (c == CTLBACKQ || c == (CTLBACKQ|CTLQUOTE)) {
1125 				if (set)
1126 					argbackq = argbackq->next;
1127 			} else if (c == CTLVAR) {
1128 				if ((*p++ & VSTYPE) != VSNORMAL)
1129 					nesting++;
1130 			} else if (c == CTLENDVAR) {
1131 				if (--nesting == 0)
1132 					break;
1133 			}
1134 		}
1135 	}
1136 	return p;
1137 }
1138 
1139 
1140 
1141 /*
1142  * Test whether a special parameter is set.
1143  */
1144 
1145 STATIC int
1146 varisset(const char *name, int nulok)
1147 {
1148 	if (*name == '!')
1149 		return backgndpid != -1;
1150 	else if (*name == '@' || *name == '*') {
1151 		if (*shellparam.p == NULL)
1152 			return 0;
1153 
1154 		if (nulok) {
1155 			char **av;
1156 
1157 			for (av = shellparam.p; *av; av++)
1158 				if (**av != '\0')
1159 					return 1;
1160 			return 0;
1161 		}
1162 	} else if (is_digit(*name)) {
1163 		char *ap;
1164 		long num;
1165 
1166 		/*
1167 		 * handle overflow sensibly (the *ap tests should never fail)
1168 		 */
1169 		errno = 0;
1170 		num = strtol(name, &ap, 10);
1171 		if (errno != 0 || (*ap != '\0' && *ap != '='))
1172 			return 0;
1173 
1174 		if (num == 0)
1175 			ap = arg0;
1176 		else if (num > shellparam.nparam)
1177 			return 0;
1178 		else
1179 			ap = shellparam.p[num - 1];
1180 
1181 		if (nulok && (ap == NULL || *ap == '\0'))
1182 			return 0;
1183 	}
1184 	return 1;
1185 }
1186 
1187 
1188 
1189 /*
1190  * Add the value of a specialized variable to the stack string.
1191  */
1192 
1193 STATIC void
1194 varvalue(const char *name, int quoted, int subtype, int flag)
1195 {
1196 	int num;
1197 	char *p;
1198 	int i;
1199 	int sep;
1200 	char **ap;
1201 #ifdef DEBUG
1202 	char *start = expdest;
1203 #endif
1204 
1205 	VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, ("varvalue(%c%s, sub=%d, fl=%#x)", *name,
1206 	    quoted ? ", quoted" : "", subtype, flag));
1207 
1208 	if (subtype == VSLENGTH)	/* no magic required ... */
1209 		flag &= ~(EXP_FULL | EXP_QNEEDED);
1210 
1211 #define STRTODEST(p) \
1212 	do {\
1213 		if ((flag & EXP_QNEEDED) && quoted) { \
1214 			while (*p) { \
1215 				if (NEEDESC(*p)) \
1216 					STPUTC(CTLESC, expdest); \
1217 				STPUTC(*p++, expdest); \
1218 			} \
1219 		} else \
1220 			while (*p) { \
1221 				if ((flag & EXP_QNEEDED) && ISCTL(*p)) \
1222 					STPUTC(CTLESC, expdest); \
1223 				STPUTC(*p++, expdest); \
1224 			} \
1225 	} while (0)
1226 
1227 
1228 	switch (*name) {
1229 	case '$':
1230 		num = rootpid;
1231 		break;
1232 	case '?':
1233 		num = exitstatus;
1234 		break;
1235 	case '#':
1236 		num = shellparam.nparam;
1237 		break;
1238 	case '!':
1239 		num = backgndpid;
1240 		break;
1241 	case '-':
1242 		for (i = 0; i < option_flags; i++) {
1243 			if (optlist[optorder[i]].val)
1244 				STPUTC(optlist[optorder[i]].letter, expdest);
1245 		}
1246 		VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, (": %.*s\n", expdest-start, start));
1247 		return;
1248 	case '@':
1249 		if (flag & EXP_SPLIT && quoted) {
1250 			VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, (": $@ split (%d)\n",
1251 			    shellparam.nparam));
1252 #if 0
1253 		/* GROSS HACK */
1254 			if (shellparam.nparam == 0 &&
1255 				expdest[-1] == CTLQUOTEMARK)
1256 					expdest--;
1257 		/* KCAH SSORG */
1258 #endif
1259 			if (shellparam.nparam == 0)
1260 				empty_dollar_at = 1;
1261 
1262 			for (ap = shellparam.p ; (p = *ap++) != NULL ; ) {
1263 				if (*p == '\0') {
1264 					/* retain an explicit null string */
1265 					STPUTC(CTLQUOTEMARK, expdest);
1266 					STPUTC(CTLQUOTEEND, expdest);
1267 				} else
1268 					STRTODEST(p);
1269 				if (*ap)
1270 					/* A NUL separates args inside "" */
1271 					STPUTC('\0', expdest);
1272 			}
1273 			return;
1274 		}
1275 		/* fall through */
1276 	case '*':
1277 		sep = ifsval()[0];
1278 		for (ap = shellparam.p ; (p = *ap++) != NULL ; ) {
1279 			STRTODEST(p);
1280 			if (!*ap)
1281 				break;
1282 			if (sep) {
1283 				if (quoted && (flag & EXP_QNEEDED) &&
1284 				    NEEDESC(sep))
1285 					STPUTC(CTLESC, expdest);
1286 				STPUTC(sep, expdest);
1287 			} else
1288 			    if ((flag & (EXP_SPLIT|EXP_IN_QUOTES)) == EXP_SPLIT
1289 			      && !quoted && **ap != '\0')
1290 				STPUTC('\0', expdest);
1291 		}
1292 		VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, (": %.*s\n", expdest-start, start));
1293 		return;
1294 	default:
1295 		if (is_digit(*name)) {
1296 			long lnum;
1297 
1298 			errno = 0;
1299 			lnum = strtol(name, &p, 10);
1300 			if (errno != 0 || (*p != '\0' && *p != '='))
1301 				return;
1302 
1303 			if (lnum == 0)
1304 				p = arg0;
1305 			else if (lnum > 0 && lnum <= shellparam.nparam)
1306 				p = shellparam.p[lnum - 1];
1307 			else
1308 				return;
1309 			STRTODEST(p);
1310 		}
1311 		VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, (": %.*s\n", expdest-start, start));
1312 		return;
1313 	}
1314 	/*
1315 	 * only the specials with an int value arrive here
1316 	 */
1317 	VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, ("(%d)", num));
1318 	expdest = cvtnum(num, expdest);
1319 	VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, (": %.*s\n", expdest-start, start));
1320 }
1321 
1322 
1323 
1324 /*
1325  * Record the fact that we have to scan this region of the
1326  * string for IFS characters.
1327  */
1328 
1329 STATIC void
1330 recordregion(int start, int end, int inquotes)
1331 {
1332 	struct ifsregion *ifsp;
1333 
1334 	VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, ("recordregion(%d,%d,%d)\n", start, end, inquotes));
1335 	if (ifslastp == NULL) {
1336 		ifsp = &ifsfirst;
1337 	} else {
1338 		if (ifslastp->endoff == start
1339 		    && ifslastp->inquotes == inquotes) {
1340 			/* extend previous area */
1341 			ifslastp->endoff = end;
1342 			return;
1343 		}
1344 		ifsp = (struct ifsregion *)ckmalloc(sizeof (struct ifsregion));
1345 		ifslastp->next = ifsp;
1346 	}
1347 	ifslastp = ifsp;
1348 	ifslastp->next = NULL;
1349 	ifslastp->begoff = start;
1350 	ifslastp->endoff = end;
1351 	ifslastp->inquotes = inquotes;
1352 }
1353 
1354 
1355 
1356 /*
1357  * Break the argument string into pieces based upon IFS and add the
1358  * strings to the argument list.  The regions of the string to be
1359  * searched for IFS characters have been stored by recordregion.
1360  */
1361 STATIC void
1362 ifsbreakup(char *string, struct arglist *arglist)
1363 {
1364 	struct ifsregion *ifsp;
1365 	struct strlist *sp;
1366 	char *start;
1367 	char *p;
1368 	char *q;
1369 	const char *ifs;
1370 	const char *ifsspc;
1371 	int had_param_ch = 0;
1372 
1373 	start = string;
1374 
1375 	VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, ("ifsbreakup(\"%s\")", string)); /* misses \0's */
1376 	if (ifslastp == NULL) {
1377 		/* Return entire argument, IFS doesn't apply to any of it */
1378 		VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, ("no regions\n", string));
1379 		sp = stalloc(sizeof(*sp));
1380 		sp->text = start;
1381 		*arglist->lastp = sp;
1382 		arglist->lastp = &sp->next;
1383 		return;
1384 	}
1385 
1386 	ifs = ifsval();
1387 
1388 	for (ifsp = &ifsfirst; ifsp != NULL; ifsp = ifsp->next) {
1389 		p = string + ifsp->begoff;
1390 		VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, (" !%.*s!(%d)", ifsp->endoff-ifsp->begoff,
1391 		    p, ifsp->endoff-ifsp->begoff));
1392 		while (p < string + ifsp->endoff) {
1393 			had_param_ch = 1;
1394 			q = p;
1395 			if (IS_BORING(*p)) {
1396 				p++;
1397 				continue;
1398 			}
1399 			if (*p == CTLESC)
1400 				p++;
1401 			if (ifsp->inquotes) {
1402 				/* Only NULs (should be from "$@") end args */
1403 				if (*p != 0) {
1404 					p++;
1405 					continue;
1406 				}
1407 				ifsspc = NULL;
1408 				VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, (" \\0 nxt:\"%s\" ", p));
1409 			} else {
1410 				if (!strchr(ifs, *p)) {
1411 					p++;
1412 					continue;
1413 				}
1414 				had_param_ch = 0;
1415 				ifsspc = strchr(" \t\n", *p);
1416 
1417 				/* Ignore IFS whitespace at start */
1418 				if (q == start && ifsspc != NULL) {
1419 					p++;
1420 					start = p;
1421 					continue;
1422 				}
1423 			}
1424 
1425 			/* Save this argument... */
1426 			*q = '\0';
1427 			VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, ("<%s>", start));
1428 			sp = stalloc(sizeof(*sp));
1429 			sp->text = start;
1430 			*arglist->lastp = sp;
1431 			arglist->lastp = &sp->next;
1432 			p++;
1433 
1434 			if (ifsspc != NULL) {
1435 				/* Ignore further trailing IFS whitespace */
1436 				for (; p < string + ifsp->endoff; p++) {
1437 					q = p;
1438 					if (*p == CTLNONL)
1439 						continue;
1440 					if (*p == CTLESC)
1441 						p++;
1442 					if (strchr(ifs, *p) == NULL) {
1443 						p = q;
1444 						break;
1445 					}
1446 					if (strchr(" \t\n", *p) == NULL) {
1447 						p++;
1448 						break;
1449 					}
1450 				}
1451 			}
1452 			start = p;
1453 		}
1454 	}
1455 
1456 /*
1457 	while (*start == CTLQUOTEEND)
1458 		start++;
1459 */
1460 
1461 	/*
1462 	 * Save anything left as an argument.
1463 	 * Traditionally we have treated 'IFS=':'; set -- x$IFS' as
1464 	 * generating 2 arguments, the second of which is empty.
1465 	 * Some recent clarification of the Posix spec say that it
1466 	 * should only generate one....
1467 	 */
1468 	if (had_param_ch || *start != 0) {
1469 		VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, (" T<%s>", start));
1470 		sp = stalloc(sizeof(*sp));
1471 		sp->text = start;
1472 		*arglist->lastp = sp;
1473 		arglist->lastp = &sp->next;
1474 	}
1475 	VTRACE(DBG_EXPAND, ("\n"));
1476 }
1477 
1478 STATIC void
1479 ifsfree(void)
1480 {
1481 	while (ifsfirst.next != NULL) {
1482 		struct ifsregion *ifsp;
1483 		INTOFF;
1484 		ifsp = ifsfirst.next->next;
1485 		ckfree(ifsfirst.next);
1486 		ifsfirst.next = ifsp;
1487 		INTON;
1488 	}
1489 	ifslastp = NULL;
1490 	ifsfirst.next = NULL;
1491 }
1492 
1493 
1494 
1495 /*
1496  * Expand shell metacharacters.  At this point, the only control characters
1497  * should be escapes.  The results are stored in the list exparg.
1498  */
1499 
1500 char *expdir;
1501 
1502 
1503 STATIC void
1504 expandmeta(struct strlist *str, int flag)
1505 {
1506 	char *p;
1507 	struct strlist **savelastp;
1508 	struct strlist *sp;
1509 	char c;
1510 	/* TODO - EXP_REDIR */
1511 
1512 	while (str) {
1513 		p = str->text;
1514 		for (;;) {			/* fast check for meta chars */
1515 			if ((c = *p++) == '\0')
1516 				goto nometa;
1517 			if (c == '*' || c == '?' || c == '[' /* || c == '!' */)
1518 				break;
1519 		}
1520 		savelastp = exparg.lastp;
1521 		INTOFF;
1522 		if (expdir == NULL) {
1523 			int i = strlen(str->text);
1524 			expdir = ckmalloc(i < 2048 ? 2048 : i); /* XXX */
1525 		}
1526 
1527 		expmeta(expdir, str->text);
1528 		ckfree(expdir);
1529 		expdir = NULL;
1530 		INTON;
1531 		if (exparg.lastp == savelastp) {
1532 			/*
1533 			 * no matches
1534 			 */
1535  nometa:
1536 			*exparg.lastp = str;
1537 			rmescapes(str->text);
1538 			exparg.lastp = &str->next;
1539 		} else {
1540 			*exparg.lastp = NULL;
1541 			*savelastp = sp = expsort(*savelastp);
1542 			while (sp->next != NULL)
1543 				sp = sp->next;
1544 			exparg.lastp = &sp->next;
1545 		}
1546 		str = str->next;
1547 	}
1548 }
1549 
1550 STATIC void
1551 add_args(struct strlist *str)
1552 {
1553 	while (str) {
1554 		*exparg.lastp = str;
1555 		rmescapes(str->text);
1556 		exparg.lastp = &str->next;
1557 		str = str->next;
1558 	}
1559 }
1560 
1561 
1562 /*
1563  * Do metacharacter (i.e. *, ?, [...]) expansion.
1564  */
1565 
1566 STATIC void
1567 expmeta(char *enddir, char *name)
1568 {
1569 	char *p;
1570 	const char *cp;
1571 	char *q;
1572 	char *start;
1573 	char *endname;
1574 	int metaflag;
1575 	struct stat statb;
1576 	DIR *dirp;
1577 	struct dirent *dp;
1578 	int atend;
1579 	int matchdot;
1580 
1581 	CTRACE(DBG_EXPAND|DBG_MATCH, ("expmeta(\"%s\")\n", name));
1582 	metaflag = 0;
1583 	start = name;
1584 	for (p = name ; ; p++) {
1585 		if (*p == '*' || *p == '?')
1586 			metaflag = 1;
1587 		else if (*p == '[') {
1588 			q = p + 1;
1589 			if (*q == '!' || *q == '^')
1590 				q++;
1591 			for (;;) {
1592 				while (IS_BORING(*q))
1593 					q++;
1594 				if (*q == ']') {
1595 					q++;
1596 					metaflag = 1;
1597 					break;
1598 				}
1599 				if (*q == '[' && q[1] == ':') {
1600 					/*
1601 					 * character class, look for :] ending
1602 					 * also stop on ']' (end bracket expr)
1603 					 * or '\0' or '/' (end pattern)
1604 					 */
1605 					while (*++q != '\0' && *q != ']' &&
1606 					    *q != '/') {
1607 						if (*q == CTLESC) {
1608 							if (*++q == '\0')
1609 								break;
1610 							if (*q == '/')
1611 								break;
1612 						} else if (*q == ':' &&
1613 						    q[1] == ']')
1614 							break;
1615 					}
1616 					if (*q == ':') {
1617 						/*
1618 						 * stopped at ':]'
1619 						 * still in [...]
1620 						 * skip ":]" and continue;
1621 						 */
1622 						q += 2;
1623 						continue;
1624 					}
1625 
1626 					/* done at end of pattern, not [...] */
1627 					if (*q == '\0' || *q == '/')
1628 						break;
1629 
1630 					/* found the ']', we have a [...] */
1631 					metaflag = 1;
1632 					q++;	/* skip ']' */
1633 					break;
1634 				}
1635 				if (*q == CTLESC)
1636 					q++;
1637 				/* end of pattern cannot be escaped */
1638 				if (*q == '/' || *q == '\0')
1639 					break;
1640 				q++;
1641 			}
1642 		} else if (*p == '\0')
1643 			break;
1644 		else if (IS_BORING(*p))
1645 			continue;
1646 		else if (*p == CTLESC)
1647 			p++;
1648 		if (*p == '/') {
1649 			if (metaflag)
1650 				break;
1651 			start = p + 1;
1652 		}
1653 	}
1654 	if (metaflag == 0) {	/* we've reached the end of the file name */
1655 		if (enddir != expdir)
1656 			metaflag++;
1657 		for (p = name ; ; p++) {
1658 			if (IS_BORING(*p))
1659 				continue;
1660 			if (*p == CTLESC)
1661 				p++;
1662 			*enddir++ = *p;
1663 			if (*p == '\0')
1664 				break;
1665 		}
1666 		if (metaflag == 0 || lstat(expdir, &statb) >= 0)
1667 			addfname(expdir);
1668 		return;
1669 	}
1670 	endname = p;
1671 	if (start != name) {
1672 		p = name;
1673 		while (p < start) {
1674 			while (IS_BORING(*p))
1675 				p++;
1676 			if (*p == CTLESC)
1677 				p++;
1678 			*enddir++ = *p++;
1679 		}
1680 	}
1681 	if (enddir == expdir) {
1682 		cp = ".";
1683 	} else if (enddir == expdir + 1 && *expdir == '/') {
1684 		cp = "/";
1685 	} else {
1686 		cp = expdir;
1687 		enddir[-1] = '\0';
1688 	}
1689 	if ((dirp = opendir(cp)) == NULL)
1690 		return;
1691 	if (enddir != expdir)
1692 		enddir[-1] = '/';
1693 	if (*endname == 0) {
1694 		atend = 1;
1695 	} else {
1696 		atend = 0;
1697 		*endname++ = '\0';
1698 	}
1699 	matchdot = 0;
1700 	p = start;
1701 	while (IS_BORING(*p))
1702 		p++;
1703 	if (*p == CTLESC)
1704 		p++;
1705 	if (*p == '.')
1706 		matchdot++;
1707 	while (! int_pending() && (dp = readdir(dirp)) != NULL) {
1708 		if (dp->d_name[0] == '.' && ! matchdot)
1709 			continue;
1710 		if (patmatch(start, dp->d_name, 0)) {
1711 			if (atend) {
1712 				scopy(dp->d_name, enddir);
1713 				addfname(expdir);
1714 			} else {
1715 				for (p = enddir, cp = dp->d_name;
1716 				     (*p++ = *cp++) != '\0';)
1717 					continue;
1718 				p[-1] = '/';
1719 				expmeta(p, endname);
1720 			}
1721 		}
1722 	}
1723 	closedir(dirp);
1724 	if (! atend)
1725 		endname[-1] = '/';
1726 }
1727 
1728 
1729 /*
1730  * Add a file name to the list.
1731  */
1732 
1733 STATIC void
1734 addfname(char *name)
1735 {
1736 	char *p;
1737 	struct strlist *sp;
1738 
1739 	p = stalloc(strlen(name) + 1);
1740 	scopy(name, p);
1741 	sp = stalloc(sizeof(*sp));
1742 	sp->text = p;
1743 	*exparg.lastp = sp;
1744 	exparg.lastp = &sp->next;
1745 }
1746 
1747 
1748 /*
1749  * Sort the results of file name expansion.  It calculates the number of
1750  * strings to sort and then calls msort (short for merge sort) to do the
1751  * work.
1752  */
1753 
1754 STATIC struct strlist *
1755 expsort(struct strlist *str)
1756 {
1757 	int len;
1758 	struct strlist *sp;
1759 
1760 	len = 0;
1761 	for (sp = str ; sp ; sp = sp->next)
1762 		len++;
1763 	return msort(str, len);
1764 }
1765 
1766 
1767 STATIC struct strlist *
1768 msort(struct strlist *list, int len)
1769 {
1770 	struct strlist *p, *q = NULL;
1771 	struct strlist **lpp;
1772 	int half;
1773 	int n;
1774 
1775 	if (len <= 1)
1776 		return list;
1777 	half = len >> 1;
1778 	p = list;
1779 	for (n = half ; --n >= 0 ; ) {
1780 		q = p;
1781 		p = p->next;
1782 	}
1783 	q->next = NULL;			/* terminate first half of list */
1784 	q = msort(list, half);		/* sort first half of list */
1785 	p = msort(p, len - half);		/* sort second half */
1786 	lpp = &list;
1787 	for (;;) {
1788 		if (strcmp(p->text, q->text) < 0) {
1789 			*lpp = p;
1790 			lpp = &p->next;
1791 			if ((p = *lpp) == NULL) {
1792 				*lpp = q;
1793 				break;
1794 			}
1795 		} else {
1796 			*lpp = q;
1797 			lpp = &q->next;
1798 			if ((q = *lpp) == NULL) {
1799 				*lpp = p;
1800 				break;
1801 			}
1802 		}
1803 	}
1804 	return list;
1805 }
1806 
1807 
1808 /*
1809  * See if a character matches a character class, starting at the first colon
1810  * of "[:class:]".
1811  * If a valid character class is recognized, a pointer to the next character
1812  * after the final closing bracket is stored into *end, otherwise a null
1813  * pointer is stored into *end.
1814  */
1815 static int
1816 match_charclass(const char *p, wchar_t chr, const char **end)
1817 {
1818 	char name[20];
1819 	char *nameend;
1820 	wctype_t cclass;
1821 	char *q;
1822 
1823 	*end = NULL;
1824 	p++;
1825 	q = &name[0];
1826 	nameend = strstr(p, ":]");
1827 	if (nameend == NULL || nameend == p)	/* not a valid class */
1828 		return 0;
1829 
1830 	if (*p == CTLESC) {
1831 		if (*++p == CTLESC)
1832 			return 0;
1833 		if (p == nameend)
1834 			return 0;
1835 	}
1836 	if (!is_alpha(*p))
1837 		return 0;
1838 	while (p < nameend) {
1839 		if (*p == CTLESC) {
1840 			p++;
1841 			if (p == nameend)
1842 				return 0;
1843 		}
1844 		if (!is_in_name(*p))	/* '_' is a local extension */
1845 			return 0;
1846 		if (q < &name[sizeof name])
1847 			*q++ = *p++;
1848 		else
1849 			p++;
1850 	}
1851 
1852 	*end = nameend + 2;		/* committed to it being a char class */
1853 
1854 	if (q < &name[sizeof name])	/* a usable name found */
1855 		*q++ = '\0';
1856 	else				/* too long, valid, but no match */
1857 		return 0;
1858 
1859 	cclass = wctype(name);
1860 	/* An unknown class matches nothing but is valid nevertheless. */
1861 	if (cclass == 0)
1862 		return 0;
1863 	return iswctype(chr, cclass);
1864 }
1865 
1866 
1867 /*
1868  * Returns true if the pattern matches the string.
1869  */
1870 
1871 STATIC int
1872 patmatch(const char *pattern, const char *string, int squoted)
1873 {
1874 	const char *p, *q, *end;
1875 	const char *bt_p, *bt_q;
1876 	char c;
1877 	wchar_t wc, wc2;
1878 
1879 	VTRACE(DBG_MATCH, ("patmatch(P=\"%s\", W=\"%s\"%s): ",
1880 	    pattern, string, squoted ? ", SQ" : ""));
1881 	p = pattern;
1882 	q = string;
1883 	bt_p = NULL;
1884 	bt_q = NULL;
1885 	for (;;) {
1886 		switch (c = *p++) {
1887 		case '\0':
1888 			if (squoted && *q == CTLESC) {
1889 				if (q[1] == '\0')
1890 					q++;
1891 			}
1892 			if (*q != '\0')
1893 				goto backtrack;
1894 			VTRACE(DBG_MATCH, ("match\n"));
1895 			return 1;
1896 		case CTLESC:
1897 			if (squoted && *q == CTLESC)
1898 				q++;
1899 			if (*p == '\0' && *q == '\0') {
1900 				VTRACE(DBG_MATCH, ("match-\\\n"));
1901 				return 1;
1902 			}
1903 			if (*q++ != *p++)
1904 				goto backtrack;
1905 			break;
1906 		case '\\':
1907 			if (squoted && *q == CTLESC)
1908 				q++;
1909 			if (*q++ != *p++)
1910 				goto backtrack;
1911 			break;
1912 		case CTLQUOTEMARK:
1913 		case CTLQUOTEEND:
1914 		case CTLNONL:
1915 			continue;
1916 		case '?':
1917 			if (squoted && *q == CTLESC)
1918 				q++;
1919 			if (*q++ == '\0') {
1920 				VTRACE(DBG_MATCH, ("?fail\n"));
1921 				return 0;
1922 			}
1923 			break;
1924 		case '*':
1925 			c = *p;
1926 			while (c == CTLQUOTEMARK || c == '*')
1927 				c = *++p;
1928 			if (c != CTLESC && !IS_BORING(c) &&
1929 			    c != '?' && c != '*' && c != '[') {
1930 				while (*q != c) {
1931 					if (squoted && *q == CTLESC &&
1932 					    q[1] == c)
1933 						break;
1934 					if (*q == '\0') {
1935 						VTRACE(DBG_MATCH, ("*fail\n"));
1936 						return 0;
1937 					}
1938 					if (squoted && *q == CTLESC)
1939 						q++;
1940 					q++;
1941 				}
1942 			}
1943 			if (c == CTLESC && p[1] == '\0') {
1944 				VTRACE(DBG_MATCH, ("match+\\\n"));
1945 				return 1;
1946 			}
1947 			/*
1948 			 * First try the shortest match for the '*' that
1949 			 * could work. We can forget any earlier '*' since
1950 			 * there is no way having it match more characters
1951 			 * can help us, given that we are already here.
1952 			 */
1953 			bt_p = p;
1954 			bt_q = q;
1955 			break;
1956 		case '[': {
1957 			const char *savep, *saveq, *endp;
1958 			int invert, found;
1959 			unsigned char chr;
1960 
1961 			/*
1962 			 * First quick check to see if there is a
1963 			 * possible matching ']' - if not, then this
1964 			 * is not a char class, and the '[' is just
1965 			 * a literal '['.
1966 			 *
1967 			 * This check will not detect all non classes, but
1968 			 * that's OK - It just means that we execute the
1969 			 * harder code sometimes when it it cannot succeed.
1970 			 */
1971 			endp = p;
1972 			if (*endp == '!' || *endp == '^')
1973 				endp++;
1974 			for (;;) {
1975 				while (IS_BORING(*endp))
1976 					endp++;
1977 				if (*endp == '\0')
1978 					goto dft;	/* no matching ] */
1979 				if (*endp++ == ']')
1980 					break;
1981 			}
1982 			/* end shortcut */
1983 
1984 			savep = p, saveq = q;
1985 			invert = 0;
1986 			if (*p == '!' || *p == '^') {
1987 				invert++;
1988 				p++;
1989 			}
1990 			found = 0;
1991 			if (*q == '\0') {
1992 				VTRACE(DBG_MATCH, ("[]fail\n"));
1993 				return 0;
1994 			}
1995 			if (squoted && *q == CTLESC)
1996 				q++;
1997 			chr = (unsigned char)*q++;
1998 			c = *p++;
1999 			do {
2000 				if (IS_BORING(c))
2001 					continue;
2002 				if (c == '\0') {
2003 					p = savep, q = saveq;
2004 					c = '[';
2005 					goto dft;
2006 				}
2007 				if (c == '[' && *p == ':') {
2008 					found |= match_charclass(p, chr, &end);
2009 					if (end != NULL) {
2010 						p = end;
2011 						continue;
2012 					}
2013 				}
2014 				if (c == CTLESC || c == '\\')
2015 					c = *p++;
2016 				wc = (unsigned char)c;
2017 				if (*p == '-' && p[1] != ']') {
2018 					p++;
2019 					if (*p == CTLESC || *p == '\\')
2020 						p++;
2021 					wc2 = (unsigned char)*p++;
2022 					if (   collate_range_cmp(chr, wc) >= 0
2023 					    && collate_range_cmp(chr, wc2) <= 0
2024 					   )
2025 						found = 1;
2026 				} else {
2027 					if (chr == wc)
2028 						found = 1;
2029 				}
2030 			} while ((c = *p++) != ']');
2031 			if (found == invert)
2032 				goto backtrack;
2033 			break;
2034 		}
2035   dft:		default:
2036 			if (squoted && *q == CTLESC)
2037 				q++;
2038 			if (*q++ == c)
2039 				break;
2040   backtrack:
2041 			/*
2042 			 * If we have a mismatch (other than hitting the end
2043 			 * of the string), go back to the last '*' seen and
2044 			 * have it match one additional character.
2045 			 */
2046 			if (bt_p == NULL) {
2047 				VTRACE(DBG_MATCH, ("BTP fail\n"));
2048 				return 0;
2049 			}
2050 			if (*bt_q == '\0') {
2051 				VTRACE(DBG_MATCH, ("BTQ fail\n"));
2052 				return 0;
2053 			}
2054 			bt_q++;
2055 			p = bt_p;
2056 			q = bt_q;
2057 			break;
2058 		}
2059 	}
2060 }
2061 
2062 
2063 
2064 /*
2065  * Remove any CTLESC or CTLNONL characters from a string.
2066  *
2067  * String is modified in place, and we return the length of the result
2068  */
2069 
2070 int
2071 rmescapes(char *str)
2072 {
2073 	char *p, *q;
2074 
2075 	p = str;
2076 	while (!ISCTL(*p)) {
2077 		if (*p++ == '\0')
2078 			return ((int)(p - str) - 1);
2079 	}
2080 	q = p;
2081 	while (*p) {
2082 		if (IS_BORING(*p)) {
2083 			p++;
2084 			continue;
2085 		}
2086 		if (*p == CTLCNL) {
2087 			p++;
2088 			*q++ = '\n';
2089 			continue;
2090 		}
2091 		if (*p == CTLESC)
2092 			p++;
2093 #ifdef DEBUG
2094 		else if (ISCTL(*p))
2095 			abort();
2096 #endif
2097 		*q++ = *p++;
2098 	}
2099 	*q = '\0';
2100 
2101 	return ((int)(q - str));
2102 }
2103 
2104 /*
2105  * and a special version for dealing with expressions to be parsed
2106  * by the arithmetic evaluator.   That needs to be able to count \n's
2107  * even ones that were \newline elided \n's, so we have to put the
2108  * latter back into the string - just being careful to put them only
2109  * at a place where white space can reasonably occur in the string
2110  * -- then the \n we insert will just be white space, and ignored
2111  * for all purposes except line counting.
2112  */
2113 
2114 void
2115 rmescapes_nl(char *str)
2116 {
2117 	char *p, *q;
2118 	int nls = 0, holdnl = 0, holdlast;
2119 
2120 	p = str;
2121 	while (!ISCTL(*p)) {
2122 		if (*p++ == '\0')
2123 			return;
2124 	}
2125 	if (p > str)	/* must reprocess char before stopper (if any) */
2126 		--p;	/* so we do not place a \n badly */
2127 	q = p;
2128 	while (*p) {
2129 		if (*p == CTLQUOTEMARK || *p == CTLQUOTEEND) {
2130 			p++;
2131 			continue;
2132 		}
2133 		if (*p == CTLNONL) {
2134 			p++;
2135 			nls++;
2136 			continue;
2137 		}
2138 		if (*p == CTLCNL) {
2139 			p++;
2140 			*q++ = '\n';
2141 			continue;
2142 		}
2143 		if (*p == CTLESC)
2144 			p++;
2145 #ifdef DEBUG
2146 		else if (ISCTL(*p))
2147 			abort();
2148 #endif
2149 
2150 		holdlast = holdnl;
2151 		holdnl = is_in_name(*p);	/* letters, digits, _ */
2152 		if (q == str || is_space(q[-1]) || (*p != '=' && q[-1] != *p)) {
2153 			if (nls > 0 && holdnl != holdlast) {
2154 				while (nls > 0)
2155 					*q++ = '\n', nls--;
2156 			}
2157 		}
2158 		*q++ = *p++;
2159 	}
2160 	while (--nls >= 0)
2161 		*q++ = '\n';
2162 	*q = '\0';
2163 }
2164 
2165 
2166 
2167 /*
2168  * See if a pattern matches in a case statement.
2169  */
2170 
2171 int
2172 casematch(union node *pattern, char *val)
2173 {
2174 	struct stackmark smark;
2175 	int result;
2176 	char *p;
2177 
2178 	CTRACE(DBG_MATCH, ("casematch(P=\"%s\", W=\"%s\")\n",
2179 	    pattern->narg.text, val));
2180 	setstackmark(&smark);
2181 	argbackq = pattern->narg.backquote;
2182 	STARTSTACKSTR(expdest);
2183 	ifslastp = NULL;
2184 	argstr(pattern->narg.text, EXP_TILDE | EXP_CASE);
2185 	STPUTC('\0', expdest);
2186 	p = grabstackstr(expdest);
2187 	result = patmatch(p, val, 0);
2188 	popstackmark(&smark);
2189 	return result;
2190 }
2191 
2192 /*
2193  * Our own itoa().   Assumes result buffer is on the stack
2194  */
2195 
2196 STATIC char *
2197 cvtnum(int num, char *buf)
2198 {
2199 	char temp[32];
2200 	int neg = num < 0;
2201 	char *p = temp + sizeof temp - 1;
2202 
2203 	if (neg)
2204 		num = -num;
2205 
2206 	*p = '\0';
2207 	do {
2208 		*--p = num % 10 + '0';
2209 	} while ((num /= 10) != 0 && p > temp + 1);
2210 
2211 	if (neg)
2212 		*--p = '-';
2213 
2214 	while (*p)
2215 		STPUTC(*p++, buf);
2216 	return buf;
2217 }
2218 
2219 /*
2220  * Do most of the work for wordexp(3).
2221  */
2222 
2223 int
2224 wordexpcmd(int argc, char **argv)
2225 {
2226 	size_t len;
2227 	int i;
2228 
2229 	out1fmt("%d", argc - 1);
2230 	out1c('\0');
2231 	for (i = 1, len = 0; i < argc; i++)
2232 		len += strlen(argv[i]);
2233 	out1fmt("%zu", len);
2234 	out1c('\0');
2235 	for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
2236 		out1str(argv[i]);
2237 		out1c('\0');
2238 	}
2239 	return (0);
2240 }
2241