1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 33.\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man7/hier.7,v 1.29.2.17 2003/01/13 21:43:50 ceri Exp $ 34.\" 35.Dd November 26, 2011 36.Dt HIER 7 37.Os 38.Sh NAME 39.Nm hier 40.Nd layout of filesystems 41.Sh DESCRIPTION 42A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 43.Bl -tag -width ".Pa /modules/" 44.It Pa / 45root directory of the filesystem 46.It Pa /bin/ 47user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 48.It Pa /boot/ 49programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap 50.Pp 51.Bl -tag -width ".Pa defaults/" -compact 52.It Pa defaults/ 53default bootstrapping configuration files; see 54.Xr loader.conf 5 55.It Pa kernel 56pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 57at boot time). 58.It Pa modules/ 59loadable kernel modules; 60see 61.Xr kldstat 8 62.El 63.It Pa /dev/ 64block and character device files 65.Pp 66.Bl -tag -width ".Pa fd/" -compact 67.It Pa fd/ 68file descriptor files; 69see 70.Xr \&fd 4 71.El 72.It Pa /etc/ 73system configuration files and scripts 74.Pp 75.Bl -tag -width ".Pa bluetooth/" -compact 76.It Pa bluetooth/ 77bluetooth configuration files 78.It Pa defaults/ 79default system configuration files; 80see 81.Xr rc 8 82.It Pa dma/ 83.Xr dma 8 84configuration files 85.\".It Pa firmware/ 86.\"Firmware image files; 87.\"see 88.\".Xr firmware 9 89.It Pa localtime 90local timezone information; 91see 92.Xr ctime 3 93.It Pa mail/ 94Sendmail control files 95.It Pa mtree/ 96mtree configuration files; 97see 98.Xr mtree 8 99.It Pa pam.d/ 100configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) 101library 102.It Pa periodic/ 103scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via 104.Xr cron 8 ; 105see 106.Xr periodic 8 107.It Pa ppp/ 108ppp configuration files; 109see 110.Xr ppp 8 111.It Pa rc.d/ 112System and daemon startup/control scripts; 113see 114.Xr rc 8 115.It Pa ssh/ 116OpenSSH configuration files; 117see 118.Xr ssh 1 119.It Pa ssl/ 120OpenSSL configuration files 121.It Pa upgrade/ 122Files relevant to system upgrades 123.It Pa uucp/ 124uucp configuration files; 125see 126.Xr uucp 1 127.El 128.It Pa /home/ 129HOME directories of non-root users 130.It Pa /mnt/ 131empty directory commonly used by 132system administrators as a temporary mount point 133.It Pa /pfs/ 134pseudo file system directory (on 135.Xr hammer 5 136root file systems) 137.It Pa /proc/ 138process file system; 139see 140.Xr procfs 5 , 141.Xr mount_procfs 8 142.It Pa /root/ 143root's HOME directory 144.It Pa /sbin/ 145system programs and administration utilities 146fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 147.It Pa /sys/ 148the kernel's source code (usually a symbolic link to 149.Pa /usr/src/sys ) 150.It Pa /tmp/ 151temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots 152.It Pa /usr/ 153contains the majority of user utilities and applications 154.Pp 155.Bl -tag -width ".Pa libdata/" -compact 156.It Pa bin/ 157common utilities, programming tools, and applications 158.It Pa games/ 159useful and semi-frivolous programs 160.It Pa include/ 161standard C include files 162.Pp 163.Bl -tag -width ".Pa libmilter/" -compact 164.It Pa arpa/ 165C include files for Internet service protocols 166.It Pa c++/ 167C++ include files 168.It Pa cam/ 169C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer 170.Pp 171.Bl -tag -width ".Pa scsi/" -compact 172.It Pa scsi/ 173The SCSI device on top of CAM 174.El 175.Pp 176.It Pa dev/ 177C include files for programming various 178.Dx 179devices 180.It Pa emulation/ 181Include Files for various emulation layers 182.It Pa fs/ 183.Pp 184.Bl -tag -width ".Pa smbfs/" -compact 185.It Pa smbfs/ 186SMB/CIFS filesystem 187.El 188.Pp 189.It Pa isofs/ 190.Pp 191.Bl -tag -width ".Pa cd9660/" -compact 192.It Pa cd9660/ 193iso9660 filesystem 194.El 195.Pp 196.It Pa libmilter/ 197C include files for libmilter, 198the sendmail mail filter API 199.It Pa libprop/ 200C include files for libprop 201.It Pa machine/ 202machine-specific C include files 203.It Pa msdosfs/ 204MS-DOS file system 205.It Pa net/ 206misc network C include files 207.It Pa netatm/ 208ATM include files; 209see 210.Xr atm 8 211.It Pa netinet/ 212C include files for Internet standard protocols; 213see 214.Xr inet 4 215.It Pa netinet6/ 216C include files for Internet protocol version 6; 217see 218.Xr inet6 4 219.It Pa netipx/ 220IPX/SPX protocol stacks 221.It Pa netkey/ 222kernel key-management service 223.It Pa netnatm/ 224NATM include files; 225see 226.Xr natm 4 227.It Pa netsmb/ 228SMB/CIFS requester 229.It Pa nfs/ 230C include files for NFS (Network File System) 231.It Pa objc/ 232Objective C include files 233.It Pa openssl/ 234OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers 235.It Pa pcap/ 236Packet Capture (libpcap) headers; 237see 238.Xr pcap 3 239.It Pa pccard/ 240PC-CARD controllers 241.It Pa protocols/ 242C include files for Berkeley service protocols 243.It Pa readline/ 244get a line from a user, with editing; 245see 246.Xr readline 3 247.It Pa rpc/ 248remote procedure calls; 249see 250.Xr rpc 3 251.It Pa rpcsvc/ 252definition of RPC service structures; see 253.Xr rpc 3 254.It Pa security/ 255PAM; see 256.Xr pam 8 257.It Pa sys/ 258system C include files (kernel data structures) 259.It Pa ufs/ 260C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) 261.Pp 262.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ffs/" -compact 263.It Pa ffs/ 264Fast filesystem 265.It Pa mfs/ 266memory file system; 267see 268.Xr mount_mfs 8 269.It Pa ufs/ 270UFS filesystem 271.El 272.Pp 273.It Pa vm/ 274virtual memory; 275see 276.Xr vmstat 8 277.El 278.Pp 279.It Pa lib/ 280archive libraries 281.Pp 282.Bl -tag -width ".Pa compat/" -compact 283.It Pa aout/ 284a.out archive libraries 285.It Pa compat/ 286shared libraries for compatibility 287.Pp 288.Bl -tag -width ".Pa aout/" -compact 289.It Pa aout/ 290a.out backward compatibility libraries 291.El 292.It Pa engines/ 293OpenSSL dynamic engines 294.El 295.Pp 296.It Pa libdata/ 297misc. utility data files 298.Pp 299.Bl -tag -width ".Pa stallion/" -compact 300.It Pa doscmd/ 301files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.); 302see 303.Xr doscmd 1 304.Pp 305.Bl -tag -width ".Pa fonts/" -compact 306.It Pa fonts/ 307fonts used by doscmd 308.El 309.Pp 310.It Pa lint/ 311various prebuilt lint libraries; 312see 313.Xr lint 1 314.It Pa stallion/ 315holds the download firmware images 316.El 317.Pp 318.It Pa libexec/ 319system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) 320.Pp 321.Bl -tag -width ".Pa binutils221/" -compact 322.It Pa binutils221/ 323.Pp 324.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact 325.It Pa ldscripts/ 326linker scripts; 327see 328.Xr ld 1 329.El 330.Pp 331.It Pa binutils222/ 332.Pp 333.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ldscripts/" -compact 334.It Pa ldscripts/ 335linker scripts; 336see 337.Xr ld 1 338.El 339.Pp 340.It Pa lpr/ 341utilities and filters for LP print system; 342see 343.Xr lpr 1 344.It Pa sendmail/ 345the sendmail binary; 346see 347.Xr mailwrapper 8 348and 349.Xr sendmail 8 350.It Pa sm.bin/ 351restricted shell for sendmail; 352see 353.Xr smrsh 8 354.It Pa uucp/ 355uucp utilities; 356see 357.Xr uucp 1 358.El 359.Pp 360.It Pa local/ 361local executables, libraries, etc. 362Within 363.Pa local/ , 364the general layout sketched out by 365.Xr hier 7 366for 367.Pa /usr 368should be used. 369Exceptions are the 370.Pa man/ 371directory (directly under 372.Pa local/ 373rather than under 374.Pa local/share/ ) , 375documentation (in 376.Pa share/doc/<app>/ ) , 377and 378.Pa /usr/local/etc 379.Pf ( mimics 380.Pa /etc ) . 381.It Pa obj/ 382architecture-specific target tree produced by building the 383.Pa /usr/src 384tree 385.It Pa pkg/ 386default destination directory for the 387.Xr pkgsrc 7 388collection. 389Within 390.Pa pkg/ , 391the general layout sketched out by 392.Xr hier 7 393for 394.Pa /usr 395should be used. 396Exceptions are the 397.Pa man/ 398directory (directly under 399.Pa pkg/ 400rather than under 401.Pa pkg/share/ ) , 402documentation (in 403.Pa share/doc/<pkg>/ ) , 404and 405.Pa /usr/pkg/etc 406.Pf ( mimics 407.Pa /etc ) . 408.It Pa pkgsrc/ 409The 410.Xr pkgsrc 7 411collection (optional). 412.It Pa sbin/ 413system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) 414.It Pa share/ 415architecture-independent files 416.Pp 417.Bl -tag -width ".Pa groff_font/" -compact 418.It Pa calendar/ 419a variety of pre-fab calendar files; 420see 421.Xr calendar 1 422.It Pa dict/ 423word lists; 424see 425.Xr look 1 426.Pp 427.Bl -tag -width ".Pa papers/" -compact 428.It Pa web2 429words from Webster's 2nd International 430.It Pa words 431common words 432.It Pa papers/ 433reference databases; 434see 435.Xr refer 1 436.El 437.Pp 438.It Pa doc/ 439miscellaneous documentation 440.Bl -tag -width ".Pa legal/" -compact 441.It Pa legal/ 442License files for vendor supplied firmwares 443.El 444.Pp 445.It Pa examples/ 446various examples for users and programmers 447.It Pa games/ 448ASCII text files used by various games 449.It Pa groff_font/ 450device description file for device name 451.It Pa i18n/ 452internationalization databases; see 453.Xr iconv 3 454.It Pa info/ 455GNU Info hypertext system 456.It Pa libg++/ 457libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files 458.It Pa locale/ 459localization files; 460see 461.Xr setlocale 3 462.It Pa man/ 463manual pages 464.It Pa me/ 465macros for use with the me macro package; 466see 467.Xr me 7 468.It Pa misc/ 469misc system-wide ASCII text files 470.Pp 471.Bl -tag -width ".Pa termcap" -compact 472.It Pa termcap 473terminal characteristics database; 474see 475.Xr termcap 5 476.El 477.Pp 478.It Pa mk/ 479templates for make; 480see 481.Xr make 1 482.It Pa nls/ 483national language support files; 484see 485.Xr mklocale 1 486.It Pa openssl/ 487.Pp 488.Bl -tag -width ".Pa man/" -compact 489.It Pa man/ 490OpenSSL manual pages 491.El 492.Pp 493.It Pa sendmail/ 494sendmail configuration files; 495see 496.Xr sendmail 8 497.It Pa skel/ 498example . (dot) files for new accounts 499.It Pa syscons/ 500files used by 501.Xr syscons 4 502.Pp 503.Bl -tag -width ".Pa scrnmaps/" -compact 504.It Pa fonts/ 505console fonts; 506see 507.Xr vidcontrol 1 508and 509.Xr vidfont 1 510.It Pa keymaps/ 511console keyboard maps; 512see 513.Xr kbdcontrol 1 514and 515.Xr kbdmap 1 516.It Pa scrnmaps/ 517console screen maps 518.El 519.Pp 520.It Pa tabset/ 521tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 522the termcap file; 523see 524.Xr termcap 5 525.It Pa tmac/ 526text processing macros; 527see 528.Xr nroff 1 529and 530.Xr troff 1 531.It Pa vi/ 532localization support and utilities for 533.Xr vi 1 534.It Pa zoneinfo/ 535timezone configuration information; 536see 537.Xr tzfile 5 538.El 539.Pp 540.It Pa src/ 541.Bx , 542third-party, and/or local source files 543.Pp 544.Bl -tag -width ".Pa nrelease/" -compact 545.It Pa bin/ 546source code for files in 547.Pa /bin 548.It Pa contrib/ 549source code for contributed software 550.It Pa crypto/ 551source code for contributed cryptography software 552.It Pa etc/ 553source code for files in 554.Pa /etc 555.It Pa games/ 556source code for files in 557.Pa /usr/games 558.It Pa gnu/ 559Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License 560.It Pa include/ 561source code for files in 562.Pa /usr/include 563.It Pa lib/ 564source code for files in 565.Pa /usr/lib 566.It Pa libexec/ 567source code for files in 568.Pa /usr/libexec 569.It Pa nrelease/ 570files required to produce a 571.Dx 572release 573.It Pa sbin/ 574source code for files in 575.Pa /sbin 576.It Pa secure/ 577build directory for files in 578.Pa /usr/src/crypto 579.It Pa share/ 580source for files in 581.Pa /usr/share 582.It Pa sys/ 583kernel source code 584.It Pa tools/ 585tools used for maintenance and testing of 586.Dx 587.It Pa usr.bin/ 588source code for files in 589.Pa /usr/bin 590.It Pa usr.sbin/ 591source code for files in 592.Pa /usr/sbin 593.El 594.El 595.It Pa /var/ 596multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 597.Pp 598.Bl -tag -width ".Pa preserve/" -compact 599.It Pa account/ 600system accounting files 601.Pp 602.Bl -tag -width ".Pa acct" -compact 603.It Pa acct 604execution accounting file; 605see 606.Xr acct 5 607.El 608.Pp 609.It Pa at/ 610timed command scheduling files; 611see 612.Xr \&at 1 613.Pp 614.Bl -tag -width ".Pa spool/" -compact 615.It Pa jobs/ 616directory containing job files 617.It Pa spool/ 618directory containing output spool files 619.El 620.Pp 621.It Pa backups/ 622misc. backup files 623.It Pa crash/ 624default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see 625.Xr crash 8 626and 627.Xr savecore 8 628.It Pa cron/ 629files used by cron; 630see 631.Xr cron 8 632.Pp 633.Bl -tag -width ".Pa tabs/" -compact 634.It Pa tabs/ 635crontab files; 636see 637.Xr crontab 5 638.El 639.Pp 640.It Pa db/ 641misc. automatically generated system-specific database files 642.It Pa empty/ 643empty directory used by 644.Xr sshd 8 645for privilege separation 646.It Pa games/ 647misc. game status and score files 648.It Pa hammer/ 649per PFS (pseudo file system) snapshots directory for 650.Xr hammer 5 651file systems 652.It Pa log/ 653misc. system log files 654.Pp 655.Bl -tag -width ".Pa wtmp" -compact 656.It Pa wtmp 657login/logout log; 658see 659.Xr wtmp 5 660.El 661.Pp 662.It Pa mail/ 663user mailbox files 664.It Pa msgs/ 665system messages database; 666see 667.Xr msgs 1 668.It Pa preserve/ 669temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 670of an editor; 671see 672.Xr \&ex 1 673.It Pa quotas/ 674filesystem quota information files 675.It Pa run/ 676system information files describing various info about 677system since it was booted 678.Pp 679.Bl -tag -width ".Pa ppp/" -compact 680.It Pa ppp/ 681writable by the 682.Dq network 683group for command connection sockets; see 684.Xr ppp 8 685.It Pa utmp 686database of current users; 687see 688.Xr utmp 5 689.El 690.Pp 691.It Pa rwho/ 692rwho data files; 693see 694.Xr rwhod 8 , 695.Xr rwho 1 , 696and 697.Xr ruptime 1 698.It Pa spool/ 699misc. printer and mail system spooling directories 700.Pp 701.Bl -tag -width ".Pa clientmqueue/" -compact 702.It Pa clientmqueue/ 703undelivered submission mail queue; 704see 705.Xr sendmail 8 706.It Pa dma/ 707undelivered mail queue; 708see 709.Xr dma 8 710.It Pa ftp/ 711commonly 712.Pa ~ftp ; 713the anonymous ftp root directory 714.It Pa mqueue/ 715undelivered mail queue; 716see 717.Xr sendmail 8 718.It Pa output/ 719line printer spooling directories 720.It Pa uucp/ 721uucp spool directory 722.It Pa uucppublic/ 723commonly 724.Pa ~uucp ; 725public uucp temporary directory 726.El 727.Pp 728.It Pa tmp/ 729temporary files that are kept between system reboots 730.Pp 731.Bl -tag -width ".Pa vi.recover/" -compact 732.It Pa vi.recover/ 733the directory where recovery files are stored 734.El 735.Pp 736.It Pa yp/ 737the NIS maps 738.El 739.El 740.Sh NOTES 741This manual page documents the default 742.Dx 743filesystem layout, but 744the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system 745administrator's discretion. 746A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of 747this document. 748.Sh SEE ALSO 749.Xr apropos 1 , 750.Xr find 1 , 751.Xr finger 1 , 752.Xr grep 1 , 753.Xr ls 1 , 754.Xr whatis 1 , 755.Xr whereis 1 , 756.Xr which 1 , 757.Xr fsck 8 758.Sh HISTORY 759A 760.Nm 761manual page appeared in 762.At v7 . 763