1#! /usr/bin/env python 2# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause 3# Copyright(c) 2010-2014 Intel Corporation 4# 5 6import sys 7import os 8import getopt 9import subprocess 10from os.path import exists, abspath, dirname, basename 11 12# The PCI base class for all devices 13network_class = {'Class': '02', 'Vendor': None, 'Device': None, 14 'SVendor': None, 'SDevice': None} 15encryption_class = {'Class': '10', 'Vendor': None, 'Device': None, 16 'SVendor': None, 'SDevice': None} 17intel_processor_class = {'Class': '0b', 'Vendor': '8086', 'Device': None, 18 'SVendor': None, 'SDevice': None} 19cavium_sso = {'Class': '08', 'Vendor': '177d', 'Device': 'a04b,a04d', 20 'SVendor': None, 'SDevice': None} 21cavium_fpa = {'Class': '08', 'Vendor': '177d', 'Device': 'a053', 22 'SVendor': None, 'SDevice': None} 23cavium_pkx = {'Class': '08', 'Vendor': '177d', 'Device': 'a0dd,a049', 24 'SVendor': None, 'SDevice': None} 25cavium_tim = {'Class': '08', 'Vendor': '177d', 'Device': 'a051', 26 'SVendor': None, 'SDevice': None} 27cavium_zip = {'Class': '12', 'Vendor': '177d', 'Device': 'a037', 28 'SVendor': None, 'SDevice': None} 29avp_vnic = {'Class': '05', 'Vendor': '1af4', 'Device': '1110', 30 'SVendor': None, 'SDevice': None} 31 32octeontx2_sso = {'Class': '08', 'Vendor': '177d', 'Device': 'a0f9,a0fa', 33 'SVendor': None, 'SDevice': None} 34octeontx2_npa = {'Class': '08', 'Vendor': '177d', 'Device': 'a0fb,a0fc', 35 'SVendor': None, 'SDevice': None} 36 37network_devices = [network_class, cavium_pkx, avp_vnic] 38crypto_devices = [encryption_class, intel_processor_class] 39eventdev_devices = [cavium_sso, cavium_tim, octeontx2_sso] 40mempool_devices = [cavium_fpa, octeontx2_npa] 41compress_devices = [cavium_zip] 42 43# global dict ethernet devices present. Dictionary indexed by PCI address. 44# Each device within this is itself a dictionary of device properties 45devices = {} 46# list of supported DPDK drivers 47dpdk_drivers = ["igb_uio", "vfio-pci", "uio_pci_generic"] 48 49# command-line arg flags 50b_flag = None 51status_flag = False 52force_flag = False 53args = [] 54 55 56def usage(): 57 '''Print usage information for the program''' 58 argv0 = basename(sys.argv[0]) 59 print(""" 60Usage: 61------ 62 63 %(argv0)s [options] DEVICE1 DEVICE2 .... 64 65where DEVICE1, DEVICE2 etc, are specified via PCI "domain:bus:slot.func" syntax 66or "bus:slot.func" syntax. For devices bound to Linux kernel drivers, they may 67also be referred to by Linux interface name e.g. eth0, eth1, em0, em1, etc. 68 69Options: 70 --help, --usage: 71 Display usage information and quit 72 73 -s, --status: 74 Print the current status of all known network, crypto, event 75 and mempool devices. 76 For each device, it displays the PCI domain, bus, slot and function, 77 along with a text description of the device. Depending upon whether the 78 device is being used by a kernel driver, the igb_uio driver, or no 79 driver, other relevant information will be displayed: 80 * the Linux interface name e.g. if=eth0 81 * the driver being used e.g. drv=igb_uio 82 * any suitable drivers not currently using that device 83 e.g. unused=igb_uio 84 NOTE: if this flag is passed along with a bind/unbind option, the 85 status display will always occur after the other operations have taken 86 place. 87 88 --status-dev: 89 Print the status of given device group. Supported device groups are: 90 "net", "crypto", "event", "mempool" and "compress" 91 92 -b driver, --bind=driver: 93 Select the driver to use or \"none\" to unbind the device 94 95 -u, --unbind: 96 Unbind a device (Equivalent to \"-b none\") 97 98 --force: 99 By default, network devices which are used by Linux - as indicated by 100 having routes in the routing table - cannot be modified. Using the 101 --force flag overrides this behavior, allowing active links to be 102 forcibly unbound. 103 WARNING: This can lead to loss of network connection and should be used 104 with caution. 105 106Examples: 107--------- 108 109To display current device status: 110 %(argv0)s --status 111 112To display current network device status: 113 %(argv0)s --status-dev net 114 115To bind eth1 from the current driver and move to use igb_uio 116 %(argv0)s --bind=igb_uio eth1 117 118To unbind 0000:01:00.0 from using any driver 119 %(argv0)s -u 0000:01:00.0 120 121To bind 0000:02:00.0 and 0000:02:00.1 to the ixgbe kernel driver 122 %(argv0)s -b ixgbe 02:00.0 02:00.1 123 124 """ % locals()) # replace items from local variables 125 126 127# This is roughly compatible with check_output function in subprocess module 128# which is only available in python 2.7. 129def check_output(args, stderr=None): 130 '''Run a command and capture its output''' 131 return subprocess.Popen(args, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, 132 stderr=stderr).communicate()[0] 133 134 135def check_modules(): 136 '''Checks that igb_uio is loaded''' 137 global dpdk_drivers 138 139 # list of supported modules 140 mods = [{"Name": driver, "Found": False} for driver in dpdk_drivers] 141 142 # first check if module is loaded 143 try: 144 # Get list of sysfs modules (both built-in and dynamically loaded) 145 sysfs_path = '/sys/module/' 146 147 # Get the list of directories in sysfs_path 148 sysfs_mods = [os.path.join(sysfs_path, o) for o 149 in os.listdir(sysfs_path) 150 if os.path.isdir(os.path.join(sysfs_path, o))] 151 152 # Extract the last element of '/sys/module/abc' in the array 153 sysfs_mods = [a.split('/')[-1] for a in sysfs_mods] 154 155 # special case for vfio_pci (module is named vfio-pci, 156 # but its .ko is named vfio_pci) 157 sysfs_mods = [a if a != 'vfio_pci' else 'vfio-pci' for a in sysfs_mods] 158 159 for mod in mods: 160 if mod["Name"] in sysfs_mods: 161 mod["Found"] = True 162 except: 163 pass 164 165 # check if we have at least one loaded module 166 if True not in [mod["Found"] for mod in mods] and b_flag is not None: 167 if b_flag in dpdk_drivers: 168 print("Error - no supported modules(DPDK driver) are loaded") 169 sys.exit(1) 170 else: 171 print("Warning - no supported modules(DPDK driver) are loaded") 172 173 # change DPDK driver list to only contain drivers that are loaded 174 dpdk_drivers = [mod["Name"] for mod in mods if mod["Found"]] 175 176 177def has_driver(dev_id): 178 '''return true if a device is assigned to a driver. False otherwise''' 179 return "Driver_str" in devices[dev_id] 180 181 182def get_pci_device_details(dev_id, probe_lspci): 183 '''This function gets additional details for a PCI device''' 184 device = {} 185 186 if probe_lspci: 187 extra_info = check_output(["lspci", "-vmmks", dev_id]).splitlines() 188 189 # parse lspci details 190 for line in extra_info: 191 if len(line) == 0: 192 continue 193 name, value = line.decode().split("\t", 1) 194 name = name.strip(":") + "_str" 195 device[name] = value 196 # check for a unix interface name 197 device["Interface"] = "" 198 for base, dirs, _ in os.walk("/sys/bus/pci/devices/%s/" % dev_id): 199 if "net" in dirs: 200 device["Interface"] = \ 201 ",".join(os.listdir(os.path.join(base, "net"))) 202 break 203 # check if a port is used for ssh connection 204 device["Ssh_if"] = False 205 device["Active"] = "" 206 207 return device 208 209def clear_data(): 210 '''This function clears any old data''' 211 devices = {} 212 213def get_device_details(devices_type): 214 '''This function populates the "devices" dictionary. The keys used are 215 the pci addresses (domain:bus:slot.func). The values are themselves 216 dictionaries - one for each NIC.''' 217 global devices 218 global dpdk_drivers 219 220 # first loop through and read details for all devices 221 # request machine readable format, with numeric IDs and String 222 dev = {} 223 dev_lines = check_output(["lspci", "-Dvmmnnk"]).splitlines() 224 for dev_line in dev_lines: 225 if len(dev_line) == 0: 226 if device_type_match(dev, devices_type): 227 # Replace "Driver" with "Driver_str" to have consistency of 228 # of dictionary key names 229 if "Driver" in dev.keys(): 230 dev["Driver_str"] = dev.pop("Driver") 231 if "Module" in dev.keys(): 232 dev["Module_str"] = dev.pop("Module") 233 # use dict to make copy of dev 234 devices[dev["Slot"]] = dict(dev) 235 # Clear previous device's data 236 dev = {} 237 else: 238 name, value = dev_line.decode().split("\t", 1) 239 value_list = value.rsplit(' ', 1) 240 if len(value_list) > 1: 241 # String stored in <name>_str 242 dev[name.rstrip(":") + '_str'] = value_list[0] 243 # Numeric IDs 244 dev[name.rstrip(":")] = value_list[len(value_list) - 1] \ 245 .rstrip("]").lstrip("[") 246 247 if devices_type == network_devices: 248 # check what is the interface if any for an ssh connection if 249 # any to this host, so we can mark it later. 250 ssh_if = [] 251 route = check_output(["ip", "-o", "route"]) 252 # filter out all lines for 169.254 routes 253 route = "\n".join(filter(lambda ln: not ln.startswith("169.254"), 254 route.decode().splitlines())) 255 rt_info = route.split() 256 for i in range(len(rt_info) - 1): 257 if rt_info[i] == "dev": 258 ssh_if.append(rt_info[i+1]) 259 260 # based on the basic info, get extended text details 261 for d in devices.keys(): 262 if not device_type_match(devices[d], devices_type): 263 continue 264 265 # get additional info and add it to existing data 266 devices[d] = devices[d].copy() 267 # No need to probe lspci 268 devices[d].update(get_pci_device_details(d, False).items()) 269 270 if devices_type == network_devices: 271 for _if in ssh_if: 272 if _if in devices[d]["Interface"].split(","): 273 devices[d]["Ssh_if"] = True 274 devices[d]["Active"] = "*Active*" 275 break 276 277 # add igb_uio to list of supporting modules if needed 278 if "Module_str" in devices[d]: 279 for driver in dpdk_drivers: 280 if driver not in devices[d]["Module_str"]: 281 devices[d]["Module_str"] = \ 282 devices[d]["Module_str"] + ",%s" % driver 283 else: 284 devices[d]["Module_str"] = ",".join(dpdk_drivers) 285 286 # make sure the driver and module strings do not have any duplicates 287 if has_driver(d): 288 modules = devices[d]["Module_str"].split(",") 289 if devices[d]["Driver_str"] in modules: 290 modules.remove(devices[d]["Driver_str"]) 291 devices[d]["Module_str"] = ",".join(modules) 292 293 294def device_type_match(dev, devices_type): 295 for i in range(len(devices_type)): 296 param_count = len( 297 [x for x in devices_type[i].values() if x is not None]) 298 match_count = 0 299 if dev["Class"][0:2] == devices_type[i]["Class"]: 300 match_count = match_count + 1 301 for key in devices_type[i].keys(): 302 if key != 'Class' and devices_type[i][key]: 303 value_list = devices_type[i][key].split(',') 304 for value in value_list: 305 if value.strip(' ') == dev[key]: 306 match_count = match_count + 1 307 # count must be the number of non None parameters to match 308 if match_count == param_count: 309 return True 310 return False 311 312def dev_id_from_dev_name(dev_name): 313 '''Take a device "name" - a string passed in by user to identify a NIC 314 device, and determine the device id - i.e. the domain:bus:slot.func - for 315 it, which can then be used to index into the devices array''' 316 317 # check if it's already a suitable index 318 if dev_name in devices: 319 return dev_name 320 # check if it's an index just missing the domain part 321 elif "0000:" + dev_name in devices: 322 return "0000:" + dev_name 323 else: 324 # check if it's an interface name, e.g. eth1 325 for d in devices.keys(): 326 if dev_name in devices[d]["Interface"].split(","): 327 return devices[d]["Slot"] 328 # if nothing else matches - error 329 print("Unknown device: %s. " 330 "Please specify device in \"bus:slot.func\" format" % dev_name) 331 sys.exit(1) 332 333 334def unbind_one(dev_id, force): 335 '''Unbind the device identified by "dev_id" from its current driver''' 336 dev = devices[dev_id] 337 if not has_driver(dev_id): 338 print("%s %s %s is not currently managed by any driver\n" % 339 (dev["Slot"], dev["Device_str"], dev["Interface"])) 340 return 341 342 # prevent us disconnecting ourselves 343 if dev["Ssh_if"] and not force: 344 print("Routing table indicates that interface %s is active. " 345 "Skipping unbind" % (dev_id)) 346 return 347 348 # write to /sys to unbind 349 filename = "/sys/bus/pci/drivers/%s/unbind" % dev["Driver_str"] 350 try: 351 f = open(filename, "a") 352 except: 353 print("Error: unbind failed for %s - Cannot open %s" 354 % (dev_id, filename)) 355 sys.exit(1) 356 f.write(dev_id) 357 f.close() 358 359 360def bind_one(dev_id, driver, force): 361 '''Bind the device given by "dev_id" to the driver "driver". If the device 362 is already bound to a different driver, it will be unbound first''' 363 dev = devices[dev_id] 364 saved_driver = None # used to rollback any unbind in case of failure 365 366 # prevent disconnection of our ssh session 367 if dev["Ssh_if"] and not force: 368 print("Routing table indicates that interface %s is active. " 369 "Not modifying" % (dev_id)) 370 return 371 372 # unbind any existing drivers we don't want 373 if has_driver(dev_id): 374 if dev["Driver_str"] == driver: 375 print("%s already bound to driver %s, skipping\n" 376 % (dev_id, driver)) 377 return 378 else: 379 saved_driver = dev["Driver_str"] 380 unbind_one(dev_id, force) 381 dev["Driver_str"] = "" # clear driver string 382 383 # For kernels >= 3.15 driver_override can be used to specify the driver 384 # for a device rather than relying on the driver to provide a positive 385 # match of the device. The existing process of looking up 386 # the vendor and device ID, adding them to the driver new_id, 387 # will erroneously bind other devices too which has the additional burden 388 # of unbinding those devices 389 if driver in dpdk_drivers: 390 filename = "/sys/bus/pci/devices/%s/driver_override" % dev_id 391 if os.path.exists(filename): 392 try: 393 f = open(filename, "w") 394 except: 395 print("Error: bind failed for %s - Cannot open %s" 396 % (dev_id, filename)) 397 return 398 try: 399 f.write("%s" % driver) 400 f.close() 401 except: 402 print("Error: bind failed for %s - Cannot write driver %s to " 403 "PCI ID " % (dev_id, driver)) 404 return 405 # For kernels < 3.15 use new_id to add PCI id's to the driver 406 else: 407 filename = "/sys/bus/pci/drivers/%s/new_id" % driver 408 try: 409 f = open(filename, "w") 410 except: 411 print("Error: bind failed for %s - Cannot open %s" 412 % (dev_id, filename)) 413 return 414 try: 415 # Convert Device and Vendor Id to int to write to new_id 416 f.write("%04x %04x" % (int(dev["Vendor"],16), 417 int(dev["Device"], 16))) 418 f.close() 419 except: 420 print("Error: bind failed for %s - Cannot write new PCI ID to " 421 "driver %s" % (dev_id, driver)) 422 return 423 424 # do the bind by writing to /sys 425 filename = "/sys/bus/pci/drivers/%s/bind" % driver 426 try: 427 f = open(filename, "a") 428 except: 429 print("Error: bind failed for %s - Cannot open %s" 430 % (dev_id, filename)) 431 if saved_driver is not None: # restore any previous driver 432 bind_one(dev_id, saved_driver, force) 433 return 434 try: 435 f.write(dev_id) 436 f.close() 437 except: 438 # for some reason, closing dev_id after adding a new PCI ID to new_id 439 # results in IOError. however, if the device was successfully bound, 440 # we don't care for any errors and can safely ignore IOError 441 tmp = get_pci_device_details(dev_id, True) 442 if "Driver_str" in tmp and tmp["Driver_str"] == driver: 443 return 444 print("Error: bind failed for %s - Cannot bind to driver %s" 445 % (dev_id, driver)) 446 if saved_driver is not None: # restore any previous driver 447 bind_one(dev_id, saved_driver, force) 448 return 449 450 # For kernels > 3.15 driver_override is used to bind a device to a driver. 451 # Before unbinding it, overwrite driver_override with empty string so that 452 # the device can be bound to any other driver 453 filename = "/sys/bus/pci/devices/%s/driver_override" % dev_id 454 if os.path.exists(filename): 455 try: 456 f = open(filename, "w") 457 except: 458 print("Error: unbind failed for %s - Cannot open %s" 459 % (dev_id, filename)) 460 sys.exit(1) 461 try: 462 f.write("\00") 463 f.close() 464 except: 465 print("Error: unbind failed for %s - Cannot open %s" 466 % (dev_id, filename)) 467 sys.exit(1) 468 469 470def unbind_all(dev_list, force=False): 471 """Unbind method, takes a list of device locations""" 472 473 if dev_list[0] == "dpdk": 474 for d in devices.keys(): 475 if "Driver_str" in devices[d]: 476 if devices[d]["Driver_str"] in dpdk_drivers: 477 unbind_one(devices[d]["Slot"], force) 478 return 479 480 dev_list = map(dev_id_from_dev_name, dev_list) 481 for d in dev_list: 482 unbind_one(d, force) 483 484 485def bind_all(dev_list, driver, force=False): 486 """Bind method, takes a list of device locations""" 487 global devices 488 489 dev_list = map(dev_id_from_dev_name, dev_list) 490 491 for d in dev_list: 492 bind_one(d, driver, force) 493 494 # For kernels < 3.15 when binding devices to a generic driver 495 # (i.e. one that doesn't have a PCI ID table) using new_id, some devices 496 # that are not bound to any other driver could be bound even if no one has 497 # asked them to. hence, we check the list of drivers again, and see if 498 # some of the previously-unbound devices were erroneously bound. 499 if not os.path.exists("/sys/bus/pci/devices/%s/driver_override" % d): 500 for d in devices.keys(): 501 # skip devices that were already bound or that we know should be bound 502 if "Driver_str" in devices[d] or d in dev_list: 503 continue 504 505 # update information about this device 506 devices[d] = dict(devices[d].items() + 507 get_pci_device_details(d, True).items()) 508 509 # check if updated information indicates that the device was bound 510 if "Driver_str" in devices[d]: 511 unbind_one(d, force) 512 513 514def display_devices(title, dev_list, extra_params=None): 515 '''Displays to the user the details of a list of devices given in 516 "dev_list". The "extra_params" parameter, if given, should contain a string 517 with %()s fields in it for replacement by the named fields in each 518 device's dictionary.''' 519 strings = [] # this holds the strings to print. We sort before printing 520 print("\n%s" % title) 521 print("="*len(title)) 522 if len(dev_list) == 0: 523 strings.append("<none>") 524 else: 525 for dev in dev_list: 526 if extra_params is not None: 527 strings.append("%s '%s %s' %s" % (dev["Slot"], 528 dev["Device_str"], 529 dev["Device"], 530 extra_params % dev)) 531 else: 532 strings.append("%s '%s'" % (dev["Slot"], dev["Device_str"])) 533 # sort before printing, so that the entries appear in PCI order 534 strings.sort() 535 print("\n".join(strings)) # print one per line 536 537def show_device_status(devices_type, device_name): 538 global dpdk_drivers 539 kernel_drv = [] 540 dpdk_drv = [] 541 no_drv = [] 542 543 # split our list of network devices into the three categories above 544 for d in devices.keys(): 545 if device_type_match(devices[d], devices_type): 546 if not has_driver(d): 547 no_drv.append(devices[d]) 548 continue 549 if devices[d]["Driver_str"] in dpdk_drivers: 550 dpdk_drv.append(devices[d]) 551 else: 552 kernel_drv.append(devices[d]) 553 554 n_devs = len(dpdk_drv) + len(kernel_drv) + len(no_drv) 555 556 # don't bother displaying anything if there are no devices 557 if n_devs == 0: 558 msg = "No '%s' devices detected" % device_name 559 print("") 560 print(msg) 561 print("".join('=' * len(msg))) 562 return 563 564 # print each category separately, so we can clearly see what's used by DPDK 565 if len(dpdk_drv) != 0: 566 display_devices("%s devices using DPDK-compatible driver" % device_name, 567 dpdk_drv, "drv=%(Driver_str)s unused=%(Module_str)s") 568 if len(kernel_drv) != 0: 569 display_devices("%s devices using kernel driver" % device_name, kernel_drv, 570 "if=%(Interface)s drv=%(Driver_str)s " 571 "unused=%(Module_str)s %(Active)s") 572 if len(no_drv) != 0: 573 display_devices("Other %s devices" % device_name, no_drv, 574 "unused=%(Module_str)s") 575 576def show_status(): 577 '''Function called when the script is passed the "--status" option. 578 Displays to the user what devices are bound to the igb_uio driver, the 579 kernel driver or to no driver''' 580 581 if status_dev == "net" or status_dev == "all": 582 show_device_status(network_devices, "Network") 583 584 if status_dev == "crypto" or status_dev == "all": 585 show_device_status(crypto_devices, "Crypto") 586 587 if status_dev == "event" or status_dev == "all": 588 show_device_status(eventdev_devices, "Eventdev") 589 590 if status_dev == "mempool" or status_dev == "all": 591 show_device_status(mempool_devices, "Mempool") 592 593 if status_dev == "compress" or status_dev == "all": 594 show_device_status(compress_devices , "Compress") 595 596 597def parse_args(): 598 '''Parses the command-line arguments given by the user and takes the 599 appropriate action for each''' 600 global b_flag 601 global status_flag 602 global status_dev 603 global force_flag 604 global args 605 if len(sys.argv) <= 1: 606 usage() 607 sys.exit(0) 608 609 try: 610 opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], "b:us", 611 ["help", "usage", "status", "status-dev=", 612 "force", "bind=", "unbind", ]) 613 except getopt.GetoptError as error: 614 print(str(error)) 615 print("Run '%s --usage' for further information" % sys.argv[0]) 616 sys.exit(1) 617 618 for opt, arg in opts: 619 if opt == "--help" or opt == "--usage": 620 usage() 621 sys.exit(0) 622 if opt == "--status-dev": 623 status_flag = True 624 status_dev = arg 625 if opt == "--status" or opt == "-s": 626 status_flag = True 627 status_dev = "all" 628 if opt == "--force": 629 force_flag = True 630 if opt == "-b" or opt == "-u" or opt == "--bind" or opt == "--unbind": 631 if b_flag is not None: 632 print("Error - Only one bind or unbind may be specified\n") 633 sys.exit(1) 634 if opt == "-u" or opt == "--unbind": 635 b_flag = "none" 636 else: 637 b_flag = arg 638 639 640def do_arg_actions(): 641 '''do the actual action requested by the user''' 642 global b_flag 643 global status_flag 644 global force_flag 645 global args 646 647 if b_flag is None and not status_flag: 648 print("Error: No action specified for devices." 649 "Please give a -b or -u option") 650 print("Run '%s --usage' for further information" % sys.argv[0]) 651 sys.exit(1) 652 653 if b_flag is not None and len(args) == 0: 654 print("Error: No devices specified.") 655 print("Run '%s --usage' for further information" % sys.argv[0]) 656 sys.exit(1) 657 658 if b_flag == "none" or b_flag == "None": 659 unbind_all(args, force_flag) 660 elif b_flag is not None: 661 bind_all(args, b_flag, force_flag) 662 if status_flag: 663 if b_flag is not None: 664 clear_data() 665 # refresh if we have changed anything 666 get_device_details(network_devices) 667 get_device_details(crypto_devices) 668 get_device_details(eventdev_devices) 669 get_device_details(mempool_devices) 670 get_device_details(compress_devices) 671 show_status() 672 673 674def main(): 675 '''program main function''' 676 # check if lspci is installed, suppress any output 677 with open(os.devnull, 'w') as devnull: 678 ret = subprocess.call(['which', 'lspci'], 679 stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull) 680 if ret != 0: 681 print("'lspci' not found - please install 'pciutils'") 682 sys.exit(1) 683 parse_args() 684 check_modules() 685 clear_data() 686 get_device_details(network_devices) 687 get_device_details(crypto_devices) 688 get_device_details(eventdev_devices) 689 get_device_details(mempool_devices) 690 get_device_details(compress_devices) 691 do_arg_actions() 692 693if __name__ == "__main__": 694 main() 695