1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993, 1994 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" %sccs.include.redist.roff% 5.\" 6.\" @(#)hier.7 8.2 (Berkeley) 05/05/94 7.\" 8.Dd 9.Dt HIER 7 10.Os 11.Sh NAME 12.Nm hier 13.Nd layout of filesystems 14.Sh DESCRIPTION 15An outline of the filesystem hierarchy. 16.Bl -tag -width "/altroot/" 17.It Sy \&/ 18root directory of the system 19.It Sy /COPYRIGHT 20system copyright notice 21.It Sy "/[a-z]" 22user filesystems 23.It Sy /altroot/ 24alternate root filesystem, in case of disaster 25.It Sy /amd/ 26home directories mount point; see 27.Xr amd 8 28.It Sy /bin/ 29utilities used in both single and multi-user environments 30.It Sy /dev/ 31block, character and other special device files 32.Pp 33.Bl -tag -width "MAKEDEV" -compact 34.It Sy MAKEDEV 35script for creating device files; 36see 37.Xr makedev 8 38.It Sy console 39the computer's console device 40.It Sy fd/ 41file descriptor files; 42see 43.Xr \&fd 4 44.It Sy drum 45system swap space; see 46.Xr drum 4 47.It Sy klog 48kernel logging device; see 49.Xr syslog 3 50.It Sy kmem 51kernel virtual memory device; see 52.Xr mem 4 53.It Sy log 54UNIX domain datagram log socket; see 55.Xr syslogd 8 56.It Sy mem 57kernel physical memory device; see 58.Xr mem 4 59.It Sy stderr 60.It Sy stdin 61.It Sy stdout 62file descriptor files; 63see 64.Xr \&fd 4 65.It Sy null 66the null device; see 67.Xr null 4 68.It Sy tty 69process' controlling terminal device; see 70.Xr tty 4 71.El 72.It Sy /dump/ 73online 74.Xr dump 8 75repository 76.It Sy /etc/ 77system configuration files and scripts 78.Pp 79.Bl -tag -width "master.passwd" -compact 80.It Sy aliases* 81name alias files for 82.Xr sendmail 8 83.It Sy amd* 84configuration files for 85.Xr amd 8 86.It Sy changelist 87files backed up by the security script 88.It Sy crontab 89schedule used by the 90.Xr cron 8 91daemon 92.It Sy csh.cshrc 93.It Sy csh.login 94.It Sy csh.logout 95system-wide scripts for 96.Xr csh 1 97.It Sy daily 98script run each day by 99.Xr cron 8 100.It Sy disklabels/ 101backup disklabels; 102see 103.Xr disklabel 8 104.It Sy disktab 105disk description file, see 106.Xr disktab 5 107.It Sy dm.conf 108dungeon master configuration; see 109.Xr dm.conf 5 110.It Sy dumpdates 111dump history; see 112.Xr dump 8 113.It Sy exports 114filesystem export information; see 115.Xr mountd 8 116.It Sy fstab 117filesystem information; see 118.Xr fstab 5 119and 120.Xr mount 8 121.It Sy ftpusers 122users denied 123.Xr ftp 1 124access; see 125.Xr ftpd 8 126.It Sy ftpwelcome 127.Xr ftp 1 128initial message; see 129.Xr ftpd 8 130.It Sy gettytab 131terminal configuration database; see 132.Xr gettytab 8 133.It Sy group 134group permissions file; see 135.Xr group 5 136.It Sy hosts 137host name database backup for 138.Xr named 8 ; 139see 140.Xr hosts 5 141.It Sy hosts.equiv 142trusted machines with equivalent user ID's 143.It Sy hosts.lpd 144trusted machines with printing privileges 145.It Sy inetd.conf 146Internet server configuration file; see 147.Xr inetd 8 148.It Sy kerberosIV/ 149configuration files for the kerberos version IV; 150see 151.Xr kerberos 1 152.It Sy localtime 153local timezone information; 154see 155.Xr ctime 3 156.It Sy mail.rc 157system-wide initialization script for 158.Xr mail 1 159.It Sy man.conf 160configuration file for 161.Xr man 1 ; 162see 163.Xr man.conf 5 164.It Sy master.passwd 165.It Sy passwd 166.It Sy pwd.db 167.It Sy spwd.db 168password files and their databases; see 169.Xr pwd_mkdb 8 170.It Sy monthly 171script run each month by 172.Xr cron 8 173.It Sy motd 174system message of the day 175.It Sy mtree/ 176mtree configuration files; 177see 178.Xr mtree 1 179.It Sy named.* 180.It Sy namedb/ 181named configuration files and databases; 182see 183.Xr named 8 184.It Sy netgroup 185network groups; see 186.Xr netgroup 5 187.It Sy netstart 188network startup script 189.It Sy networks 190network name data base; see 191.Xr networks 5 192.It Sy phones 193remote host phone number data base; see 194.Xr phones 5 195.It Sy printcap 196system printer configuration; see 197.Xr printcap 5 198.It Sy protocols 199protocol name database; see 200.Xr protocols 5 201.It Sy rc 202.It Sy rc.local 203system startup files; see 204.Xr rc 8 205.It Sy remote 206remote host description file; see 207.Xr remote 5 208.It Sy security 209daily (in)security script run by 210.Xr cron 8 211.It Sy sendmail.* 212.Xr sendmail 8 213configuration information 214.It Sy services 215service name data base; see 216.Xr services 5 217.It Sy shells 218list of permitted shells; see 219.Xr shells 5 220.It Sy sliphome 221slip login/logout scripts; see 222.Xr slattach 8 223.It Sy syslog.conf 224.Xr syslogd 8 225configuration file; see 226.Xr syslog.conf 5 227.It Sy termcap 228terminal type database; see 229.Xr termcap 3 230.It Sy ttys 231terminal initialization information; see 232.Xr ttys 5 233.It Sy weekly 234script run each week by 235.Xr cron 8 236.El 237.It Sy /home/ 238mount point for the automounter; see 239.Xr amd 8 240.It Sy /mnt/ 241empty directory commonly used by 242system administrators as a temporary mount point 243.It Sy /root/ 244home directory for the super-user 245.Pp 246.Bl -tag -width ".profile" -compact 247.It Sy \&.rhosts 248super-user id mapping between machines 249.It Sy \&.cshrc 250super-user start-up file 251.It Sy \&.login 252super-user start-up file 253.It Sy \&.profile 254super-user start-up file 255.El 256.It Sy /sbin/ 257system programs and administration utilities 258used in both single-user and multi-user environments 259.It Sy /stand/ 260programs used in a standalone environment 261.It Sy /sys 262symbolic link to the operating system source 263.It Sy /tmp/ 264temporary files, usually a 265.Xr mfs 8 266memory-based filesystem (the contents 267of /tmp are usually NOT preserved across a system reboot) 268.It Sy /usr/ 269contains the majority of the system utilities and files 270.Pp 271.Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact 272.It Sy X11 273X11 files 274.Pp 275.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact 276.It Sy bin/ 277X11 binaries 278.It Sy include/ 279X11 include files 280.It Sy lib/ 281X11 libraries 282.El 283.It Sy bin/ 284common utilities, programming tools, and applications 285.It Sy contrib/ 286packages maintained by groups other than Berkeley 287.Pp 288.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact 289.It Sy bin/ 290contributed binaries 291.It Sy include/ 292contributed include files 293.It Sy libexec/ 294contributed daemons 295.It Sy libdata/ 296contributed data files 297.El 298.It Sy games/ 299the important stuff 300.It Sy include/ 301standard C include files 302.Pp 303.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 304.It Sy X11/ 305include files for X11 window system 306.It Sy arpa/ 307include files for Internet service protocols 308.It Sy g++/ 309include files for the C++ compiler 310.It Sy kerberosIV/ 311include files for kerberos authentication package; 312see 313.Xr kerberos 1 314.It Sy machine/ 315machine specific include files 316.It Sy net/ 317miscellaneous network include files 318.It Sy netccitt/ 319CCITT networking include files 320.It Sy netinet/ 321include files for Internet standard protocols; 322see 323.Xr inet 4 324.It Sy netiso/ 325include files for ISO standard protocols; 326see 327.Xr iso 4 328.It Sy netns/ 329include files for XNS standard protocols; 330see 331.Xr \&ns 4 332.It Sy nfs/ 333include files for NFS (Network File System) 334.It Sy pascal/ 335include files for 336.Xr pc 1 337.It Sy protocols/ 338include files for Berkeley service protocols 339.It Sy rpc/ 340include files for Sun Microsystem's RPC package 341.It Sy sys/ 342kernel include files 343.It Sy ufs/ 344include files for UFS 345.It Sy xnscourier/ 346include files for XNS package 347.El 348.Pp 349.It Sy lib/ 350system C library archives; see 351.Xr ar 1 352.Pp 353.Bl -tag -width "uucp/" -compact 354.It Sy uucp/ 355UUCP binaries and scripts (historically placed; to be moved) 356.El 357.It Sy libdata/ 358miscellaneous utility data files 359.It Sy libexec/ 360system daemons and system utilities (executed by other programs) 361.It Sy local/ 362local executables, libraries, etc. 363.Pp 364.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact 365.It Sy bin/ 366local binaries 367.It Sy include/ 368local include files 369.It Sy libexec/ 370local daemons 371.It Sy libdata/ 372local data files 373.El 374.It Sy obj/ 375architecture-specific target tree produced by building the 376.Pa /usr/src 377tree; normally a symbolic link or mounted filesystem 378.It Sy old/ 379programs from past lives of 380.Bx 4 381which may disappear in future releases 382.Pp 383.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact 384.It Sy bin/ 385old binaries 386.It Sy include/ 387old include files 388.It Sy libexec/ 389old daemons 390.It Sy libdata/ 391old data files 392.El 393.It Sy sbin/ 394system daemons and system utilities (normally executed by the super-user) 395.It Sy share/ 396architecture-independent text files 397.Pp 398.Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact 399.It Sy calendar/ 400a variety of calendar files; see 401.Xr calendar 1 402.It Sy dict/ 403word lists; 404see 405.Xr look 1 406and 407.Xr spell 1 408.Pp 409.Bl -tag -width "special/" -compact 410.It Sy words 411common words 412.It Sy web2 413words from Webster's 2nd International 414.It Sy papers/ 415reference databases; 416see 417.Xr refer 1 418.It Sy special/ 419custom word lists; 420see 421.Xr spell 1 422.El 423.Pp 424.It Sy doc/ 425miscellaneous documentation; source for most of the printed 426.Bx 4 427manuals (available 428from the 429.Tn USENIX 430association) 431.It Sy games/ 432text files used by various games 433.It Sy man/ 434formatted manual pages 435.It Sy me/ 436macros for use with the 437.Xr me 7 438macro package 439.It Sy misc/ 440miscellaneous system-wide text files 441.Pp 442.Bl -tag -width "termcap" -compact 443.It Sy termcap 444terminal characteristics database; 445see 446.Xr termcap 5 447.El 448.It Sy mk/ 449include files for 450.Xr make 1 451.It Sy ms/ 452macros for use with the 453.Xr ms 7 454macro package 455.It Sy skel/ 456sample initialization files for new user accounts 457.It Sy tabset/ 458tab description files for a variety of terminals, used in 459the termcap file; 460see 461.Xr termcap 5 462.It Sy tmac/ 463text processing macros; 464see 465.Xr nroff 1 466and 467.Xr troff 1 468.It Sy zoneinfo/ 469timezone configuration information; 470see 471.Xr tzfile 5 472.El 473.Pp 474.It Sy src/ 475.Bx 4 476and local source files 477.Pp 478.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 479.It Sy bin/ 480source for utilities/files in 481.Pa /bin 482.It Sy contrib/ 483source for utilities/files in 484.Pa /usr/contrib 485.It Sy etc/ 486source (usually example files) for files in 487.Pa /etc 488.It Sy games/ 489source for utilities/files in 490.Pa /usr/games 491.It Sy include/ 492source for files in 493.Pa /usr/include 494.It Sy kerberosIV/ 495source for Kerberos version IV utilities and libraries 496.It Sy lib/ 497source for libraries in 498.Pa /usr/lib 499.It Sy libexec/ 500source for utilities/files in 501.Pa /usr/libexec 502.It Sy local/ 503source for utilities/files in 504.Pa /usr/local 505.It Sy old/ 506source for utilities/files in 507.Pa /usr/old 508.It Sy sbin/ 509source for utilities/files in 510.Pa /sbin 511.It Sy share/ 512source for files in 513.Pa /usr/share 514.Pp 515.Bl -tag -width "doc/" -compact 516.It Sy doc/ 517.Pp 518.Bl -tag -width "papers/" -compact 519.It Sy papers/ 520source for various Berkeley technical papers 521.It Sy psd/ 522source for Programmer's Supplementary Documents 523.It Sy smm/ 524source for System Manager's Manual 525.It Sy usd/ 526source for User's Supplementary Documents 527.El 528.El 529.It Sy sys/ 530kernel source files 531.Pp 532.Bl -tag -width "deprecated/" -compact 533.It Sy compile/ 534kernel compilation directory 535.It Sy conf/ 536architecture independent configuration directory 537.It Sy deprecated/ 538deprecated kernel functionality 539.It Sy dev/ 540architecture independent device support 541.It Sy hp/ 542general support for Hewlett-Packard architectures 543.It Sy hp300/ 544support for the Hewlett-Packard 9000/300 68000-based workstations 545.It Sy i386/ 546support for the Intel 386/486 workstations 547.It Sy isofs/ 548support for ISO filesystems 549.Pp 550.Bl -tag -width "cd9660/" -compact 551.It Sy cd9660/ 552support for the ISO-9660 filesystem 553.El 554.It Sy kern/ 555support for the high kernel (system calls) 556.It Sy libkern/ 557C library style kernel routines 558.It Sy luna68k/ 559Omron Luna 68000-based workstations 560.It Sy mips/ 561general support for MIPS architectures 562.It Sy miscfs/ 563miscellaneous file systems 564.It Sy net/ 565miscellaneous networking support 566.It Sy netccitt/ 567CCITT networking support 568.It Sy netinet/ 569TCP/IP networking support 570.It Sy netiso/ 571ISO networking support 572.It Sy netns/ 573XNS networking support 574.It Sy news3400/ 575Sony News MIPS-based workstations 576.It Sy nfs/ 577NFS support 578.It Sy pmax/ 579DECstation 3100 and 5000 MIPS-based workstations 580.It Sy scripts/ 581kernel debugging scripts 582.It Sy sparc/ 583Sparcstation I & II SPARC-based workstations 584.It Sy stand/ 585kernel standalone support 586.It Sy sys/ 587kernel (and system) include files 588.It Sy tahoe/ 589Computer Consoles Inc. Tahoe architecture support 590.It Sy tests/ 591kernel testing 592.It Sy ufs/ 593local filesystem support 594.Pp 595.Bl -tag -width "ffs/" -compact 596.It Sy ffs/ 597the Berkeley Fast File System 598.It Sy lfs/ 599the log-structured file system 600.It Sy mfs/ 601the in-memory file system 602.It Sy ufs/ 603shared UNIX file system support 604.El 605.It Sy vax/ 606Digital Equipment Corp. VAX architecture support 607.It Sy vm/ 608virtual memory support 609.El 610.It Sy usr.bin/ 611source for utilities/files in 612.Pa /usr/bin 613.It Sy usr.sbin/ 614source for utilities/files in 615.Pa /usr/sbin 616.El 617.El 618.It Sy /var/ 619multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 620.Pp 621.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 622.It Sy account/ 623system accounting files 624.Pp 625.Bl -tag -width "acct" -compact 626.It Sy acct 627execution accounting file; 628see 629.Xr acct 5 630.El 631.Pp 632.It Sy at/ 633timed command scheduling files; 634see 635.Xr \&at 1 636.It Sy backups/ 637miscellaneous backup files, largely of files found in 638.Pa /etc 639.It Sy crash/ 640system crash dumps; see 641.Xr savecore 8 642.It Sy db/ 643miscellaneous automatically generated system-specific database files 644.It Sy games/ 645miscellaneous game status and log files 646.It Sy log/ 647miscellaneous system log files 648.Pp 649.Bl -tag -width "monthly.out" -compact 650.It Sy amd.* 651.Xr amd 8 652logs 653.It Sy daily.out 654output of the last run of the 655.Pa /etc/daily 656script 657.It Sy ftp.* 658.Xr ftp 1 659logs 660.It Sy kerberos.* 661.Xr kerberos 1 662logs 663.It Sy lastlog 664system last time logged in log; see 665.Xr utmp 5 666.It Sy lpd-errs.* 667printer daemon error logs; see 668.Xr lpd 8 669.It Sy maillog.* 670.Xr sendmail 8 671log files 672.It Sy messages.* 673general system information log 674.It Sy monthly.out 675output of the last run of the 676.Pa /etc/monthly 677script 678.It Sy secure 679sensitive security information log 680.It Sy sendmail.st 681.Xr sendmail 8 682statistics 683.It Sy timed.* 684.Xr timed 8 685logs 686.It Sy weekly.out 687output of the last run of the 688.Pa /etc/weekly 689script 690.It Sy wtmp 691login/logout log; 692see 693.Xr utmp 5 694.El 695.Pp 696.It Sy mail/ 697user system mailboxes 698.It Sy msgs/ 699system messages; see 700.Xr msgs 1 701.It Sy preserve/ 702temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death of 703.Xr ex 1 704or 705.Xr vi 1 706.It Sy quotas/ 707filesystem quota information 708.It Sy run/ 709system information files, rebuilt after each reboot 710.Pp 711.Bl -tag -width "utmp" -compact 712.It Sy utmp 713database of current users; see 714.Xr utmp 5 715.El 716.Pp 717.It Sy rwho/ 718rwho data files; see 719.Xr rwhod 8 , 720.Xr rwho 1 , 721and 722.Xr ruptime 1 723.It Sy spool/ 724miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories 725.Pp 726.Bl -tag -width "uucppublic/" -compact 727.It Sy ftp/ 728commonly 729.Dq ~ftp , 730the anonymous ftp root directory; see 731.Xr ftpd 8 732.It Sy mqueue/ 733undelivered mail queue; 734see 735.Xr sendmail 8 736.It Sy news/ 737Network news archival and spooling directories 738.It Sy output/ 739printer spooling directories 740.It Sy secretmail/ 741secretmail spool directory; 742see 743.Xr xget 1 744.It Sy uucp/ 745uucp spool directory 746.It Sy uucppublic/ 747commonly 748.Dq ~uucp , 749the uucp public temporary directory; see 750.Xr uucp 1 751.El 752.Pp 753.It Sy tmp/ 754temporary files that are not discarded between system reboots 755.Pp 756.Bl -tag -width "vi.recover/" -compact 757.It Sy vi.recover/ 758recovery directory for 759.Xr nvi 1 760.El 761.El 762.It Sy /vmunix 763the executable for the operating system 764.El 765.Sh SEE ALSO 766.Xr apropos 1 , 767.Xr \&ls 1 , 768.Xr whatis 1 , 769.Xr whereis 1 , 770.Xr which 1 , 771.Sh HISTORY 772A 773.Nm hier 774manual page appeared in 775.At v7 . 776