1 //===-- SystemInitializerFull.cpp -------------------------------*- C++ -*-===// 2 // 3 // Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions. 4 // See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information. 5 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception 6 // 7 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// 8 9 #include "SystemInitializerFull.h" 10 11 #include "lldb/API/SBCommandInterpreter.h" 12 13 #if !defined(LLDB_DISABLE_PYTHON) 14 #include "Plugins/ScriptInterpreter/Python/ScriptInterpreterPython.h" 15 #endif 16 17 #include "lldb/Core/Debugger.h" 18 #include "lldb/Host/Host.h" 19 #include "lldb/Initialization/SystemInitializerCommon.h" 20 #include "lldb/Interpreter/CommandInterpreter.h" 21 #include "lldb/Symbol/ClangASTContext.h" 22 #include "lldb/Utility/Timer.h" 23 24 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 25 #include "Plugins/ABI/MacOSX-arm/ABIMacOSX_arm.h" 26 #include "Plugins/ABI/MacOSX-arm64/ABIMacOSX_arm64.h" 27 #include "Plugins/ABI/MacOSX-i386/ABIMacOSX_i386.h" 28 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 29 #include "Plugins/ABI/SysV-arm/ABISysV_arm.h" 30 #include "Plugins/ABI/SysV-arm64/ABISysV_arm64.h" 31 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 32 #include "Plugins/ABI/SysV-hexagon/ABISysV_hexagon.h" 33 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 34 #include "Plugins/ABI/SysV-i386/ABISysV_i386.h" 35 #include "Plugins/ABI/SysV-mips/ABISysV_mips.h" 36 #include "Plugins/ABI/SysV-mips64/ABISysV_mips64.h" 37 #include "Plugins/ABI/SysV-ppc/ABISysV_ppc.h" 38 #include "Plugins/ABI/SysV-ppc64/ABISysV_ppc64.h" 39 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 40 #include "Plugins/ABI/SysV-s390x/ABISysV_s390x.h" 41 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 42 #include "Plugins/ABI/SysV-x86_64/ABISysV_x86_64.h" 43 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 44 #include "Plugins/ABI/Windows-x86_64/ABIWindows_x86_64.h" 45 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 46 #include "Plugins/Architecture/Arm/ArchitectureArm.h" 47 #include "Plugins/Architecture/Mips/ArchitectureMips.h" 48 #include "Plugins/Architecture/PPC64/ArchitecturePPC64.h" 49 #include "Plugins/Disassembler/llvm/DisassemblerLLVMC.h" 50 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 51 #include "Plugins/DynamicLoader/MacOSX-DYLD/DynamicLoaderMacOS.h" 52 #include "Plugins/DynamicLoader/MacOSX-DYLD/DynamicLoaderMacOSXDYLD.h" 53 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 54 #include "Plugins/DynamicLoader/POSIX-DYLD/DynamicLoaderPOSIXDYLD.h" 55 #include "Plugins/DynamicLoader/Static/DynamicLoaderStatic.h" 56 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 57 #include "Plugins/DynamicLoader/Windows-DYLD/DynamicLoaderWindowsDYLD.h" 58 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 59 #include "Plugins/Instruction/ARM/EmulateInstructionARM.h" 60 #include "Plugins/Instruction/ARM64/EmulateInstructionARM64.h" 61 #include "Plugins/Instruction/MIPS/EmulateInstructionMIPS.h" 62 #include "Plugins/Instruction/MIPS64/EmulateInstructionMIPS64.h" 63 #include "Plugins/Instruction/PPC64/EmulateInstructionPPC64.h" 64 #include "Plugins/InstrumentationRuntime/ASan/ASanRuntime.h" 65 #include "Plugins/InstrumentationRuntime/MainThreadChecker/MainThreadCheckerRuntime.h" 66 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 67 #include "Plugins/InstrumentationRuntime/TSan/TSanRuntime.h" 68 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 69 #include "Plugins/InstrumentationRuntime/UBSan/UBSanRuntime.h" 70 #include "Plugins/JITLoader/GDB/JITLoaderGDB.h" 71 #include "Plugins/Language/CPlusPlus/CPlusPlusLanguage.h" 72 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 73 #include "Plugins/Language/ObjC/ObjCLanguage.h" 74 #include "Plugins/Language/ObjCPlusPlus/ObjCPlusPlusLanguage.h" 75 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 76 #include "Plugins/LanguageRuntime/CPlusPlus/ItaniumABI/ItaniumABILanguageRuntime.h" 77 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 78 #include "Plugins/LanguageRuntime/ObjC/AppleObjCRuntime/AppleObjCRuntimeV1.h" 79 #include "Plugins/LanguageRuntime/ObjC/AppleObjCRuntime/AppleObjCRuntimeV2.h" 80 #include "Plugins/LanguageRuntime/RenderScript/RenderScriptRuntime/RenderScriptRuntime.h" 81 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 82 #include "Plugins/MemoryHistory/asan/MemoryHistoryASan.h" 83 #include "Plugins/ObjectContainer/BSD-Archive/ObjectContainerBSDArchive.h" 84 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 85 #include "Plugins/ObjectContainer/Universal-Mach-O/ObjectContainerUniversalMachO.h" 86 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 87 #include "Plugins/ObjectFile/Breakpad/ObjectFileBreakpad.h" 88 #include "Plugins/ObjectFile/ELF/ObjectFileELF.h" 89 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 90 #include "Plugins/ObjectFile/Mach-O/ObjectFileMachO.h" 91 #include "Plugins/ObjectFile/PECOFF/ObjectFilePECOFF.h" 92 #include "Plugins/OperatingSystem/Python/OperatingSystemPython.h" 93 #include "Plugins/Platform/Android/PlatformAndroid.h" 94 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 95 #include "Plugins/Platform/FreeBSD/PlatformFreeBSD.h" 96 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 97 #include "Plugins/Platform/Linux/PlatformLinux.h" 98 #include "Plugins/Platform/MacOSX/PlatformMacOSX.h" 99 #include "Plugins/Platform/MacOSX/PlatformRemoteiOS.h" 100 #include "Plugins/Platform/NetBSD/PlatformNetBSD.h" 101 #include "Plugins/Platform/OpenBSD/PlatformOpenBSD.h" 102 #include "Plugins/Platform/Windows/PlatformWindows.h" 103 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 104 #include "Plugins/Platform/gdb-server/PlatformRemoteGDBServer.h" 105 #include "Plugins/Process/elf-core/ProcessElfCore.h" 106 #include "Plugins/Process/gdb-remote/ProcessGDBRemote.h" 107 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 108 #include "Plugins/Process/mach-core/ProcessMachCore.h" 109 #include "Plugins/Process/minidump/ProcessMinidump.h" 110 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 111 #include "Plugins/ScriptInterpreter/None/ScriptInterpreterNone.h" 112 #include "Plugins/SymbolFile/Breakpad/SymbolFileBreakpad.h" 113 #include "Plugins/SymbolFile/DWARF/SymbolFileDWARF.h" 114 #include "Plugins/SymbolFile/DWARF/SymbolFileDWARFDebugMap.h" 115 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 116 #include "Plugins/SymbolFile/PDB/SymbolFilePDB.h" 117 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 118 #include "Plugins/SymbolFile/Symtab/SymbolFileSymtab.h" 119 #include "Plugins/SymbolVendor/ELF/SymbolVendorELF.h" 120 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 121 #include "Plugins/SystemRuntime/MacOSX/SystemRuntimeMacOSX.h" 122 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 123 #include "Plugins/UnwindAssembly/InstEmulation/UnwindAssemblyInstEmulation.h" 124 #include "Plugins/UnwindAssembly/x86/UnwindAssembly-x86.h" 125 126 #if defined(__APPLE__) 127 #include "Plugins/DynamicLoader/Darwin-Kernel/DynamicLoaderDarwinKernel.h" 128 #include "Plugins/Platform/MacOSX/PlatformAppleTVSimulator.h" 129 #include "Plugins/Platform/MacOSX/PlatformAppleWatchSimulator.h" 130 #include "Plugins/Platform/MacOSX/PlatformDarwinKernel.h" 131 #include "Plugins/Platform/MacOSX/PlatformRemoteAppleBridge.h" 132 #include "Plugins/Platform/MacOSX/PlatformRemoteAppleTV.h" 133 #include "Plugins/Platform/MacOSX/PlatformRemoteAppleWatch.h" 134 #include "Plugins/Platform/MacOSX/PlatformiOSSimulator.h" 135 #include "Plugins/Process/MacOSX-Kernel/ProcessKDP.h" 136 #include "Plugins/SymbolVendor/MacOSX/SymbolVendorMacOSX.h" 137 #endif 138 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 139 #include "Plugins/StructuredData/DarwinLog/StructuredDataDarwinLog.h" 140 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 141 142 #if defined(__FreeBSD__) 143 #include "Plugins/Process/FreeBSD/ProcessFreeBSD.h" 144 #endif 145 146 #if defined(_WIN32) 147 #include "Plugins/Process/Windows/Common/ProcessWindows.h" 148 #include "lldb/Host/windows/windows.h" 149 #endif 150 151 #include "llvm/Support/TargetSelect.h" 152 153 #pragma clang diagnostic push 154 #pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wglobal-constructors" 155 #include "llvm/ExecutionEngine/MCJIT.h" 156 #pragma clang diagnostic pop 157 158 #include <string> 159 160 using namespace lldb_private; 161 162 SystemInitializerFull::SystemInitializerFull() {} 163 164 SystemInitializerFull::~SystemInitializerFull() {} 165 166 llvm::Error SystemInitializerFull::Initialize() { 167 if (auto e = SystemInitializerCommon::Initialize()) 168 return e; 169 170 breakpad::ObjectFileBreakpad::Initialize(); 171 ObjectFileELF::Initialize(); 172 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 173 ObjectFileMachO::Initialize(); 174 ObjectFilePECOFF::Initialize(); 175 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 176 177 ObjectContainerBSDArchive::Initialize(); 178 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 179 ObjectContainerUniversalMachO::Initialize(); 180 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 181 182 ScriptInterpreterNone::Initialize(); 183 184 #ifndef LLDB_DISABLE_PYTHON 185 OperatingSystemPython::Initialize(); 186 #endif 187 188 #if !defined(LLDB_DISABLE_PYTHON) 189 ScriptInterpreterPython::Initialize(); 190 #endif 191 192 platform_freebsd::PlatformFreeBSD::Initialize(); 193 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 194 platform_linux::PlatformLinux::Initialize(); 195 platform_netbsd::PlatformNetBSD::Initialize(); 196 platform_openbsd::PlatformOpenBSD::Initialize(); 197 PlatformWindows::Initialize(); 198 platform_android::PlatformAndroid::Initialize(); 199 PlatformRemoteiOS::Initialize(); 200 PlatformMacOSX::Initialize(); 201 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 202 #if defined(__APPLE__) 203 PlatformiOSSimulator::Initialize(); 204 PlatformDarwinKernel::Initialize(); 205 #endif 206 207 // Initialize LLVM and Clang 208 llvm::InitializeAllTargets(); 209 llvm::InitializeAllAsmPrinters(); 210 llvm::InitializeAllTargetMCs(); 211 llvm::InitializeAllDisassemblers(); 212 213 ClangASTContext::Initialize(); 214 215 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 216 ABIMacOSX_i386::Initialize(); 217 ABIMacOSX_arm::Initialize(); 218 ABIMacOSX_arm64::Initialize(); 219 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 220 ABISysV_arm::Initialize(); 221 ABISysV_arm64::Initialize(); 222 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 223 ABISysV_hexagon::Initialize(); 224 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 225 ABISysV_i386::Initialize(); 226 ABISysV_x86_64::Initialize(); 227 ABISysV_ppc::Initialize(); 228 ABISysV_ppc64::Initialize(); 229 ABISysV_mips::Initialize(); 230 ABISysV_mips64::Initialize(); 231 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 232 ABISysV_s390x::Initialize(); 233 ABIWindows_x86_64::Initialize(); 234 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 235 236 ArchitectureArm::Initialize(); 237 ArchitectureMips::Initialize(); 238 ArchitecturePPC64::Initialize(); 239 240 DisassemblerLLVMC::Initialize(); 241 242 JITLoaderGDB::Initialize(); 243 ProcessElfCore::Initialize(); 244 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 245 ProcessMachCore::Initialize(); 246 minidump::ProcessMinidump::Initialize(); 247 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 248 MemoryHistoryASan::Initialize(); 249 AddressSanitizerRuntime::Initialize(); 250 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 251 ThreadSanitizerRuntime::Initialize(); 252 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 253 UndefinedBehaviorSanitizerRuntime::Initialize(); 254 MainThreadCheckerRuntime::Initialize(); 255 256 SymbolVendorELF::Initialize(); 257 breakpad::SymbolFileBreakpad::Initialize(); 258 SymbolFileDWARF::Initialize(); 259 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 260 SymbolFilePDB::Initialize(); 261 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 262 SymbolFileSymtab::Initialize(); 263 UnwindAssemblyInstEmulation::Initialize(); 264 UnwindAssembly_x86::Initialize(); 265 266 EmulateInstructionARM::Initialize(); 267 EmulateInstructionARM64::Initialize(); 268 EmulateInstructionMIPS::Initialize(); 269 EmulateInstructionMIPS64::Initialize(); 270 EmulateInstructionPPC64::Initialize(); 271 272 SymbolFileDWARFDebugMap::Initialize(); 273 ItaniumABILanguageRuntime::Initialize(); 274 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 275 AppleObjCRuntimeV2::Initialize(); 276 AppleObjCRuntimeV1::Initialize(); 277 SystemRuntimeMacOSX::Initialize(); 278 RenderScriptRuntime::Initialize(); 279 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 280 281 CPlusPlusLanguage::Initialize(); 282 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 283 ObjCLanguage::Initialize(); 284 ObjCPlusPlusLanguage::Initialize(); 285 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 286 287 #if defined(_WIN32) 288 ProcessWindows::Initialize(); 289 #endif 290 #if defined(__FreeBSD__) 291 ProcessFreeBSD::Initialize(); 292 #endif 293 #if defined(__APPLE__) 294 SymbolVendorMacOSX::Initialize(); 295 ProcessKDP::Initialize(); 296 PlatformAppleTVSimulator::Initialize(); 297 PlatformAppleWatchSimulator::Initialize(); 298 PlatformRemoteAppleTV::Initialize(); 299 PlatformRemoteAppleWatch::Initialize(); 300 PlatformRemoteAppleBridge::Initialize(); 301 DynamicLoaderDarwinKernel::Initialize(); 302 #endif 303 304 // This plugin is valid on any host that talks to a Darwin remote. It 305 // shouldn't be limited to __APPLE__. 306 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 307 StructuredDataDarwinLog::Initialize(); 308 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 309 310 // Platform agnostic plugins 311 platform_gdb_server::PlatformRemoteGDBServer::Initialize(); 312 313 process_gdb_remote::ProcessGDBRemote::Initialize(); 314 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 315 DynamicLoaderMacOSXDYLD::Initialize(); 316 DynamicLoaderMacOS::Initialize(); 317 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 318 DynamicLoaderPOSIXDYLD::Initialize(); 319 DynamicLoaderStatic::Initialize(); 320 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 321 DynamicLoaderWindowsDYLD::Initialize(); 322 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 323 324 // Scan for any system or user LLDB plug-ins 325 PluginManager::Initialize(); 326 327 // The process settings need to know about installed plug-ins, so the 328 // Settings must be initialized 329 // AFTER PluginManager::Initialize is called. 330 331 Debugger::SettingsInitialize(); 332 333 return llvm::Error::success(); 334 } 335 336 void SystemInitializerFull::Terminate() { 337 static Timer::Category func_cat(LLVM_PRETTY_FUNCTION); 338 Timer scoped_timer(func_cat, LLVM_PRETTY_FUNCTION); 339 340 Debugger::SettingsTerminate(); 341 342 // Terminate and unload and loaded system or user LLDB plug-ins 343 PluginManager::Terminate(); 344 345 ClangASTContext::Terminate(); 346 347 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 348 ArchitectureArm::Terminate(); 349 ArchitectureMips::Terminate(); 350 ArchitecturePPC64::Terminate(); 351 352 ABIMacOSX_i386::Terminate(); 353 ABIMacOSX_arm::Terminate(); 354 ABIMacOSX_arm64::Terminate(); 355 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 356 ABISysV_arm::Terminate(); 357 ABISysV_arm64::Terminate(); 358 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 359 ABISysV_hexagon::Terminate(); 360 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 361 ABISysV_i386::Terminate(); 362 ABISysV_x86_64::Terminate(); 363 ABISysV_ppc::Terminate(); 364 ABISysV_ppc64::Terminate(); 365 ABISysV_mips::Terminate(); 366 ABISysV_mips64::Terminate(); 367 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 368 ABISysV_s390x::Terminate(); 369 ABIWindows_x86_64::Terminate(); 370 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 371 DisassemblerLLVMC::Terminate(); 372 373 JITLoaderGDB::Terminate(); 374 ProcessElfCore::Terminate(); 375 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 376 ProcessMachCore::Terminate(); 377 minidump::ProcessMinidump::Terminate(); 378 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 379 MemoryHistoryASan::Terminate(); 380 AddressSanitizerRuntime::Terminate(); 381 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 382 ThreadSanitizerRuntime::Terminate(); 383 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 384 UndefinedBehaviorSanitizerRuntime::Terminate(); 385 MainThreadCheckerRuntime::Terminate(); 386 SymbolVendorELF::Terminate(); 387 breakpad::SymbolFileBreakpad::Terminate(); 388 SymbolFileDWARF::Terminate(); 389 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 390 SymbolFilePDB::Terminate(); 391 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 392 SymbolFileSymtab::Terminate(); 393 UnwindAssembly_x86::Terminate(); 394 UnwindAssemblyInstEmulation::Terminate(); 395 396 EmulateInstructionARM::Terminate(); 397 EmulateInstructionARM64::Terminate(); 398 EmulateInstructionMIPS::Terminate(); 399 EmulateInstructionMIPS64::Terminate(); 400 EmulateInstructionPPC64::Terminate(); 401 402 SymbolFileDWARFDebugMap::Terminate(); 403 ItaniumABILanguageRuntime::Terminate(); 404 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 405 AppleObjCRuntimeV2::Terminate(); 406 AppleObjCRuntimeV1::Terminate(); 407 SystemRuntimeMacOSX::Terminate(); 408 RenderScriptRuntime::Terminate(); 409 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 410 411 CPlusPlusLanguage::Terminate(); 412 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 413 ObjCLanguage::Terminate(); 414 ObjCPlusPlusLanguage::Terminate(); 415 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 416 417 #if defined(__APPLE__) 418 DynamicLoaderDarwinKernel::Terminate(); 419 ProcessKDP::Terminate(); 420 SymbolVendorMacOSX::Terminate(); 421 PlatformAppleTVSimulator::Terminate(); 422 PlatformAppleWatchSimulator::Terminate(); 423 PlatformRemoteAppleTV::Terminate(); 424 PlatformRemoteAppleWatch::Terminate(); 425 PlatformRemoteAppleBridge::Terminate(); 426 #endif 427 428 #if defined(__FreeBSD__) 429 ProcessFreeBSD::Terminate(); 430 #endif 431 Debugger::SettingsTerminate(); 432 433 platform_gdb_server::PlatformRemoteGDBServer::Terminate(); 434 process_gdb_remote::ProcessGDBRemote::Terminate(); 435 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 436 StructuredDataDarwinLog::Terminate(); 437 438 DynamicLoaderMacOSXDYLD::Terminate(); 439 DynamicLoaderMacOS::Terminate(); 440 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 441 DynamicLoaderPOSIXDYLD::Terminate(); 442 DynamicLoaderStatic::Terminate(); 443 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 444 DynamicLoaderWindowsDYLD::Terminate(); 445 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 446 447 #ifndef LLDB_DISABLE_PYTHON 448 OperatingSystemPython::Terminate(); 449 #endif 450 451 platform_freebsd::PlatformFreeBSD::Terminate(); 452 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 453 platform_linux::PlatformLinux::Terminate(); 454 platform_netbsd::PlatformNetBSD::Terminate(); 455 platform_openbsd::PlatformOpenBSD::Terminate(); 456 PlatformWindows::Terminate(); 457 platform_android::PlatformAndroid::Terminate(); 458 PlatformMacOSX::Terminate(); 459 PlatformRemoteiOS::Terminate(); 460 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 461 #if defined(__APPLE__) 462 PlatformiOSSimulator::Terminate(); 463 PlatformDarwinKernel::Terminate(); 464 #endif 465 466 breakpad::ObjectFileBreakpad::Terminate(); 467 ObjectFileELF::Terminate(); 468 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 469 ObjectFileMachO::Terminate(); 470 ObjectFilePECOFF::Terminate(); 471 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 472 473 ObjectContainerBSDArchive::Terminate(); 474 #ifdef LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 475 ObjectContainerUniversalMachO::Terminate(); 476 #endif // LLDB_ENABLE_ALL 477 478 // Now shutdown the common parts, in reverse order. 479 SystemInitializerCommon::Terminate(); 480 } 481