xref: /dpdk/doc/guides/prog_guide/mbuf_lib.rst (revision fc1f2750a3ec6da919e3c86e59d56f34ec97154b)

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.. _Mbuf_Library:

Mbuf Library
============

The mbuf library provides the ability to allocate and free buffers (mbufs)
that may be used by the Intel® DPDK application to store message buffers.
The message buffers are stored in a mempool, using the :ref:`Mempool Library <Mempool_Library>`.

A rte_mbuf struct can carry network packet buffers (type is RTE_MBUF_PKT)
or generic control buffers (type is RTE_MBUF_CTRL).
This can be extended to other types.
The rte_mbuf is kept as small as possible (one cache line if possible).

Design of Packet Buffers
------------------------

For the storage of the packet data (including protocol headers), two approaches were considered:

#.  Embed metadata within a single memory buffer the structure followed by a fixed size area for the packet data.

#.  Use separate memory buffers for the metadata structure and for the packet data.

The advantage of the first method is that it only needs one operation to allocate/free the whole memory representation of a packet.
On the other hand, the second method is more flexible and allows
the complete separation of the allocation of metadata structures from the allocation of packet data buffers.

The first method was chosen for the Intel® DPDK.
The metadata contains control information such as message type, length,
pointer to the start of the data and a pointer for additional mbuf structures allowing buffer chaining.

Message buffers that are used to carry network packets can handle buffer chaining
where multiple buffers are required to hold the complete packet.
This is the case for jumbo frames that are composed of many mbufs linked together through their pkt.next field.

For a newly allocated mbuf, the area at which the data begins in the message buffer is
RTE_PKTMBUF_HEADROOM bytes after the beginning of the buffer, which is cache aligned.
Message buffers may be used to carry control information, packets, events,
and so on between different entities in the system.
Message buffers may also use their data pointers to point to other message buffer data sections or other structures.

Figure 8 and Figure 9 show some of these scenarios.

.. _pg_figure_8:

**Figure 8. An mbuf with One Segment**

.. image22_png  has been replaced

|mbuf1|

.. _pg_figure_9:

**Figure 9. An mbuf with Three Segments**

.. image23_png has been replaced

|mbuf2|

The Buffer Manager implements a fairly standard set of buffer access functions to manipulate network packets.

Buffers Stored in Memory Pools
------------------------------

The Buffer Manager uses the :ref:`Mempool Library <Mempool_Library>` to allocate buffers.
Therefore, it ensures that the packet header is interleaved optimally across the channels and ranks for L3 processing.
An mbuf contains a field indicating the pool that it originated from.
When calling rte_ctrlmbuf_free(m) or rte_pktmbuf_free(m), the mbuf returns to its original pool.

Constructors
------------

Packet and control mbuf constructors are provided by the API.
The rte_pktmbuf_init() and rte_ctrlmbuf_init() functions initialize some fields in the mbuf structure that
are not modified by the user once created (mbuf type, origin pool, buffer start address, and so on).
This function is given as a callback function to the rte_mempool_create() function at pool creation time.

Allocating and Freeing mbufs
----------------------------

Allocating a new mbuf requires the user to specify the mempool from which the mbuf should be taken.
For a packet mbuf, it contains one segment, with a length of 0.
The pointer to data is initialized to have some bytes of headroom in the buffer (RTE_PKTMBUF_HEADROOM).
For a control mbuf, it is initialized with data pointing to the beginning of the buffer and a length of zero.

Freeing a mbuf means returning it into its original mempool.
The content of an mbuf is not modified when it is stored in a pool (as a free mbuf).
Fields initialized by the constructor do not need to be re-initialized at mbuf allocation.

When freeing a packet mbuf that contains several segments, all of them are freed and returned to their original mempool.

Manipulating mbufs
------------------

This library provides some functions for manipulating the data in a packet mbuf. For instance:

    *  Get data length

    *  Get a pointer to the start of data

    *  Prepend data before data

    *   Append data after data

    *   Remove data at the beginning of the buffer (rte_pktmbuf_adj())

    *   Remove data at the end of the buffer (rte_pktmbuf_trim()) Refer to the *Intel® DPDK API Reference* for details.

Meta Information
----------------

Some information is retrieved by the network driver and stored in an mbuf to make processing easier.
For instance, the VLAN, the RSS hash result (see :ref:`Poll Mode Driver <Poll_Mode_Driver>`)
and a flag indicating that the checksum was computed by hardware.

An mbuf also contains the input port (where it comes from), and the number of segment mbufs in the chain.

For chained buffers, only the first mbuf of the chain stores this meta information.

Direct and Indirect Buffers
---------------------------

A direct buffer is a buffer that is completely separate and self-contained.
An indirect buffer behaves like a direct buffer but for the fact that the data pointer it contains points to data in another direct buffer.
This is useful in situations where packets need to be duplicated or fragmented,
since indirect buffers provide the means to reuse the same packet data across multiple buffers.

A buffer becomes indirect when it is "attached" to a direct buffer using the rte_pktmbuf_attach() function.
Each buffer has a reference counter field and whenever an indirect buffer is attached to the direct buffer,
the reference counter on the direct buffer is incremented.
Similarly, whenever the indirect buffer is detached, the reference counter on the direct buffer is decremented.
If the resulting reference counter is equal to 0, the direct buffer is freed since it is no longer in use.

There are a few things to remember when dealing with indirect buffers.
First of all, it is not possible to attach an indirect buffer to another indirect buffer.
Secondly, for a buffer to become indirect, its reference counter must be equal to 1,
that is, it must not be already referenced by another indirect buffer.
Finally, it is not possible to reattach an indirect buffer to the direct buffer (unless it is detached first).

While the attach/detach operations can be invoked directly using the recommended rte_pktmbuf_attach() and rte_pktmbuf_detach() functions,
it is suggested to use the higher-level rte_pktmbuf_clone() function,
which takes care of the correct initialization of an indirect buffer and can clone buffers with multiple segments.

Since indirect buffers are not supposed to actually hold any data,
the memory pool for indirect buffers should be configured to indicate the reduced memory consumption.
Examples of the initialization of a memory pool for indirect buffers (as well as use case examples for indirect buffers)
can be found in several of the sample applications, for example, the IPv4 Multicast sample application.

Debug
-----

In debug mode (CONFIG_RTE_MBUF_DEBUG is enabled),
the functions of the mbuf library perform sanity checks before any operation (such as, buffer corruption, bad type, and so on).

Use Cases
---------

All networking application should use mbufs to transport network packets.

.. |mbuf1| image:: img/mbuf1.svg

.. |mbuf2| image:: img/mbuf2.svg