xref: /llvm-project/llvm/lib/Target/PowerPC/PPCTargetTransformInfo.cpp (revision 4b17772b9ee7a58dccbddec99b833d6100d62a97)
1 //===-- PPCTargetTransformInfo.cpp - PPC specific TTI ---------------------===//
2 //
3 // Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
4 // See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
5 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
6 //
7 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
8 
9 #include "PPCTargetTransformInfo.h"
10 #include "llvm/Analysis/TargetTransformInfo.h"
11 #include "llvm/CodeGen/BasicTTIImpl.h"
12 #include "llvm/CodeGen/CostTable.h"
13 #include "llvm/CodeGen/TargetLowering.h"
14 #include "llvm/Support/CommandLine.h"
15 #include "llvm/Support/Debug.h"
16 using namespace llvm;
17 
18 #define DEBUG_TYPE "ppctti"
19 
20 static cl::opt<bool> DisablePPCConstHoist("disable-ppc-constant-hoisting",
21 cl::desc("disable constant hoisting on PPC"), cl::init(false), cl::Hidden);
22 
23 // This is currently only used for the data prefetch pass which is only enabled
24 // for BG/Q by default.
25 static cl::opt<unsigned>
26 CacheLineSize("ppc-loop-prefetch-cache-line", cl::Hidden, cl::init(64),
27               cl::desc("The loop prefetch cache line size"));
28 
29 static cl::opt<bool>
30 EnablePPCColdCC("ppc-enable-coldcc", cl::Hidden, cl::init(false),
31                 cl::desc("Enable using coldcc calling conv for cold "
32                          "internal functions"));
33 
34 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
35 //
36 // PPC cost model.
37 //
38 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
39 
40 TargetTransformInfo::PopcntSupportKind
41 PPCTTIImpl::getPopcntSupport(unsigned TyWidth) {
42   assert(isPowerOf2_32(TyWidth) && "Ty width must be power of 2");
43   if (ST->hasPOPCNTD() != PPCSubtarget::POPCNTD_Unavailable && TyWidth <= 64)
44     return ST->hasPOPCNTD() == PPCSubtarget::POPCNTD_Slow ?
45              TTI::PSK_SlowHardware : TTI::PSK_FastHardware;
46   return TTI::PSK_Software;
47 }
48 
49 int PPCTTIImpl::getIntImmCost(const APInt &Imm, Type *Ty) {
50   if (DisablePPCConstHoist)
51     return BaseT::getIntImmCost(Imm, Ty);
52 
53   assert(Ty->isIntegerTy());
54 
55   unsigned BitSize = Ty->getPrimitiveSizeInBits();
56   if (BitSize == 0)
57     return ~0U;
58 
59   if (Imm == 0)
60     return TTI::TCC_Free;
61 
62   if (Imm.getBitWidth() <= 64) {
63     if (isInt<16>(Imm.getSExtValue()))
64       return TTI::TCC_Basic;
65 
66     if (isInt<32>(Imm.getSExtValue())) {
67       // A constant that can be materialized using lis.
68       if ((Imm.getZExtValue() & 0xFFFF) == 0)
69         return TTI::TCC_Basic;
70 
71       return 2 * TTI::TCC_Basic;
72     }
73   }
74 
75   return 4 * TTI::TCC_Basic;
76 }
77 
78 int PPCTTIImpl::getIntImmCost(Intrinsic::ID IID, unsigned Idx, const APInt &Imm,
79                               Type *Ty) {
80   if (DisablePPCConstHoist)
81     return BaseT::getIntImmCost(IID, Idx, Imm, Ty);
82 
83   assert(Ty->isIntegerTy());
84 
85   unsigned BitSize = Ty->getPrimitiveSizeInBits();
86   if (BitSize == 0)
87     return ~0U;
88 
89   switch (IID) {
90   default:
91     return TTI::TCC_Free;
92   case Intrinsic::sadd_with_overflow:
93   case Intrinsic::uadd_with_overflow:
94   case Intrinsic::ssub_with_overflow:
95   case Intrinsic::usub_with_overflow:
96     if ((Idx == 1) && Imm.getBitWidth() <= 64 && isInt<16>(Imm.getSExtValue()))
97       return TTI::TCC_Free;
98     break;
99   case Intrinsic::experimental_stackmap:
100     if ((Idx < 2) || (Imm.getBitWidth() <= 64 && isInt<64>(Imm.getSExtValue())))
101       return TTI::TCC_Free;
102     break;
103   case Intrinsic::experimental_patchpoint_void:
104   case Intrinsic::experimental_patchpoint_i64:
105     if ((Idx < 4) || (Imm.getBitWidth() <= 64 && isInt<64>(Imm.getSExtValue())))
106       return TTI::TCC_Free;
107     break;
108   }
109   return PPCTTIImpl::getIntImmCost(Imm, Ty);
110 }
111 
112 int PPCTTIImpl::getIntImmCost(unsigned Opcode, unsigned Idx, const APInt &Imm,
113                               Type *Ty) {
114   if (DisablePPCConstHoist)
115     return BaseT::getIntImmCost(Opcode, Idx, Imm, Ty);
116 
117   assert(Ty->isIntegerTy());
118 
119   unsigned BitSize = Ty->getPrimitiveSizeInBits();
120   if (BitSize == 0)
121     return ~0U;
122 
123   unsigned ImmIdx = ~0U;
124   bool ShiftedFree = false, RunFree = false, UnsignedFree = false,
125        ZeroFree = false;
126   switch (Opcode) {
127   default:
128     return TTI::TCC_Free;
129   case Instruction::GetElementPtr:
130     // Always hoist the base address of a GetElementPtr. This prevents the
131     // creation of new constants for every base constant that gets constant
132     // folded with the offset.
133     if (Idx == 0)
134       return 2 * TTI::TCC_Basic;
135     return TTI::TCC_Free;
136   case Instruction::And:
137     RunFree = true; // (for the rotate-and-mask instructions)
138     LLVM_FALLTHROUGH;
139   case Instruction::Add:
140   case Instruction::Or:
141   case Instruction::Xor:
142     ShiftedFree = true;
143     LLVM_FALLTHROUGH;
144   case Instruction::Sub:
145   case Instruction::Mul:
146   case Instruction::Shl:
147   case Instruction::LShr:
148   case Instruction::AShr:
149     ImmIdx = 1;
150     break;
151   case Instruction::ICmp:
152     UnsignedFree = true;
153     ImmIdx = 1;
154     // Zero comparisons can use record-form instructions.
155     LLVM_FALLTHROUGH;
156   case Instruction::Select:
157     ZeroFree = true;
158     break;
159   case Instruction::PHI:
160   case Instruction::Call:
161   case Instruction::Ret:
162   case Instruction::Load:
163   case Instruction::Store:
164     break;
165   }
166 
167   if (ZeroFree && Imm == 0)
168     return TTI::TCC_Free;
169 
170   if (Idx == ImmIdx && Imm.getBitWidth() <= 64) {
171     if (isInt<16>(Imm.getSExtValue()))
172       return TTI::TCC_Free;
173 
174     if (RunFree) {
175       if (Imm.getBitWidth() <= 32 &&
176           (isShiftedMask_32(Imm.getZExtValue()) ||
177            isShiftedMask_32(~Imm.getZExtValue())))
178         return TTI::TCC_Free;
179 
180       if (ST->isPPC64() &&
181           (isShiftedMask_64(Imm.getZExtValue()) ||
182            isShiftedMask_64(~Imm.getZExtValue())))
183         return TTI::TCC_Free;
184     }
185 
186     if (UnsignedFree && isUInt<16>(Imm.getZExtValue()))
187       return TTI::TCC_Free;
188 
189     if (ShiftedFree && (Imm.getZExtValue() & 0xFFFF) == 0)
190       return TTI::TCC_Free;
191   }
192 
193   return PPCTTIImpl::getIntImmCost(Imm, Ty);
194 }
195 
196 unsigned PPCTTIImpl::getUserCost(const User *U,
197                                  ArrayRef<const Value *> Operands) {
198   if (U->getType()->isVectorTy()) {
199     // Instructions that need to be split should cost more.
200     std::pair<int, MVT> LT = TLI->getTypeLegalizationCost(DL, U->getType());
201     return LT.first * BaseT::getUserCost(U, Operands);
202   }
203 
204   return BaseT::getUserCost(U, Operands);
205 }
206 
207 void PPCTTIImpl::getUnrollingPreferences(Loop *L, ScalarEvolution &SE,
208                                          TTI::UnrollingPreferences &UP) {
209   if (ST->getDarwinDirective() == PPC::DIR_A2) {
210     // The A2 is in-order with a deep pipeline, and concatenation unrolling
211     // helps expose latency-hiding opportunities to the instruction scheduler.
212     UP.Partial = UP.Runtime = true;
213 
214     // We unroll a lot on the A2 (hundreds of instructions), and the benefits
215     // often outweigh the cost of a division to compute the trip count.
216     UP.AllowExpensiveTripCount = true;
217   }
218 
219   BaseT::getUnrollingPreferences(L, SE, UP);
220 }
221 
222 // This function returns true to allow using coldcc calling convention.
223 // Returning true results in coldcc being used for functions which are cold at
224 // all call sites when the callers of the functions are not calling any other
225 // non coldcc functions.
226 bool PPCTTIImpl::useColdCCForColdCall(Function &F) {
227   return EnablePPCColdCC;
228 }
229 
230 bool PPCTTIImpl::enableAggressiveInterleaving(bool LoopHasReductions) {
231   // On the A2, always unroll aggressively. For QPX unaligned loads, we depend
232   // on combining the loads generated for consecutive accesses, and failure to
233   // do so is particularly expensive. This makes it much more likely (compared
234   // to only using concatenation unrolling).
235   if (ST->getDarwinDirective() == PPC::DIR_A2)
236     return true;
237 
238   return LoopHasReductions;
239 }
240 
241 const PPCTTIImpl::TTI::MemCmpExpansionOptions *
242 PPCTTIImpl::enableMemCmpExpansion(bool IsZeroCmp) const {
243   static const auto Options = []() {
244     TTI::MemCmpExpansionOptions Options;
245     Options.LoadSizes.push_back(8);
246     Options.LoadSizes.push_back(4);
247     Options.LoadSizes.push_back(2);
248     Options.LoadSizes.push_back(1);
249     return Options;
250   }();
251   return &Options;
252 }
253 
254 bool PPCTTIImpl::enableInterleavedAccessVectorization() {
255   return true;
256 }
257 
258 unsigned PPCTTIImpl::getNumberOfRegisters(bool Vector) {
259   if (Vector && !ST->hasAltivec() && !ST->hasQPX())
260     return 0;
261   return ST->hasVSX() ? 64 : 32;
262 }
263 
264 unsigned PPCTTIImpl::getRegisterBitWidth(bool Vector) const {
265   if (Vector) {
266     if (ST->hasQPX()) return 256;
267     if (ST->hasAltivec()) return 128;
268     return 0;
269   }
270 
271   if (ST->isPPC64())
272     return 64;
273   return 32;
274 
275 }
276 
277 unsigned PPCTTIImpl::getCacheLineSize() {
278   // Check first if the user specified a custom line size.
279   if (CacheLineSize.getNumOccurrences() > 0)
280     return CacheLineSize;
281 
282   // On P7, P8 or P9 we have a cache line size of 128.
283   unsigned Directive = ST->getDarwinDirective();
284   if (Directive == PPC::DIR_PWR7 || Directive == PPC::DIR_PWR8 ||
285       Directive == PPC::DIR_PWR9)
286     return 128;
287 
288   // On other processors return a default of 64 bytes.
289   return 64;
290 }
291 
292 unsigned PPCTTIImpl::getPrefetchDistance() {
293   // This seems like a reasonable default for the BG/Q (this pass is enabled, by
294   // default, only on the BG/Q).
295   return 300;
296 }
297 
298 unsigned PPCTTIImpl::getMaxInterleaveFactor(unsigned VF) {
299   unsigned Directive = ST->getDarwinDirective();
300   // The 440 has no SIMD support, but floating-point instructions
301   // have a 5-cycle latency, so unroll by 5x for latency hiding.
302   if (Directive == PPC::DIR_440)
303     return 5;
304 
305   // The A2 has no SIMD support, but floating-point instructions
306   // have a 6-cycle latency, so unroll by 6x for latency hiding.
307   if (Directive == PPC::DIR_A2)
308     return 6;
309 
310   // FIXME: For lack of any better information, do no harm...
311   if (Directive == PPC::DIR_E500mc || Directive == PPC::DIR_E5500)
312     return 1;
313 
314   // For P7 and P8, floating-point instructions have a 6-cycle latency and
315   // there are two execution units, so unroll by 12x for latency hiding.
316   // FIXME: the same for P9 as previous gen until POWER9 scheduling is ready
317   if (Directive == PPC::DIR_PWR7 || Directive == PPC::DIR_PWR8 ||
318       Directive == PPC::DIR_PWR9)
319     return 12;
320 
321   // For most things, modern systems have two execution units (and
322   // out-of-order execution).
323   return 2;
324 }
325 
326 // Adjust the cost of vector instructions on targets which there is overlap
327 // between the vector and scalar units, thereby reducing the overall throughput
328 // of vector code wrt. scalar code.
329 int PPCTTIImpl::vectorCostAdjustment(int Cost, unsigned Opcode, Type *Ty1,
330                                      Type *Ty2) {
331   if (!ST->vectorsUseTwoUnits() || !Ty1->isVectorTy())
332     return Cost;
333 
334   std::pair<int, MVT> LT1 = TLI->getTypeLegalizationCost(DL, Ty1);
335   // If type legalization involves splitting the vector, we don't want to
336   // double the cost at every step - only the last step.
337   if (LT1.first != 1 || !LT1.second.isVector())
338     return Cost;
339 
340   int ISD = TLI->InstructionOpcodeToISD(Opcode);
341   if (TLI->isOperationExpand(ISD, LT1.second))
342     return Cost;
343 
344   if (Ty2) {
345     std::pair<int, MVT> LT2 = TLI->getTypeLegalizationCost(DL, Ty2);
346     if (LT2.first != 1 || !LT2.second.isVector())
347       return Cost;
348   }
349 
350   return Cost * 2;
351 }
352 
353 int PPCTTIImpl::getArithmeticInstrCost(
354     unsigned Opcode, Type *Ty, TTI::OperandValueKind Op1Info,
355     TTI::OperandValueKind Op2Info, TTI::OperandValueProperties Opd1PropInfo,
356     TTI::OperandValueProperties Opd2PropInfo, ArrayRef<const Value *> Args) {
357   assert(TLI->InstructionOpcodeToISD(Opcode) && "Invalid opcode");
358 
359   // Fallback to the default implementation.
360   int Cost = BaseT::getArithmeticInstrCost(Opcode, Ty, Op1Info, Op2Info,
361                                            Opd1PropInfo, Opd2PropInfo);
362   return vectorCostAdjustment(Cost, Opcode, Ty, nullptr);
363 }
364 
365 int PPCTTIImpl::getShuffleCost(TTI::ShuffleKind Kind, Type *Tp, int Index,
366                                Type *SubTp) {
367   // Legalize the type.
368   std::pair<int, MVT> LT = TLI->getTypeLegalizationCost(DL, Tp);
369 
370   // PPC, for both Altivec/VSX and QPX, support cheap arbitrary permutations
371   // (at least in the sense that there need only be one non-loop-invariant
372   // instruction). We need one such shuffle instruction for each actual
373   // register (this is not true for arbitrary shuffles, but is true for the
374   // structured types of shuffles covered by TTI::ShuffleKind).
375   return vectorCostAdjustment(LT.first, Instruction::ShuffleVector, Tp,
376                               nullptr);
377 }
378 
379 int PPCTTIImpl::getCastInstrCost(unsigned Opcode, Type *Dst, Type *Src,
380                                  const Instruction *I) {
381   assert(TLI->InstructionOpcodeToISD(Opcode) && "Invalid opcode");
382 
383   int Cost = BaseT::getCastInstrCost(Opcode, Dst, Src);
384   return vectorCostAdjustment(Cost, Opcode, Dst, Src);
385 }
386 
387 int PPCTTIImpl::getCmpSelInstrCost(unsigned Opcode, Type *ValTy, Type *CondTy,
388                                    const Instruction *I) {
389   int Cost = BaseT::getCmpSelInstrCost(Opcode, ValTy, CondTy, I);
390   return vectorCostAdjustment(Cost, Opcode, ValTy, nullptr);
391 }
392 
393 int PPCTTIImpl::getVectorInstrCost(unsigned Opcode, Type *Val, unsigned Index) {
394   assert(Val->isVectorTy() && "This must be a vector type");
395 
396   int ISD = TLI->InstructionOpcodeToISD(Opcode);
397   assert(ISD && "Invalid opcode");
398 
399   int Cost = BaseT::getVectorInstrCost(Opcode, Val, Index);
400   Cost = vectorCostAdjustment(Cost, Opcode, Val, nullptr);
401 
402   if (ST->hasVSX() && Val->getScalarType()->isDoubleTy()) {
403     // Double-precision scalars are already located in index #0 (or #1 if LE).
404     if (ISD == ISD::EXTRACT_VECTOR_ELT && Index == ST->isLittleEndian() ? 1 : 0)
405       return 0;
406 
407     return Cost;
408 
409   } else if (ST->hasQPX() && Val->getScalarType()->isFloatingPointTy()) {
410     // Floating point scalars are already located in index #0.
411     if (Index == 0)
412       return 0;
413 
414     return Cost;
415 
416   } else if (Val->getScalarType()->isIntegerTy() && Index != -1U) {
417     if (ST->hasP9Altivec()) {
418       if (ISD == ISD::INSERT_VECTOR_ELT)
419         // A move-to VSR and a permute/insert.  Assume vector operation cost
420         // for both (cost will be 2x on P9).
421         return vectorCostAdjustment(2, Opcode, Val, nullptr);
422 
423       // It's an extract.  Maybe we can do a cheap move-from VSR.
424       unsigned EltSize = Val->getScalarSizeInBits();
425       if (EltSize == 64) {
426         unsigned MfvsrdIndex = ST->isLittleEndian() ? 1 : 0;
427         if (Index == MfvsrdIndex)
428           return 1;
429       } else if (EltSize == 32) {
430         unsigned MfvsrwzIndex = ST->isLittleEndian() ? 2 : 1;
431         if (Index == MfvsrwzIndex)
432           return 1;
433       }
434 
435       // We need a vector extract (or mfvsrld).  Assume vector operation cost.
436       // The cost of the load constant for a vector extract is disregarded
437       // (invariant, easily schedulable).
438       return vectorCostAdjustment(1, Opcode, Val, nullptr);
439 
440     } else if (ST->hasDirectMove())
441       // Assume permute has standard cost.
442       // Assume move-to/move-from VSR have 2x standard cost.
443       return 3;
444   }
445 
446   // Estimated cost of a load-hit-store delay.  This was obtained
447   // experimentally as a minimum needed to prevent unprofitable
448   // vectorization for the paq8p benchmark.  It may need to be
449   // raised further if other unprofitable cases remain.
450   unsigned LHSPenalty = 2;
451   if (ISD == ISD::INSERT_VECTOR_ELT)
452     LHSPenalty += 7;
453 
454   // Vector element insert/extract with Altivec is very expensive,
455   // because they require store and reload with the attendant
456   // processor stall for load-hit-store.  Until VSX is available,
457   // these need to be estimated as very costly.
458   if (ISD == ISD::EXTRACT_VECTOR_ELT ||
459       ISD == ISD::INSERT_VECTOR_ELT)
460     return LHSPenalty + Cost;
461 
462   return Cost;
463 }
464 
465 int PPCTTIImpl::getMemoryOpCost(unsigned Opcode, Type *Src, unsigned Alignment,
466                                 unsigned AddressSpace, const Instruction *I) {
467   // Legalize the type.
468   std::pair<int, MVT> LT = TLI->getTypeLegalizationCost(DL, Src);
469   assert((Opcode == Instruction::Load || Opcode == Instruction::Store) &&
470          "Invalid Opcode");
471 
472   int Cost = BaseT::getMemoryOpCost(Opcode, Src, Alignment, AddressSpace);
473   Cost = vectorCostAdjustment(Cost, Opcode, Src, nullptr);
474 
475   bool IsAltivecType = ST->hasAltivec() &&
476                        (LT.second == MVT::v16i8 || LT.second == MVT::v8i16 ||
477                         LT.second == MVT::v4i32 || LT.second == MVT::v4f32);
478   bool IsVSXType = ST->hasVSX() &&
479                    (LT.second == MVT::v2f64 || LT.second == MVT::v2i64);
480   bool IsQPXType = ST->hasQPX() &&
481                    (LT.second == MVT::v4f64 || LT.second == MVT::v4f32);
482 
483   // VSX has 32b/64b load instructions. Legalization can handle loading of
484   // 32b/64b to VSR correctly and cheaply. But BaseT::getMemoryOpCost and
485   // PPCTargetLowering can't compute the cost appropriately. So here we
486   // explicitly check this case.
487   unsigned MemBytes = Src->getPrimitiveSizeInBits();
488   if (Opcode == Instruction::Load && ST->hasVSX() && IsAltivecType &&
489       (MemBytes == 64 || (ST->hasP8Vector() && MemBytes == 32)))
490     return 1;
491 
492   // Aligned loads and stores are easy.
493   unsigned SrcBytes = LT.second.getStoreSize();
494   if (!SrcBytes || !Alignment || Alignment >= SrcBytes)
495     return Cost;
496 
497   // If we can use the permutation-based load sequence, then this is also
498   // relatively cheap (not counting loop-invariant instructions): one load plus
499   // one permute (the last load in a series has extra cost, but we're
500   // neglecting that here). Note that on the P7, we could do unaligned loads
501   // for Altivec types using the VSX instructions, but that's more expensive
502   // than using the permutation-based load sequence. On the P8, that's no
503   // longer true.
504   if (Opcode == Instruction::Load &&
505       ((!ST->hasP8Vector() && IsAltivecType) || IsQPXType) &&
506       Alignment >= LT.second.getScalarType().getStoreSize())
507     return Cost + LT.first; // Add the cost of the permutations.
508 
509   // For VSX, we can do unaligned loads and stores on Altivec/VSX types. On the
510   // P7, unaligned vector loads are more expensive than the permutation-based
511   // load sequence, so that might be used instead, but regardless, the net cost
512   // is about the same (not counting loop-invariant instructions).
513   if (IsVSXType || (ST->hasVSX() && IsAltivecType))
514     return Cost;
515 
516   // Newer PPC supports unaligned memory access.
517   if (TLI->allowsMisalignedMemoryAccesses(LT.second, 0))
518     return Cost;
519 
520   // PPC in general does not support unaligned loads and stores. They'll need
521   // to be decomposed based on the alignment factor.
522 
523   // Add the cost of each scalar load or store.
524   Cost += LT.first*(SrcBytes/Alignment-1);
525 
526   // For a vector type, there is also scalarization overhead (only for
527   // stores, loads are expanded using the vector-load + permutation sequence,
528   // which is much less expensive).
529   if (Src->isVectorTy() && Opcode == Instruction::Store)
530     for (int i = 0, e = Src->getVectorNumElements(); i < e; ++i)
531       Cost += getVectorInstrCost(Instruction::ExtractElement, Src, i);
532 
533   return Cost;
534 }
535 
536 int PPCTTIImpl::getInterleavedMemoryOpCost(unsigned Opcode, Type *VecTy,
537                                            unsigned Factor,
538                                            ArrayRef<unsigned> Indices,
539                                            unsigned Alignment,
540                                            unsigned AddressSpace,
541                                            bool UseMaskForCond,
542                                            bool UseMaskForGaps) {
543   if (UseMaskForCond || UseMaskForGaps)
544     return BaseT::getInterleavedMemoryOpCost(Opcode, VecTy, Factor, Indices,
545                                              Alignment, AddressSpace,
546                                              UseMaskForCond, UseMaskForGaps);
547 
548   assert(isa<VectorType>(VecTy) &&
549          "Expect a vector type for interleaved memory op");
550 
551   // Legalize the type.
552   std::pair<int, MVT> LT = TLI->getTypeLegalizationCost(DL, VecTy);
553 
554   // Firstly, the cost of load/store operation.
555   int Cost = getMemoryOpCost(Opcode, VecTy, Alignment, AddressSpace);
556 
557   // PPC, for both Altivec/VSX and QPX, support cheap arbitrary permutations
558   // (at least in the sense that there need only be one non-loop-invariant
559   // instruction). For each result vector, we need one shuffle per incoming
560   // vector (except that the first shuffle can take two incoming vectors
561   // because it does not need to take itself).
562   Cost += Factor*(LT.first-1);
563 
564   return Cost;
565 }
566 
567