SPIRV/Serialization/SerializeOps.cpp

//===- SerializeOps.cpp - MLIR SPIR-V Serialization (Ops) -----------------===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// This file defines the serialization methods for MLIR SPIR-V module ops.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#include "Serializer.h"

#include "mlir/Dialect/SPIRV/IR/SPIRVAttributes.h"
#include "mlir/Dialect/SPIRV/IR/SPIRVEnums.h"
#include "mlir/IR/RegionGraphTraits.h"
#include "mlir/Support/LogicalResult.h"
#include "mlir/Target/SPIRV/SPIRVBinaryUtils.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/DepthFirstIterator.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/StringExtras.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Debug.h"

#define DEBUG_TYPE "spirv-serialization"

using namespace mlir;

/// A pre-order depth-first visitor function for processing basic blocks.
///
/// Visits the basic blocks starting from the given `headerBlock` in pre-order
/// depth-first manner and calls `blockHandler` on each block. Skips handling
/// blocks in the `skipBlocks` list. If `skipHeader` is true, `blockHandler`
/// will not be invoked in `headerBlock` but still handles all `headerBlock`'s
/// successors.
///
/// SPIR-V spec "2.16.1. Universal Validation Rules" requires that "the order
/// of blocks in a function must satisfy the rule that blocks appear before
/// all blocks they dominate." This can be achieved by a pre-order CFG
/// traversal algorithm. To make the serialization output more logical and
/// readable to human, we perform depth-first CFG traversal and delay the
/// serialization of the merge block and the continue block, if exists, until
/// after all other blocks have been processed.
static LogicalResult
visitInPrettyBlockOrder(Block *headerBlock,
                        function_ref<LogicalResult(Block *)> blockHandler,
                        bool skipHeader = false, BlockRange skipBlocks = {}) {
  llvm::df_iterator_default_set<Block *, 4> doneBlocks;
  doneBlocks.insert(skipBlocks.begin(), skipBlocks.end());

  for (Block *block : llvm::depth_first_ext(headerBlock, doneBlocks)) {
    if (skipHeader && block == headerBlock)
      continue;
    if (failed(blockHandler(block)))
      return failure();
  }
  return success();
}

namespace mlir {
namespace spirv {
LogicalResult Serializer::processConstantOp(spirv::ConstantOp op) {
  if (auto resultID =
          prepareConstant(op.getLoc(), op.getType(), op.getValue())) {
    valueIDMap[op.getResult()] = resultID;
    return success();
  }
  return failure();
}

LogicalResult Serializer::processSpecConstantOp(spirv::SpecConstantOp op) {
  if (auto resultID = prepareConstantScalar(op.getLoc(), op.getDefaultValue(),
                                            /*isSpec=*/true)) {
    // Emit the OpDecorate instruction for SpecId.
    if (auto specID = op->getAttrOfType<IntegerAttr>("spec_id")) {
      auto val = static_cast<uint32_t>(specID.getInt());
      if (failed(emitDecoration(resultID, spirv::Decoration::SpecId, {val})))
        return failure();
    }

    specConstIDMap[op.getSymName()] = resultID;
    return processName(resultID, op.getSymName());
  }
  return failure();
}

LogicalResult
Serializer::processSpecConstantCompositeOp(spirv::SpecConstantCompositeOp op) {
  uint32_t typeID = 0;
  if (failed(processType(op.getLoc(), op.getType(), typeID))) {
    return failure();
  }

  auto resultID = getNextID();

  SmallVector<uint32_t, 8> operands;
  operands.push_back(typeID);
  operands.push_back(resultID);

  auto constituents = op.getConstituents();

  for (auto index : llvm::seq<uint32_t>(0, constituents.size())) {
    auto constituent = dyn_cast<FlatSymbolRefAttr>(constituents[index]);

    auto constituentName = constituent.getValue();
    auto constituentID = getSpecConstID(constituentName);

    if (!constituentID) {
      return op.emitError("unknown result <id> for specialization constant ")
             << constituentName;
    }

    operands.push_back(constituentID);
  }

  encodeInstructionInto(typesGlobalValues,
                        spirv::Opcode::OpSpecConstantComposite, operands);
  specConstIDMap[op.getSymName()] = resultID;

  return processName(resultID, op.getSymName());
}

LogicalResult
Serializer::processSpecConstantOperationOp(spirv::SpecConstantOperationOp op) {
  uint32_t typeID = 0;
  if (failed(processType(op.getLoc(), op.getType(), typeID))) {
    return failure();
  }

  auto resultID = getNextID();

  SmallVector<uint32_t, 8> operands;
  operands.push_back(typeID);
  operands.push_back(resultID);

  Block &block = op.getRegion().getBlocks().front();
  Operation &enclosedOp = block.getOperations().front();

  std::string enclosedOpName;
  llvm::raw_string_ostream rss(enclosedOpName);
  rss << "Op" << enclosedOp.getName().stripDialect();
  auto enclosedOpcode = spirv::symbolizeOpcode(rss.str());

  if (!enclosedOpcode) {
    op.emitError("Couldn't find op code for op ")
        << enclosedOp.getName().getStringRef();
    return failure();
  }

  operands.push_back(static_cast<uint32_t>(*enclosedOpcode));

  // Append operands to the enclosed op to the list of operands.
  for (Value operand : enclosedOp.getOperands()) {
    uint32_t id = getValueID(operand);
    assert(id && "use before def!");
    operands.push_back(id);
  }

  encodeInstructionInto(typesGlobalValues, spirv::Opcode::OpSpecConstantOp,
                        operands);
  valueIDMap[op.getResult()] = resultID;

  return success();
}

LogicalResult Serializer::processUndefOp(spirv::UndefOp op) {
  auto undefType = op.getType();
  auto &id = undefValIDMap[undefType];
  if (!id) {
    id = getNextID();
    uint32_t typeID = 0;
    if (failed(processType(op.getLoc(), undefType, typeID)))
      return failure();
    encodeInstructionInto(typesGlobalValues, spirv::Opcode::OpUndef,
                          {typeID, id});
  }
  valueIDMap[op.getResult()] = id;
  return success();
}

LogicalResult Serializer::processFuncParameter(spirv::FuncOp op) {
  for (auto [idx, arg] : llvm::enumerate(op.getArguments())) {
    uint32_t argTypeID = 0;
    if (failed(processType(op.getLoc(), arg.getType(), argTypeID))) {
      return failure();
    }
    auto argValueID = getNextID();

    // Process decoration attributes of arguments.
    auto funcOp = cast<FunctionOpInterface>(*op);
    for (auto argAttr : funcOp.getArgAttrs(idx)) {
      if (argAttr.getName() != DecorationAttr::name)
        continue;

      if (auto decAttr = dyn_cast<DecorationAttr>(argAttr.getValue())) {
        if (failed(processDecorationAttr(op->getLoc(), argValueID,
                                         decAttr.getValue(), decAttr)))
          return failure();
      }
    }

    valueIDMap[arg] = argValueID;
    encodeInstructionInto(functionHeader, spirv::Opcode::OpFunctionParameter,
                          {argTypeID, argValueID});
  }
  return success();
}

LogicalResult Serializer::processFuncOp(spirv::FuncOp op) {
  LLVM_DEBUG(llvm::dbgs() << "-- start function '" << op.getName() << "' --\n");
  assert(functionHeader.empty() && functionBody.empty());

  uint32_t fnTypeID = 0;
  // Generate type of the function.
  if (failed(processType(op.getLoc(), op.getFunctionType(), fnTypeID)))
    return failure();

  // Add the function definition.
  SmallVector<uint32_t, 4> operands;
  uint32_t resTypeID = 0;
  auto resultTypes = op.getFunctionType().getResults();
  if (resultTypes.size() > 1) {
    return op.emitError("cannot serialize function with multiple return types");
  }
  if (failed(processType(op.getLoc(),
                         (resultTypes.empty() ? getVoidType() : resultTypes[0]),
                         resTypeID))) {
    return failure();
  }
  operands.push_back(resTypeID);
  auto funcID = getOrCreateFunctionID(op.getName());
  operands.push_back(funcID);
  operands.push_back(static_cast<uint32_t>(op.getFunctionControl()));
  operands.push_back(fnTypeID);
  encodeInstructionInto(functionHeader, spirv::Opcode::OpFunction, operands);

  // Add function name.
  if (failed(processName(funcID, op.getName()))) {
    return failure();
  }
  // Handle external functions with linkage_attributes(LinkageAttributes)
  // differently.
  auto linkageAttr = op.getLinkageAttributes();
  auto hasImportLinkage =
      linkageAttr && (linkageAttr.value().getLinkageType().getValue() ==
                      spirv::LinkageType::Import);
  if (op.isExternal() && !hasImportLinkage) {
    return op.emitError(
        "'spirv.module' cannot contain external functions "
        "without 'Import' linkage_attributes (LinkageAttributes)");
  }
  if (op.isExternal() && hasImportLinkage) {
    // Add an entry block to set up the block arguments
    // to match the signature of the function.
    // This is to generate OpFunctionParameter for functions with
    // LinkageAttributes.
    // WARNING: This operation has side-effect, it essentially adds a body
    // to the func. Hence, making it not external anymore (isExternal()
    // is going to return false for this function from now on)
    // Hence, we'll remove the body once we are done with the serialization.
    op.addEntryBlock();
    if (failed(processFuncParameter(op)))
      return failure();
    // Don't need to process the added block, there is nothing to process,
    // the fake body was added just to get the arguments, remove the body,
    // since it's use is done.
    op.eraseBody();
  } else {
    if (failed(processFuncParameter(op)))
      return failure();

    // Some instructions (e.g., OpVariable) in a function must be in the first
    // block in the function. These instructions will be put in
    // functionHeader. Thus, we put the label in functionHeader first, and
    // omit it from the first block. OpLabel only needs to be added for
    // functions with body (including empty body). Since, we added a fake body
    // for functions with 'Import' Linkage attributes, these functions are
    // essentially function delcaration, so they should not have OpLabel and a
    // terminating instruction. That's why we skipped it for those functions.
    encodeInstructionInto(functionHeader, spirv::Opcode::OpLabel,
                          {getOrCreateBlockID(&op.front())});
    if (failed(processBlock(&op.front(), /*omitLabel=*/true)))
      return failure();
    if (failed(visitInPrettyBlockOrder(
            &op.front(), [&](Block *block) { return processBlock(block); },
            /*skipHeader=*/true))) {
      return failure();
    }

    // There might be OpPhi instructions who have value references needing to
    // fix.
    for (const auto &deferredValue : deferredPhiValues) {
      Value value = deferredValue.first;
      uint32_t id = getValueID(value);
      LLVM_DEBUG(llvm::dbgs() << "[phi] fix reference of value " << value
                              << " to id = " << id << '\n');
      assert(id && "OpPhi references undefined value!");
      for (size_t offset : deferredValue.second)
        functionBody[offset] = id;
    }
    deferredPhiValues.clear();
  }
  LLVM_DEBUG(llvm::dbgs() << "-- completed function '" << op.getName()
                          << "' --\n");
  // Insert Decorations based on Function Attributes.
  // Only attributes we should be considering for decoration are the
  // ::mlir::spirv::Decoration attributes.

  for (auto attr : op->getAttrs()) {
    // Only generate OpDecorate op for spirv::Decoration attributes.
    auto isValidDecoration = mlir::spirv::symbolizeEnum<spirv::Decoration>(
        llvm::convertToCamelFromSnakeCase(attr.getName().strref(),
                                          /*capitalizeFirst=*/true));
    if (isValidDecoration != std::nullopt) {
      if (failed(processDecoration(op.getLoc(), funcID, attr))) {
        return failure();
      }
    }
  }
  // Insert OpFunctionEnd.
  encodeInstructionInto(functionBody, spirv::Opcode::OpFunctionEnd, {});

  functions.append(functionHeader.begin(), functionHeader.end());
  functions.append(functionBody.begin(), functionBody.end());
  functionHeader.clear();
  functionBody.clear();

  return success();
}

LogicalResult Serializer::processVariableOp(spirv::VariableOp op) {
  SmallVector<uint32_t, 4> operands;
  SmallVector<StringRef, 2> elidedAttrs;
  uint32_t resultID = 0;
  uint32_t resultTypeID = 0;
  if (failed(processType(op.getLoc(), op.getType(), resultTypeID))) {
    return failure();
  }
  operands.push_back(resultTypeID);
  resultID = getNextID();
  valueIDMap[op.getResult()] = resultID;
  operands.push_back(resultID);
  auto attr = op->getAttr(spirv::attributeName<spirv::StorageClass>());
  if (attr) {
    operands.push_back(
        static_cast<uint32_t>(cast<spirv::StorageClassAttr>(attr).getValue()));
  }
  elidedAttrs.push_back(spirv::attributeName<spirv::StorageClass>());
  for (auto arg : op.getODSOperands(0)) {
    auto argID = getValueID(arg);
    if (!argID) {
      return emitError(op.getLoc(), "operand 0 has a use before def");
    }
    operands.push_back(argID);
  }
  if (failed(emitDebugLine(functionHeader, op.getLoc())))
    return failure();
  encodeInstructionInto(functionHeader, spirv::Opcode::OpVariable, operands);
  for (auto attr : op->getAttrs()) {
    if (llvm::any_of(elidedAttrs, [&](StringRef elided) {
          return attr.getName() == elided;
        })) {
      continue;
    }
    if (failed(processDecoration(op.getLoc(), resultID, attr))) {
      return failure();
    }
  }
  return success();
}

LogicalResult
Serializer::processGlobalVariableOp(spirv::GlobalVariableOp varOp) {
  // Get TypeID.
  uint32_t resultTypeID = 0;
  SmallVector<StringRef, 4> elidedAttrs;
  if (failed(processType(varOp.getLoc(), varOp.getType(), resultTypeID))) {
    return failure();
  }

  elidedAttrs.push_back("type");
  SmallVector<uint32_t, 4> operands;
  operands.push_back(resultTypeID);
  auto resultID = getNextID();

  // Encode the name.
  auto varName = varOp.getSymName();
  elidedAttrs.push_back(SymbolTable::getSymbolAttrName());
  if (failed(processName(resultID, varName))) {
    return failure();
  }
  globalVarIDMap[varName] = resultID;
  operands.push_back(resultID);

  // Encode StorageClass.
  operands.push_back(static_cast<uint32_t>(varOp.storageClass()));

  // Encode initialization.
  StringRef initAttrName = varOp.getInitializerAttrName().getValue();
  if (std::optional<StringRef> initSymbolName = varOp.getInitializer()) {
    uint32_t initializerID = 0;
    auto initRef = varOp->getAttrOfType<FlatSymbolRefAttr>(initAttrName);
    Operation *initOp = SymbolTable::lookupNearestSymbolFrom(
        varOp->getParentOp(), initRef.getAttr());

    // Check if initializer is GlobalVariable or SpecConstant* cases.
    if (isa<spirv::GlobalVariableOp>(initOp))
      initializerID = getVariableID(*initSymbolName);
    else
      initializerID = getSpecConstID(*initSymbolName);

    if (!initializerID)
      return emitError(varOp.getLoc(),
                       "invalid usage of undefined variable as initializer");

    operands.push_back(initializerID);
    elidedAttrs.push_back(initAttrName);
  }

  if (failed(emitDebugLine(typesGlobalValues, varOp.getLoc())))
    return failure();
  encodeInstructionInto(typesGlobalValues, spirv::Opcode::OpVariable, operands);
  elidedAttrs.push_back(initAttrName);

  // Encode decorations.
  for (auto attr : varOp->getAttrs()) {
    if (llvm::any_of(elidedAttrs, [&](StringRef elided) {
          return attr.getName() == elided;
        })) {
      continue;
    }
    if (failed(processDecoration(varOp.getLoc(), resultID, attr))) {
      return failure();
    }
  }
  return success();
}

LogicalResult Serializer::processSelectionOp(spirv::SelectionOp selectionOp) {
  // Assign <id>s to all blocks so that branches inside the SelectionOp can
  // resolve properly.
  auto &body = selectionOp.getBody();
  for (Block &block : body)
    getOrCreateBlockID(&block);

  auto *headerBlock = selectionOp.getHeaderBlock();
  auto *mergeBlock = selectionOp.getMergeBlock();
  auto headerID = getBlockID(headerBlock);
  auto mergeID = getBlockID(mergeBlock);
  auto loc = selectionOp.getLoc();

  // This SelectionOp is in some MLIR block with preceding and following ops. In
  // the binary format, it should reside in separate SPIR-V blocks from its
  // preceding and following ops. So we need to emit unconditional branches to
  // jump to this SelectionOp's SPIR-V blocks and jumping back to the normal
  // flow afterwards.
  encodeInstructionInto(functionBody, spirv::Opcode::OpBranch, {headerID});

  // Emit the selection header block, which dominates all other blocks, first.
  // We need to emit an OpSelectionMerge instruction before the selection header
  // block's terminator.
  auto emitSelectionMerge = [&]() {
    if (failed(emitDebugLine(functionBody, loc)))
      return failure();
    lastProcessedWasMergeInst = true;
    encodeInstructionInto(
        functionBody, spirv::Opcode::OpSelectionMerge,
        {mergeID, static_cast<uint32_t>(selectionOp.getSelectionControl())});
    return success();
  };
  if (failed(
          processBlock(headerBlock, /*omitLabel=*/false, emitSelectionMerge)))
    return failure();

  // Process all blocks with a depth-first visitor starting from the header
  // block. The selection header block and merge block are skipped by this
  // visitor.
  if (failed(visitInPrettyBlockOrder(
          headerBlock, [&](Block *block) { return processBlock(block); },
          /*skipHeader=*/true, /*skipBlocks=*/{mergeBlock})))
    return failure();

  // There is nothing to do for the merge block in the selection, which just
  // contains a spirv.mlir.merge op, itself. But we need to have an OpLabel
  // instruction to start a new SPIR-V block for ops following this SelectionOp.
  // The block should use the <id> for the merge block.
  encodeInstructionInto(functionBody, spirv::Opcode::OpLabel, {mergeID});
  LLVM_DEBUG(llvm::dbgs() << "done merge ");
  LLVM_DEBUG(printBlock(mergeBlock, llvm::dbgs()));
  LLVM_DEBUG(llvm::dbgs() << "\n");
  return success();
}

LogicalResult Serializer::processLoopOp(spirv::LoopOp loopOp) {
  // Assign <id>s to all blocks so that branches inside the LoopOp can resolve
  // properly. We don't need to assign for the entry block, which is just for
  // satisfying MLIR region's structural requirement.
  auto &body = loopOp.getBody();
  for (Block &block : llvm::drop_begin(body))
    getOrCreateBlockID(&block);

  auto *headerBlock = loopOp.getHeaderBlock();
  auto *continueBlock = loopOp.getContinueBlock();
  auto *mergeBlock = loopOp.getMergeBlock();
  auto headerID = getBlockID(headerBlock);
  auto continueID = getBlockID(continueBlock);
  auto mergeID = getBlockID(mergeBlock);
  auto loc = loopOp.getLoc();

  // This LoopOp is in some MLIR block with preceding and following ops. In the
  // binary format, it should reside in separate SPIR-V blocks from its
  // preceding and following ops. So we need to emit unconditional branches to
  // jump to this LoopOp's SPIR-V blocks and jumping back to the normal flow
  // afterwards.
  encodeInstructionInto(functionBody, spirv::Opcode::OpBranch, {headerID});

  // LoopOp's entry block is just there for satisfying MLIR's structural
  // requirements so we omit it and start serialization from the loop header
  // block.

  // Emit the loop header block, which dominates all other blocks, first. We
  // need to emit an OpLoopMerge instruction before the loop header block's
  // terminator.
  auto emitLoopMerge = [&]() {
    if (failed(emitDebugLine(functionBody, loc)))
      return failure();
    lastProcessedWasMergeInst = true;
    encodeInstructionInto(
        functionBody, spirv::Opcode::OpLoopMerge,
        {mergeID, continueID, static_cast<uint32_t>(loopOp.getLoopControl())});
    return success();
  };
  if (failed(processBlock(headerBlock, /*omitLabel=*/false, emitLoopMerge)))
    return failure();

  // Process all blocks with a depth-first visitor starting from the header
  // block. The loop header block, loop continue block, and loop merge block are
  // skipped by this visitor and handled later in this function.
  if (failed(visitInPrettyBlockOrder(
          headerBlock, [&](Block *block) { return processBlock(block); },
          /*skipHeader=*/true, /*skipBlocks=*/{continueBlock, mergeBlock})))
    return failure();

  // We have handled all other blocks. Now get to the loop continue block.
  if (failed(processBlock(continueBlock)))
    return failure();

  // There is nothing to do for the merge block in the loop, which just contains
  // a spirv.mlir.merge op, itself. But we need to have an OpLabel instruction
  // to start a new SPIR-V block for ops following this LoopOp. The block should
  // use the <id> for the merge block.
  encodeInstructionInto(functionBody, spirv::Opcode::OpLabel, {mergeID});
  LLVM_DEBUG(llvm::dbgs() << "done merge ");
  LLVM_DEBUG(printBlock(mergeBlock, llvm::dbgs()));
  LLVM_DEBUG(llvm::dbgs() << "\n");
  return success();
}

LogicalResult Serializer::processBranchConditionalOp(
    spirv::BranchConditionalOp condBranchOp) {
  auto conditionID = getValueID(condBranchOp.getCondition());
  auto trueLabelID = getOrCreateBlockID(condBranchOp.getTrueBlock());
  auto falseLabelID = getOrCreateBlockID(condBranchOp.getFalseBlock());
  SmallVector<uint32_t, 5> arguments{conditionID, trueLabelID, falseLabelID};

  if (auto weights = condBranchOp.getBranchWeights()) {
    for (auto val : weights->getValue())
      arguments.push_back(cast<IntegerAttr>(val).getInt());
  }

  if (failed(emitDebugLine(functionBody, condBranchOp.getLoc())))
    return failure();
  encodeInstructionInto(functionBody, spirv::Opcode::OpBranchConditional,
                        arguments);
  return success();
}

LogicalResult Serializer::processBranchOp(spirv::BranchOp branchOp) {
  if (failed(emitDebugLine(functionBody, branchOp.getLoc())))
    return failure();
  encodeInstructionInto(functionBody, spirv::Opcode::OpBranch,
                        {getOrCreateBlockID(branchOp.getTarget())});
  return success();
}

LogicalResult Serializer::processAddressOfOp(spirv::AddressOfOp addressOfOp) {
  auto varName = addressOfOp.getVariable();
  auto variableID = getVariableID(varName);
  if (!variableID) {
    return addressOfOp.emitError("unknown result <id> for variable ")
           << varName;
  }
  valueIDMap[addressOfOp.getPointer()] = variableID;
  return success();
}

LogicalResult
Serializer::processReferenceOfOp(spirv::ReferenceOfOp referenceOfOp) {
  auto constName = referenceOfOp.getSpecConst();
  auto constID = getSpecConstID(constName);
  if (!constID) {
    return referenceOfOp.emitError(
               "unknown result <id> for specialization constant ")
           << constName;
  }
  valueIDMap[referenceOfOp.getReference()] = constID;
  return success();
}

template <>
LogicalResult
Serializer::processOp<spirv::EntryPointOp>(spirv::EntryPointOp op) {
  SmallVector<uint32_t, 4> operands;
  // Add the ExecutionModel.
  operands.push_back(static_cast<uint32_t>(op.getExecutionModel()));
  // Add the function <id>.
  auto funcID = getFunctionID(op.getFn());
  if (!funcID) {
    return op.emitError("missing <id> for function ")
           << op.getFn()
           << "; function needs to be defined before spirv.EntryPoint is "
              "serialized";
  }
  operands.push_back(funcID);
  // Add the name of the function.
  spirv::encodeStringLiteralInto(operands, op.getFn());

  // Add the interface values.
  if (auto interface = op.getInterface()) {
    for (auto var : interface.getValue()) {
      auto id = getVariableID(cast<FlatSymbolRefAttr>(var).getValue());
      if (!id) {
        return op.emitError(
            "referencing undefined global variable."
            "spirv.EntryPoint is at the end of spirv.module. All "
            "referenced variables should already be defined");
      }
      operands.push_back(id);
    }
  }
  encodeInstructionInto(entryPoints, spirv::Opcode::OpEntryPoint, operands);
  return success();
}

template <>
LogicalResult
Serializer::processOp<spirv::ExecutionModeOp>(spirv::ExecutionModeOp op) {
  SmallVector<uint32_t, 4> operands;
  // Add the function <id>.
  auto funcID = getFunctionID(op.getFn());
  if (!funcID) {
    return op.emitError("missing <id> for function ")
           << op.getFn()
           << "; function needs to be serialized before ExecutionModeOp is "
              "serialized";
  }
  operands.push_back(funcID);
  // Add the ExecutionMode.
  operands.push_back(static_cast<uint32_t>(op.getExecutionMode()));

  // Serialize values if any.
  auto values = op.getValues();
  if (values) {
    for (auto &intVal : values.getValue()) {
      operands.push_back(static_cast<uint32_t>(
          llvm::cast<IntegerAttr>(intVal).getValue().getZExtValue()));
    }
  }
  encodeInstructionInto(executionModes, spirv::Opcode::OpExecutionMode,
                        operands);
  return success();
}

template <>
LogicalResult
Serializer::processOp<spirv::FunctionCallOp>(spirv::FunctionCallOp op) {
  auto funcName = op.getCallee();
  uint32_t resTypeID = 0;

  Type resultTy = op.getNumResults() ? *op.result_type_begin() : getVoidType();
  if (failed(processType(op.getLoc(), resultTy, resTypeID)))
    return failure();

  auto funcID = getOrCreateFunctionID(funcName);
  auto funcCallID = getNextID();
  SmallVector<uint32_t, 8> operands{resTypeID, funcCallID, funcID};

  for (auto value : op.getArguments()) {
    auto valueID = getValueID(value);
    assert(valueID && "cannot find a value for spirv.FunctionCall");
    operands.push_back(valueID);
  }

  if (!isa<NoneType>(resultTy))
    valueIDMap[op.getResult(0)] = funcCallID;

  encodeInstructionInto(functionBody, spirv::Opcode::OpFunctionCall, operands);
  return success();
}

template <>
LogicalResult
Serializer::processOp<spirv::CopyMemoryOp>(spirv::CopyMemoryOp op) {
  SmallVector<uint32_t, 4> operands;
  SmallVector<StringRef, 2> elidedAttrs;

  for (Value operand : op->getOperands()) {
    auto id = getValueID(operand);
    assert(id && "use before def!");
    operands.push_back(id);
  }

  StringAttr memoryAccess = op.getMemoryAccessAttrName();
  if (auto attr = op->getAttr(memoryAccess)) {
    operands.push_back(
        static_cast<uint32_t>(cast<spirv::MemoryAccessAttr>(attr).getValue()));
  }

  elidedAttrs.push_back(memoryAccess.strref());

  StringAttr alignment = op.getAlignmentAttrName();
  if (auto attr = op->getAttr(alignment)) {
    operands.push_back(static_cast<uint32_t>(
        cast<IntegerAttr>(attr).getValue().getZExtValue()));
  }

  elidedAttrs.push_back(alignment.strref());

  StringAttr sourceMemoryAccess = op.getSourceMemoryAccessAttrName();
  if (auto attr = op->getAttr(sourceMemoryAccess)) {
    operands.push_back(
        static_cast<uint32_t>(cast<spirv::MemoryAccessAttr>(attr).getValue()));
  }

  elidedAttrs.push_back(sourceMemoryAccess.strref());

  StringAttr sourceAlignment = op.getSourceAlignmentAttrName();
  if (auto attr = op->getAttr(sourceAlignment)) {
    operands.push_back(static_cast<uint32_t>(
        cast<IntegerAttr>(attr).getValue().getZExtValue()));
  }

  elidedAttrs.push_back(sourceAlignment.strref());
  if (failed(emitDebugLine(functionBody, op.getLoc())))
    return failure();
  encodeInstructionInto(functionBody, spirv::Opcode::OpCopyMemory, operands);

  return success();
}
template <>
LogicalResult Serializer::processOp<spirv::GenericCastToPtrExplicitOp>(
    spirv::GenericCastToPtrExplicitOp op) {
  SmallVector<uint32_t, 4> operands;
  Type resultTy;
  Location loc = op->getLoc();
  uint32_t resultTypeID = 0;
  uint32_t resultID = 0;
  resultTy = op->getResult(0).getType();
  if (failed(processType(loc, resultTy, resultTypeID)))
    return failure();
  operands.push_back(resultTypeID);

  resultID = getNextID();
  operands.push_back(resultID);
  valueIDMap[op->getResult(0)] = resultID;

  for (Value operand : op->getOperands())
    operands.push_back(getValueID(operand));
  spirv::StorageClass resultStorage =
      cast<spirv::PointerType>(resultTy).getStorageClass();
  operands.push_back(static_cast<uint32_t>(resultStorage));
  encodeInstructionInto(functionBody, spirv::Opcode::OpGenericCastToPtrExplicit,
                        operands);
  return success();
}

// Pull in auto-generated Serializer::dispatchToAutogenSerialization() and
// various Serializer::processOp<...>() specializations.
#define GET_SERIALIZATION_FNS
#include "mlir/Dialect/SPIRV/IR/SPIRVSerialization.inc"

} // namespace spirv
} // namespace mlir