xref: /csrg-svn/usr.sbin/sendmail/cf/README (revision 67917)

		NEW SENDMAIL CONFIGURATION FILES

		Eric Allman <eric@CS.Berkeley.EDU>

		@(#)README	8.37 (Berkeley) 11/13/94


This document describes the sendmail configuration files being used
at Berkeley.  These use features in the new (R8) sendmail; they will
not work on other versions.

These configuration files are probably not as general as previous
versions, and don't handle as many of the weird cases automagically.
I was able to simplify by them for two reasons.  First, the network
has become more consistent -- for example, at this point, everyone
on the internet is supposed to be running a name server, so hacks to
handle NIC-registered hosts can go away.  Second, I assumed that a
subdomain would be running SMTP internally -- UUCP is presumed to be
a long-haul protocol.  I realize that this is not universal, but it
does describe the vast majority of sites with which I am familiar,
including those outside the US.

Of course, the downside of this is that if you do live in a weird
world, things are going to get weirder for you.  I'm sorry about that,
but at the time we at Berkeley had a problem, and it seemed like the
right thing to do.

This package requires a post-V7 version of m4; if you are running the
4.2bsd, SysV.2, or 7th Edition version, I suggest finding a friend with
a newer version.  You can m4-expand on their system, then run locally.
SunOS's /usr/5bin/m4 or BSD-Net/2's m4 both work.  GNU m4 version 1.1
also works.  Unfortunately, I'm told that the M4 on BSDI 1.0 doesn't
work -- you'll have to use a Net/2 or GNU version.

IF YOU DON'T HAVE A BERKELEY MAKE, don't despair!  Just run
"m4 foo.mc > foo.cf" -- that should be all you need.  There is also
a fairly crude (but functional) Makefile.dist that works on the
old version of make.

To get started, you may want to look at tcpproto.mc (for TCP-only
sites), uucpproto.mc (for UUCP-only sites), and clientproto.mc (for
clusters of clients using a single mail host).  Others are versions
that we use at Berkeley, although not all are in current use.  For
example, ucbarpa has gone away, but I've left ucbarpa.mc in because
it demonstrates some interesting techniques.

I'm not pretending that this README describes everything that these
configuration files can do; clever people can probably tweak them
to great effect.  But it should get you started.

*******************************************************************
***  BE SURE YOU CUSTOMIZE THESE FILES!  They have some		***
***  Berkeley-specific assumptions built in, such as the name	***
***  of our UUCP-relay.  You'll want to create your own domain	***
***  description, and use that in place of domain/Berkeley.m4.	***
*******************************************************************


+--------------------------+
| INTRODUCTION AND EXAMPLE |
+--------------------------+

Configuration files are contained in the subdirectory "cf", with a
suffix ".mc".  They must be run through "m4" to produce a ".cf" file.

Let's examine a typical .mc file (cf/cs-exposed.mc):

	divert(-1)
	#
	# Copyright (c) 1983 Eric P. Allman
	# Copyright (c) 1988 The Regents of the University of California.
	# All rights reserved.
	#
	# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms are permitted
	# provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
	# duplicated in all such forms and that any documentation,
	# advertising materials, and other materials related to such
	# distribution and use acknowledge that the software was developed
	# by the University of California, Berkeley.  The name of the
	# University may not be used to endorse or promote products derived
	# from this software without specific prior written permission.
	# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR
	# IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED
	# WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
	#

The divert(-1) will delete the crud in the resulting output file.
The copyright notice is what your lawyers require.  Our lawyers require
the one that I've included in my files. A copyleft is a copyright by
another name.

The next line MUST be

	include(`../m4/cf.m4')

This will pull in the M4 macros you will need to make sense of
everything else.  As the saying goes, don't think about it, just
do it.  If you don't do it, don't bother reading the rest of this
file.

	VERSIONID(`<SCCS or RCS version id>')

VERSIONID is a macro that stuffs the version information into the
resulting file.  We use SCCS; you could use RCS, something else, or
omit it completely.  This is not the same as the version id included
in SMTP greeting messages -- this is defined in m4/version.m4.

	DOMAIN(cs.exposed)

This example exposes the host inside of the CS subdomain -- that is,
it doesn't try to hide the name of the workstation to the outside
world.  Changing this to DOMAIN(cs.hidden) would have made outgoing
messages refer to "<username>@CS.Berkeley.EDU" instead of using the
local hostname.  Internally this is effected by using
"MASQUERADE_AS(CS.Berkeley.EDU)".

	MAILER(smtp)

These describe the mailers used at the default CS site site.  The
local mailer is always included automatically.


+--------+
| OSTYPE |
+--------+

Note that cf/cs-exposed.mc omits an OSTYPE macro -- this assumes
default Computer Science Division environment.  There are several
explicit environments available: bsd4.3, bsd4.4, hpux, irix, osf1,
riscos4.5, sunos3.5, sunos4.1, and ultrix4.1.  These change things
like the location of the alias file and queue directory.  Some of
these files are identical to one another.

Operating system definitions are easy to write.  They may define
the following variables (everything defaults, so an ostype file
may be empty).

ALIAS_FILE		[/etc/aliases] The location of the text version
			of the alias file(s).  It can be a comma-separated
			list of names (but be sure you quote values with
			comments in them -- for example, use
				define(`ALIAS_FILE', `a,b')
			to get "a" and "b" both listed as alias files;
			otherwise the define() primitive only sees "a").
HELP_FILE		[/usr/lib/sendmail.hf] The name of the file
			containing information printed in response to
			the SMTP HELP command.
QUEUE_DIR		[/var/spool/mqueue] The directory containing
			queue files.
STATUS_FILE		[/etc/sendmail.st] The file containing status
			information.
LOCAL_MAILER_PATH	[/bin/mail] The program used to deliver local mail.
LOCAL_MAILER_FLAGS	[rmn] The flags used by the local mailer.  The
			flags lsDFM are always included.
LOCAL_MAILER_ARGS	[mail -d $u] The arguments passed to deliver local
			mail.
LOCAL_SHELL_PATH	[/bin/sh] The shell used to deliver piped email.
LOCAL_SHELL_FLAGS	[eu] The flags used by the shell mailer.  The
			flags lsDFM are always included.
LOCAL_SHELL_ARGS	[sh -c $u] The arguments passed to deliver "prog"
			mail.
USENET_MAILER_PATH	[/usr/lib/news/inews] The name of the program
			used to submit news.
USENET_MAILER_FLAGS	[rlsDFMmn] The mailer flags for the usenet mailer.
USENET_MAILER_ARGS	[-m -h -n] The command line arguments for the
			usenet mailer.
USENET_MAILER_MAX	[100000] The maximum size of messages that will
			be accepted by the usenet mailer.
SMTP_MAILER_FLAGS	[undefined] Flags added to SMTP mailer.  Default
			flags are `mDFMUX' for all SMTP-based mailers; the
			"esmtp" mailer adds `a' and "smtp8" adds `8'.
SMTP_MAILER_MAX		[undefined] The maximum size of messages that will
			be transported using the smtp, smtp8, or esmtp
			mailers.
SMTP_MAILER_ARGS	[IPC $h] The arguments passed to the smtp mailer.
			About the only reason you would want to change this
			would be to change the default port.
ESMTP_MAILER_ARGS	[IPC $h] The arguments passed to the esmtp mailer.
SMTP8_MAILER_ARGS	[IPC $h] The arguments passed to the smtp8 mailer.
RELAY_MAILER_ARGS	[IPC $h] The arguments passed to the relay mailer.
UUCP_MAILER_FLAGS	[undefined] Flags added to UUCP mailer.  Default
			flags are `DFMhuU' (and `m' for suucp mailer, minus
			`U' for uucp-dom mailer).
UUCP_MAILER_ARGS	[uux - -r -z -a$f -gC $h!rmail ($u)] The arguments
			passed to the UUCP mailer.
UUCP_MAX_SIZE		[100000] The maximum size message accepted for
			transmission by the UUCP mailers.
FAX_MAILER_PATH		[/usr/local/lib/fax/mailfax] The program used to
			submit FAX messages.
FAX_MAILER_MAX		[100000] The maximum size message accepted for
			transmission by FAX.

+---------+
| DOMAINS |
+---------+

You will probably want to collect domain-dependent defines into one
file, referenced by the DOMAIN macro.  For example, our Berkeley
domain file includes definitions for several internal distinguished
hosts:

UUCP_RELAY	The host that will forward UUCP-addressed email.
		If not defined, all UUCP sites must be directly
		connected.
BITNET_RELAY	The host that will forward BITNET-addressed email.
		If not defined, the .BITNET pseudo-domain won't work.
LOCAL_RELAY	The site that will handle unqualified names -- that
		is, names with out an @domain extension.  If not set,
		they are assumed to belong on this machine.  This
		allows you to have a central site to store a
		company- or department-wide alias database.  This
		only works at small sites, and there are better
		methods.
LUSER_RELAY	The site that will handle lusers -- that is, apparently
		local names that aren't local accounts or aliases.

Any of these can be either ``mailer:hostname'' (in which case the
mailer is the internal mailer name, such as ``suucp'' and the hostname
is the name of the host as appropriate for that mailer) or just a
``hostname'', in which case a default mailer type (usually ``relay'',
a variant on SMTP) is used.  WARNING: if you have a wildcard MX
record matching your domain, you probably want to define these to
have a trailing dot so that you won't get the mail diverted back
to yourself.

The domain file can also be used to define a domain name, if needed
(using "DD<domain>") and set certain site-wide features.  If all hosts
at your site masquerade behind one email name, you could also use
MASQUERADE_AS here.

You do not have to define a domain -- in particular, if you are a
single machine sitting off somewhere, it is probably more work than
it's worth.  This is just a mechanism for combining "domain dependent
knowledge" into one place.

+---------+
| MAILERS |
+---------+

There are fewer mailers supported in this version than the previous
version, owing mostly to a simpler world.

local		The local and prog mailers.  You will almost always
		need these; the only exception is if you relay ALL
		your mail to another site.  This mailer is included
		automatically.

smtp		The Simple Mail Transport Protocol mailer.  This does
		not hide hosts behind a gateway or another other
		such hack; it assumes a world where everyone is
		running the name server.  This file actually defines
		four mailers: "smtp" for regular (old-style) SMTP to
		other servers, "esmtp" for extended SMTP to other
		servers, "smtp8" to do SMTP to other servers without
		converting 8-bit data to MIME (essentially, this is
		your statement that you know the other end is 8-bit
		clean even if it doesn't say so), and "relay" for
		transmission to our RELAY_HOST, LUSER_RELAY, or
		MAILER_HUB.

uucp		The Unix-to-Unix Copy Program mailer.  Actually, this
		defines two mailers, "uucp-old" (a.k.a. "uucp") and
		"uucp-new" (a.k.a. "suucp").  The latter is for when you
		know that the UUCP mailer at the other end can handle
		multiple recipients in one transfer.  If the smtp mailer
		is also included in your configuration, two other mailers
		("uucp-dom" and "uucp-uudom") are also defined.  When you
		include the uucp mailer, sendmail looks for all names in
		the $=U class and sends them to the uucp-old mailer; all
		names in the $=Y class are sent to uucp-new; and all
		names in the $=Z class are sent to uucp-uudom.  Note that
		this is a function of what version of rmail runs on
		the receiving end, and hence may be out of your control.
		See the section below describing UUCP mailers in more
		detail.

usenet		Usenet (network news) delivery.  If this is specified,
		an extra rule is added to ruleset 0 that forwards all
		local email for users named ``group.usenet'' to the
		``inews'' program.  Note that this works for all groups,
		and may be considered a security problem.

fax		Facsimile transmission.  This is experimental and based
		on Sam Leffler's FlexFAX software.  For more information,
		see below.

pop		Post Office Protocol.


+----------+
| FEATURES |
+----------+

Special features can be requested using the "FEATURE" macro.  For
example, the .mc line:

	FEATURE(use_cw_file)

tells sendmail that you want to have it read an /etc/sendmail.cw
file to get values for class $=w.  The FEATURE may contain a single
optional parameter -- for example:

	FEATURE(mailertable, dbm /usr/lib/mailertable)

Available features are:

use_cw_file	Read the file /etc/sendmail.cw file to get alternate
		names for this host.  This might be used if you were
		on a host that MXed for a dynamic set of other
		hosts.  If the set is static, just including the line
		"Cw<name1> <name2> ..." is probably superior.
		The actual filename can be overridden by redefining
		confCW_FILE.

redirect	Reject all mail addressed to "address.REDIRECT" with
		a ``551 User not local; please try <address>'' message.
		If this is set, you can alias people who have left
		to their new address with ".REDIRECT" appended.

nouucp		Don't do anything special with UUCP addresses at all.

nocanonify	Don't pass addresses to $[ ... $] for canonification.
		This would generally only be used by sites that only
		act as mail gateways or which have user agents that do
		full canonification themselves.  You may also want to
		use "define(`confBIND_OPTS',`-DNSRCH -DEFNAMES')" to
		turn off the usual resolver options that do a similar
		thing.

stickyhost	If set, email sent to "user@local.host" are marked
		as "sticky" -- that is, the local addresses aren't
		matched against UDB and don't go through ruleset 5.
		This is used if you want a set up where "user" is
		not necessarily the same as "user@local.host", e.g.,
		to make a distinct domain-wide namespace.  Prior to
		8.7 this was the default, and notsticky was used to
		turn this off.

mailertable	Include a "mailer table" which can be used to override
		routing for particular domains.  The argument of the
		FEATURE may be the key definition.  If none is specified,
		the definition used is:
			hash -o /etc/mailertable
		Keys in this database are fully qualified domain names
		or partial domains preceded by a dot -- for example,
		"vangogh.CS.Berkeley.EDU" or ".CS.Berkeley.EDU".
		Values must be of the form:
			mailer:domain
		where "mailer" is the internal mailer name, and "domain"
		is where to send the message.  These maps are not
		reflected into the message header.

domaintable	Include a "domain table" which can be used to provide
		domain name mapping.  Use of this should really be
		limited to your own domains.  It may be useful if you
		change names (e.g., your company changes names from
		oldname.com to newname.com).  The argument of the
		FEATURE may be the key definition.  If none is specified,
		the definition used is:
			hash -o /etc/domaintable
		The key in this table is the domain name; the value is
		the new (fully qualified) domain.  Anything in the
		domaintable is reflected into headers; that is, this
		is done in ruleset 3.

bitdomain	Look up bitnet hosts in a table to try to turn them into
		internet addresses.  The table can be built using the
		bitdomain program contributed by John Gardiner Myers.
		The argument of the FEATURE may be the key definition; if
		none is specified, the definition used is:
			hash -o /etc/bitdomain.db
		Keys are the bitnet hostname; values are the corresponding
		internet hostname.

uucpdomain	Similar feature for UUCP hosts.  The default map definition
		is:
			hash -o /etc/uudomain.db
		At the moment there is no automagic tool to build this
		database.

always_add_domain
		Include the local host domain even on locally delivered
		mail.  Normally it is not added unless it is already
		present.

allmasquerade	If masquerading is enabled (using MASQUERADE_AS), this
		feature will cause recipient addresses to also masquerade
		as being from the masquerade host.  Normally they get
		the local hostname.  Although this may be right for
		ordinary users, it can break local aliases.  For example,
		if you send to "localalias", the originating sendmail will
		find that alias and send to all members, but send the
		message with "To: localalias@masqueradehost".  Since that
		alias likely does not exist, replies will fail.  Use this
		feature ONLY if you can guarantee that the ENTIRE
		namespace on your masquerade host supersets all the
		local entries.

nodns		We aren't running DNS at our site (for example,
		we are UUCP-only connected).  It's hard to consider
		this a "feature", but hey, it had to go somewhere.

nullclient	This is a special case -- it creates a stripped down
		configuration file containing nothing but support for
		forwarding all mail to a central hub via a local
		SMTP-based network.  The argument is the name of that
		hub.

		The only other feature that should be used in conjunction
		with this one is "nocanonify" (this causes addresses to
		be sent unqualified via the SMTP connection; normally
		they are qualifed with the masquerade name, which
		defaults to the name of the hub machine).  No mailers
		should be defined.  No aliasing or forwarding is done.


+-------+
| HACKS |
+-------+

Some things just can't be called features.  To make this clear,
they go in the hack subdirectory and are referenced using the HACK
macro.  These will tend to be site-dependent.  The release
includes the Berkeley-dependent "cssubdomain" hack (that makes
sendmail accept local names in either Berkeley.EDU or CS.Berkeley.EDU;
this is intended as a short-term aid while we move hosts into
subdomains.


+--------------------+
| SITE CONFIGURATION |
+--------------------+

Complex sites will need more local configuration information, such as
lists of UUCP hosts they speak with directly.  This can get a bit more
tricky.  For an example of a "complex" site, see cf/ucbvax.mc.

If your host is known by several different names, you need to augment
the $=w class.  This is a list of names by which you are known, and
anything sent to an address using a host name in this list will be
treated as local mail.  You can do this in two ways: either create
the file /etc/sendmail.cw containing a list of your aliases (one per
line), and use ``FEATURE(use_cw_file)'' in the .mc file, or add the
line:

	Cw alias.host.name

at the end of that file.  See the ``vangogh.mc'' file for an example.
Be sure you use the fully-qualified name of the host, rather than a
short name.

The SITECONFIG macro allows you to indirectly reference site-dependent
configuration information stored in the siteconfig subdirectory.  For
example, the line

	SITECONFIG(uucp.ucbvax, ucbvax, U)

reads the file uucp.ucbvax for local connection information.  The
second parameter is the local name (in this case just "ucbvax" since
it is locally connected, and hence a UUCP hostname).  The third
parameter is the name of both a macro to store the local name (in
this case, $U) and the name of the class (e.g., $=U) in which to store
the host information read from the file.  Another SITECONFIG line reads

	SITECONFIG(uucp.ucbarpa, ucbarpa.Berkeley.EDU, W)

This says that the file uucp.ucbarpa contains the list of UUCP sites
connected to ucbarpa.Berkeley.EDU.  The $=W class will be used to
store this list, and $W is defined to be ucbarpa.Berkeley.EDU, that
is, the name of the relay to which the hosts listed in uucp.ucbarpa
are connected.  [The machine ucbarpa is gone now, but I've left
this out-of-date configuration file around to demonstrate how you
might do this.]

Note that the case of SITECONFIG with a third parameter of ``U'' is
special; the second parameter is assumed to be the UUCP name of the
local site, rather than the name of a remote site, and the UUCP name
is entered into $=w (the list of local hostnames) as $U.UUCP.

The siteconfig file (e.g., siteconfig/uucp.ucbvax.m4) contains nothing
more than a sequence of SITE macros describing connectivity.  For
example:

	SITE(cnmat)
	SITE(sgi olympus)

The second example demonstrates that you can use two names on the
same line; these are usually aliases for the same host (or are at
least in the same company).


+--------------------+
| USING UUCP MAILERS |
+--------------------+

It's hard to get UUCP mailers right because of the extremely ad hoc
nature of UUCP addressing.  These config files are really designed
for domain-based addressing, even for UUCP sites.

There are four UUCP mailers available.  The choice of which one to
use is partly a matter of local preferences and what is running at
the other end of your UUCP connection.  Unlike good protocols that
define what will go over the wire, UUCP uses the policy that you
should do what is right for the other end; if they change, you have
to change.  This makes it hard to do the right thing, and discourages
people from updating their software.  In general, if you can avoid
UUCP, please do.

The major choice is whether to go for a domainized scheme or a
non-domainized scheme.  This depends entirely on what the other
end will recognize.  If at all possible, you should encourage the
other end to go to a domain-based system -- non-domainized addresses
don't work entirely properly.

The four mailers are:

    uucp-old (obsolete name: "uucp")
	This is the oldest, the worst (but the closest to UUCP) way of
	sending messages accros UUCP connections.  It does bangify
	everything and prepends $U (your UUCP name) to the sender's
	address (which can already be a bang path itself).  It can
	only send to one address at a time, so it spends a lot of
	time copying duplicates of messages.  Avoid this if at all
	possible.

    uucp-new (obsolete name: "suucp")
	The same as above, except that it assumes that in one rmail
	command you can specify several recipients.  It still has a
	lot of other problems.

    uucp-dom
	This UUCP mailer keeps everything as domain addresses.
	Basically, it uses the SMTP mailer rewriting rules.  This mailer
	is only included if MAILER(smtp) is also specified.

	Unfortunately, a lot of UUCP mailer transport agents require
	bangified addresses in the envelope, although you can use
	domain-based addresses in the message header.  (The envelope
	shows up as the From_ line on UNIX mail.)  So....

    uucp-uudom
	This is a cross between uucp-new (for the envelope addresses)
	and uucp-dom (for the header addresses).  It bangifies the
	envelope sender (From_ line in messages) without adding the
	local hostname, unless there is no host name on the address
	at all (e.g., "wolf") or the host component is a UUCP host name
	instead of a domain name ("somehost!wolf" instead of
	"some.dom.ain!wolf").  This is also included only if MAILER(smtp)
	is also specified.

Examples:

We are on host grasp.insa-lyon.fr (UUCP host name "grasp").  The
following summarizes the sender rewriting for various mailers.

Mailer          sender		rewriting in the envelope
------		------		-------------------------
uucp-{old,new}	wolf		grasp!wolf
uucp-dom	wolf		wolf@grasp.insa-lyon.fr
uucp-uudom	wolf		grasp.insa-lyon.fr!wolf

uucp-{old,new}	wolf@fr.net	grasp!fr.net!wolf
uucp-dom	wolf@fr.net	wolf@fr.net
uucp-uudom	wolf@fr.net	fr.net!wolf

uucp-{old,new}	somehost!wolf	grasp!somehost!wolf
uucp-dom	somehost!wolf	somehost!wolf@grasp.insa-lyon.fr
uucp-uudom	somehost!wolf	grasp.insa-lyon.fr!somehost!wolf

If you are using one of the domainized UUCP mailers, you really want
to convert all UUCP addresses to domain format -- otherwise, it will
do it for you (and probably not the way you expected).  For example,
if you have the address foo!bar!baz (and you are not sending to foo),
the heuristics will add the @uucp.relay.name or @local.host.name to
this address.  However, if you map foo to foo.host.name first, it
will not add the local hostname.  You can do this using the uucpdomain
feature.


+-------------------+
| TWEAKING RULESETS |
+-------------------+

For more complex configurations, you can define special rules.
The macro LOCAL_RULE_3 introduces rules that are used in canonicalizing
the names.  Any modifications made here are reflected in the header.

A common use is to convert old UUCP addreses to SMTP addresses using
the UUCPSMTP macro.  For example:

	LOCAL_RULE_3
	UUCPSMTP(decvax,	decvax.dec.com)
	UUCPSMTP(research,	research.att.com)

will cause addresses of the form "decvax!user" and "research!user"
to be converted to "user@decvax.dec.com" and "user@research.att.com"
respectively.

This could also be used to look up hosts in a database map:

	LOCAL_RULE_3
	R$* < @ $+ > $*		$: $1 < @ $(hostmap $2 $) > $3

This map would be defined in the LOCAL_CONFIG portion, as shown below.

Similarly, LOCAL_RULE_0 can be used to introduce new parsing rules.
For example, new rules are needed to parse hostnames that you accept
via MX records.  For example, you might have:

	LOCAL_RULE_0
	R$+ <@ host.dom.ain.>	$#uucp $@ cnmat $: $1 < @ host.dom.ain.>

You would use this if you had installed an MX record for cnmat.Berkeley.EDU
pointing at this host; this rule catches the message and forwards it on
using UUCP.

You can also tweak rulesets 1 and 2 using LOCAL_RULE_1 and LOCAL_RULE_2.
These rulesets are normally empty.

A similar macro is LOCAL_CONFIG.  This introduces lines added after the
boilerplate option setting but before rulesets, and can be used to
declare local database maps or whatever.  For example:

	LOCAL_CONFIG
	Khostmap hash /etc/hostmap.db
	Kyplocal nis -m hosts.byname


+---------------------------+
| MASQUERADING AND RELAYING |
+---------------------------+

You can have your host masquerade as another using

	MASQUERADE_AS(host.domain)

This causes outgoing SMTP mail to be labeled as coming from the
indicated domain, rather than $j.  One normally masquerades as one
of one's own subdomains (for example, it's unlikely that I would
choose to masquerade as an MIT site).

The masquerade name is not normally canonified, so it is important
that it be your One True Name, that is, fully qualified and not a
CNAME.

there are always users that need to be "exposed" -- that is, their
internal site name should be displayed instead of the masquerade name.
Root is an example.  You can add users to this list using

	EXPOSED_USER(usernames)

This adds users to class E; you could also use something like

	FE/etc/sendmail.cE

You can also arrange to relay all unqualified names (that is, names
without @host) to a relay host.  For example, if you have a central
email server, you might relay to that host so that users don't have
to have .forward files or aliases.  You can do this using

	define(`LOCAL_RELAY', mailer:hostname)

The ``mailer:'' can be omitted, in which case the mailer defaults to
"smtp".  There are some user names that you don't want relayed, perhaps
because of local aliases.  A common example is root, which may be
locally aliased.  You can add entries to this list using

	LOCAL_USER(usernames)

This adds users to class L; you could also use something like

	FL/etc/sendmail.cL

If you want all incoming mail sent to a centralized hub, as for a
shared /var/spool/mail scheme, use

	define(`MAIL_HUB', mailer:hostname)

Again, ``mailer:'' defaults to "smtp".  If you define both LOCAL_RELAY
and MAIL_HUB, unqualified names will be sent to the LOCAL_RELAY and
other local names will be sent to MAIL_HUB.  Names in $=L will be
delivered locally, so you MUST have aliases or .forward files for them.

For example, if are on machine mastodon.CS.Berkeley.EDU, the following
combinations of settings will have the indicated effects:

email sent to....	eric			  eric@mastodon.CS.Berkeley.EDU

LOCAL_RELAY set to	mail.CS.Berkeley.EDU	  (delivered locally)
mail.CS.Berkeley.EDU

MAIL_HUB set to		mammoth.CS.Berkeley.EDU	  mammoth.CS.Berkeley.EDU
mammoth.CS.Berkeley.EDU

Both LOCAL_RELAY and	mail.CS.Berkeley.EDU	  mammoth.CS.Berkeley.EDU
MAIL_HUB set as above

If you want all outgoing mail to go to a central relay site, define
SMART_HOST as well.  Briefly:

	LOCAL_RELAY applies to unqualifed names (e.g., "eric").
	MAIL_HUB applies to names qualified with the name of the
		local host (e.g., "eric@mastodon.CS.Berkeley.EDU").
	SMART_HOST applies to names qualified with other hosts.

However, beware that other relays (e.g., UUCP_RELAY, BITNET_RELAY, and
FAX_RELAY) take precedence over SMART_HOST, so if you really want
absolutely everything to go to a single central site you will need to
unset all the other relays -- or better yet, find or build a minimal
config file that does this.


+-------------------------------+
| NON-SMTP BASED CONFIGURATIONS |
+-------------------------------+

These configuration files are designed primarily for use by SMTP-based
sites.  I don't pretend that they are well tuned for UUCP-only or
UUCP-primarily nodes (the latter is defined as a small local net
connected to the rest of the world via UUCP).  However, there is one
hook to handle some special cases.

You can define a ``smart host'' that understands a richer address syntax
using:

	define(`SMART_HOST', mailer:hostname)

In this case, the ``mailer:'' defaults to "relay".  Any messages that
can't be handled using the usual UUCP rules are passed to this host.

If you are on a local SMTP-based net that connects to the outside
world via UUCP, you can use LOCAL_NET_CONFIG to add appropriate rules.
For example:

	define(`SMART_HOST', suucp:uunet)
	LOCAL_NET_CONFIG
	R$* < @ $* .$m. > $*	$#smtp $@ $2.$m. $: $1 < @ $2.$m. > $3

This will cause all names that end in your domain name ($m) via
SMTP; anything else will be sent via suucp (smart UUCP) to uunet.
If you have FEATURE(nocanonify), you may need to omit the dots after
the $m.  If you are running a local DNS inside your domain which is
not otherwise connected to the outside world, you probably want to
use:

	define(`SMART_HOST', smtp:fire.wall.com)
	LOCAL_NET_CONFIG
	R$* < @ $* . > $*	$#smtp $@ $2. $: $1 < @ $2. > $3

That is, send directly only to things you found in your DNS lookup;
anything else goes through SMART_HOST.

If you are not running DNS at all, it is important to use
FEATURE(nodns) to avoid having sendmail queue everything waiting
for the name server to come up.


+-----------+
| WHO AM I? |
+-----------+

Normally, the $j macro is automatically defined to be your fully
qualified domain name (FQDN).  Sendmail does this by getting your
host name using gethostname and then calling gethostbyname on the
result.  For example, in some environments gethostname returns
only the root of the host name (such as "foo"); gethostbyname is
supposed to return the FQDN ("foo.bar.com").  In some (fairly rare)
cases, gethostbyname may fail to return the FQDN.  In this case
you MUST define confDOMAIN_NAME to be your fully qualified domain
name.  This is usually done using:

	Dmbar.com
	define(`confDOMAIN_NAME', `$w.$m')dnl


+--------------------+
| USING MAILERTABLES |
+--------------------+

To use FEATURE(mailertable), you will have to create an external
database containing the routing information for various domains.
For example, a mailertable file in text format might be:

	.my.domain		xnet:%1.my.domain
	uuhost1.my.domain	suucp:uuhost1
	.bitnet			smtp:relay.bit.net

This should normally be stored in /etc/mailertable.  The actual
database version of the mailertable is built using:

	makemap hash /etc/mailertable.db < /etc/mailertable

The semantics are simple.  Any LHS entry that does not begin with
a dot matches the full host name indicated.  LHS entries beginning
with a dot match anything ending with that domain name -- that is,
they can be thought of as having a leading "*" wildcard.  Matching
is done in order of most-to-least qualified -- for example, even
though ".my.domain" is listed first in the above example, an entry
of "uuhost1.my.domain" will match the second entry since it is
more explicit.

The RHS should always be a "mailer:host" pair.  The mailer is the
configuration name of a mailer (that is, an `M' line in the
sendmail.cf file).  The "host" will be the hostname passed to
that mailer.  In domain-based matches (that is, those with leading
dots) the "%1" may be used to interpolate the wildcarded part of
the host name.  For example, the first line above sends everything
addressed to "anything.my.domain" to that same host name, but using
the (presumably experimental) xnet mailer.

In some cases you may want to temporarily turn off MX records,
particularly on gateways.  For example, you may want to MX
everything in a domain to one machine that then forwards it
directly.  To do this, you might use the DNS configuration:

	*.domain.	IN	MX	0	relay.machine

and on relay.machine use the mailertable:

	.domain		smtp:[gateway.domain]

The [square brackets] turn off MX records for this host only.
If you didn't do this, the mailertable would use the MX record
again, which would give you an MX loop.


+--------------------------------+
| USING USERDB TO MAP FULL NAMES |
+--------------------------------+

The user database was not originally intended for mapping full names
to login names (e.g., Eric.Allman => eric), but some people are using
it that way.  (I would recommend that you set up aliases for this
purpose instead -- since you can specify multiple alias files, this
is fairly easy.)  The intent was to locate the default maildrop at
a site, but allow you to override this by sending to a specific host.

If you decide to set up the user database in this fashion, it is
imperative that you not use FEATURE(stickyhost) -- otherwise,
e-mail sent to Full.Name@local.host.name will be rejected.

To build the internal form of the user database, use:

	makemap btree /usr/data/base.db < /usr/data/base.txt


+--------------------------------+
| MISCELLANEOUS SPECIAL FEATURES |
+--------------------------------+

DOTTED_USER(name)
	Sometimes it is convenient to merge configuration on a
	centralized mail machine, for example, to forward all
	root mail to a mail server.  In this case it might be
	useful to be able to treat the root addresses as a class
	of addresses with subtle differences.  You can do this
	using dotted users.  For example, a client might include
	the alias:

		root:  root.client1@server

	On the server, the mail configuration would include:

		DOTTED_USER(root)

	Aliases on the server that would match this address would
	be "root.client", "root.*", and "root", tried in that
	order.  You can specify multiple addresses either by
	joining them in one DOTTTED_USER macro or by having
	multiple macros:

		DOTTED_USER(root)
		DOTTED_USER(postmaster mailer-daemon)

	defines three dotted users.


+------------------+
| FlexFAX SOFTWARE |
+------------------+

Sam Leffler's FlexFAX software is still in beta test -- but he expects a
public version out "later this week" [as of 3/1/93].  The following
blurb is direct from Sam:

	$Header: /usr/people/sam/fax/RCS/HOWTO,v 1.14 93/05/24 11:42:16 sam Exp $

	How To Obtain This Software (in case all you get is this file)
	--------------------------------------------------------------
	The source code is available for public ftp on
	    sgi.com			sgi/fax/v2.1.src.tar.Z
		(192.48.153.1)

	You can also obtain inst'able images for Silicon Graphics machines from
	    sgi.com			sgi/fax/v2.1.inst.tar
		(192.48.153.1)

	For example,
	    % ftp -n sgi.com
	    ....
	    ftp> user anonymous
	    ... <type in password>
	    ftp> cd sgi/fax
	    ftp> binary
	    ftp> get v2.1.src.tar.Z

	In general, the latest version of the 2.1 release of the software is
	always available as "v2.1.src.tar.Z" or "v2.1.inst.tar" in the ftp
	directory.  This file is a link to the appropriate released version (so
	don't waste your time retrieving the linked file as well!) Any files of
	the form v2.1.*.patch are shell scripts that can be used to patch older
	versions of the source code.  For example, the file v2.1.0.patch would
	contain patches to update v2.1.0.tar.Z.  (Note to beta testers: this is
	different than the naming conventions used during beta testing.) Patch
	files only work to go between consecutive versions, so if you are
	multiple versions behind the latest release, you will need to apply
	each patch file between your current version and the latest.


	Obtaining the Software by Electronic Mail
	-----------------------------------------
	Do not send me requests for the software; they will be ignored (without
	response).  If you cannot use FTP at all, there is a service called
	"ftpmail" available from gatekeeper.dec.com:  you can send e-mail to
	this machine and it will use FTP to retrieve files for you and send you
	the files back again via e-mail.  To find out more about the ftpmail
	service, send a message to "ftpmail@gatekeeper.dec.com" whose body
	consists of the single line "help".


	Obtaining the Software Within Silicon Graphics
	----------------------------------------------
	Internal to Silicon Graphics there are inst'able images on the host
	flake.asd in the directory /usr/dist.  Thus you can do something like:

	    % inst -f flake.asd.sgi.com:/usr/dist/flexfax

	to install the latest version of the software on your machine.


	What to do Once You've Retrieved Stuff
	--------------------------------------
	The external distributions come in a compressed or uncompressed tar
	file.  To extract the source distribution:

	    % zcat v2.1.src.tar.Z | tar xf -

	(uncompress and extract individual files in current directory).  To
	unpack and install the client portion of the inst'able distribution:

	    % mkdir dist
	    % cd dist; tar xf ../v2.1.inst.tar; cd ..
	    % inst -f dist/flexfax
	    ...
	    inst> go

	(Note, the dist subdirectory is because some versions of inst fail if
	the files are in the current directory.) Server binaries are also
	included in the inst'able images as flexfax.server.*.  They are not
	installed by default, so to get them also you need to do:

	    % inst -f flexfax
	    ...
	    inst> install flexfax.server.*
	    inst> go

	The SGI binaries were built for Version 4.0.5H of the IRIX operating
	system.  They should work w/o problem on earlier versions of the
	system, but I have not fully tested this.  Also, note that to install a
	server on an SGI machine, you need to have installed the Display
	PostScript execution environment product (dps_eoe).  Otherwise, the fax
	server will not be able to convert PostScript to facsimile for
	transmission.

	If you are working from the source distribution, look at the file
	README in the top of the source tree.  If you are working from the inst
	images, the subsystem flexfax.man.readme contains the README file and
	other useful pieces of information--the installed files are placed in
	the directory /usr/local/doc/flexfax).  Basically you will need to run
	the faxaddmodem script to setup and configure your fax modem.  Consult
	the README file and the manual page for faxaddmodem for information.


	FlexFAX Mail List
	-----------------
	A mailing list for users of this software is located on sgi.com.
	If you want to join this mailing list or have a list-related request
	such as getting your name removed from it, send a request to

	    majordomo@whizzer.wpd.sgi.com

	For example, to subscribe, send the line "subscribe flexfax" in
	the body of your message.  The line "help" will return a list of
	the commands understood by the mailing list management software.

	Submissions (including bug reports) should be directed to:

	    flexfax@sgi.com

	When corresponding about this software please always specify what
	version you have, what system you're running on, and, if the problem is
	specific to your modem, identify the modem and firmware revision.


+--------------------------------+
| TWEAKING CONFIGURATION OPTIONS |
+--------------------------------+

There are a large number of configuration options that don't normally
need to be changed.  However, if you feel you need to tweak them, you
can define the following M4 variables.  This list is shown in four
columns:  the name you define, the default value for that definition,
the option or macro that is affected (either Ox for an option or Dx
for a macro), and a brief description.  Greater detail of the semantics
can be found in the Installation and Operations Guide.

Some options are likely to be deprecated in future versions -- that is,
the option is only included to provide back-compatibility.  These are
marked with "*".

Remember that these options are M4 variables, and hence may need to
be quoted.  In particular, arguments with commas will usually have to
be ``double quoted, like this phrase'' to avoid having the comma
confuse things.  This is common for alias file definitions and for
the read timeout.

M4 Variable Name	Default		Mac/Opt	Description
================	=======		=======	===========
confMAILER_NAME		MAILER-DAEMON	Dn	The sender name used for
						internally generated
						outgoing messages.
confFROM_LINE		From $g  $d	Dl	The From_ line used when
						sending to files or programs.
confFROM_HEADER		$?x$x <$g>$|$g$.	The format of an internally
					Dq	generated From: address.
confOPERATORS		.:%@!^/[]	Do	Address operator characters.
confSMTP_LOGIN_MSG	$j Sendmail $v/$Z ready at $b
					De	The initial (spontaneous)
						SMTP greeting message.
confRECEIVED_HEADER	$?sfrom $s $.$?_($?s$|from $.$_) $.by $j ($v/$Z)$?r with $r$. id $i$?u for $u$.; $b
					HReceived
						The format of the Received:
						header in messages passed
						through this host.  It is
						unwise to try to change this.
confSEVEN_BIT_INPUT	False		O7	Force input to seven bits?
confEIGHT_BIT_HANDLING	pass8		O8	8-bit data handling
confALIAS_WAIT		10		Oa	Wait (in minutes) for alias
						file rebuild.
confMIN_FREE_BLOCKS	4		Ob	Minimum number of free blocks
						on queue filesystem to accept
						SMTP mail.
confBLANK_SUB		.		OB	Blank (space) substitution
						character.
confCON_EXPENSIVE	False		Oc	Avoid connecting immediately
						to mailers marked expensive?
confCHECKPOINT_INTERVAL	10		OC	Checkpoint queue files
						every N recipients.
confDELIVERY_MODE	background	Od	Default delivery mode.
confAUTO_REBUILD	False		OD	Automatically rebuild
						alias file if needed.
confERROR_MODE		(undefined)	Oe	Error message mode.
confERROR_MESSAGE	(undefined)	OE	Error message header/file.
confSAVE_FROM_LINES	False		Of	Save extra leading
						From_ lines.
confTEMP_FILE_MODE	0600		OF	Temporary file mode.
confDEF_GROUP_ID	1		Og	Default group id.
confMATCH_GECOS		False		OG	Match GECOS field.
confMAX_HOP		17		Oh	Maximum hop count.
confIGNORE_DOTS		False		Oi *	Ignore dot as terminator
						for incoming messages?
confBIND_OPTS		(empty)		OI	Default options for BIND.
confMIME_FORMAT_ERRORS	True		Oj *	Send error messages as MIME-
						encapsulated messages per
						RFC 1344.
confFORWARD_PATH	(undefined)	OJ	The colon-separated list of
						places to search for .forward
						files.
confMCI_CACHE_SIZE	2		Ok	Size of open connection cache.
confMCI_CACHE_TIMEOUT	5m		OK	Open connection cache timeout.
confUSE_ERRORS_TO	False		Ol *	Use the Errors-To: header to
						deliver error messages.  This
						should not be necessary because
						of general acceptance of the
						envelope/header distinction.
confLOG_LEVEL		9		OL	Log level.
confME_TOO		False		Om	Include sender in group
						expansions.
confCHECK_ALIASES	True		On	Check RHS of aliases when
						running newaliases.
confOLD_STYLE_HEADERS	True		Oo *	Assume that headers without
						special chars are old style.
confDAEMON_OPTIONS	(undefined)	OO	SMTP daemon options.
confPRIVACY_FLAGS	authwarnings	Op	Privacy flags.
confCOPY_ERRORS_TO	(undefined)	OP	Address for additional copies
						of all error messages.
confQUEUE_FACTOR	(undefined)	Oq	Slope of queue-only function
confREAD_TIMEOUT	(undefined)	Or	SMTP read timeouts.
confDONT_PRUNE_ROUTES	False		OR	Don't prune down route-addr
						syntax addresses to the
						minimum possible.
confSAFE_QUEUE		True		Os *	Commit all messages to disk
						before forking.
confMESSAGE_TIMEOUT	5d/4h		OT	Timeout for messages before
						sending error/warning message.
confTIME_ZONE		USE_SYSTEM	Ot	Time zone info -- can be
						USE_SYSTEM to use the system's
						idea, USE_TZ to use the user's
						TZ envariable, or something
						else to force that value.
confDEF_USER_ID		1		Ou	Default user id.
confUSERDB_SPEC		(undefined)	OU	User database specification.
confFALLBACK_MX		(undefined)	OV	Fallback MX host.
confTRY_NULL_MX_LIST	False		Ow	If we are the best MX for a
						host and haven't made other
						arrangements, try connecting
						to the host directly; normally
						this would be a config error.
confQUEUE_LA		8		Ox	Load average at which queue-only
						function kicks in.
confREFUSE_LA		12		OX	Load average at which incoming
						SMTP connections are refused.
confWORK_RECIPIENT_FACTOR
			(undefined)	Oy	Cost of each recipient.
confSEPARATE_PROC	False		OY	Run all deliveries in a
						separate process.
confWORK_CLASS_FACTOR	(undefined)	Oz	Priority multiplier for class.
confWORK_TIME_FACTOR	(undefined)	OZ	Cost of each delivery attempt.
confCW_FILE		/etc/sendmail.cw	Name of file used to get the
					Fw	local additions to the $=w
						class.
confSMTP_MAILER		smtp		-	The mailer name used when
						SMTP connectivity is required.
						One of "smtp", "smtp8", or
						"esmtp".
confLOCAL_MAILER	local		-	The mailer name used when
						local connectivity is required.
						Almost always "local".
confRELAY_MAILER	relay		-	The default mailer name used
						for relaying any mail (e.g.,
						to a BITNET_RELAY, a
						SMART_HOST, or whatever).
						This can reasonably be "suucp"
						if you are on a UUCP-connected
						site.
confDOMAIN_NAME		(undefined)	Dj	If defined, sets $j.


+-----------+
| HIERARCHY |
+-----------+

Within this directory are several subdirectories, to wit:

m4		General support routines.  These are typically
		very important and should not be changed without
		very careful consideration.

cf		The configuration files themselves.  They have
		".mc" suffixes, and must be run through m4 to
		become complete.  The resulting output should
		have a ".cf" suffix.

ostype		Definitions describing a particular operating
		system type.  These should always be referenced
		using the OSTYPE macro in the .mc file.  Examples
		include "bsd4.3", "bsd4.4", "sunos3.5", and
		"sunos4.1".

domain		Definitions describing a particular domain, referenced
		using the DOMAIN macro in the .mc file.  These are
		site dependent; for example, we contribute "cs.exposed.m4"
		and "cs.hidden.m4" which both describe hosts in the
		CS.Berkeley.EDU subdomain; the former displays the local
		hostname (e.g., mammoth.CS.Berkeley.EDU), whereas the
		latter does its best to hide the identity of the local
		workstation inside the CS subdomain.

mailer		Descriptions of mailers.   These are referenced using
		the MAILER macro in the .mc file.

sh		Shell files used when building the .cf file from the
		.mc file in the cf subdirectory.

feature		These hold special orthogonal features that you might
		want to include.  They should be referenced using
		the FEATURE macro.

hack		Local hacks.  These can be referenced using the HACK
		macro.  They shouldn't be of more than voyeuristic
		interest outside the .Berkeley.EDU domain, but who knows?
		We've all got our own peccadillos.

siteconfig	Site configuration -- e.g., tables of locally connected
		UUCP sites.


+------------------------+
| ADMINISTRATIVE DETAILS |
+------------------------+

The following sections detail usage of certain internal parts of the
sendmail.cf file.  Read them carefully if you are trying to modify
the current model.  If you find the above descriptions adequate, these
should be {boring, confusing, tedious, ridiculous} (pick one or more).

RULESETS (* means built in to sendmail)

   0 *	Parsing
   1 *	Sender rewriting
   2 *	Recipient rewriting
   3 *	Canonicalization
   4 *	Post cleanup
   5 *	Local address rewrite (after aliasing)
  1x	mailer rules (sender qualification)
  2x	mailer rules (recipient qualification)
  3x	mailer rules (sender header qualification)
  4x	mailer rules (recipient header qualification)
  5x	mailer subroutines (general)
  6x	mailer subroutines (general)
  7x	mailer subroutines (general)
  8x	reserved
  90	Mailertable host stripping
  96	Bottom half of Ruleset 3 (ruleset 6 in old sendmail)
  97	Hook for recursive ruleset 0 call (ruleset 7 in old sendmail)
  98	Local part of ruleset 0 (ruleset 8 in old sendmail)


MAILERS

   0	local, prog	local and program mailers
   1	[e]smtp, relay	SMTP channel
   2	uucp-*		UNIX-to-UNIX Copy Program
   3	netnews		Network News delivery
   4	fax		Sam Leffler's FlexFAX software


MACROS

   A
   B	Bitnet Relay
   C
   D	The local domain -- usually not needed
   E
   F	FAX Relay
   G
   H	mail Hub (for mail clusters)
   I
   J
   K
   L	Luser Relay
   M	Masquerade (who I claim to be)
   N
   O
   P
   Q
   R	Relay (for unqualified names)
   S	Smart Host
   T
   U	my UUCP name (if I have a UUCP connection)
   V	UUCP Relay (class V hosts)
   W	UUCP Relay (class W hosts)
   X	UUCP Relay (class X hosts)
   Y	UUCP Relay (all other hosts)
   Z	Version number


CLASSES

   A
   B
   C
   D	"dotted" users
   E	addresses that should not seem to come from $M
   F	hosts we forward for
   G
   H
   I
   J
   K
   L	addresses that should not be forwarded to $R
   M
   N
   O	operators that indicate network operations (cannot be in local names)
   P	top level pseudo-domains: BITNET, FAX, UUCP, etc.
   Q
   R
   S
   T
   U	locally connected UUCP hosts
   V	UUCP hosts connected to relay $V
   W	UUCP hosts connected to relay $W
   X	UUCP hosts connected to relay $X
   Y	locally connected smart UUCP hosts
   Z	locally connected domain-ized UUCP hosts
   .	the class containing only a dot


M4 DIVERSIONS

   1	Local host detection and resolution
   2	Local Ruleset 3 additions
   3	Local Ruleset 0 additions
   4	UUCP Ruleset 0 additions
   5	locally interpreted names (overrides $R)
   6	local configuration (at top of file)
   7	mailer definitions
   8
   9	special local rulesets (1 and 2)