1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 33.\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $ 34.\" $DragonFly: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.26 2008/09/06 14:24:44 swildner Exp $ 35.\" 36.Dd August 6, 2009 37.Dt HIER 7 38.Os 39.Sh NAME 40.Nm hier 41.Nd layout of filesystems 42.Sh DESCRIPTION 43A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 44.Bl -tag -width ".Pa /modules/" 45.It Pa / 46root directory of the filesystem 47.It Pa /bin/ 48user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 49.It Pa /boot/ 50programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap 51.Pp 52.Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact 53.It Pa defaults/ 54default bootstrapping configuration files; see 55.Xr loader.conf 5 56.It Pa kernel 57pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 58at boot time). 59.It Pa modules/ 60loadable kernel modules; 61see 62.Xr kldstat 8 63.El 64.It Pa /dev/ 65block and character device files 66.Pp 67.Bl -tag -width ".Pa fd/" -compact 68.It Pa fd/ 69file descriptor files; 70see 71.Xr \&fd 4 72.El 73.It Pa /etc/ 74system configuration files and scripts 75.Pp 76.Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact 77.It Pa bluetooth/ 78bluetooth configuration files 79.It Pa defaults/ 80default system configuration files; 81see 82.Xr rc 8 83.It Pa dma/ 84.Xr dma 8 85configuration files 86.It Pa firmware/ 87Firmware image files; 88see 89.Xr firmware 9 90.It Pa isdn/ 91isdn4bsd configuration files; 92see 93.Xr isdnd 8 94.It Pa localtime 95local timezone information; 96see 97.Xr ctime 3 98.It Pa mail/ 99Sendmail control files 100.It Pa mtree/ 101mtree configuration files; 102see 103.Xr mtree 8 104.It Pa pam.d/ 105configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) 106library 107.It Pa periodic/ 108scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via 109.Xr cron 8 ; 110see 111.Xr periodic 8 112.It Pa ppp/ 113ppp configuration files; 114see 115.Xr ppp 8 116.It Pa rc.d/ 117System and daemon startup/control scripts; 118see 119.Xr rc 8 120.It Pa ssh/ 121OpenSSH configuration files; 122see 123.Xr ssh 1 124.It Pa ssl/ 125OpenSSL configuration files 126.It Pa upgrade/ 127Files relevant to system upgrades 128.It Pa uucp/ 129uucp configuration files; 130see 131.Xr uucp 1 132.El 133.It Pa /home/ 134HOME directories of non-root users 135.It Pa /mnt/ 136empty directory commonly used by 137system administrators as a temporary mount point 138.It Pa /proc/ 139process file system; 140see 141.Xr procfs 5 , 142.Xr mount_procfs 8 143.It Pa /root/ 144root's HOME directory 145.It Pa /sbin/ 146system programs and administration utilities 147fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 148.It Pa /sys/ 149the kernel's source code (usually a symbolic link to 150.Pa /usr/src/sys ) 151.It Pa /tmp/ 152temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots 153.It Pa /usr/ 154contains the majority of user utilities and applications 155.Pp 156.Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact 157.It Pa bin/ 158common utilities, programming tools, and applications 159.It Pa games/ 160useful and semi-frivolous programs 161.It Pa include/ 162standard C include files 163.Pp 164.Bl -tag -width ".Pa libmilter/" -compact 165.It Pa arpa/ 166C include files for Internet service protocols 167.It Pa c++/ 168C++ include files 169.It Pa cam/ 170C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer 171.Pp 172.Bl -tag -width ".Pa scsi/" -compact 173.It Pa scsi/ 174The SCSI device on top of CAM 175.El 176.Pp 177.It Pa dev/ 178C include files for programming various 179.Dx 180devices 181.It Pa emulation/ 182Include Files for various emulation layers 183.It Pa fs/ 184.Pp 185.Bl -tag -width ".Pa smbfs/" -compact 186.It Pa smbfs/ 187SMB/CIFS filesystem 188.El 189.Pp 190.It Pa isc/ 191ISC utility library libisc include files 192.It Pa isofs/ 193.Pp 194.Bl -tag -width ".Pa cd9660/" -compact 195.It Pa cd9660/ 196iso9660 filesystem 197.El 198.Pp 199.It Pa libmilter/ 200C include files for libmilter, 201the sendmail mail filter API 202.It Pa machine/ 203machine-specific C include files 204.It Pa msdosfs/ 205MS-DOS file system 206.It Pa net/ 207misc network C include files 208.It Pa netatalk/ 209Appletalk protocol 210.It Pa netatm/ 211ATM include files; 212see 213.Xr atm 8 214.It Pa netinet/ 215C include files for Internet standard protocols; 216see 217.Xr inet 4 218.It Pa netinet6/ 219C include files for Internet protocol version 6; 220see 221.Xr inet6 4 222.It Pa netipx/ 223IPX/SPX protocol stacks 224.It Pa netkey/ 225kernel key-management service 226.It Pa netnatm/ 227NATM include files; 228see 229.Xr natm 4 230.It Pa netns/ 231Xerox NS protocols 232.It Pa netsmb/ 233SMB/CIFS requester 234.It Pa nfs/ 235C include files for NFS (Network File System) 236.It Pa objc/ 237Objective C include files 238.It Pa openssl/ 239OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers 240.It Pa pcap/ 241Packet Capture (libpcap) headers; 242see 243.Xr pcap 3 244.It Pa pccard/ 245PC-CARD controllers 246.It Pa protocols/ 247C include files for Berkeley service protocols 248.It Pa readline/ 249get a line from a user, with editing; 250see 251.Xr readline 3 252.It Pa rpc/ 253remote procedure calls; 254see 255.Xr rpc 3 256.It Pa rpcsvc/ 257definition of RPC service structures; see 258.Xr rpc 3 259.It Pa security/ 260PAM; see 261.Xr pam 8 262.It Pa sys/ 263system C include files (kernel data structures) 264.It Pa ufs/ 265C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) 266.Pp 267.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ffs/" -compact 268.It Pa ffs/ 269Fast filesystem 270.It Pa mfs/ 271memory file system; 272see 273.Xr mount_mfs 8 274.It Pa ufs/ 275UFS filesystem 276.El 277.Pp 278.It Pa vm/ 279virtual memory; 280see 281.Xr vmstat 8 282.El 283.Pp 284.It Pa lib/ 285archive libraries 286.Pp 287.Bl -tag -width ".Pa compat/" -compact 288.It Pa aout/ 289a.out archive libraries 290.It Pa compat/ 291shared libraries for compatibility 292.Pp 293.Bl -tag -width ".Pa aout/" -compact 294.It Pa aout/ 295a.out backward compatibility libraries 296.El 297.El 298.Pp 299.It Pa libdata/ 300misc. utility data files 301.Pp 302.Bl -tag -width ".Pa stallion/" -compact 303.It Pa doscmd/ 304files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.); 305see 306.Xr doscmd 1 307.Pp 308.Bl -tag -width ".Pa fonts/" -compact 309.It Pa fonts/ 310fonts used by doscmd 311.El 312.Pp 313.It Pa lint/ 314various prebuilt lint libraries; 315see 316.Xr lint 1 317.It Pa msdosfs/ 318Character set conversion tables 319.It Pa stallion/ 320holds the download firmware images 321.El 322.Pp 323.It Pa libexec/ 324system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) 325.Pp 326.Bl -tag -width ".Pa binutils217/" -compact 327.It Pa binutils217/ 328.Pp 329.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact 330.It Pa ldscripts/ 331linker scripts; 332see 333.Xr ld 1 334.El 335.Pp 336.It Pa lpr/ 337utilities and filters for LP print system; 338see 339.Xr lpr 1 340.It Pa sendmail/ 341the sendmail binary; 342see 343.Xr mailwrapper 8 344and 345.Xr sendmail 8 346.It Pa sm.bin/ 347restricted shell for sendmail; 348see 349.Xr smrsh 8 350.It Pa uucp/ 351uucp utilities; 352see 353.Xr uucp 1 354.El 355.Pp 356.It Pa local/ 357local executables, libraries, etc. 358Within 359.Pa local/ , 360the general layout sketched out by 361.Xr hier 7 362for 363.Pa /usr 364should be used. 365Exceptions are the 366.Pa man/ 367directory (directly under 368.Pa local/ 369rather than under 370.Pa local/share/ ) , 371documentation (in 372.Pa share/doc/<app>/ ) , 373and 374.Pa /usr/local/etc 375.Pf ( mimics 376.Pa /etc ) . 377.It Pa obj/ 378architecture-specific target tree produced by building the 379.Pa /usr/src 380tree 381.It Pa pkg/ 382default destination directory for the 383.Xr pkgsrc 7 384collection. 385Within 386.Pa pkg/ , 387the general layout sketched out by 388.Xr hier 7 389for 390.Pa /usr 391should be used. 392Exceptions are the 393.Pa man/ 394directory (directly under 395.Pa pkg/ 396rather than under 397.Pa pkg/share/ ) , 398documentation (in 399.Pa share/doc/<pkg>/ ) , 400and 401.Pa /usr/pkg/etc 402.Pf ( mimics 403.Pa /etc ) . 404.It Pa pkgsrc/ 405The 406.Xr pkgsrc 7 407collection (optional). 408.It Pa sbin/ 409system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) 410.It Pa share/ 411architecture-independent files 412.Pp 413.Bl -tag -width ".Pa groff_font/" -compact 414.It Pa calendar/ 415a variety of pre-fab calendar files; 416see 417.Xr calendar 1 418.It Pa dict/ 419word lists; 420see 421.Xr look 1 422.Pp 423.Bl -tag -width ".Pa papers/" -compact 424.It Pa web2 425words from Webster's 2nd International 426.It Pa words 427common words 428.It Pa papers/ 429reference databases; 430see 431.Xr refer 1 432.El 433.Pp 434.It Pa examples/ 435various examples for users and programmers 436.It Pa games/ 437ASCII text files used by various games 438.It Pa groff_font/ 439device description file for device name 440.It Pa i18n/ 441internationalization databases; see 442.Xr iconv 3 443.It Pa info/ 444GNU Info hypertext system 445.It Pa isdn/ 446ISDN 447.It Pa libg++/ 448libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files 449.It Pa locale/ 450localization files; 451see 452.Xr setlocale 3 453.It Pa man/ 454manual pages 455.It Pa me/ 456macros for use with the me macro package; 457see 458.Xr me 7 459.It Pa misc/ 460misc system-wide ASCII text files 461.Pp 462.Bl -tag -width ".Pa termcap" -compact 463.It Pa termcap 464terminal characteristics database; 465see 466.Xr termcap 5 467.El 468.Pp 469.It Pa mk/ 470templates for make; 471see 472.Xr make 1 473.It Pa nls/ 474national language support files; 475see 476.Xr mklocale 1 477.It Pa openssl/ 478.Pp 479.Bl -tag -width ".Pa man/" -compact 480.It Pa man/ 481OpenSSL manual pages 482.El 483.Pp 484.It Pa sendmail/ 485sendmail configuration files; 486see 487.Xr sendmail 8 488.It Pa skel/ 489example . (dot) files for new accounts 490.It Pa syscons/ 491files used by 492.Xr syscons 4 493.Pp 494.Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact 495.It Pa fonts/ 496console fonts; 497see 498.Xr vidcontrol 1 499and 500.Xr vidfont 1 501.It Pa keymaps/ 502console keyboard maps; 503see 504.Xr kbdcontrol 1 505and 506.Xr kbdmap 1 507.It Pa scrnmaps/ 508console screen maps 509.El 510.Pp 511.It Pa tabset/ 512tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 513the termcap file; 514see 515.Xr termcap 5 516.It Pa tmac/ 517text processing macros; 518see 519.Xr nroff 1 520and 521.Xr troff 1 522.It Pa vi/ 523localization support and utilities for 524.Xr vi 1 525.It Pa zoneinfo/ 526timezone configuration information; 527see 528.Xr tzfile 5 529.El 530.Pp 531.It Pa src/ 532.Bx , 533third-party, and/or local source files 534.Pp 535.Bl -tag -width ".Pa nrelease/" -compact 536.It Pa bin/ 537source code for files in 538.Pa /bin 539.It Pa contrib/ 540source code for contributed software 541.It Pa crypto/ 542source code for contributed cryptography software 543.It Pa etc/ 544source code for files in 545.Pa /etc 546.It Pa games/ 547source code for files in 548.Pa /usr/games 549.It Pa gnu/ 550Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License 551.It Pa include/ 552source code for files in 553.Pa /usr/include 554.It Pa lib/ 555source code for files in 556.Pa /usr/lib 557.It Pa libexec/ 558source code for files in 559.Pa /usr/libexec 560.It Pa nrelease/ 561files required to produce a 562.Dx 563release 564.It Pa sbin/ 565source code for files in 566.Pa /sbin 567.It Pa secure/ 568build directory for files in 569.Pa /usr/src/crypto 570.It Pa share/ 571source for files in 572.Pa /usr/share 573.It Pa sys/ 574kernel source code 575.It Pa tools/ 576tools used for maintenance and testing of 577.Dx 578.It Pa usr.bin/ 579source code for files in 580.Pa /usr/bin 581.It Pa usr.sbin/ 582source code for files in 583.Pa /usr/sbin 584.El 585.El 586.It Pa /var/ 587multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 588.Pp 589.Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact 590.It Pa account/ 591system accounting files 592.Pp 593.Bl -tag -width ".Pa acct" -compact 594.It Pa acct 595execution accounting file; 596see 597.Xr acct 5 598.El 599.Pp 600.It Pa at/ 601timed command scheduling files; 602see 603.Xr \&at 1 604.Pp 605.Bl -tag -width ".Pa spool/" -compact 606.It Pa jobs/ 607directory containing job files 608.It Pa spool/ 609directory containing output spool files 610.El 611.Pp 612.It Pa backups/ 613misc. backup files 614.It Pa crash/ 615default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see 616.Xr crash 8 617and 618.Xr savecore 8 619.It Pa cron/ 620files used by cron; 621see 622.Xr cron 8 623.Pp 624.Bl -tag -width ".Pa tabs/" -compact 625.It Pa tabs/ 626crontab files; 627see 628.Xr crontab 5 629.El 630.Pp 631.It Pa db/ 632misc. automatically generated system-specific database files 633.It Pa empty/ 634empty directory used by 635.Xr sshd 8 636for privilege separation 637.It Pa games/ 638misc. game status and score files 639.It Pa log/ 640misc. system log files 641.Pp 642.Bl -tag -width ".Pa wtmp" -compact 643.It Pa wtmp 644login/logout log; 645see 646.Xr wtmp 5 647.El 648.Pp 649.It Pa mail/ 650user mailbox files 651.It Pa msgs/ 652system messages database; 653see 654.Xr msgs 1 655.It Pa preserve/ 656temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 657of an editor; 658see 659.Xr \&ex 1 660.It Pa quotas/ 661filesystem quota information files 662.It Pa run/ 663system information files describing various info about 664system since it was booted 665.Pp 666.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ppp/" -compact 667.It Pa ppp/ 668writable by the 669.Dq network 670group for command connection sockets; see 671.Xr ppp 8 672.It Pa utmp 673database of current users; 674see 675.Xr utmp 5 676.El 677.Pp 678.It Pa rwho/ 679rwho data files; 680see 681.Xr rwhod 8 , 682.Xr rwho 1 , 683and 684.Xr ruptime 1 685.It Pa spool/ 686misc. printer and mail system spooling directories 687.Pp 688.Bl -tag -width ".Pa clientmqueue/" -compact 689.It Pa clientmqueue/ 690undelivered submission mail queue; 691see 692.Xr sendmail 8 693.It Pa dma/ 694undelivered mail queue; 695see 696.Xr dma 8 697.It Pa ftp/ 698commonly 699.Pa ~ftp ; 700the anonymous ftp root directory 701.It Pa mqueue/ 702undelivered mail queue; 703see 704.Xr sendmail 8 705.It Pa output/ 706line printer spooling directories 707.It Pa uucp/ 708uucp spool directory 709.It Pa uucppublic/ 710commonly 711.Pa ~uucp ; 712public uucp temporary directory 713.El 714.Pp 715.It Pa tmp/ 716temporary files that are kept between system reboots 717.Pp 718.Bl -tag -width ".Pa vi.recover/" -compact 719.It Pa vi.recover/ 720the directory where recovery files are stored 721.El 722.Pp 723.It Pa yp/ 724the NIS maps 725.El 726.El 727.Sh NOTES 728This manual page documents the default 729.Dx 730filesystem layout, but 731the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system 732administrator's discretion. 733A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of 734this document. 735.Sh SEE ALSO 736.Xr apropos 1 , 737.Xr find 1 , 738.Xr finger 1 , 739.Xr grep 1 , 740.Xr ls 1 , 741.Xr whatis 1 , 742.Xr whereis 1 , 743.Xr which 1 , 744.Xr fsck 8 745.Sh HISTORY 746A 747.Nm 748manual page appeared in 749.At v7 . 750